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00:00the bombing is stopped the fires are out Europe lies in ruins the dead are gone
00:21forever the living carry on
00:30every further same no gas no water no telephones no trams
00:41time to count the cost time to start again
01:00so
01:11so
01:23so
01:34so
01:46springtime 1945 the end of the board in central Europe the end of the thousand year life
02:08untidy messy a time without pity a time of brutality rape
02:37revenge
02:39the Germans come back from the eastern lands they tried to conquer where some had lived
03:02for generations they'd been bad masters now they pay the price at least they are alive
03:12the last hours of the wehrmacht an army in dissolution it has been the last hours of the wehrmacht an army in
03:42war on the world now it saves what it can the mood of the german troops who were surrendering i think was one of relief they were happy for the most part to surrender they were interested in getting to the american lines to preference to surrendering to the advancing russian line
04:02the defeated army but even at the end not always a broken one
04:10the
04:28the defeated army but even at the end not always a broken one
04:35the
04:39the
04:39the habits of a lifetime die hard
04:41but at last the bloodletting is nearly over
04:47you had a european civil war that began in 1914
05:05there was a long armistice in that war
05:07finally comes to an end in 1945
05:10in the process of coming to the end what happens is that
05:13sweeping into europe from the outside
05:16are the russians and the americans
05:18and they meet at torgau on the elbe river
05:22in may of 1945
05:24with the result that no european nation wins the european civil war
05:30the winners in the european civil war are in fact outsiders
05:33the russians and the americans
05:34most of all the americans
05:35so that you have
05:38the physical control of the continent
05:41in the hands of
05:43three outsiders really because the british were a part of it
05:46although they only contributed twenty five percent of the whole total ties in
05:49ours
05:50anglo-american force
05:52britain the united states and russia now control the continent
05:55and they will decide what's going to happen to it
06:01neither russians nor americans have wanted this war
06:04now comrades
06:05in arms
06:07they've won a great victory
06:09when their generals meet they can speak the language of combat of tanks and guns
06:15but have they anything in common except soldiers tall
06:22the russians were overjoyed but we also there was handshaking and back slapping and exchange of souvenirs
06:42souvenirs i have a russian watch uh and uh somebody's gold wedding band and uh i lost my watch i lost all sorts of insignia from uh uh uh uh the uniform
06:57they were very friendly all the russians were very friendly a lot of them didn't speak english
06:59and yet there were a few that spoke beautiful english there were educators say
07:04at oxford and cambridge
07:05i remember speaking to one and i thought oh i'll never forget your face as long as i live
07:10there's another war
07:10i'll never forget you
07:12because he was rather young
07:14he was quite young
07:15and he was very pleasant
07:18but you always kept feeling that they really hated us
07:20which i'm sure they did
07:22the united states of course during the war had been propagandized into seeing russia as a democracy
07:43land of freedom lovers with essentially broad social aims about the same as those of the west
07:49which seemed to make sense since they were clearly an enemy of the nazis and we were an enemy of the nazis
07:54thus it appeared we had a great deal in common
07:56fellow delegates
08:00the president of the united states of america
08:05san francisco april 1945
08:12a month before ve day
08:15united nations organization
08:17is born
08:18the charter of the united nations
08:20which you are now signing
08:23is a solid structure upon which we can build for a better world
08:27and there was great hope in the world this would in fact happen that this was the last war
08:33that the victors would now be able to cooperate in peace as they had in war to see to it
08:38the four policemen as roosevelt like to refer to britain france the ussr and the united states
08:43sometimes the five police will china thrown in
08:47would be able to see to it there would be no more aggression in the world
08:52uh...
08:54the war that the war had meant something that had been fought for something rather than simply against nazism
09:01well there's a time for making plans
09:04and there's a time for action
09:06the time for action is here now
09:13nation by nation the delegates stand up for the great new charter they hammered out together
09:17fifty nations standing side by side unanimous for peace
09:23now final signing of the charter
09:25china signing first
09:26as the first nation attacked in this war
09:29dr wellington coup signature topping the long list to come
09:36then for russia ambassador gromyko commits his country also to the agreements and objectives decided upon
09:42after days and nights of compromise and cooperation
09:45four main agencies upon which the world now puts its hope
09:49a better world was going to emerge
09:51and one part of this of course was it would be a non-colonial world
09:55a world of uh... self-determination
09:58and this was felt very deeply in in nineteen forty five even by the most cynical of
10:02the world's leaders
10:04i suspect even stalin felt it
10:07i'm sure that harry truman felt it
10:09and winston churchill felt it
10:11and a common people everywhere felt it
10:19germany remains even in defeat
10:21the key to the problems of europe
10:24she started the war so her leaders have to be punished
10:28the germans themselves have to be made to pay for the suffering they have caused
10:33but they cannot pay if germany remains a heap of rubble
10:36or if the country is dismembered as some wish
10:40no one wants germany to be strong again
10:43yet no one can face the consequences of keeping her a ruin forever
10:50the answer military control
10:53four armies of occupation will supervise germany's recovery
10:57the watchful allied generals will build her up
11:00but only in order to make good again what she has destroyed
11:06germany can remain whole united
11:09but must never be able to threaten the peace again
11:18july nineteen forty five
11:21the military administration gets underway
11:25american troops have occupied leipzig
11:27a city well within the russian zone of occupation
11:30now the americans pull back
11:32west across the river elm
11:36the russians move in
11:43the russians move in
11:53the russians move in
12:00the russians
12:20germany's wary watchful nervously smiling see their russian conquerors for the first time
12:25see their Russian conquerors for the first time when the fighting stopped the
12:38armies ended up here but the occupation zones had been decided earlier at the
12:43big three conference of Yalta there were to be four zones the Russian zone had
12:49the food and raw materials the Western zones American British French had the
12:54industry for the occupation to work as intended there would have to be trade
12:59between them Berlin the capital became the home of the Allied Control Council a
13:04testing ground for the plan to work together now there's been some question
13:10as to whether we were not we weren't a little premature in fixing these zones
13:14until we saw how the armies were going to come out and there's some evidence to
13:19indicate that our leaders underestimated the striking force of the anglo-american
13:25armies that invaded Europe because when we adopted the zonal positions we gave up
13:32Saxony and Turingia but on the other hand we got back I think good pieces of
13:38Western Austria which had been occupied by the Soviets thing that stands out here
13:43is that the Russians do let the West come into Berlin which is what 80 miles within
13:48their zone they didn't have to do it and if they could have acted in Berlin as
13:54they acted in Poland they could have just said to hell with you we're not
13:57letting you in we're not going to live up to the agreements that we signed at
14:00Yalta on this we're gonna hold on to Berlin after all we captured it we paid the
14:05cost hundred thousand Russians died Berlin July 1945 the big three meet for the
14:13Potsdam conference a crowded agenda for this first meeting of Victor's but for the West one
14:24question Dominic what does Stalin want at our first meetings Italian put forward at once the
14:33demands which the Russians maintain right through until the meeting of Potsdam what do you want it
14:40was basically to make to ensure the security of his own country regardless of course of the interests
14:49of his neighbors I've seen a good deal of him during the war of course and I went up to him I said
14:55Marshall this must be a great satisfaction to you after all the trials that you've been through and
15:02the tragedy that you've been through to be here in Berlin and he looked at me and said
15:06Czar Alexander got to Paris the conference takes no new decisions about Europe it simply confirms what
15:17has been decided at Yalta six months before what is new is the mood despite smiles for the newsreels
15:26the Western leaders and Stalin do not get on feeling especially in the states and most especially with
15:35President Truman was that aha Stalin is another Hitler they didn't think oh we made a great mistake in
15:42the war and back the wrong side not a bit of it but they were perfectly clear that Hitler was much the
15:47greater menace and that Hitler had to be crushed and that the crushing of Hitler absolutely depended upon
15:52the red army the red army has 300 divisions in Europe they are Stalin's trump card the source of
16:01his strength of the conference table suddenly you were faced with the fact that the Americans are
16:13demobilizing or rather at the time of Potsdam what they were doing was was redeploying pulling the army
16:19out of Europe taking it back to the states and getting it ready to send over to Japan because
16:24they expected at that time to have to invade the home islands for the final defeat of Japan I was
16:28invited to see President Truman and he shut all the doors and told me in great secrecy the greatest
16:36secret of the war the fact that the Americans had an atomic bomb which they were going to drop very
16:42soon and which he thought to bring the war to an end he even said the reason for his decision was this would
16:49save thousands upon thousands of allied lives would otherwise be lost to that frightful massacre which would
16:55take place on the shores of Japan itself he warned me that I might find myself suddenly in a position with the
17:03with the Japanese having surrendered then I saw Churchill and Churchill told me the same thing he said they
17:14will surrender and what are you going to do about it I said well he just told me I haven't given it a thought
17:20August 1945 the bomb is dropped the Japanese do surrender their cities too have been laid waste their dreams of
17:42conquest shattered they too are at the mercy of their conquerors they do not know what lies in store
17:55the Americans wanted Japan rebuilt as quickly as possible in a highly industrialized Japan to emerge from the war
18:02within well within the American orbit Truman made the decision at Potsdam that no one would be allowed into Japan
18:09except for American troops the Aussies weren't let in the British were not let in and of course most of
18:16all the Russians were not let in
18:22the conqueror comes General Douglas MacArthur with his American advisors his American court
18:28he will try and remake Japan in America's image
18:31he will try and remake Japan in America's image
18:43the prisoners are free
18:45US Airmen who burnt Japan's cities to the ground
18:48they are the masters now
18:51in Europe it is still summer
19:06there are 700,000 concentration camps survivors
19:11maybe enough to be alive
19:14to be reunited
19:16to have survived
19:19to go home
19:21to go home
19:22to go home
19:23to go home
19:27to go home
19:41to go home
19:45Six million former slave laborers
20:09Poles, Russians, Yugoslavs, Estonians, Czechs, French
20:14Free to pick up the threads of their lives
20:17Now that their German masters have gone
20:19Prisoners of war with no country to go to
20:40Deportees, Germans, soldiers, deserters
20:44It was very difficult to tell the difference
20:47Between a German refugee and a Polish refugee
20:50In the part of Germany that I was located in
20:54I wouldn't know which were which
20:56You could be pretty well sure
20:58If they were humping things on their back
21:00And carrying bags
21:01But they hadn't got a truck
21:02They were almost certainly refugees
21:04Or perhaps SS guards in stolen prison clothes
21:11Some choose death
21:26Himmler, lord of the SS, takes poison
21:29Some surrender or a court
21:31Von Rundstedt, Hitler's general in full dress uniform
21:36Admiral Dönitz, last leader of the Third Reich
21:42Albert Speer, what to do with these broken monsters?
21:47Stalin at the Yalta conference
21:50Which was attended by President Roosevelt and Mr. Churchill
21:53Said that he thought that 50,000 of the German general staff and officers
22:01Should be gathered together and summarily executed
22:06He wasn't joking
22:08President Roosevelt thought he was
22:11And President Roosevelt said
22:13Oh, well, perhaps 49,000
22:15But Churchill said that he'd rather be taken out into the garden
22:19And shot at once
22:21Than be a party to such an iniquity
22:24But the Russians persisted almost until the end
22:28In saying that there should be no trial
22:32These men were criminals
22:33And they should be immediately executed
22:35The moment they were caught
22:37There is a war crimes trial at Nuremberg, Hitler's city
22:43The charges
22:45Crimes against peace
22:47Crimes against humanity
22:49Waging aggressive war
22:51The defendants are all German
22:54Goering is called to plead guilty
22:58Or not guilty
22:59Bevor ich die Frage des Gerichtshofes beantworte
23:17Ob ich mich schuldig oder nicht schuldig bekenne
23:21I informed the court
23:27The court
23:27That defendants were not entitled
23:31To make a statement
23:34You must plead guilty
23:38Or not guilty
23:39Bekenne mich im Sinne der Anklager nicht schuldig
23:51Rudolf Hess
23:56Rudolf Hess
23:56Rudolf Hess
23:58Rudolf Hess
24:01Rudolf Hess
24:03Rudolf Hess
24:03Rudolf Hess
24:05Rudolf Hess
24:06Rudolf Hess
24:07Rudolf Hess
24:08Rudolf Hess
24:09Rudolf Hess
24:10That will be entered as a plea of not guilty
24:13I think you'd say that purpose was a two-fold one
24:18The first was retribution
24:21The punishment of people who had launched this war against the world
24:26And not only the war
24:28But who prior to the commencement of the war
24:32And during it
24:33Had of course committed the most terrible crimes against humanity
24:38As for instance by exterminating
24:41And certainly seven million Jews
24:43The second purpose of the trial
24:46Was as we hoped
24:49To lay down the rules of international law for the future
24:54Not only making the waging of aggressive war unlawful
25:00But for the first time
25:03Making the statesmen who led their countries into an aggressive war
25:08Personally responsible for what they'd done
25:11Well million men
25:14Women and children
25:16Have died thus
25:17Murdered
25:19In cold blood
25:20Millions upon millions more today
25:24Mourn their fathers and their mothers
25:26Their husbands
25:27Their wives
25:28I was rather surprised at the appearance of the defendants
25:33I thought well
25:34If I'd seen these people in the Clapham omnibus
25:38I wouldn't have looked at them twice
25:40And I think that was true of all of them
25:43Except perhaps Hess
25:45Who
25:46And Ribbentrop
25:48Who both looked pretty miserable creatures
25:51And Goering
25:52Who looked
25:53A very remarkable personality
25:56He did dominate the court
25:59He was the outstanding personality in the court
26:02And you know
26:03Sometimes in the course of a long trial like that
26:06Lasting over 200 days it lasted
26:10Something would go wrong
26:12You would ask a witness a question
26:15And the answer you expected to get would be yes
26:18And the witness would answer no
26:21And at that point you had to be very careful
26:24Not to catch Goering's eye
26:26He was sitting at the corner of the front row
26:30And if you glanced across at him
26:32Or caught his eye
26:33When there was an incident like that
26:35He would raise his eyebrow
26:37And shake his head
26:39In a rather smiling way
26:41And it would be very difficult not to smile back
26:53Goering cheats the gallows with a cyanide pill
26:56The rest are hanged
26:59Or imprisoned
27:00Or set free
27:01They have brought their revolution to Germany
27:05And death to Europe
27:07Their mad adventure over
27:10Now they pay their reckoning for Hitler's right
27:14The British come back to Asia in triumph
27:27An empty victory
27:30India is no longer docile
27:32Two million of her troops fought for Britain in Britain's war
27:36Now they want their own country to be free
27:40His Majesty's African troops
27:42They want freedom too
27:44Malaya
27:45Burma
27:46Britain is too weak to hold them
27:50Even if she wants to
27:51The main effect of the war against Japan in the Far East
28:00Was the nourishing of the spirit of nationalism in Asia
28:04A large part of Asia of course had been under British rule
28:08And most of that that was not under British rule
28:10Was under Dutch rule
28:11Or some European rule
28:13And the people were beginning to aspire to the creation of their own political institutions
28:20The demonstration by the Japanese that the British could be beaten
28:25And beaten very severely
28:27Naturally encouraged in the eyes of the people of Southeast Asia
28:32The belief that they too might be able to secure a much stronger position against the British
28:38Than they previously dreamt possible
28:39This had a great effect on opinion in India and all over Southeast Asia
28:44Suddenly I find myself responsible as the supreme commander
28:49For an enormous area of the globe
28:52With a distance of 6,000 miles across it
28:57That's as far as from London to Bombay
28:59With 128 million starving and rather rebellious people who've just been liberated
29:07With 123,000 prisoners born internees
29:12Many of whom were dying
29:13I had to try and recover quickly
29:15And at the very beginning
29:18I had some 700,000 Japanese soldiers, sailors and airmen
29:22To take the surrender
29:24Disarm
29:26Put into prison camps
29:27Awaiting transportation back
29:29Even looking at that
29:32It sounds a big problem
29:33But I had no idea what I really was in for
29:34What I really was in for
29:36I was trying to re-establish civilization
29:39And the rule of law and order
29:41Through this vast part of the world
29:45We didn't even know what the conditions were going to be
29:48I had no staff really trained or qualified to help me in this task
29:55Except some professional civil affairs officers from various countries concerned
30:00Whose one idea was to go back and carry on where they left off
30:03Three or four years before
30:04The police are not ideal either
30:11Indonesians do not want the Dutch back
30:14If order must be maintained in the East Indies
30:18There is only one force to do it
30:21The Japanese army
30:23Mount Patten uses them there
30:26And in Singapore as well
30:28It may sound odd now after the war
30:35But at the time
30:36And it still makes sense
30:38What was I to do?
30:41If I was to order them
30:42To lay down their arms
30:44And concentrate themselves in prison camps
30:46And leave the outside world without policemen or anything at all
30:50That would have been very odd
30:52No, I think that they had to carry on as they were
30:56Until they were effectively relieved
30:58That's the only order I gave
30:59I didn't consciously employ them
31:01They carried on until I could relieve them
31:04Of Allied soldiers as soon as possible
31:07Americans are in Japan to stay
31:14Almost everywhere else in Asia
31:16White men prepare to leave
31:19Reluctantly, uncomprehendingly
31:21The Dutch go
31:23The French are different
31:25They will not give up Indochina
31:27They send troops to take it back
31:33Commanded by General Leclerc
31:35A hero of the European war
31:37In my final conversation with General Leclerc
31:39When I was about to turn over the military responsible
31:42For the south of French Indochina
31:44I urged him
31:46To try and make friends
31:48Friends with the local inhabitants
31:49Friends with the local insurgents
31:51Because I said
31:52That's the way for France to come back
31:53With a friendly relationship
31:55I don't think you can impose by military means
31:58Your old colonial rule
31:59He said
32:01I see the point
32:01I'm sorry
32:02I'm a soldier
32:03My instructions are to take over the military way
32:06And that, of course, is what he did
32:08So the killing goes on
32:23It goes on there
32:27To this day
32:36Berlin, in the first months of occupation
32:39Jerry Fraulein's
32:41Once the handmaidens of Hitler's new order
32:43Some of the victors have the time of their lives
33:04Germany was on a cigarette and chocolate bar economy
33:21This was right after the war
33:23Right after combat
33:24And as a consequence
33:26There's very little that an American soldier couldn't buy
33:29If he wanted to buy it
33:30Including services of all sorts
33:33It's the same old story of a boy and a girl
33:41If you want to get together
33:42There isn't any rule in the book
33:44Or any law that says you can
33:45Or you're not going to do it
33:46Black market was blooming
33:52We had nothing
33:53And a piece of soap
33:55Was the most valuable possession
33:56So you practically prostituted yourself
34:02Just to get a piece of soap
34:04Maybe a can of coffee
34:05Or maybe even some cigarettes
34:09People who smoked
34:10I didn't
34:11But you just did everything
34:13I know people
34:16Very, very fine people
34:18Who just would have done anything
34:22And you lose some of your human dignity
34:26When you are so hungry
34:27When you are so without food
34:31Without clothing
34:33Without everything
34:34How could you blame
34:37A starving girl
34:38They might not want stockings
34:40She might not want cigarettes
34:41Or bicycles
34:42Or butter
34:42But she did want badly
34:45Something
34:45Which could be provided
34:47By the appropriate
34:49Typically
34:50British or American
34:52GI
34:52I had to give up smoking
34:58In the streets
34:59In those days
34:59I was a cigarette smoker
35:00And carelessly
35:02After all
35:02There was a lot of rubble about
35:03You'd throw your cigarette on the floor
35:05Before you knew where you were
35:06The fellow had almost caught it in his hand
35:07He'd been trailing you
35:08Because he saw he was smoking you
35:09He saw you were smoking
35:10And I remember that
35:13In one of the cinemas
35:15I think it was in
35:16It doesn't matter
35:17It was in one of the big towns
35:18Where there was going to be
35:20A performance for the American GIs
35:22And they had queued up
35:24Before it started
35:25Well of course
35:26The Americans don't allow
35:28Smoking in cigarettes
35:29But they were all smoking
35:30In the queues
35:31And practically opposite
35:33Every smoker
35:34There were a line
35:35Of hungry looking
35:36Men
35:37Hungry for tobacco
35:39Waiting
35:40Until the doors opened
35:41And then as the cigarettes
35:42Fell into the street
35:43There was a rat rush
35:44And the key place
35:46In that queue
35:47Was just
35:48At the entrance to the cinema
35:49Because that's where
35:50Most of the cigarettes
35:51Came down
35:52In retrospect
36:03This being a conqueror
36:05Seems very dubious
36:07To me
36:07But at the time
36:09It seemed quite right
36:10We were convinced
36:11Of our virtue
36:12And the German vice
36:14And it was very pleasing
36:16To be able to
36:18Tell them what to do
36:19Time to rebuild
36:29Time for Germany
36:31To recover
36:32So it can start
36:33To pay
36:34The Russians want
36:39Twenty billion dollars
36:41In reparations
36:42Americans think
36:43That's more than
36:44Germany itself
36:45Is worth
36:45The west won't help
36:47The Russians
36:48Collect that much
36:49They stop sending
36:51Goods and hardware
36:52To the east
36:53The Russians send
36:55Little food
36:56And raw materials
36:57To the west
36:58The Allies are starting
37:01To fall out
37:01With each other
37:02The Germans
37:24Caught in the middle
37:25Get on with rebuilding
37:26Themselves
37:27There are no
37:29Slave labellers
37:30Now
37:31They had cleared the street
37:55And trams went by
37:56I should hate
37:57To have tried
37:57To ride on one
37:58There were packed
37:59To the roof
38:00There were people
38:01Hanging on the outside
38:02Of the open windows
38:03There was cold
38:05There were people
38:05Standing on the buffers
38:06And there were patient
38:08Queues
38:09To get on these trams
38:10When they stopped
38:10But nobody ever
38:11Seemed to me
38:12To get off
38:12The
38:30The
38:31Suchdienst
38:32The missing persons register
38:34Twelve million Germans
38:41Driven from the eastern lands
38:43Trying to find each other
38:44They're not alone
38:46Sixty million Europeans
38:50Have been uprooted
38:51Some never find
38:53Their way home again
38:54November 1945
39:10The Germans live on 1500 calories a day
39:14A third of what the American troops get
39:16It was a very hard time
39:19Because
39:20We suffered
39:21From hunger
39:22As the Americans
39:24Had
39:25Much food
39:26My mother
39:27Decided
39:28To
39:29Work for them
39:31And
39:31I decided
39:32To
39:33Work
39:35For them too
39:37And
39:38My mother was in the kitchen
39:39And I was
39:41A waitress
39:42Well
39:46It was
39:48Rather hard
39:49For me
39:49Because
39:50The Americans
39:51Ordered
39:52That I
39:53Had to smile
39:56Always
39:56And
39:58I couldn't smile
40:01Because
40:01I
40:02The
40:02American officers
40:04Were so proud
40:07And
40:08They treated us
40:09As Nazis
40:10No peace conference
40:13Ever takes place
40:14There is no new
40:16Versailles
40:17Germany is divided
40:19The occupation zones
40:22Become frontiers
40:23Unintended
40:25Unwelcomed
40:26And
40:27Permanent
40:28If you have a unified Germany
40:31That belongs to the Russians
40:32Then you have a
40:33Russian domination of the continent
40:35Of the whole of the continent
40:36If you have a unified Germany
40:38That is
40:39All together in the hands
40:40Of the Anglo-Americans
40:41Then you have a
40:43Western domination
40:45Of the continent
40:46That would
40:46Cheat Russia out of her
40:48Just claims to
40:50The security
40:52That was
40:52Of course
40:53Stalin's number one concern
40:54All through the war
40:56And afterwards
40:56So that dividing Germany
40:59Along the Elbe
41:01Was probably the
41:02The best solution
41:04One's tempted to use words like
41:06Fair and just
41:07But I don't think they really apply here
41:08It simply is
41:09It's the workable solution
41:11Wherever
41:12The Red Army was
41:14In a contiguous territory
41:16They would install
41:17A sovietized system
41:19And that there was just
41:20No argument about it
41:21And we did the very best
41:22We could on Poland
41:23The tragedy of Poland
41:25Of course is
41:25That she's got Germany
41:27For a neighbor on one side
41:28And Russia for a neighbor
41:29On the other side
41:30It's a terrible position
41:31To be in
41:32But it's always been
41:32The Polish dilemma
41:33And the Polish tragedy
41:34Poland has to fall
41:36Into the orbit
41:36Of one or the other
41:37Given those choices
41:39And given the nature
41:40Of Hitler
41:40And the nature of Stalin
41:41I suppose if I were a Pole
41:43I'd say
41:43Well we're better off
41:44Under Stalin's heel
41:45Than we are
41:45Under Hitler's heel
41:46Soldiers of Poland
41:48I wish you all
41:50A speedy
41:52And safe return
41:53To your home country
41:55Poland's tragedy
42:12Russia's triumph
42:14Victory day in Moscow
42:18The Russians paid an enormous price
42:21For victory of course
42:22But the Russians did get gains
42:23Out of the war
42:24Most of all security for themselves
42:25And control of East Europe
42:27And the opportunity
42:28Which they of course
42:29Quickly took advantage of
42:30To exploit East Europe
42:32Economically
42:32A nation bled white by war
42:36Has somehow to rebuild
42:37The Soviet Union has survived
42:40It is
42:42One of the world's great powers
42:44And now everyone knows it
42:47London 1945
43:03Eros comes home
43:06Britain has survived too
43:16But a curious victory
43:18You can picnic again
43:26But look out for unexploded mines
43:28No invasion
43:54No occupation
43:55Yet the nation's treasure
43:57Is exhausted
43:58For six years
44:00It has fought
44:00And been a workshop for war
44:03The bullets have been bought
44:06With Britain's wealth
44:07They won't be needed now
44:09Britain has won the war
44:11And has nearly gone bankrupt
44:13Doing it
44:14The British had as many problems
44:18If not more
44:19In recovering from victory
44:20As the Germans did
44:21In recovering from defeat
44:23The British
44:24What did Britain get out of the war?
44:27Not very much
44:28Not very much
44:29She lost a very great deal
44:31I suppose
44:33If you want to look at it positively
44:35She got a moral claim
44:37On the world
44:39As the nation
44:39That had stood against Hitler
44:41Alone for a year
44:42And had provided
44:43The moral leadership
44:44Against the Nazis
44:45At a time
44:46When everyone else
44:47Was willing to cave in
44:48To the Nazis
44:50America 1945
44:53The boys come home
44:56Again
44:57Well the big winner
45:21In World War II
45:22Is of course
45:22The United States of America
45:23By far
45:24We get much more
45:26Out of the war
45:26Than anyone else
45:27There's a paradox here
45:30That very quickly
45:32After the war was over
45:33Americans began
45:33To take the attitude
45:34That aha
45:35Here it is again
45:37We got
45:37We got fooled once more
45:40As we did in World War I
45:41We made this enormous effort
45:42We beat the Germans
45:43We beat the Japanese
45:44And who wins?
45:46The Russians win
45:47The Russians get
45:47East Europe out of it
45:48We were suckers
45:50This is
45:50Very widely felt
45:52In the United States
45:53It was a strange
45:55Attitude to hold
45:56When you look
45:56With whatever objectivity
45:59That one can muster
46:00About such things
46:00Is what the real results
46:02Of the war were
46:02Americans come home
46:06To a country
46:07Untouched by bombs
46:08Or shells
46:09A country twice as rich
46:11As when the war began
46:12More food than it can eat
46:15More clothes than it can wear
46:17More steel than it can use
46:19The only country in the world
46:22With money to spare
46:24The country
46:26With the atom bomb
46:27And a company's
46:30The other
46:31And a country
46:32To a country
46:33Is the only
46:34To a country
46:34Is the only
46:36We're getting
46:36From here
46:37To a country
46:37That one
46:37Was the only
46:38Of the a country
46:39This is
46:40And the only
46:40Is a good
46:40To a country
46:40The only
46:41Is a good
46:41To a country
46:42To a country
46:43A country
46:44The Germans, too, are victors, though they do not know it yet.
47:02The soldiers come home from internment camps, put on ordinary clothes, go back to work.
47:08Feudal, Prussian, peasant Germany is no more.
47:12In its place, the structure of a modern state.
47:17Ironically enough, that was Hitler's work.
47:21Now in the West, a new Germany will emerge, rich and free and democratic and strong.
47:29England, too, changes, though some voices stay the same.
47:33You will be taken to the civilian clothing depot to get your civilian suit.
47:38And after that, a bus will take you down to the station.
47:41And you're free then to push off home as fast as you can.
47:45The procedure is comprehensive, for, as you can see, there are a lot of things to be thought of when a man or a woman leaves the army.
47:54Civilian life nowadays is fairly full of snags, and the ex-soldier must be fully armed against them when he marches into Civvy Street at last.
48:01Information, Sanford, 14-day ration card. Thank you.
48:04Good luck, and thank you all you've done. Thank you very much, sir.
48:08AC clock.
48:09Sir, 252.
48:11Oh, uh, coming.
48:12Britain's soldiers come home, to a land without much cheer, to a land of ration cards, queues, black markets, and austerity.
48:25But, to a land of national health and the welfare state, to a land of free men and women, to a world no longer at war.
48:37It's the first place.
49:07If, uh, we hadn't won the war, it would have meant that the Japanese and the Germans, particularly the Germans, would have won it.
49:15And I just think you, you can imagine what kind of a world that would have been.
49:19It's true that, uh, the problem of Russia, or the Soviet Union, rather, emerged sharply after the war.
49:29But I would say, on the whole, that that was certainly the lesser of the two evils that could have happened.
49:36And, uh, the more or less principles on which democracies operate, which their societies are based, certainly didn't get much, uh, satisfaction out of the results of the war.
49:52But I think this was inevitable, given the Soviet system.
49:56On the other hand, there's still a large portion of the world that still is able to exercise a certain degree of freedom, particularly in their internal affairs.
50:06Not that by any manner of means that everything that isn't communist is perfect, far from it.
50:13But by and large, I think the world would have been quite intolerable under Nazi and Japanese rule.
50:18The principal effects of the war on people and political systems bore upon the countries in Eastern Europe, Poland, most of all, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and those countries.
50:34Now, these peoples were hoping, or some of them were hoping, that the war would liberate them from the threat of Nazi tyranny.
50:41And, in fact, at the end of it, they found themselves in the communist bloc, which, I must say, was far less sinister than the Nazi bloc.
50:51This was a very solid achievement of the Second World War.
50:54A very much less sinister type of tyranny replaced a highly sinister tyranny.
51:00But this was not the freedom for which they had hoped and for which, to a large extent, we had fought.
51:06The most important single result of World War II is that the Nazis were crushed, the militarists in Japan were crushed, the fascists in Italy were crushed.
51:17And surely justice has never been better served.
51:19The one who was crushed...
51:32The one who was crushed...
51:37The one who was crushed...
51:41The one who was crushed...
51:43A very small amount of times, the million who was crushed...
52:15For 30 years now, there has been peace in Europe.
52:45For 30 years now, there has been peace in Europe.
53:15For 30 years now, there has been peace in Europe.
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