- 2 months ago
Pourquoi existe-t-il des endroits sur Terre qui semblent parfaits pour un pont, et pourtant aucun n'y existe ? Vous êtes sur le point de découvrir les secrets derrière deux des mystères d'ingénierie les plus intrigants au monde. Découvrez pourquoi personne n'a jamais construit de pont entre l'Europe et l'Afrique, malgré les 13 kilomètres qui séparent les continents. Puis voyagez de l'autre côté de la planète pour comprendre pourquoi les principales îles de la Nouvelle-Zélande demeurent séparées par l'eau, même à l'ère de la technologie moderne. Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:01Look at this deep passage between the north of the Maroc and the south of Spain.
00:07It is the Detroit of Gibraltar.
00:09There is only 13 kilometers between the two continents.
00:12But for one reason or another, there is no bridge,
00:15so people dream for centuries of relier these two regions.
00:20In some places in the world, we have built bridges
00:23on a very large distance above the water.
00:26For example, the lake of Pontchartrain, near the Nouvelle-Orléans, in Louisiana,
00:31is located on 38 kilometers,
00:33so three times the length of the hypothetically pont between Africa and Europe.
00:38It figures in the Guinness of Records
00:40as the structure continues the longest built on the top of an étendue.
00:43It is composed of two ponts parallel
00:45and relie the urban area of the Nouvelle-Orléans
00:47to the small cities located north of Pontchartrain.
00:529000 piles of concrete support more than 1000 sections above the water.
00:55This gigantic structure was built in the middle of the 20th century.
01:00It took only 14 months between the beginning of its construction and its completion.
01:05The American engineers have used an innovative technology
01:08to fix the concrete piles of concrete at the base of the pont.
01:11And this pont is still in active.
01:13So, what is the problem with the construction of a pont
01:16that would link Africa and Europe?
01:18Let's discover first the advantages of this pont of 13 kilometers
01:23in connecting the two continents and the reason for which everyone is talking about.
01:27Well, it would be inestimable.
01:30Diamants, petrol, minerals.
01:32Of course.
01:33Of course.
01:34Of course.
01:35Of course.
01:37The pont of 13 kilometers will allow us to transport quickly and easily
01:41merchandise of all sorts for the commerce.
01:42And today, the exchange of goods between Africa and Europe
01:47is possible only thanks to planes and cargo.
01:50And the planes are extremely expensive, because of the high weight of the fuel.
01:54Of course.
01:55The flights are often delayed in due to the bad weather.
01:57The transportation costs are often in due to the bad weather.
02:00The services are often in due to the bad weather.
02:02And the distances between airports and urban centers are important.
02:06The boats can also pose problems.
02:10The area of the Mediterranean where the two continents are close to each other
02:13is dangerous in due to the tempest and the fort currents.
02:16The transport of your diamonds depends so strongly
02:19from the meteorological conditions.
02:21The second advantage of a such pont would be the creation of hundreds of thousands of jobs.
02:27The Europeans and Africans would be built mutually in hotels,
02:31ports, parks and even small cities.
02:34The regions of the two continents would become new economic centers.
02:38And imagine the investments that these places attract.
02:42Europe and Africa would be close to ever.
02:46You could go to a Spanish city in a Spanish city to a park of safari in the north of the Maroc,
02:51acheter du thé marocain,
02:53de l'huile d'argan
02:54et rentrer chez vous le soir même.
02:56You could also take a great speed train to cross the magnifique mer Méditerranée.
03:01Hundreds of restaurants,
03:03parcs of attractions,
03:04centres commerciaux
03:05and musées could not see the day at the time.
03:07But unfortunately,
03:09it is impossible to build such a pont.
03:11At the moment,
03:13and here is why.
03:14The main problem is the Detroit of Gibraltar
03:19himself,
03:20its strong currents
03:21and its seismic activity.
03:23How to launch a large scale
03:25if, in a few days,
03:27a earthquake of land
03:28can trigger giant waves
03:30and bring all the ships under the water?
03:32Even if you build a pont,
03:35rapid currents,
03:36which constantly change direction,
03:38could break the whole structure
03:40and damage its foundations.
03:42The bridge on the Detroit of Gibraltar
03:45should be built
03:46according to a method
03:47capable of resisting
03:48the seismic activity.
03:49And huge resources
03:51would be necessary
03:52to create something
03:53too complex.
03:54Despite the danger
03:56that the passage between these two continents,
03:58this region remains
03:59one of the most frequent
04:00in the world.
04:01It is the only place
04:02on the planet
04:03where the Mediterranean Sea
04:04and the Atlantic Ocean
04:05joins us.
04:06About 300 ships
04:08every day
04:09and every day
04:10ships
04:11but also
04:12fishing ships
04:13and tourism.
04:14There is not a lot of places
04:16in the world
04:17where you can see
04:18the whales out of the water.
04:19In reason
04:20because of the particular
04:21of the marine currents
04:22of this area,
04:23this Detroit
04:24is not only
04:25by people
04:26but also
04:27by the marine creatures
04:28we will talk about later.
04:29Another problem
04:30is the depth of the Detroit.
04:32Concretely,
04:33every pont
04:34franchising
04:35an end of the water
04:36should be on the long
04:37pipes
04:38the engineers
04:39and engineers
04:40plant these pipes
04:41in the marine plant
04:42and serve them
04:43as a maintenance
04:44for the whole construction.
04:45But it is difficult
04:46to fix these pipes
04:47enough stable
04:48because of the irregularity
04:50of the sea sous-marine.
04:51Its geology
04:52has unique characteristics
04:54and irregularities
04:55and different densities
04:57of the earth.
04:58We also find
04:59the rocks,
05:00rocks
05:01and the fosses.
05:02All marine
05:03needs
05:04deep research
05:05before the installation
05:06of the pipes.
05:07And the
05:08coast of the Detroit
05:09of Gibraltar
05:10is particularly difficult
05:11to access
05:12because of its depth
05:13of 915 meters.
05:14It is one of
05:16the most deep
05:17depths of the world.
05:18Imagine,
05:19you could have
05:2010 statues of the
05:21freedom between the
05:22front of the Detroit
05:23and the surface of the
05:24water.
05:25What type of pipes
05:26should be used
05:27to support
05:28a whole whole
05:29pipe?
05:30Probably
05:31several sections
05:32linked between
05:33by a long
05:34piece of metal.
05:36Don't forget
05:37the seismic activity.
05:38Suppose
05:39that you have
05:40installed
05:41perfectly robust
05:42but that
05:43the
05:45water
05:46will
05:47destroy the whole
05:48structure.
05:49In addition,
05:50the
05:53third
05:54problem is
05:55the most important
05:56because it
05:57concerns the
05:58marine life.
05:59The
06:00Detroit
06:01of Gibraltar
06:02has a strong
06:04layer of
06:05water
06:07has a
06:17very
06:20blue
06:21water
06:22water
06:23a lot of nutrients to the surface.
06:26The depression and elevation of the district of Gibraltar are filled with various substances
06:32and light bulbs, conditions ideal for the formation of phytoplankton.
06:36The whales, dolphins and other marine creatures adore this but delicate.
06:42This is why we find here about 7 species of whales and dolphins.
06:46What would they do after the beginning of the construction?
06:50The carbon dioxide, the concrete rocks, the tons of sand and sand, the fall of construction materials,
06:57all this would be considerably polluted the environment.
07:00Without phytoplankton, many fish disappear.
07:03Without fish, thousands of fish could not be able to feed and gain money.
07:08And if this bridge ended up being built, the cars and trains would continue to pollute the air and the water.
07:15The destruction of the fragile balance of this eastern Detroit could cause environmental disasters of large amounts.
07:22The dolphins and the whales went to search for food abroad and, thus,
07:27would harm the ecosystem of other marine regions.
07:30Like the dominoes who fall, a problem would cause another.
07:33And all this because of one single bridge.
07:36In 2007, the Spanish Minister of Protection of the Environment has established limitations of speed
07:41for all ships in the Detroit,
07:43in order to not disturb the fragile balance of nature.
07:48In the beginning of the 20th century, a French engineer proposed a bridge project,
07:52but it was rejected because it was too complicated and too expensive.
07:57We also tried to creuse a tunnel of 37 km long,
08:00but this project was taken away from financial and technical difficulties.
08:05People always dream of a bridge over the Detroit of Gibraltar.
08:09Maybe one day, when we will develop our technologies,
08:12we will be able to build it.
08:16By the way, there is no water in these two regions.
08:20It is a very long time, these two continents were linked.
08:23The Mediterranean Sea is the vestige of the Thethys.
08:27A pale ocean of the era of dinosaurs.
08:31At an age, the African and Indian islands were in collision with the Eurasian Sea.
08:36And the Thethys has completely disappeared.
08:39At their place, a land land land formed,
08:41separated the Mediterranean Sea from the ocean.
08:46Privé d'eau, the land has been dissolved there about 6 millions of years.
08:50But when this natural pond has fallen,
08:53the water is coming back to the basin.
08:54The water is coming back to the basin.
08:55Its close to the sea of thousands of thousands of years.
08:59And the Mediterranean Sea has finally reached its current level.
09:05In Asie, there is a very long pond that we could believe possible.
09:10The HZMB is located on 55 km over the Eurasian Sea.
09:14This is the most long pond maritime of the world.
09:17So, if such a massive structure could cross the sea of agitated waters,
09:21why would the New Zealand could not build a pond between these two main islands?
09:26After all, we talk about a distance of just 22 km.
09:29And a pond like this could seriously change the lives of the inhabitants and tourists.
09:34The people could simply climb in the car and drive from Wellington to Picton.
09:39Plus of tracks liés to ferry, plus of traffic interminables.
09:42Just an incredible journey routier with the ocean views.
09:45So, what does that mean?
09:48Well, it seems that everything.
09:50I mean, building a pond there is technically possible.
09:53But there are some reasons for which experts say,
09:56hmm, maybe not.
09:58Let's start with the evidence.
10:00The distance.
10:01The North and the South are separated by the Detroit of Cook.
10:04Like I said, it measures 22 km wide to its point the most narrow point.
10:09It's not a lot, it's true.
10:11In addition, we have the pond HZMB,
10:13proving that it is effectively possible to build a pond on the sea to cover this distance.
10:18But we cannot ignore the fact that the geography of the Nouvelle-Zélande is,
10:23eh bien, a whole other game.
10:25The Detroit of Cook is not exactly an island of calm and friendly.
10:30It is very deep, very deep.
10:32Certains parts plongent at about 3000 meters.
10:35It's like to pile seven Empire State Buildings,
10:38the ones on the other.
10:39It's also an island of the sea rude and capricious
10:42who likes to kill the navires like the canards in plastic.
10:45In fact, a good number of them have been betrayed in the Detroit of Cook.
10:49And unfortunately, many lives have been lost.
10:52However, you don't have too much to worry about it.
10:55Because the worst accidents have been produced there a long time.
10:58The navires and the ferrys who traverse it today are quite sure.
11:01Even though, it would be quite difficult to avoid the pain of the sea in the traversing.
11:06The things become even more complicated under the surface.
11:09The pond marine there is irregular and imprevisible.
11:12What happens is that the Detroit of Cook has been opposed to each extreme.
11:17One where it meets the river of Tasman,
11:20and the other where it joins the Pacific Pacific.
11:22And they don't simply move together as we could expect.
11:26When the sea is high from one side,
11:28it is low from the other,
11:30as if they were totally synchronized.
11:32So, all this water precipitate from one side to the other
11:35to the Detroit to balance things,
11:37creating such a force and désordonnance currents in its milieu.
11:40Then, there is the time.
11:42The Detroit of Cook is not only venteux,
11:44it's probably one of the most venteux of the south.
11:48It's because it is located in the middle of the three big winds of the Nouvelle-Zélande.
11:54In general, these are places where the wind does not only pass quickly.
11:58It persiste,
12:00souffling fort the most part of the year.
12:02And all this is because of something called the 40-th century rugissant.
12:06It's the name given to the altitude
12:08between 40 and 50 degrees south of the equator.
12:12Or the winds of the west, forts and persistently,
12:14are quite current.
12:16Contrairement to the north north,
12:18which has a lot of land to this latitude,
12:20the south south is mainly made of oceans
12:24with only some masses terrestres,
12:26like the south of the Nouvelle-Zélande,
12:28the Tasmanian,
12:29and the south point of the South of the South.
12:31Ainsi, these winds become déchaînés
12:33car nothing les ralentit
12:34and they continue simply
12:36to take the speed.
12:37The rafales
12:39can reach up to 241 km per hour.
12:42Alors, imaginez essayer de traverser un pont en voiture
12:46lorsque le vent pousse activement contre vous.
12:48Ce n'est pas seulement désagréable,
12:50c'est extrêmement dangereux.
12:52Les conducteurs peuvent facilement perdre le contrôle de leur voiture,
12:55le vent les poussant de côté.
12:57Et, bien sûr, cela peut entraîner d'innombrables accidents graves.
13:01Maintenant, parlons des tremblements de terre.
13:04La Nouvelle-Zélande se situe exactement à la frontière
13:07de deux plaques tectoniques massives.
13:09La plaque indo-australienne et la plaque pacifique.
13:12Elle est en fait en plein milieu d'une zone de collision.
13:15Environ 14 000 tremblements de terre
13:17se produisent chaque année dans et autour du pays.
13:20Parmi ceux-ci, seuls environ 200 sont assez forts
13:23pour être ressentis.
13:24Cependant, construire un pont massif dans ces conditions
13:27nécessiterait une ingénierie de niveau génie
13:30véritablement exceptionnelle.
13:32En gardant tout cela à l'esprit,
13:34nous pouvons dire en toute sécurité
13:36que l'idée entière de pont est abandonnée.
13:38Mais, que diriez-vous d'un tunnel sous-marin ?
13:42Oui, cela pourrait fonctionner.
13:44Cela pourrait en fait être une excellente solution.
13:46Pas de vent, pas de mauvais temps,
13:48et pas de tremblements de terre à gérer.
13:50Et il y a aussi beaucoup d'autres avantages.
13:53Tout d'abord, cela réduirait considérablement le temps de trajet,
13:58diminuant le voyage en ferry de 3 à 4 heures
14:01entre les îles du Nord et du Sud.
14:03Ce même trajet ne prendrait probablement que 40 minutes.
14:06Ensuite, les gens n'auraient plus à se soucier
14:09de toutes les annulations et retards de ferry dus au mauvais temps.
14:12Et surtout, c'est faisable.
14:14Je veux dire, regardez le tunnel sous la Manche.
14:17C'est un tunnel sous-marin qui relie le sud de l'Angleterre et le nord de la France.
14:22Le Japon a fait quelque chose de similaire avec le tunnel du Seikan,
14:26qui relie les îles de Honshu et Hokkaido.
14:29Ce sont tous deux d'énormes projets,
14:31servant à peu près le même but.
14:33Alors, pourquoi la Nouvelle-Zélande ne construit-elle pas déjà ce tunnel ?
14:37Eh bien, pour la même raison que nous ne vivons pas tous dans des maisons perchées luxueuses
14:41avec des robots personnels, l'argent.
14:44Les estimations varient.
14:46Mais certains experts pensent qu'un projet comme celui-ci
14:49pourrait coûter entre 10 et 20 milliards de dollars.
14:52Pour couvrir ce type de coûts,
14:53ils devraient probablement imposer des péages pour les 100 prochaines années.
14:57Et croyez-moi, ces péages ne seraient même pas bon marché.
15:00D'autres experts pensent que cela pourrait en réalité coûter plus cher.
15:04En effet, il faut prendre en compte toutes les infrastructures supplémentaires.
15:08Le point le plus étroit du détroit de Cook
15:10se situe entre l'île du Nord et l'île Arapahoa.
15:13C'est l'une des longues régions montagneuses des Marlborough Sounds qui est assez isolée.
15:18Ce n'est donc pas seulement le coup du pont ou du tunnel en lui-même.
15:21Il s'agit aussi des routes d'accès, des systèmes de sécurité, de l'entretien et des plans d'évacuation.
15:27On ne peut pas simplement construire un immense tunnel sous-marin sans prévoir les urgences occasionnelles.
15:32Et à quoi cela servirait-il réellement ?
15:35Certes, il y a des personnes qui voyagent entre les îles.
15:38Environ un million de passagers prennent le ferry chaque année.
15:41Mais ce n'est pas exactement le type de trafic qui justifie le projet d'infrastructure le plus coûteux de l'histoire du pays.
15:47Plus tôt, nous avons parlé de la façon dont l'Angleterre et le Japon ont des tunnels sous-marins similaires.
15:54Mais voici quelque chose à considérer.
15:56Le Royaume-Uni a une population de 69 millions d'habitants.
16:00Le Japon en a encore plus, environ 123 millions de personnes.
16:05Et en Nouvelle-Zélande, ils n'ont que 5 millions de résidents pour financer ce projet.
16:10Alors pourrait Entschwoll avoir un tunnel sous le détroit de Cook ?
16:13Bien sûr, il le pourrait. Devrait Entschwoller le faire ?
16:16Hmm, probablement pas.
16:18Si vous ne voulez pas prendre l'avion, la seule autre façon de voyager entre les îles est en ferry.
16:23Ce n'est pas idéal, mais bon, ça fonctionne.
16:26La Nouvelle-Zélande dispose d'un total de 5 navires qui transportent des personnes et des véhicules à travers les îles.
16:32Pour les touristes qui ne sont pas pressés, c'est parfait.
16:35Vous pouvez traverser les îles tout en admirant certains des panoramas les plus époustouflants et en apercevant une faune incroyable.
16:42Vous commencerez votre voyage à Wellington, et dès ce moment-là, vous apercevrez la côte escarpée de l'île du Nord en vous dirigeant vers le large.
16:50Vous pourriez voir différents oiseaux marins, comme des mouettes et des sternes.
16:53Et en vous rapprochant de l'île du Sud, vous pourriez apercevoir quelques fous de bassins.
16:57Si vous êtes chanceux, vous pourriez également apercevoir des colonies de phoques au large de la côte.
17:02Durant la dernière heure du voyage, le ferry ralentira, vous donnant amplement le temps de profiter des collines verdoyantes et des eaux calmes.
17:09Vous vous approcherez également de Queen Charlotte Sound, un endroit réputé pour sa faune.
17:14Alors gardez un œil sur les orques, les dauphins joueurs, et même les pingouins.
17:18Franchement, avoir un ferry au lieu d'un tunnel n'est peut-être pas si mal après tout.
17:23Sous-titrage Société Radio-Canada
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