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00:00History is not an exact science. It is never set in stone.
00:17As time passes, knowledge of the past is refined and evolves.
00:21But by definition, existing ideas have thick skins and are hard to shift.
00:51To understand the realities of the world, you sometimes have to shake them up and decipher the facts by looking at them another way.
00:59Posterity has made the Vietnam War an American war.
01:22And yet...
01:29February 25th, 1954.
01:42Ho Chi Minh, the communist leader, about to inspect his troops.
01:52For close to nine years, he has been fighting to free his country from French colonial rule.
01:59A country riven by a fault line, which pushed some of his compatriots to fight against his ideology.
02:06But between a young Vietnamese subsidiary soldier in the French army and a young soldier from the Viet Minh army, only the uniform differed.
02:22The wounded shared the same pain, and the dead the same soil.
02:35Their fratricidal struggle had only just begun.
02:37Three months later, the communists triumphed at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu.
02:50Humiliated, France was forced to leave the territory after 80 years of domination.
03:11Finally free, the victors rejoiced.
03:17But the ideological divides remained.
03:21During the Cold War, in a world cut in two, the Geneva Accords established the division of Vietnam into two distinct entities on either side of the 17th parallel.
03:32The North passed under communist control, while a pro-Western regime, supported by the USA, settled in the South.
03:45Two antagonistic states faced each other, and the population had 300 days to choose its side.
04:02Frightened by the severity of the coming regime, the North experienced a real exodus.
04:07Frightened by the North.
04:08Frightened by the North.
04:14Catholics, soldiers loyal to France, and anti-communists of all stripes, left their native land.
04:23Propaganda did the rest.
04:24Almost one million reached the South, leaving behind most of their possessions.
04:41The waves of these would-be exiles made the news.
04:44The evacuation of Northern Vietnam is progressing within the terms of the Geneva Armistice Agreement.
04:57These refugees are passing through a checkpoint at Haiphong before boarding the French ship Esperance.
05:02A very suitable name for this vessel, with its promise of a more hopeful future for these unhappy people.
05:06One of the desperate castaways confided,
05:16I have never forgotten our last sight of Hanoi, the city we loved so much.
05:23My friends and I had tears in our eyes.
05:26In the South, the uprooted arrived in a territory in the throes of chaos.
05:47Entire regions were under the control of powerful religious sects,
05:51whose paramilitary factions flourished during the war against the French.
05:56Entrenched in their strongholds, their leaders refused to submit to the new state.
06:11Worse, their demonstrations multiplied and reached the heart of the capital.
06:16The crisis, which was in the Saigon, in the Saigon,
06:21in the areas of the sects at the port of the city,
06:23occurred abruptly in some incidents,
06:26with the government government and the men of the sects of the Bingshou.
06:29Ngo Dinh Diem, prime minister of south Vietnam.
06:53In the name of national unity, he engaged in a ruthless campaign to quell the rebellion.
07:11On November 26, 1955, after a bloody victory, Ngo Din Diem proclaimed himself president.
07:23At the same time, in North Vietnam, the roar at the end of the fighting gave way to a completely
07:35different score.
07:39Looking like an ascetic old sage, President Ho Chi Minh established a totalitarian regime
07:44based on the Chinese model.
07:51The Red Order was spreading.
07:55On the menu, single party and personality cult.
08:01Very quickly, cities were brought to heel, starting with Hanoi, suspected of being infected
08:06with traitors.
08:09It had to be purified of its germs.
08:13Arrests of real or presumed troublemakers struck the population.
08:18An inhabitant of the northern capital summed up the situation.
08:24There are not many families left who don't have a loved one in prison.
08:30Like a contagious disease, fear is spreading everywhere.
08:34And this purge did not spare the countryside.
08:48Under the pretext of redistributing the land, an agrarian reform eliminated anyone considered
08:54a landowner.
09:01A farmer revisited this social purge.
09:06This estate belonged to Madame Nguyen Thi Nam, a patriot who had helped the Communists.
09:12Both her sons were officers.
09:14One was even a political commissioner.
09:16Yet it was concluded that she was a landowner.
09:20Madame Nam was sentenced to death and executed.
09:27During these summary executions, close to 15,000 Vietnamese were executed by other Vietnamese.
09:35As in China, denunciation wreaked havoc.
09:39Kangaroo courts and self-criticism sessions smashed all dissent.
09:44Under the tutelary figure of the father of the nation.
09:53In the other half of Vietnam, President Ngo Dinh Diem also left his mark, aided by a large
09:59number of portraits.
10:02Behind a facade of democracy, the prisons were full, public opinion muzzled, and the press
10:08censored.
10:12Elections were a farce.
10:15Thousands of opponents were secretly executed.
10:20A refugee proclaimed his disappointment.
10:24The people here do not have a better life than in the north.
10:27The constitution is used to disguise a dictatorship.
10:30We have no freedom.
10:32And our independence is subordinated to the United States.
10:38A police regime reigned supreme, supported by its main backer, the USA.
10:47This was proven by the warm welcome President Eisenhower reserved for his protégé.
10:52Or the arrival of the Archbishop of New York in Saigon, bringing his blessing to the strongman
11:03of the country.
11:04A fervent Catholic, Diem had a visceral hatred of communists.
11:13Despite the execution of his elder brother and his nephew by the Viet Minh, he had vowed to
11:18eradicate them.
11:22On either side of the 17th parallel, two authoritarian regimes were imposing their intransigence on
11:27the population.
11:32A counter-revolution was responding to a revolution.
11:36All it lacked was a spark to ignite the powder.
11:50The Geneva Accords had provided for a referendum to decide on the reunification of the Vietnamese
11:56territory.
11:57However, President Diem did not intend to proceed with these elections.
12:04In his eyes, South Vietnam had to remain independent.
12:09Catholics, pillars of the regime, brought him their unfailing support.
12:24Deprived of this vote, the North retaliated.
12:28If reunification couldn't be achieved through the ballot box, it would be via weapons.
12:34Everyone was encouraged to take part.
12:38To free their brothers from oppression, a vast operation to infiltrate the South was set up.
12:47Driven by a patriotic fervour, many volunteers would join the National Front for the Liberation
12:52of South Vietnam.
12:57Before undertaking their mission, recruits were subjected to a harsh test.
13:03If they were obliged to make sacrifices, many would pay a high price for their commitment.
13:14One of these young patriots admitted,
13:17Dying in battle, we never questioned this ideal.
13:22But we didn't realize that our superiors were unconcerned about our place in history.
13:30A complex network of paths for vehicles was created to discreetly transport these combat units.
13:37The legendary Ho Chi Minh Trail winds like an umbilical cord through jungle and mountains.
13:49Gradually, thousands of men, tons of weapons, ammunition and equipment, would thus be directed southwards
14:00to supply a formidable guerrilla.
14:04First, it spread in the countryside.
14:11Hamlets, loyal to the southern regime, were torched.
14:19To stem these incursions into his territory, Ngo Din Diem mobilized his army.
14:26Close to 170,000 men.
14:31Equipped from head to toe by the United States.
14:36U.S. instructors took charge of the troops' training.
14:48Soon, clashes between the south and those then referred to as the Viet Cong multiplied.
14:55Caught in the crossfire, a farmer testified.
15:10If the soldiers from the south were elephants trampling our villages,
15:16the Viet Cong were snakes who would come at us in the night.
15:22An old Vietnamese adage states that war has no regard for the most humble, nor for family or friends.
15:32That would turn out to be brutally true.
15:37For a time in the early 1960s, all dialogue between those in the north
15:43and their hostile brethren in the south was broken.
15:49Since the division, a weighty silence had fallen on the hearts of families who hid their grief with dignity.
15:56How we felt taken care of?
15:59We were born from the east of Vietnam, the West.
16:01That means the north of Vietnam.
16:02changing the north?
16:03Yes, from that.
16:04You have a family there, still ?
16:05Yes.
16:06I have a family in Vietnam.
16:07How can you just join your two families?
16:12No, it's impossible.
16:13And you've never been able to see them?
16:15No, since five years.
16:18No âmbito de Saigon, a intolerância e a brutalidade do regime
16:28foi gradualmente desfazerado.
16:35President Diem's popularidade fell under a spotlight.
16:42Students lançou uma movimento protestante.
16:48In the countryside, Viet Cong attacks
16:52increasingly mobilized the National Army.
17:05The United States was concerned about the escalation of guerrilla fighting.
17:10Kennedy feared that the Communist threat
17:12would set the whole of Asia ablaze.
17:14Hoping to contain this surge,
17:20Washington tripled the number of military advisers on the ground.
17:27However, nothing could stop the relentless machinery of turmoil in Saigon.
17:34It was now the turn of the Buddhists to invade the streets of the capital.
17:38A majority in the country,
17:42they denounced the pro-Catholic favoritism of the government
17:45and proclaimed their discontent.
17:53A ferocious repression fell upon them.
17:56As a sign of protest,
18:06the venerable Quang Duc set himself on fire.
18:09The image shocked the public imagination,
18:12as much as the intervention of Madame Nhu,
18:15President Diem's sister-in-law,
18:16who commented on the event.
18:18An irony revealing the blindness of the regime,
18:35which this time failed to put a stop to the uprising.
18:40With the Pagodas' revolt,
18:41the crisis dragged on,
18:43leading to more suicides.
18:45The situation irritated the U.S.
18:54Regular army generals then incited a coup d'etat.
18:59CIA and military advisers were taken into their confidence.
19:05With Washington's backing,
19:07the conspirators took action.
19:15On November 1st, 1963,
19:18at the end of mass,
19:19Ngo Dindiem and his brother Ngo Dindu,
19:22his faithful advisor,
19:24were assassinated.
19:26Their troops, who had remained loyal,
19:29were arrested and imprisoned.
19:33Rid of the dictator,
19:35people rejoiced.
19:37The headquarters of the presidential party
19:39was ransacked,
19:40and its propaganda fuelled multiple fires.
19:42However,
19:49despite the assassination of the president,
19:51the fracture of the population remained.
19:56Confrontations between Buddhists and Catholics
19:58turned into riots,
20:00while a fiercely nationalist opposition
20:03denounced the interference of the United States
20:05in the country's affairs.
20:07DEAF TO THESE COMPLAINTS,
20:12THE MILITARY SEIZED POWER.
20:21SOUTH VIETNAM WAS PLUNGED INTO CHAOS.
20:24IN HANOI, ON THE OTHER HAND,
20:32THE REGIME HELD ITS COURSE.
20:36COMMUNISM REIGNED SUPREME,
20:38AND REUNIFICATION OF THE TERRITORY
20:40REMAINED ITS LEADERS' OBSESSION.
20:42THE HOCHIMIN TRAIL HAD BECOME A REAL HIGHWAY.
20:53DAY AND NIGHT,
20:55IT WAS TRAVERSED
20:55BY AN UNINTERRUPTED STREAM OF FIGHTERS.
20:58AS THEY PROGRESSED SOUTH,
21:08HUNDREDS OF VILLAGERS RALLIED TO THE CAUSE,
21:11OFTEN WILLINGLY,
21:13SOMETIMES THROUGH FORCE.
21:20A DOCTOR LAMENTED,
21:22FAMILIES WERE TORN APART.
21:25ONE BROTHER COULD FIGHT FOR THE NORTH,
21:26ANOTHER FOR THE SOUTH.
21:28THEY COULD KILL EACH OTHER.
21:41NO MATTER HOW HARD THE SOUTHERN ARMY TRIED,
21:45ITS MEN WORE THEMSELVES OUT,
21:46TRYING TO FLUSH OUT AN ELUSIVE ENEMY,
21:49THAT ATTACKED BY SURPRISE,
21:53THEN DISAPPEARED INTO THE JUNGLE,
21:55AFTER SOWING ITS SHARE OF DESOLATION.
22:05THE UNITED STATES WAS ALARMED.
22:08THEIR RAMPART AGAINST COMMUNIST INVASION WAS CRACKING.
22:11THE TIME HAD COME FOR WASHINGTON TO TAKE THINGS IN HAND.
22:16IN THE SUMMER OF 1964,
22:18THE OPPORTUNITY FINALLY PRESENTED ITSELF.
22:20MY FELLOW AMERICANS,
22:22RENEWED, HOSTILE ACTIONS
22:24AGAINST UNITED STATES SHIPS ON THE HIGH SEAS
22:28AND THE GULF OF TONKIN
22:30HAVE TODAY REQUIRED ME
22:33TO ORDER THE MILITARY FORCES OF THE UNITED STATES
22:36TO TAKE ACTION IN REPLY.
22:39PRESIDENT JOHNSON, KENNEDY'S SUCCESSOR,
22:42USED THE PRETEXT OF A NORTH VIETNAMESE
22:44Pseudo-ATTACK AGAINST ONE OF ITS DESTROYERS
22:47TO FLY TO THE AID OF ITS SOUTH VIETNAMESE ALLY.
22:52ON MARCH 8, 1965,
22:55AN INITIAL CONTINGENT OF 3,500 MARINES
22:59LANDED ON DA NANG BEACH.
23:00THE ARRIVAL OF THE MIGHTY UNITED STATES
23:06SHIFTED THE PERCEPTION
23:07OF WHAT WAS UNTIL THEN
23:08ONLY A CONFLICT BETWEEN VIETNAMESE.
23:12A PROXY WAR BEGAN
23:14AND THE AMERICANS PLAYED A STARRING ROLE.
23:20TO TRACK THE VIETKONG
23:22WHO SWARMED THROUGH THE SOUTHERN TERRITORY,
23:24THE U.S. ARMY SENT IN ITS GROUND TROOPS.
23:30AND AGAINST THE NORTH, WHICH SUPPLIED THE VIETKONG,
23:33A VAST BOMBING CAMPAIGN WAS LAUNCHED.
23:41IN THREE YEARS,
23:43OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER
23:44DROPPED AS MANY BOMBS
23:45AS HAD FALLEN ON EUROPE
23:47DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR.
23:51ALL KINDS OF DEVICES.
23:53NAPAL, FRAGMENTATION, PHOSPHORUS.
23:57IN ADDITION,
23:58WHEN SOME 80 MILLION LITERS OF ASIAN ORANGE
24:00AND OTHER DEFOLIENTS WERE USED.
24:04HUNDREDS OF HEKTAIRES OF FOREST DISAPPEARED
24:06TO DEPRIVE THE ENEMY OF ANY REFUGE.
24:10IN VAIN.
24:11FAR FROM FOLDING UNDER THE FIRE POWER,
24:35THE NORTHERN LEADERS PROFITED
24:36FROM THE WAR OF MASSIVE DESTRUCTION.
24:42HO CHI MIN EMBODIED DAVID
24:44IN THE FIGHT AGAINST GOLIATH.
24:47HE BECAME THE VOICE OF A PEOPLE
24:49AND ITS FIERCE DETERMINATION.
24:52THE AMERICANS
24:53SE TROMPED
24:55IN CREDITING
24:56IN BOMBARDING THE NORTH
24:58THEY CANNOT GAIN
24:59THE WAR IN THE SIDE.
25:02JANET, JANET,
25:03WE WILL NEVER WIN THIS WAR.
25:05BECAUSE OUR WAR IS
25:06PATRIOTIC,
25:08IT'S JUST,
25:10AND WE DECIDED
25:13TO LUTTER
25:15Por fim de 1966, cerca de 200,000 GIs foram cometidos ao lado da Vietnã.
25:30Três anos depois, quase half a milhão.
25:35500,000 men mirem em um conflito nacional com os seus stakes foram gradualmente diluídos.
25:45At the same time, 320,000 Chinese soldiers came to support their communist brothers in the north.
26:00In particular, for air defence.
26:02However, behind the presence of these foreign players, the main protagonists remained Vietnamese.
26:19Drawn into a war where the boundary between male and female was blurring,
26:24women made an unrecognised and largely underestimated contribution.
26:28In the north, their mobilisation was total.
26:37Hundreds of thousands of them answered the call of recruitment campaigns.
26:46Hailed as heroic patriots, they would face anguish, hunger, cold, as well as violence and enemy fire.
26:53One of their comrades testified to their involvement.
27:00They were as tough as seasoned old stagers.
27:03They'd shout orders and carry their weapons like the Saigon girls wore their jewellery.
27:11Very young girls, most often of peasant origin, were integrated into the shock youth battalions.
27:17Assigned in particular to maintaining the Ho Chi Minh Trail,
27:22they would go through the conflict with nothing but an ideal,
27:26shovels and pickaxes as their only baggage.
27:31Others, assigned to industrial production,
27:34would leave their homes to fill the ranks of the defence militias.
27:37In the south, too, women bore the burden of war.
27:49While some signed up for the female corps of the armed forces,
27:53others, in order to survive, joined the militia.
27:58One of them confessed,
28:00It was the rapes that made me see the true face of this war.
28:05I felt that to defend my life and the lives of my family,
28:09I had no choice but to join the other women in the fight.
28:15Similarly,
28:17teenage girls recruited by the Viet Cong would go deep into the jungle,
28:21ready for any fight.
28:25Others refused to choose sides.
28:27But, like their sisters,
28:30bore the stigmata of a civil war that did not speak its name.
28:34Mon cœur est toujours bien à mienne.
28:36Je suis très, très fière de être bien à mienne.
28:39Je voudrais que ce pays soit,
28:41devienne un pays libre, indépendant,
28:43et qu'ils trouvent le moyen de d'écouter
28:45mettre une fin à cette guerre.
28:49Parce que, quand on regarde à mort,
28:51il est toujours jaune et toujours bien à mienne.
28:53Je suis très fière, je suis très fière,
28:58je suis très fière, mais je suis très fière.
29:06Early 1968,
29:08Saigon, unlike most cities in the south,
29:11remained unscathed by the fighting
29:13that ravaged the rest of the country.
29:14But this respite would not last.
29:19For Hanoi,
29:20the prolonged guerrilla strategy
29:22had had its day.
29:25To win a decisive victory,
29:27a general insurrection was required.
29:33All resistance movements
29:35were mobilized for the occasion.
29:36January 31st, 1968,
29:42as the Vietnamese were preparing
29:43to celebrate the Lunar New Year,
29:47the Tet Offensive was launched.
29:50More than 50 cities in the south
29:53were targeted.
29:5580,000 fighters left
29:56their hiding places in the jungle,
29:58looking to trigger
29:59a popular uprising.
30:00armed with black lists
30:07of officers and officials,
30:09they were ordered
30:09to eliminate all traitors
30:11and crush as many enemies
30:13as possible.
30:17Three days later,
30:18the city of Hue
30:19was taken
30:19and treated
30:20to a revolutionary purge.
30:26Faced by an intimate enemy,
30:28often a close friend
30:30or family,
30:31thousands of civilians
30:32were executed.
30:39A survivor recalled,
30:42There was Duan,
30:43who had studied
30:44at the same school as me.
30:46She had suddenly returned
30:47to Hue with a gun,
30:48enthusiastic about finding
30:50such and such a person
30:51and shooting them dead.
30:58The response was led
31:02by the South Vietnamese Army
31:04and supported
31:04by the Americans.
31:23After 24 days
31:24of fierce fighting,
31:26the former imperial capital
31:27was transformed
31:28into a field of ruins.
31:32The Viet Cong
31:33were wiped out.
31:39In Saigon,
31:41the U.S. Embassy
31:41was high on the
31:42Communist Force's target list.
31:46Reputed to be impregnable,
31:48the building was stormed
31:49by a suicide squad
31:50of 19 fighters.
31:57There were clashes
32:00at every crossroads.
32:09It took several days
32:10for the National Army
32:11to regain control
32:12of the capital.
32:16Street by street.
32:22House by house.
32:24On February 1st, 1968,
32:50a frail Vietnamese man
32:51in a plaid shirt,
32:52arrested by Southern soldiers,
32:54appeared on screens
32:55all over the world.
33:00Suddenly,
33:01General Nguyen Nguyen Nguyen
33:02drew his Smith and Wesson.
33:08The victim was a Viet Cong,
33:10accused of murdering
33:11a policeman
33:12and his whole family
33:13during the clashes.
33:16Among the journalists
33:17present that day,
33:18Eddie Adams
33:19immortalized the scene.
33:22His photo gave
33:23an indelible face
33:24to the war
33:25waged between
33:26the Vietnamese.
33:35From Dalat to Nha Trang,
33:37from Chu Lai to Can Thu,
33:39it was the same spectacle.
33:43The same victims
33:44of an unrelenting
33:45fratricidal war.
33:46The Tet Offensive
34:15ended in disaster.
34:16The expected
34:18general uprising
34:19never materialized
34:20and more than half
34:22of the Viet Cong troops
34:23lost their lives.
34:29Despite this stinging defeat,
34:31the leaders in Hanoi
34:32showed no signs
34:33of giving up.
34:36General Diap declared...
34:38A military setback,
34:51but a psychological victory.
34:53The excessive media coverage
34:55of the conflict
34:56crystallized the anger
34:57of the pacifist movements.
34:59And the United States
35:00was held responsible
35:01for the violence
35:02tearing the Vietnamese
35:03people apart.
35:04and the war!
35:05And the war!
35:06And the war!
35:19Disavowed,
35:20President Johnson
35:21was removed from office.
35:22In January 1969,
35:28he gave up his position
35:29to Richard Nixon,
35:31who had campaigned
35:32on American disengagement.
35:34In one year,
35:36100,000 GIs
35:37were repatriated.
35:43From then on,
35:44the new president
35:45of South Vietnam,
35:47Nguyen Van Thu,
35:48took note of the scheduled
35:49departure of his powerful ally.
35:51To compensate
35:55for the withdrawal
35:56of U.S. forces,
35:57the general mobilization
35:58of all men
35:59between the ages
36:00of 18 and 38
36:02was declared.
36:08Swiftly,
36:09from a land
36:10of 17 million,
36:11the Southern Army
36:12added 1 million conscripts.
36:21They were joined
36:33by young people
36:34of 16 and 17,
36:35the self-defense forces
36:37of villages
36:37and hamlets.
36:38It was their job
36:39to prevent
36:40the last rural areas
36:41that weren't communist
36:42from succumbing
36:43to the sirens
36:44of propaganda
36:45and seeing their inhabitants
36:47join the enemy.
36:48With the Americans' departure,
36:54the conflict
36:55showed its true colors.
36:59That of a fratricidal war.
37:12Prisoners were sometimes
37:13from one side
37:14and sometimes
37:15from the other.
37:17But all
37:18were Vietnamese.
37:22Sometimes the barbarity
37:24of these clashes
37:25led to tragedy.
37:28Such was the case
37:30with the bombing
37:30of Trang Bang,
37:32perpetrated not
37:33by the Americans
37:33but by the South Vietnamese.
37:35On June the 8th, 1972,
37:41one of their aircraft
37:42unloaded its cargo
37:43of napalm
37:44over its target.
37:46Purported to be
37:47a hideout
37:48for Viet Cong fighters,
37:49the targeted temple
37:50housed civilians
37:51and among them,
37:53children.
37:57The iconic image
37:59of this nine-year-old girl
38:00running naked,
38:01wracked with pain
38:02and alone,
38:03embodies
38:04the full dimension
38:05of the Vietnamese tragedy.
38:16January the 27th, 1973.
38:19After years
38:20of negotiations,
38:21France invited
38:21all belligerents
38:22to put an end
38:23to this lawless conflict.
38:2615h56,
38:28moment historique,
38:29l'accord sur la paix au Vietnam
38:31est signé.
38:34The United States
38:35ended their involvement
38:36in this war,
38:38a war carried out
38:39without ever being
38:40formally declared.
38:43The two hostile brothers,
38:45meanwhile,
38:46agreed to a ceasefire.
38:48However,
38:48peace would be long
38:50in coming.
38:50with the country
38:59no more than
39:00a mass of shapeless roads,
39:02a magma of tears
39:03and blood,
39:04nothing could overcome
39:07North Vietnam's
39:08determination
39:09to continue the fight
39:10with its neighbour
39:11until reunification.
39:12and the war
39:14is not
39:15the war.
39:16Fan Bandong's declaration
39:18was unambiguous.
39:21The combat
39:22that we have
39:24carried out
39:24for years
39:25continues.
39:26Em dezembro de 1974, um army de 100,000 foot-soldiers set-se para Saigon.
39:37A campanha, baptizei Ho Chi Minh em memória de o líder que morreu cinco anos antes,
39:42foi levado com grande velocidade.
39:56A campanha de comunista se progressou em leaps e bounds.
40:12Em Da Nang, panic seized os habitantes.
40:16Eles stormed o porto, esperando a ship que irá saigon.
40:26Em Da Nang, panic!
40:31Thousands drowned offshore in makeshift crafts.
40:40At the airport, they swarmed over the last aircraft.
40:56Come on!
41:05On March 29, 1975,
41:08the fall of the city
41:09sounded the death knell
41:11of the South Vietnamese regime.
41:22The roads were filled
41:23with hordes of families
41:25still fleeing south
41:26em uma esperança de encontrar refúgio lá.
41:33O Armeio Nacional estava em desarray.
41:45Nada poderia impedir a marcha dos comunistas para a capital.
41:52Uma semana depois, Saigon estava em meltdown.
41:56O Senhor, Adriana,atory...
41:59The roadblocks designed to channel the influx
42:02of hundreds of thousands of refugees
42:04provoked harrowing scenes.
42:09The perimeter of the US embassy
42:11was overrun by those desperate to leave the country.
42:15A few lucky souls were evacuated by helicopter,
42:19among them, President Van Thuy.
42:21Mas, para a maioria, Saigon foi tornada em um endo.
42:38Souther army de soldados já deixaram seus uniformes e foram perdidos no crowd,
42:44esperando para salvar seus skins.
42:51Finalmente, o norte-vietnamese vanguarda entrou Saigon.
43:01A CIDADE NOVA
43:08A CIDADE NOVA
43:10A CIDADE NOVA
43:15On April 30, 1975, just before noon,
43:19the first communist soldiers occupied the presidential palace.
43:24General Van Min, last representative of a dying power,
43:28tendered its surrender.
43:29As a denial of the civil war, with the guns finally silent,
43:43a colonel from the north declared,
43:45Our victory is the victory of the entire Vietnamese people.
43:50Only the American invaders have been defeated.
43:52A pragmatic Saigon quickly adopted the colours of the victors.
44:04An officer wrote with humour,
44:06Before 1975, it was dangerous in the north to admit that one had relatives in the south.
44:14After April 1975, the trend in the south was to recognise their family in the north.
44:19Overnight, the traces of the past disappeared.
44:30This was not enough for the northerners,
44:32who wanted to make their mark by naming the city after their spiritual father.
44:37July 2, 1976, the dreams of Hanoi's old guard had come true.
44:58Ho Chi Minh was no more, but his will had been fulfilled.
45:01Vietnam was now a free country, independent and reunited.
45:10But the path to unity began with ideological unification.
45:14The communists had not quite finished with their former adversaries.
45:33Considered traitors, henchmen of American imperialism,
45:37soldiers from the southern army, civil servants, religious figures and intellectuals,
45:41suffered the violence of political re-education.
45:49Nearly 150 so-called rehabilitation centres were set up throughout the country.
45:58Prime Minister Pham Bandung explained their philosophy.
46:01We thought that a political made by generosity and clémy would be the best solution.
46:11We thought to do everything to offer to these people,
46:16who, at the bottom, remain Vietnamese,
46:20and our people.
46:23The chance of taking conscience of the new situation,
46:27that was formed with victory.
46:30The re-education of peace,
46:32and the re-education of the new life,
46:35the best, and best for everybody.
46:38Them, including government.
46:39O que é isso?
47:09O que é isso?
47:39O que é isso?
48:09O que é isso?
48:39O que é isso?
49:09O que é isso?
49:39O que é isso?
50:09O que é isso?
50:38O que é isso?
51:08O que é isso?
51:38O que é isso?
52:08O que é isso?
52:10O que é isso?
52:12O que é isso?
52:14O que é isso?
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