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00:00To be continued...
00:30Every day now, for more than 30 years, this couple have carried out this quaint ceremony, meant before their God to expiate the guilt of seven souls.
00:44This is Japan, and the seven souls belong to the seven Japanese war criminals hanged by the Allies after 1945.
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02:15Japan suffered more than most countries from the Great Depression after the First World War.
02:20The population was increasing fast, and every year produced another million mouths to feed.
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02:31Japan had no mineral resources of her own, unemployment was high, and crop failures brought disastrous famines in rural areas.
02:39The general public's life was very hard in those days, and most of the young military officers came from low-class agricultural families, and agriculture was in a very, very hard position.
02:571930 was the time when Japan entered what might be called her convulsive period of history.
03:13The influence of the ultra-nationalist grew, and such incidents as the young officers' revolt of May 15 placed Japan step by step under the power of the military.
03:27The politicians took second place to the army.
03:33The Japanese army had been in disrepute till about the beginning of the 1930s, and then they came back through the so-called patriotic societies.
03:47Many of them no more than gangsters who could commit any misdeed in the name of patriotism.
03:57Those were the years which certain authors have described as the period of government by assassination.
04:19And there were several assassinations of prime ministers and leaders in those days just because they had liberal views or because they favoured better relations with the United States, Britain, or more other democratic-minded nations.
04:39The army also controlled the education system, and a respect for the martial arts was inculcated into every Japanese child from an early age.
04:51To the Japanese, their emperor was a god.
05:03But Hirohito chose to reign, not to rule.
05:07He allowed himself to be manipulated by the military, and since every Japanese was pledged to serve the emperor unto death, his connivance was a considerable asset to the army.
05:21To solve Japan's economic problems, the army favoured expansion on the Asian mainland.
05:27Korea had long been Japan's, and since a victory over Tsarist Russia in 1905, Japan had also been allowed to station troops in Manchuria.
05:36Manchuria was mostly empty wilderness, but it contained raw materials that Japan lacked, such as coal and iron ore.
05:44Impatient that the politicians back in Tokyo did not see the obvious need to seize Manchuria once and for all,
06:04a group of extremists in 1931 infiltrated the Japanese garrisons there and persuaded them to take on Manchuria's feeble army.
06:12ghost of the Japanese garrisons a million-born children of the Japanese lusen of the Japanese lusen of the American military,
06:18갈vaned a war taking Organized Heaton of Manchuria sang and red emphasize the Japanese chest which is full of exploratory
06:28Diamonds B ему called the Japanese lusen of the Hakkara Besides, The Missroads of Madone fol square that gemeins her body
06:36was Washington declared, Martinë put his head on the west side of his head!
06:38And which has kept on the ground floor to fighter us?
06:41Against little real opposition, the Japanese army soon controlled the whole country, driving
06:52the luckless Manchurians before them.
07:01The world was shocked, but did nothing, apart from a rebuke of the League of Nations.
07:11Japan, however, finds it impossible to accept the report adopted by the Assembly.
07:24And so Japan leaves the League, the Far Eastern war cloud casts its shadow over the whole world.
07:38Because they had occupied Manchuria with such ease and without interference from the rest
07:42of the world, the Japanese generals there soon turned their attention to Manchuria's next
07:47door neighbour, China.
07:49The China of 500 million souls.
07:53The China that for centuries had thought itself secure behind its great wall.
07:59In July 1937, an incident was manufactured whereby the Chinese appeared to fire on the Japanese.
08:07But waiting to investigate, Japan invaded China.
08:14China.
08:15China.
08:16China.
08:17China.
08:18China.
08:19China.
08:20China.
08:21China.
08:22China.
08:23China.
08:24China.
08:25China.
08:26China.
08:27China.
08:28China.
08:29China.
08:30Disunited and ill-equipped, the Chinese were no match for the ruthless Japanese.
08:32Within a matter of weeks, the Japanese had overrun most of northern China and were bombing
08:33Peking.
08:34Peking.
08:35Peking.
08:36Peking.
08:37The Japanese.
08:38The Japanese had overrun most of northern China and were bombing Peking.
08:43Peking.
08:44Within a matter of weeks, the Japanese had overrun most of northern China and were bombing Piquet.
09:14Piquet soon fell, and it was then Shanghai's turn.
09:44Piquet soon fell, and it was then Shanghai.
10:14Once Shanghai had fallen, the Japanese forces advanced up the Yangtze Valley to threaten the then capital of China, Nanking.
10:44Piquet soon fell, and it was then Shanghai.
11:14Piquet soon fell, and it was then Shanghai.
11:44It was here at Nanking in December 1937 that the Japanese perpetrated what was until then one of the worst atrocities of this century,
12:03when their troops massacred more than 200,000 Chinese in cold blood.
12:09Even the Nazis were shocked and offered to mediate to prevent further bloodshed.
12:22But the Japanese generals were unyielding as their military successes mounted.
12:29By the summer of 1938, the Japanese had captured a considerable part of China, including most of the major cities.
12:35But they were really only conquering territory, not people, as the Chinese retreated into their vast hinterland.
12:42What was worse for the Japanese, their conquests incurred the suspicion of their old enemy to the north, Russia.
12:49In the summer of 1938, Russian and Japanese troops battled for possession of a barren hill on the Soviet-Manchurian border.
13:03The Japanese received such a drubbing that they opted for a settlement after only two weeks.
13:19Ten months later, another squabble broke out, and once again the Japanese were beaten.
13:47This time, by none other than General Zhukov.
14:00It made them wary of further conflicts with the Soviet Union.
14:09But it also pushed them closer to Germany and Italy.
14:17Living in Japan became difficult for other Westerners.
14:29You were constantly under the supervision of police.
14:34You were always, as a European, suspected of being a spy.
14:38On the railway stations, you'd often see posters of a man with a Sherlock Holmes cap and a curly pipe,
14:45which said, beware of spies.
14:47You had the intensified activities of the thought police and the Kempeitai, who controlled speech and thought.
14:58And then you had the introduction of a national uniform called Kokuminfuku.
15:03After leaving school, people were supposed to wear these to go to work.
15:07And they were khaki and they were similar to the uniforms worn by the servicemen.
15:12And then the cinema and plays, the complexion of these became more martial and more glorification of war.
15:23And the radio would play more and more music of a military nature.
15:27Then on the political field, you had the Taisei Okusankai, the one-party system that made it easy for the military to consolidate their influence over the country.
15:42There was constant to the sight and sounds of soldiers being sent off.
16:12Ceremonious to the front in China.
16:16They were always taught that the greatest thing that could happen to any family was to be able to give a son or two sons or three sons or seven sons to the service of their country and to die for the emperor and the imperial family.
16:31You had the so-called ash boxes, remains of soldiers, coming back to Japan.
16:39So, we knew we were at war.
16:48Western influences had been growing in Japan during the 30s, which the military disliked and now discouraged.
16:55I remember my former wife, it must have been about 1938, coming from a hairdresser's where she had her hair waved and being stopped by a policeman who told her that this was a sign of Western decadence.
17:11Dancing, even Western music, except classical music, which was mostly German, Beethoven, this sort of thing, was frowned upon.
17:24Dance walls were closed down and any kind of pleasure introduced from the West, the military did their best to prohibit it and rub it out altogether.
17:37When I left Japan early 40s, there was rationing, prices were high, students of high schools, universities were doing military training practically every day.
17:53You had army officers attached to every school to supervise such training.
17:59And so, it was a nation preparing for war.
18:02The China war dragged on into 1940.
18:30Though the Japanese generals were now looking for some way of ending it, without too much loss of faith.
18:42But Hitler's swift victories over Holland and France in May 1940, and the seemingly imminent defeat of Britain, made the Japanese generals greedy for more.
18:52Generally speaking, the Japanese public was very, very elated by the German success.
19:08And the catchword in those days was, don't miss the bus.
19:12Within three months of France's fall, the puppet Vichy government had been persuaded to allow Japanese troops to enter French Indochina, ominously close to the Philippines, then an American dependency.
19:26America reacted sharply by embargoing supplies to Japan of iron ore and aviation fuel.
19:33The embargo pushed Japan still closer to the axis.
19:38Berlin in September 1940, Germany, Italy and Japan concluded the tripartite pact.
19:50The two wars at opposite ends of the globe were now linked.
19:56Though not yet joined.
20:09Japan's pro-German foreign minister, Yosuke Matsuoka, followed up his goodwill trip to Hitler with a visit in April 1941 to Moscow, where he signed a neutrality treaty with Stalin.
20:30The Soviet Union had always posed a threat to Japanese security.
20:39And so the army was itching for a showdown with the Soviet Union.
20:46The Navy, on the other hand, wanted to advance southward because the resources our country lacked were largely in the South Sea.
21:04And so Japan was, so to speak, pulled apart between the army ambition and naval design.
21:13But when the time for intervention against the North passed, the army naturally joined with the Navy.
21:27Japan had the strongest Navy in the Pacific.
21:30But when she occupied the rest of French Indochina in the summer of 1941,
21:35the United States embargoed oil, which left the Japanese Navy critically short of it.
21:40Japan could either climb down and suffer loss of faith, or else move south to seize these, the oil wells of the Dutch East Indies.
21:59Indeed, serious planning for such a move began straight away.
22:04Special jungle training and amphibious landing exercises were put in hand.
22:08The Bahamas when
22:24the월 5th is a конце-long
22:38Army leaders argued that unless an invasion of the Dutch East Indies began
22:43before the end of 1941, a shortage of oil would rule it out forever. Even so, some
22:50Japanese politicians still hadn't given up hope of achieving Japan's aims by
22:54diplomatic means. But time was short. The generals had given the diplomats until
23:00mid-October. When that deadline passed, Hirohito, on Marquis Kido's advice,
23:05invited his war minister, General Tojo, to form a government. There are many
23:10interpretations of Marquis Kido's action in choosing General Tojo as the
23:17Prime Minister of the last cabinet preceding the outbreak of the war. I
23:23met myself for ask this point and Marquis Kido's reply was nobody except Tojo
23:34was powerful enough to control the army which was running amok. And also Tojo
23:43was deeply devoted to the person of the Emperor. And if his majesty made his
23:51wish known to General Tojo, Tojo would faithfully abide by such wish.
23:58But even General Tojo shrank from the brink of war. He extended the deadline for
24:10diplomacy another month until November the 25th, sending special envoys to
24:15Washington to negotiate the ending of the oil embargo.
24:19They have new words for us, sir. If you come quite close. Gentlemen, you all know how difficult
24:25my mission is. But I'll do all I can to make it a successful one for the sake of two countries,
24:34the Prime and the United States. And so that autumn, with scant sincerity on either side,
24:41the diplomatic charade was played out. The government undertook the difficult negotiations
24:47with the United States. But the temper of the nation grew more militaristic, which made it
24:54practically impossible to continue the negotiations. While the diplomats talked in Washington,
25:02in Tokyo the militarists were putting the finishing touches to their plans of conquest.
25:06To capture the oil wells intact, called for a surprise assault. Not just on the Dutch East Indies,
25:13but also on Malaya and the Philippines. And having got the oil, there was then the problem of getting
25:18it back to Japan unhindered by either the Royal Navy based in Singapore, or else the massive United States
25:24Pacific Fleet based in Hawaii at Pearl Harbor.
25:28It was felt that if war came and Japan were to fight in a conventional way, she had little hope of
25:40winning. And so the idea was to strike a blow against the American fleet at Pearl Harbor simultaneously as
25:49the war started. There were three main problems in attacking Pearl Harbor. The first was to keep it a secret,
26:02because if the Americans knew a Japanese fleet was approaching, then they would immediately attack it.
26:09The second concern which route to take. And the third concern the attack itself,
26:15whether it would be possible to use torpedoes in the shallow waters of Pearl Harbor.
26:22The most difficult problem was torpedo launching in a shallow water. The British Navy
26:32attacked the Italian fleet at the Toronto. And I owe it very much for this lesson.
26:41In a shallow water. We made a model of Pearl Harbor and the situation of the battleship and other warships.
26:57We sent our agent to Pearl Harbor.
27:01In a shallow water. Sometimes I went to a Japanese tea house in Alewa Heights. From there, I saw the fleet in Pearl Harbor.
27:16Sometimes I go around Pearl Harbor by taxi or bus. Sometimes I walk along restaurant and drinking beer
27:30to get information. I did, you know, fishing. I measured the depths of the sea. But it was very
27:41in danger. And one time I ordered to see the torpedo gate. So I went to the profited area of the Pearl Harbor.
27:53But I cannot discover the submarine gate. I sent my information
28:04the Japanese carrier fleet by commercial telegram in code.
28:13The Japanese carrier fleet had left Japan on November the 26th. It took them 11 days to sail
28:20undetected. The 4,000 or so miles to this point. A mere 200 miles short of Hawaii. Although the Americans
28:29had broken the Japanese codes and knew war was imminent, they had not found out where the Japanese
28:35might strike them. Climb Mount Niitaka, came the message from Tokyo. It was the signal for war to commence.
28:446 a.m. on the morning of Sunday, December the 7th, 1941. The first of 400 Japanese bombers and torpedo planes
28:566 a.m. on the night. Take to the air.
29:20The destination. Pearl Harbor.
29:26On the early morning of December 7th, Joseph L. Lockhart and myself were detailed to
29:36operate a problem from our radar unit. The problem was to last from 4 a.m. to 7 a.m.
29:45And it was a training program. I was the plotter and Joseph Lockhart was the radar operator.
29:54We picked up a very large lip, which we had never seen before, and proceeded to plot that flight in.
30:03It was then that I suggested that we send the information into our information center.
30:09I called in and the switchboard operator told me that there was no one there at the information center.
30:14He was to have someone call back to our radar station. And that's when this Lieutenant Tyler called back and told us, in essence, to forget it.
30:27We continued the flight until about 20 minutes of 8 a.m. when the flight seemed to disperse to the right and to the left of the island.
30:38The treatment side went with three hours BJabile Clinton. They called back to the left of the car and worked with Leonard Miller.
30:43The day was the spoiled version. I was just sitting here and then passed away with us.
30:44I was boomed up at two hours someone else because you couldn't pass me away them.
30:45Oh, thank God.
30:45The other day had lost plenty.
30:46The idea had lost plenty.
30:47Well, sizin played the President's party as well.
30:48Ma'am can't see how I can help RoughlyAN land with their family members of our lunch sink from 9th,
31:04I was on the board of USS California Tide Quay 3, and I was standing on the quarter deck getting ready for color.
31:15As a matter of fact, I was a member of the band, and looking slightly to the south around, I could see planes come in that direction, and some from that direction.
31:27Primary of those, and that's about the time General ordered, and I dropped my instrument, which was the clarinet, went down below into my battle station, and about five minutes later, torpedoes hit us and exploded.
31:42I was aboard the West Virginia when the first airplanes came over.
31:48They were built similar to our helldivers in those days, and the pilot had the greenhouse back, and he flew so low.
31:58But I still remember him.
31:59He had the helmet of the leather helmet, like World War II had, and the goggles.
32:05And the reason I remember, he had a real thick mustache, and as he flew over, he kind of smiled and looked at the ship, and flew over towards the hangars there when he started playing his first bomb.
32:16I saw the Arizona blow up, and she just like if she just rained sailors, and of course, those were the ones that were fortunate enough to live, the ones that were blown off the ship.
32:33Well, I ran to the stern first to see if I could get off that way.
32:37Of course, everything was burning at this particular time, and so then I ran to the foc's hole, and then there was a lot of oil, but it hadn't caught fire at this time.
32:47So I said, well, the best thing to do is to dive off there, so I hit the water and swam around this way, and then came up over this rock there, and this is where I landed.
33:00The thing I remember most about that morning was terror and confusion.
33:05In the first place, it was early in the morning.
33:07Most everybody wasn't quite awake yet, and to have somebody trying to kill you at that hour of the morning kind of confuses you at the best.
33:16We were taking power and steam from the dock since we were alongside for repairs, and somebody in the confusion cut our power and steam line, so we were left with everything that had to be operated in manual.
33:28We only had one battery unmasked that we could use, which was the port 5-inch battery, so we started using it on the aircraft as they came in.
33:37The low-flying torpedo planes all came directly over the hill over here and down this way over toward Battleship Row, so we were able to get some pretty good shots at them back through there, even though we were in manual.
33:47However, the guns had to be served by manual means.
33:51We had to pass ammunition by hand.
33:53We had a young chaplain aboard, J.G. at the time.
33:57He'd been aboard less than two months.
33:59His name was Howell M. Forgey, and he was, as far as his battle station was concerned, he didn't have one.
34:07He was primarily concerned with crew morale, so he was marching up and down the gun deck saying, praise the Lord and pass the ammunition.
34:13He was marching up and down the gun.
34:43We lived with these ships all the time.
34:50You live with these ships all the time, you just never dreamed that they could be damaged
35:08like this.
35:09There were ships of fire, ships burning, explosions going on all over the place.
35:20My first knowledge of the attack was when I was awakened by the sound of bombs dropping
35:24and the roaring of aircraft all around us.
35:28I ran out on the lanai and saw immediately they were Japanese planes and there was this
35:33fellow standing next to me and said, it certainly looks real, doesn't it?
35:37And I said, yes, I'm afraid it is.
35:40I ran over to my offices and I happened to be standing alongside the commander in chief
35:45himself, Admiral Kimmel.
35:47And we were glumly watching the havoc, the carnage that was going on.
35:53And suddenly he reached up in motion of this kind and tore off his four-star shoulder boards,
36:00which indicated his rank and title as commander in chief Pacific Fleet.
36:06He stepped into his adjacent office and when he came out, he realized that he was going
36:12to lose command and he had donned two-star rear admiral shoulder boards.
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39:21idea was to oppose the Japanese as they landed. And that didn't come off. They were able to land
39:31in Thailand and we would not break the neutrality and so we were at a disadvantage from the start.
39:43The Japanese were outnumbered more than two to one. They had only the poorest of maps,
39:48usually pages torn from school atlases. But they kept the British on the run, never stopping to
39:54consolidate or regroup. One of the reasons we were thrown onto the defensive, the Japanese employed
40:00300 tanks. We hadn't any tanks at all. British strategists have decreed that armour was not suited
40:09to jungle warfare. Back in Whitehall, the British thought the jungle impenetrable,
40:22whereas in some places it was cleared, in others not so dense. And anyway, the really dense patches
40:29could always be bypassed by sea, which was precisely what the Japanese did.
40:46The jungle is not such a terrible place. We can live on rice, salt and sesame seeds,
41:05and assaulted fish, you see. This can keep a soldier going a long time. The jungle did not
41:10have the fear for us. It seems to have had for some of the allied soldiers.
41:21The Japanese at first bombed Singapore the same morning as Pearl Harbor. The lights of the great
41:26port had guided them in and remained on during the raid because no one knew how to switch them off.
41:33Such confusion was to typify Singapore's reaction to the Japanese onslaught.
41:39I remember a British national newspaper ran a story in which the opinion was expressed that the
41:46Japanese would never be good flyers because they had no sense of balance through being carried on the
41:52backs of their mothers as children.
42:07Yes, it was.
42:20Jons...
42:27...
42:27The Japanese secret weapon in Malaya was the bicycle.
42:57When their tires punctured, the Japanese soldiers simply rode on their rims.
43:20To the retreating British, the clatter on the stony roads sounded like tanks and added
43:26to their fear.
43:33I think the fundamental reason why we failed in Malaya was that we were stretched to the
44:02limit at that time in our war with Germany and Italy.
44:08And there simply were not the trained men, air forces and ships that we should have supplied
44:17to beat the Japanese attack.
44:24The priority of arms and equipment for Malaya at that time was very low.
44:38They were only number four after Great Britain, the Middle East and Russia.
44:44Also, with regard to men, the first priority was the Middle East and Malaya only came second.
44:52Some of the Australians that arrived in Malaya had never even fired a rifle.
44:58So we did field very much a second eleven against the very highly trained and strongly supported
45:05Japanese.
45:07Like the Americans at Pearl Harbor, the British in Malaya had been wrongly led to believe
45:11the Japanese air force was poor.
45:13But now British air cover waned and eventually disappeared.
45:20There was no effective plan to stop the Japanese by land and too little determination to resist.
45:30We were forces and not so aggressive as we expected.
46:00The British planners had thought that at the very worst, Northern Malaya could hold out for
46:14at least three months, enough time to enable substantial reinforcements to be sent to Singapore.
46:20But it took the Japanese under General Yamashita just seven weeks to advance the 600 miles down
46:28the Malayan Peninsula.
46:37On February the 8th, 1942, they crossed a thousand yards of the Straits of Johor onto the island of Singapore.
46:47No defences had been built on the northern shore of the island.
46:51And so the Japanese were able to land relatively unmolested.
46:54What is more, they were able to capture most of Singapore's water supplies with ease.
47:03By now, the Japanese bombers raided Singapore at will, for there was virtually no air defence.
47:11The Japanese, in fact, were almost out of ammunition and were considering withdrawing to the mainland.
47:17But unknown to them, British morale had collapsed.
47:22General Yamashita had not prepared any plans in the event of a British surrender.
47:36And so when, on February the 15th, Major Weil, General Percival Emissary, arrived at our forward headquarters at 3pm, no one there believed him.
47:50I was ordered to discuss with him his suggestion of a meeting between General Percival and General Yamashita.
48:02Major Weil wanted General Yamashita to go to the Governor General's residence, but did not mention surrender.
48:09I told him it was out of the question for General Yamashita to go anywhere and that his General must come to us.
48:18Eventually, Major Weil agreed to this and said he would bring him at 6pm, but again made no mention of surrender.
48:26When I reported this to my superiors, they were suspicious and unbelieving.
48:32However, I returned at 6pm to meet General Percival and Major Weil.
48:38I guided them to the 4th factory, where the meeting with General Yamashita was to take place.
48:45Because of this disbelief on the Japanese side, they were still setting up tables when we arrived.
48:52Straight away, General Yamashita asked General Percival whether he was surrendering.
48:58But the British General merely talked about wanting to keep 1500 soldiers to maintain peace and order in Singapore.
49:06General Yamashita again asked about surrender, but General Percival went on talking about these 1500 troops.
49:14And so these two conversations continued in parallel and time was passing.
49:19Finally, General Yamashita could wait no longer.
49:23He banged the table and asked General Percival if he was surrendering.
49:27Otherwise, the Japanese would launch an immediate night attack.
49:31Would that be alright?
49:33Percival replied, no, he did not want any more attacks.
49:38So again General Yamashita asked, will you surrender?
49:42And at last General Percival said, yes.
49:45No!
49:46No!
49:47No!
49:48No!
49:49No!
49:50No!
49:51No!
49:52No!
49:53No!
49:54No!
49:55No!
49:56No!
49:57No!
49:58No!
49:59No!
50:00No!
50:01Singapore had been fought by the British to be impregnable.
50:03But they were thinking of an attack from the sea.
50:07Indeed, all the big fortress guns pointed seawards, not landwards.
50:13Said Churchill afterwards, the possibility of Singapore having no landward defences no more
50:18entered into my mind than that of a battleship being launched without a bottom.
50:23We were so surprised because we expected that your forces were about 50,000 in total.
50:37And we found out that about 110,000 prisoners in Singapore.
50:46Singapore's fall was the worst military disaster in British history.
50:53More than 130,000 troops laid down their arms in the largest capitulation the British Army
50:59has ever known.
51:01The Japanese soldiers are told not to be prisoners.
51:06So quite natural when they see the tens of thousands of white prisoners at Singapore, they look down on them.
51:28Thousands of British and Commonwealth troops had arrived in Singapore only days before, just in time to surrender.
51:36Singapore's fall meant that the whole of Southeast Asia lay at Japan's feet.
51:50Within weeks, the Japanese army was at the borders of India,
51:53and the Japanese navy was steaming close to the shores of Australia.
51:57They had succeeded beyond their wildest dreams.
52:00For the British, a last humiliation.
52:09The garrison was paraded before the triumphant Japanese.
52:13Make it hip of vessel.
52:30If the British, a week before heaven I showed you our humanity.
52:35We heard his last column in the Inner Orioles,
52:37The sun had set
52:49on one imperial power.
52:55On another, the sun
52:57was still rising.
53:07On another, the sun had set
53:37on one imperial power.
54:07On another, the sun had set
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