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00:00Russia, the summer of 1942, the Germans are on the move, again.
00:30The Sixth Army, Hitler's largest, victorious in France, almost victorious in the first
00:39year of the Russian campaign.
00:41Now it has a new task, to fight further east than the Wehrmacht has ever fought before,
00:47to cut Russia in two on the Volga.
01:00The Sixth Army, Hitler's largest, victorious in the world.
01:46The German army's plan to destroy Russia by a blitzkrieg in 1941 had failed, and in the attempt they lost a million men.
02:01In 1942 they were not strong enough, even with the help of their allies, to attack along the whole front.
02:08Hitler turned south to the Caucasus. Three quarters of Russia's oil was there.
02:14He divided his forces into two groups. The 6th Army and the 4th Panzer Army would move first.
02:24His plan was to encircle and destroy Soviet armies in the Don Bend, drive east towards Stalingrad, and cut off the Caucasus from the rest of the country.
02:35Then, in the main campaign, the other army group would capture Rostov and strike south to the oil fields.
02:45The offensive started late. It was high summer before the 6th Army under Friedrich von Paulus began to move.
02:55The armour in front, as usual. The motorised supply columns, close behind.
03:02The foot soldiers slobbed along in the rear.
03:11At first, the Russians seemed to melt away.
03:24No matter how far the Germans advanced, the Red Army always eluded them.
03:33The Germans didn't take many prisoners. They captured territory and towns.
03:55The army wanted to keep pressing ahead to encircle the Russians, but couldn't.
04:14Time and again, its spearheads had to pause and wait for supplies to catch on.
04:23One soldier, Wilhelm Hoffmann, was keeping a diary.
04:27He thought the war might soon be over.
04:30Perhaps, we'll be home by Christmas, he wrote.
04:45One soldier, Wilhelm Hoffmann, was keeping a diary.
05:06One soldier, Wilhelm Hoffmann, was keeping a diary.
05:12One soldier, Wilhelm Hoffmann, was keeping a diary.
05:29The Russians had lost a quarter of a million troops in the spring.
05:33Now they could not afford pitched battles, so they kept retreating.
05:40To the Russian commanders, it was a skillful planned withdrawal.
05:45To the Russian troops, it was a demoralizing rout.
05:50To Hitler, it was a crushing victory.
05:54He thought the Russian armies had been wiped out.
05:59So, with the offensive barely two weeks old, he started to shift his army south.
06:06At the end of July, his troops entered Rostov, the key to the Caucasus.
06:11He hated the Russian voce of the American army.
06:13Who was a hero to the world?
06:18No quarry.
06:19He was a total wielu troops.
06:21The German army, he was a great soldier.
06:24No quarry.
06:25To the Russian army, he was a good soldier.
06:28Hitler now gave absolute priority to the thrust towards the oil fields.
06:58He unleashed his fresh southern armies.
07:01He diverted the 4th Panzer Army south.
07:04He stripped the 6th Army of its fuel and most of its armour and sent them south too.
07:10But he still expected the 6th Army to carry on as before.
07:16By mid-August, the 6th Army had been on the march for six weeks.
07:21Late in the afternoon of the 23rd, a Panzer column reached the Volga just north of Stalingrad.
07:27It cut off river traffic and brought the opposite bank under fire.
07:34The infantry dug in along the railway and waited for reinforcements.
07:49Though the 6th Army's original mission was now accomplished, Hitler now expected them to take the whole city.
07:56Stalingrad was built on bluffs overlooking the Volga and stretched 15 miles along its western bank.
08:06The old town log huts and wooden buildings in the south, a modern centre, steel and concrete.
08:14To the north, three large factories with workers housing nearby.
08:21The whole city lay on hilly ground, scored by deep ravines.
08:26The Soviet showpiece.
08:28Stalin had named it for himself.
08:35Stalin had determined to defend the city.
08:39He decided not to evacuate most of the civilians.
08:42The troops would fight better, he said, for a live city than for a dead one.
08:59Air defenses were improvised.
09:01Half the anti-aircraft guns in the town had women crews.
09:06A workers' militia was recruited.
09:08Stalin had coined the slogan, not one step back.
09:12Troops and security police patrolled the streets.
09:19It wasn't all coercion.
09:21There was fear of the Germans and patriotism and communist zeal.
09:33Comrades and citizens of Stalingrad, each of us must apply ourselves to the task of defending our beloved town, our homes and our families.
09:44Let us barricade every street, transform every district, every block, every house into an impregnable fortress.
09:54The Sixth Army had not reached the Volga in enough strength to take Stalingrad on its own.
10:21Its reserves were still far behind.
10:41The Luftwaffe was called in to help the ground forces.
10:48For three days from August the 23rd, every aircraft available on the Russian front attacked the city.
10:55Almost the only defense came from the gunboats on the Volga and from the batteries on the opposite shore.
11:08Probably a former behemoth.
11:09No!
11:10Let us make the Corkep, I think about this path.
11:11Let us get out of there.
11:15No!
11:16Hey!
11:34Oh, my God.
12:04Oh, my God.
12:34Oh, my God.
13:04Oh, my God.
13:34Oh, my God.
14:04Oh, my God.
14:34Oh, my God.
15:04Oh, my God.
15:06Oh, my God.
15:08Oh, my God.
15:10Oh, my God.
15:12Oh, my God.
15:14Oh, my God.
15:16Oh, my God.
15:18Oh, my God.
15:22Oh, my God.
15:24Oh, my God.
15:26Oh, my God.
15:28Oh, my God.
15:30Oh, my God.
15:32Oh, my God.
15:36Oh, my God.
15:38Oh, my God.
15:40Oh, my God.
15:42Oh, my God.
15:48Oh, my God.
15:50Oh, my God.
15:52Oh, my God.
16:02Oh, my God.
16:04Oh, my God.
16:06Oh, my God.
16:36Oh, my God.
17:06Oh, my God.
17:36Oh, my God.
18:06Oh, my God.
18:08Oh, my God.
18:10If all the buildings of Stalingrad are defended like this, then none of our soldiers will
18:15get back to Germany.
18:18September the 20th.
18:19The battle for the elevator is still going on.
18:25September the 22nd.
18:27Russian resistance in the elevator has been broken.
18:31Our troops are advancing towards the Volga.
18:33We found only about 40 Russians dead in the elevator.
18:39The German army high command, a thousand miles away, was beginning to have second thoughts.
18:47General Halder, chief of staff, had not seriously opposed Hitler's directives earlier in the year.
18:54Now, with the original strategic objectives accomplished, he urged caution, but in vain.
19:01A member of Halder's staff observed that the Fuhrer used to move his hands in big sweeps over the map.
19:09Push here.
19:09Push there.
19:10It was all vague and took no account of practical difficulties.
19:15Halder refused to take the responsibility for continuing the advance with winter approaching.
19:20Hitler said,
19:22We now need national socialist ardor rather than professional ability to settle matters in the East.
19:29Obviously, I cannot expect this of you.
19:34He sacked Halder and replaced him by General Zeitzler, who was thought to be a genius at logistics.
19:41A man who would know how to move armies where he, Hitler, wanted them to go.
19:50In Stalingrad, the 6th Army's commander was having second thoughts, too.
19:56Von Paulus' troops were not used to fighting hand-to-hand in bombed-out cities.
20:10Here, their tanks moved at a snail's pace.
20:13Yet, Hitler insisted, demanded that they take the city.
20:20Determining his hands in the next two months?
20:21This one was a plan to keep his shoes down.
20:22He laid off with his citizenship.
20:23It was a plan to be a force for the fifth of the camp.
20:25This one wasn't done in fact.
20:26The land for now was to tell his wife to be a tyrant.
20:27This one was the only man who was born to be a child in a child in a child.
20:28And then there was no way for him to find him.
20:30He even had the new one.
20:32The first two was a man who had to take the city.
20:34He was a man who had to go.
20:35He was a man who had to take the city.
20:42He was a man who was a man who had to go.
20:45He was a man who was born to help him.
20:47A Russian soldier, Anton Goznik, he moved back, occupying one building after another, turning
21:00them into strongholds.
21:02The soldier would crawl out of an occupied position only when the ground was on fire
21:08beneath him and his clothes were smouldering.
21:11September the 26th, Hoffman complained about the way the Soviets fought.
21:39We don't see them at all.
21:41They've established themselves in houses and cellars and are firing from all sides, including
21:48from our rear.
21:49Barbarians.
21:50We use gangster methods.
21:53Zeitzler, Hitler's new chief of staff, took a long look at the situation and told him the
22:08most dangerous positions on the whole eastern front are the north front of Stalingrad and
22:13the eastern flank of the 4th Panzer Army.
22:16If steps are not taken in good time to rectify the situation, there will be a disaster.
22:23Hitler replied, you're too pessimistic, Zeitzler.
22:25Here on the eastern front we've been through worse periods than this before you joined us
22:30and we've survived.
22:32We'll get over our present difficulties too.
22:36German position was dangerous.
22:3820,000 men a week were being lost in Stalingrad.
22:43They could only be replaced by stripping the army's flanks of German troops.
22:50Germans were moving in here.
22:53This area was now held by the Italians.
22:56Next to them were Hungarians.
23:00The most precarious position of all was here where the Russians held both banks of the river
23:04Don.
23:05They faced the Romanian third army which had no heavy anti-tank guns and no tanks either.
23:11Hitler wasn't worried, he thought, and the High Command's own intelligence confirmed this,
23:19that the Russians had no strategic reserves left.
23:25In October, the Germans attacked again towards the Volga.
23:30Unless they captured the entire river bank, the Russians would bring in troops and supplies
23:36at night.
23:38Then, the Germans attacked again towards the Volga.
24:01Wilhelm Hoffman, October the 4th.
24:04A lot of Russian Tommy gunners have appeared.
24:07Where are they bringing them from?
24:11Another German wondered, are we really going to have to fight through another of those dreadful
24:16Russian winters?
24:20Hoffman on October the 14th.
24:22It's been fantastic since morning.
24:25Our airplanes and artillery have been bombing the Russian positions for hours on end.
24:32You seem to have been serious as laning山 London by Japers...
24:36I'm going to have a lantern fracture.
24:36The ship will rise in your hands and delivery of the French passer, which showed me to the
24:58своих özellers after a resident, which decía me in Panama Mazzard.
25:00The Panzer Leutnant, Wiener, wrote,
25:08Stalingrad is no longer a town.
25:11By day it is an enormous cloud of burning, blinding smoke.
25:16There is a vast furnace lit by the reflection of the flames.
25:21And when night arrives, one of those very hot, noisy, bloody nights,
25:26the dogs plunge into the Volga and swim desperately to gain the other bank.
25:31The knights of Stalingrad are a terror for them.
25:35Animals flee from this hell.
25:38The hardest stones cannot bear it for long.
25:42Only men endure.
25:56stream.hu
25:57The Panzer Leutnant, Winsorio
26:01Hoffmann's diary, October 22nd.
26:20Who would have thought, three months ago, that instead of the joy of victory, we would
26:28have to endure such sacrifices and torture, the end of which is nowhere in sight.
26:35The soldiers are calling Stalingrad the mass grave of the Wehrmacht.
26:44From far behind Stalingrad, long columns of Russian tanks and men came that autumn.
26:51But only a trickle went to Stalingrad, just enough to keep it from collapsing.
26:57The rest went to assembly areas north and south of the city.
27:14Newsreels told the Russian public what their leaders wanted them to know, that small arms
27:23factories were working round the clock from Moscow to Georgia.
27:35Sweethearts were writing letters about production quotas or wrapping parcels for the front and
27:55delivering them by special messenger.
28:04Both groups could adopt their own tanks and even pose with their crew.
28:13Groups of workers could buy their own Stormovik and send it off to shoot down Hitlerite invaders.
28:22But the underlying message was clear.
28:25The terrible days of shortage were over.
28:27Now at last, the Red Army was getting all it needed.
28:32When it seemed likely that Stalingrad would hold out, its generals were filmed.
28:42General Yeremenko, commander of the Stalingrad front, found time to distribute medals.
28:52Stalin's speeches were much read to the troops.
28:57There was even a Stalingrad oath.
29:00Its burnt-out houses, its ruins, its very stones are sacred.
29:10The war went on.
29:15The Russians ferried their troops across the Volga and the Don and crammed them into the bridgeheads
29:20as they had held since the summer.
29:28The Russians dug in and waited.
29:33The Germans now held nine-tenths of the city.
29:58The Germans now held nine-tenths of the city.
30:03On November the 8th, Hitler made an after-dinner speech in Munich.
30:10I wanted to get to the Volga at a particular point where stands a certain town, bears the
30:16name of Stalin himself.
30:19I wanted to take the place, and you know we've done it.
30:22We've got it really, except for a few enemy positions still holding out.
30:30Now people say, why don't they finish their job more quickly?
30:33Well, I prefer to do the job with quite small assault groups.
30:37Time is of no consequence at all.
30:40Time is of no consequence at all.
31:07But time was creeping up on the Germans.
31:19Even before Hitler's speech, the Russian winter had begun.
31:37The Germans knew what was coming. Soon, it would be 30, 40, 50 degrees below freezing. Equipment and men would freeze.
32:00But the Russians would keep going.
32:16The Russians tried to keep their build-up a secret, but they could neither move all their men by night, nor hide completely three-quarters of a million new troops.
32:30On November the 10th, von Paulus asked Hitler to let him withdraw from Stalingrad.
32:37Hitler told him to keep attacking.
32:43The Russian build-up went on.
32:50On November the 19th, the Russians struck.
33:05They attacked the Romanians from the north, and two days later, from the south.
33:20Within hours, the Russian tanks were through.
33:27The Russian plans were ambitious.
33:34Their two pincers would cut through the Romanians and link at Kalach.
33:42That would trap the German 6th Army.
33:49They would reduce the Stalingrad pocket and could then strike south-east towards Rostov.
33:52That would trap all the Germans in the Caucasus.
33:57Just four days after the two Russian armies did link up.
34:04It had all gone so quickly there was no time to film it.
34:07So it was re-enacted for the cameras.
34:23And stop the cameras.
34:24The Rostov.
34:26The Rostov.
34:27The Rostov.
34:28THE END
34:58The Russians thought they had trapped 75,000 Germans.
35:03In fact, 250,000 men were cut off.
35:07All the 6th Army, some of the 4th Panzer Army,
35:11Romanians, Croatians, and even Russian volunteers.
35:16The commander on the spot, von Paulus, asked to be allowed to break out.
35:21Hitler told him to stay put.
35:23He would send troops to break in.
35:26And he sent him a cheery message.
35:27I know the brave 6th Army and its commander-in-chief.
35:32And I also know that it will do its duty.
35:35But the Army still had to eat.
35:52Goering, the Luftwaffe's commander-in-chief.
35:54Earlier that year, his planes had supplied a whole army cut off for 60 days with fuel, ammunition, and food.
36:03Now he thought they could do it again.
36:06Providing the weather was good, and providing the distances weren't too great,
36:10They could fly in 500 tons a day.
36:17Hitler thought that would do.
36:19Though he knew.
36:21The army said it needed at least 800 tons.
36:24The Russians were waiting.
36:40The Russians were waiting.
36:44Bombers were used as transports.
37:09The weather was vile.
37:10The air lift brought in only a tenth of what was needed.
37:20Though it did once deliver a plane load of ground pepper and 12 cases of contraceptives.
37:26The Russians did not attack the 250,000 troops in the pocket directly.
37:39They were not yet strong enough.
37:41Instead, their armies drove westwards.
37:44And the further they drove, the wider grew the gap between the Germans besieged in Stalingrad and their would-be rescuers.
37:50Those were the days from the British coasts.
37:58I didn't say all, it's segments of money in St기가.
38:13There was several people in the Attention City in St Quandt.
38:15German troops inside the pocket were cold and hungry, but confident.
38:37They settled down, ready to move when their rescuers got close enough.
38:42But they never came.
38:45The Germans fighting their way to relieve Stalingrad, turned back to meet a new threat to the entire Southern Front.
39:00The Germans in the pocket were on their own.
39:04The Russians had the upper hand.
39:18Even the quality of their medical care showed it.
39:21German wounded, except the few airlifted home, died in their dugouts.
39:26The Russians at Stalingrad had the best recovery record of any Russian armies.
39:32The Russians now had mastery of the air.
39:34The Russians now had mastery of the air.
39:36Their bombers were virtually unopposed.
39:38The Russians now had mastery of the air.
40:00Hitler was obsessed by Stalingrad.
40:10The Russians too.
40:12They could have left the men trapped there to freeze and starve.
40:16Instead, they massed seven armies round the pocket.
40:19In Stalingrad itself, fighting went on in the same bloody way.
40:33Hobą
40:42Hobą
40:49Hobą
40:52On Christmas Eve in Germany, the radio broadcasts this live message from the troops in Stalingrad.
41:11Achtung, ich rufe noch einmal Stalingrad.
41:15Hier ist Stalingrad, hier ist die Frott von der Volkern.
41:18But it was a fake.
41:20Broadcasts from Stalingrad had stopped a week before.
41:38On Christmas Day, Radio Moscow broadcasts to the Germans in Stalingrad.
41:45Every seven seconds, a German soldier dies in Russia.
41:49Stalingrad is a mass grave.
41:56The ticking and the message went on all day.
42:01The Germans were now eating.
42:31Raw horsefletch.
42:33On January the 8th, the Russians offered surrender terms.
42:37Warmth, medical care, food.
42:41Officers could even keep their ceremonial daggers.
42:43Hitler refused.
42:51Every day the 6th Army holds out, he said.
42:55Helps our situation everywhere else on the front.
42:57January the 10th, the final Russian assault.
43:13They thought it would take about four days.
43:16They thought it would take about four days.
43:28They thought it would take about three days.
43:33They thought it would take about four days.
43:34They thought it would take about four days.
43:35But two weeks later, they were still fighting.
43:38But two weeks later they were still fighting.
44:02On the 24th, von Paulus signalled Hitler.
44:06Troops without munitions or food.
44:09Effective command no longer possible.
44:12Collapse inevitable.
44:15Army requests permission to surrender in order to save lives of remaining troops.
44:22Hitler still forbade surrender.
44:25The 6th Army will do its historic duty at Stalingrad until the last man.
44:36But German soldiers and German officers were already giving themselves up.
44:43That's the last man who was taking place.
44:59Oh
45:19Oh
45:59On January of the 31st, Hitler made von Paulus a field marshal, knowing no German field
46:13marshal had ever been taken alive.
46:15The same day he was promoted from Paulus' surrender.
46:35His captors had never seen such a senior German officer before.
46:41General Shumilov, who took the surrender, didn't quite know what to do.
46:46So he asked Paulus for proof of his identity, then for proof that he was commander of the
46:52Sixth Army, then whether he really was a field marshal.
46:57They talked a while, when Paulus cheered up, he even proposed a toast to the Red Army.
47:11Hitler had expected him to shoot himself.
47:25It was not an ordinary defeat.
47:27It was a catastrophe.
47:32Watch me.
47:53Two German armies, 24 generals, 2,000 officers, 90,000 soldiers, prisoners, and 150,000 dead.
48:23The Romanian, Italian, and Hungarian armies destroyed.
48:30Enough material lost to equip a quarter of the whole German army.
48:37This was the same 6th Army, which two years before could not imagine defeat.
48:53This was another 7th Army, which had been released in 1987.
48:58To find out who'd been executed on that 14thありがとうございます.
49:03We decided to feel free demand
49:06to repeat instead of the Tsingôle.
49:11Prisoners were marched off to camps.
49:3150,000 died within weeks of cold, malnutrition and typhus.
49:37Of all but 100,000, only 6,000 ever returned home.
50:0750,000 died within weeks of cold, malnutrition and typhus.
50:1750,000 died within weeks of cold, malnutrition and typhus.
50:2750,000 died within weeks of cold, malnutrition and typhus.
50:3350,000 died within weeks of cold, malnutrition and typhus.
50:4950,000 died within weeks of cold, malnutrition and typhus.
51:09The people of Stalingrad came back to look for what was left of their homes.
51:1650,000 died within weeks of cold, malnutrition and typhus.
51:33When it was all over, a Russian soldier said,
51:38Germans are funny fellows.
51:41Coming to conquer Stalingrad in shiny leather boots?
51:45They thought it would be a joyride.
51:46When it was all over, Hitler said,
52:16What is life?
52:19Life is the nation.
52:21The individual must die anyway.
52:25Beyond the life of the individual is the nation.
52:28On February 3rd, 1943, the German radio announced that Stalingrad had fallen.
52:39The 6th Army had fought courageously,
52:42but had succumbed to vastly superior enemy forces
52:47and to unfavorable circumstances.
52:51on February 4th, officers.
52:54ят
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