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S58 E30 – Gardeners’ World (1968) 🌼🌿
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00:00Hola.
00:29So it's lovely to be back at Damsin Farm with this lovely autumnal light and dew on the ground.
00:35Yes, it's slightly chilly, but it's the perfect time for some good autumn gardening jobs.
00:41And one of those is division.
00:44So this patch here is in dappled shade and it's growing this lovely plant called tilima.
00:51Now it's a close relative of heuchera and tiarella and the leaves look very similar.
00:56Another word for it is fringe cut.
00:58So in the spring this shoots up a spike of flowers with little white cups with lovely fringed petals.
01:05So a really pretty plant and now's the perfect time to divide it.
01:10Now from here, with a bit of careful prizing, I reckon we can get three or four good plants.
01:18But with a bit of extra, you could, if you wanted to, get even more.
01:27I'm going to get my dog absolutely covered in soil here.
01:30Go on, find somewhere else to play.
01:32Spring and autumn are the best time for doing division of perennial plants.
01:38Now the benefit from doing this now is that over the winter, these roots have even more chance to put on some growth, get really, really strong and well established.
01:46Maybe in the spring the flowers will not be quite so prolific, but from then on, and each year they should get stronger and stronger and be really healthy plants.
01:54And with getting them from the garden, all of the mycorrhizae, all of the bacteria that are already in the soil and interacting with this plant to keep it healthy will go into its new home and keep these little new plants healthy as well.
02:09Now this is just one of the things I'm planning on adding to a container, but here are some of the other lovely things we have to share with you today.
02:31Arit explains the secret of great design from a couple's garden in Oxfordshire.
02:35The wraparound of glass obviously lets lots of light come into this part of the home, but also what it does is put the garden on view 24-7.
02:49We meet a teacher in Bristol who shares his appreciation for apples at a city centre allotment.
02:55Over 40 kinds of tree fruit probably are in one half of an allotment plot and we get lots and lots of fruits off here and it's just wonderful.
03:05Nick shines a spotlight on the plant science behind the importance of light.
03:11Gosh, the difference really is astonishing, isn't it? I mean, this is nuts.
03:16And we join Sue at home as she propagates and plans for next year.
03:21For now I'm going to pop them into water.
03:24Later on I'm going to put them into a peat-free compost and they should romp away.
03:27Now I have been coming here for the last couple of seasons and seen the garden change and it's always such a beautiful space.
03:49And that's really because Alison Jenkins, who lives here and gardens here, has put it together so very well.
03:56When I first came here, Alison and I planted some salads in containers just here on the decking.
04:01Now that all of the crops in here are well and truly over and the harvest is finished, it's time to replenish these containers.
04:13And although you might want to leave some of them clear to grow crops in again, this one here is going to become a permanent display of perennials.
04:19So what I'm going to do is just enrich the compost that's in here. I won't throw it all away.
04:27So I'm just going to add homemade compost to this container and that will bring nitrogen and potash and phosphates and all of those good plant nutrients that are needed for plant growth.
04:39But it will also bring with it some weed seeds.
04:41So when this is finished, I will just mulch the whole thing with some shop-bought compost, which has been sterilized and that will act as a weed suppressing mulch.
04:52And the first plant I'm going to add to this is a bulb.
04:55Obviously autumn is bulb planting time of the year.
04:57This is a narcissus, a daffodil called Thalia.
05:03And it's one of my favorite daffodils.
05:05It's got a pure white flower and it's scented.
05:09And if you plant them really densely, they look great.
05:13Eventually when I actually plant them, I'm going to dig them down because they are quite large bulbs.
05:17And generally as a rule of thumb, a bulb needs to be planted about three times its own depth.
05:22So that will eventually be a good trowel's depth below the top of this container.
05:27So I will dig these in.
05:35That is not a dog bed.
05:44There we go.
05:48When you're planting a bulb, there is always an up and a down.
05:51So look for the root plate, the basal plate.
05:54That's this bit at the bottom.
05:55That's got the roots coming out of it.
05:56And then the tip is the growing tip where the leaves will come.
06:00And always make sure you're putting healthy bulbs in.
06:02And sometimes they can go a little bit soft, but a nice firm bulb should make a healthy plant.
06:15Now I'm going to add this compost to the top.
06:20So just a thick mulch to stop the weeds from coming up.
06:24There we go.
06:25In terms of the actual planting that's going into here, some of it comes from the garden.
06:35So there's the tenema that I divided just now.
06:39And also some melica, which has come from the garden.
06:42That is a beautiful ornamental grass, really, really underrated.
06:46There are also some plants that have been brought in like this.
06:50This is a Carex, Apalachica.
06:56And I'll put three of them in with a fern.
07:01This is a Polypody.
07:03And another three of those will give an evergreen structure throughout the pot.
07:08If I just get the placement of those first off.
07:11Sets of three or five do create balance in a container.
07:15And a slightly symmetrical layout will make this look good from every angle.
07:20Obviously, if you were putting it against a wall, you'd want more interesting things at the front and taller things at the back.
07:25So if I get them actually planted in, we can work the rest from that point.
07:30These are all very well adapted woodland plants.
07:44So this container is perfect for a shady position in the garden, which can be tricky to fill with interest.
07:51So I think one of the easiest and most effective ways to do that is to use evergreens.
07:55Use the colour green.
07:57Best colour there is anyway.
07:58OK.
08:00There's a window here and a room behind.
08:04I think wherever you have a window and a view out onto the garden, if you're lucky enough to have that, you should fill it with beauty.
08:10So little containers like this draw your eye out and create something beautiful to look at,
08:16even in the depths of winter when you may not actually want to go outside into the garden.
08:21So the next thing to go in will be the talima I divided earlier on.
08:27And because that has quite a tall flower spike, that will look best in the middle.
08:32We'll just snip off the dead leaves and stems just to make it look really neat.
08:39Because I think when you have something in a container display, you really are displaying it.
08:44If I was just plonking this back in the border, it probably wouldn't go to that much effort.
08:49But there we go.
08:50Nice and neat.
08:58Now the last plant I'm going to add is this Melica, but just again, I'm going to tidy them up a little.
09:03So I'm going to go throughout and then sprout up through the whole display and create a little bit of chaos in this very symmetrical planter.
09:16It is so special to be able to look out of the window and see your garden.
09:37And the way that our gardens interact with our homes is a really interesting element of garden design.
09:43Now Aritz went to Oxfordshire to discover more.
09:49We gardeners get so attached to our outdoor spaces.
09:53And why wouldn't we?
09:54We spend precious hours nurturing and loving the space that is our unique garden, our piece of land.
10:01So when we have to reluctantly give it all up and move on, it can be heartbreaking.
10:11For Jan and Ken, moving from their cherished rural garden with sweeping views to a smaller garden was a huge decision.
10:19But it was also an opportunity to create something new.
10:24I'm delighted with how mature looking the garden is.
10:31And I'll get up and I'll walk around this garden at six in the morning.
10:36And it's beautiful with the sunrise.
10:38It's really lovely.
10:39It takes on a different look.
10:40What was your sort of ideas and vision that you had for it?
10:43We decided the most important thing was to have a practical garden that I could always enjoy.
10:50The main thing was low maintenance.
10:52You notice there's no grass.
10:54And we're getting to the age where we thought we really ought to always be able to cope with it.
10:59It needed to be future-proof.
11:03No steps.
11:04One level.
11:04One level.
11:05And that involved quite a lot of earth moving.
11:08It was a mud bath.
11:10Yeah, very, very wet.
11:11And then when I stood here and I thought, this is the weirdest shaped plot.
11:16What are we going to do with it?
11:17I really love that Jan and Ken were very specific in the fact that they did not want lawn in this garden.
11:32They'd had enough of it.
11:33But that means they get lots of plants.
11:36And I really love this planted palette, actually.
11:38I think there's some nice touches.
11:40Using the grasses, this panicum here and the hackanocloa, continual movement that will be within this space, which is important.
11:48There's a lot of open paving here.
11:50But then to have the static, more solid plants, things like the hyalatella foam here, the yew balls, that also holds the structure of the planting together.
12:01And that's really important.
12:02And having height within the space, things like the persicaria, as well as that actaea, gives you a sense of being immersed within the garden space.
12:12Not everything's down at a low level.
12:14But at the low level, important ground cover.
12:17So things like the aduga here, that helps to keep the suppression of weeds.
12:22So this palette of plants is not only looking good, but there's functionality to it as well.
12:32Boundaries should always be considered in the garden.
12:37Either lose them and make sure that they just become secondary within the design, or here, celebrate them and bring them forward.
12:46So this is large fencing panels.
12:52I have to say, I think it really does work.
12:55It was really important to Jan and Ken to have the garden on one level.
13:06And it's a good consideration when you're thinking ahead.
13:09Now, this non-slip of this porcelain is very practical.
13:14But also, as well, it runs seamlessly into the rest of the house.
13:17But the designers also use this lovely brick paver.
13:22And I like how it's creating this meandered pathway around this border, framing it.
13:28But it's also adding colour into the garden.
13:31And it picks up the accents of the stem on the actaea, even the little flowers on the hack and the clover there.
13:37So this subtlety of colour is an actual, very clever design punch in this garden.
13:47The house and garden are only two years old and the borders are maturing so well.
14:01But a house, when it's new, can feel quite stark and quite out of place.
14:06By cloaking it with climbers like this evergreen Traculous Burman, it starts to give it a sense of place already, a sense of age.
14:13So, I've got an empty wall, put a climber on it.
14:33Having a water feature was a non-negotiable because it had the practical solution of helping to muffle the sound of the road alongside the garden.
14:42But, as an actual focal point in this garden, I think it's wonderful.
14:47I love the copper reel here.
14:50It's going to patina so nicely, give it a lovely verdigris colour.
14:54But this old trough, this stone trough, it's got such a sense of place.
14:59It really grounds the design.
15:00The wraparound of glass in this lower portion of the house obviously lets lots of light come into this part of the home.
15:16But also what it does is put the garden on view 24-7.
15:21What that means is that the planting and the design within it, therefore, has to be looking on point all times of the year.
15:29And that's been achieved through evergreen planting, gorgeous trees that have got structural interest even when they defoliate.
15:36And it's even making sure that the perennials can work into the winter months.
15:42So things like the hack and the clower go a gorgeous golden colour and don't need to be cut down until February or March.
15:48So when you've got a garden like this that is actually surrounding the house, celebrate it, bring it right up inside and enjoy it.
15:57It's definitely true that as well as all the design challenges that come with a new garden,
16:21there's that emotional wrench of saying goodbye to something you've put so many years and so much love into.
16:26It's always tough.
16:29Now this is, or was, the meadow and it's now been cut back and turned into hay.
16:36And grass clippings in themselves can build up over the summer.
16:39And it's sometimes hard to know what to do with all of that plant material.
16:42But Alison actually has a very cool way of dealing with all of her cutback plants.
16:46Hi Alison.
16:57Hiya.
16:58Aren't we lucky with the sunshine?
17:00Oh no, isn't it gorgeous?
17:01It's beautiful.
17:01Now tell me what you're going to do with this hay, because I know this is where the squashes were growing before, but what is the plan with all of this?
17:10So I've been making these compost cakes for a few years now.
17:13And I adapted it from a method I learnt that was taught really as an approach to, it's a way you can make compost without having a compost bin.
17:23You can do a freestanding cake.
17:25But as I was learning it, I was thinking, oh, I've got loads of hay from my meadow, but I wouldn't reuse that as compost because it's got lots of grass seed in.
17:35But it actually works perfectly to build these structures in the field to use them as a place to grow squash because they're big and sprawly and they can just spread.
17:45And we've all seen pumpkins that have germinated in the compost heap being really happy.
17:51So what are these twigs doing at the centre there?
17:53Yeah. So that's really mainly to give some aeration in the bottom and then layering different materials.
18:00So obviously I've got quite a lot of hay and then whatever else we have to hand.
18:05So we usually have a lot of nettles, grass clippings, so just kind of layers of different materials and then wetting it in between.
18:13Right. Shall we start the first layer?
18:16Yes.
18:23So what are these uprights for?
18:26The idea is to create a defined shape, not just a big pile of stuff.
18:32You need a relatively decent size.
18:34I'd say minimum two metres really, just so that you've got enough material for it to break down.
18:41So basically anybody could do this with whatever materials they're cutting back.
18:48So long as you've got that good balance between your browns and your greens, your carbon and nitrogen.
18:52Woody material and leafy material basically.
18:55Yeah.
19:10Shall I do this side?
19:11Yeah.
19:12Thanks.
19:14I guess I guess it's going to be quite tall.
19:15In the middle it would be bone dry for a long time if it wasn't wet.
19:18So yeah, each layer we tend to water.
19:21It just helps everything break down so the microorganisms need a moist environment to be active.
19:31There you go.
19:32So what is the next layer going to be now?
19:35Well we can use some of the old compost from the previous year's compost cake.
19:39So yeah, if you just have a little feel of what's going on in there, it's just, you know, it's all really composted down.
19:47Oh wow, that's really, really nice, isn't it?
19:50It's a beautiful texture.
19:53Perfect.
19:53Yeah, so we reuse that and we'll layer that between all the new layers of hay and other herbaceous material.
20:01Amazing.
20:01I'm going to try this on my allotment.
20:02I'm going to do it.
20:03It's inspired me, Alison.
20:05Good.
20:05I'm just gathering a few of the windfalls that are way beyond eating to add to Alison's compost cake.
20:27And ones that have rodent damage.
20:30Now it's a really common worry if you have a compost heap that you don't want to add food to it because you can bring things like rats in.
20:37But here I figured they're going to be eating the apples when they're on the ground rather than bothering to go to the effort of burrowing into a compost heap to get them.
20:44So I'm going to put a few windfalls into that compost cake.
20:50Now isn't this orchard just beautiful and idyllic?
20:54But you do not need acres and acres to be able to grow a lovely, beautiful and very productive collection of apples.
21:06At the moment, this country imports probably about 85% of the fruit.
21:12And admittedly, a fair amount of that will be citrus and bananas.
21:15But we could grow so much more.
21:17And I'm really interested to see how much we can get into a small space and anybody can do that.
21:24My name's Tim Foster and this is my allotment and I teach gardening here in sunny Bristol.
21:32Over 40 kinds of tree fruit probably are in one half of an allotment plot.
21:39It's a very abundant plot and we get lots and lots of fruit off here and it's just wonderful.
21:48So to enable us to get as many trees in as possible, we've used a number of different techniques.
21:54So simply one of the most obvious ways of trying to get fruit into a small space is to have a small plant.
22:02And with a tree, you would normally think that's not possible.
22:06But here we have a little apple tree and this particular variety is one called Darcy's Spice.
22:11And just behind me, in the brassica cage, we've got kale and purple sprouting broccoli, which is probably larger than this little tree.
22:19What determines the size of a tree is the rootstock and every tree that we buy, virtually anyway, has been grafted.
22:29That means that a piece has been taken from a variety, which will have the fruit that you want to eat.
22:35That's called the scion and it's grafted to attach it to the top of the very dwarfing rootstock.
22:45And then the rootstock is in the ground and will influence the size.
22:48Something people say is why you're growing so many apples.
22:55Well, each individual tree doesn't necessarily produce a huge amount.
23:00So it's the range which is quite important.
23:03The total quantity of apples, yes, we've got quite a lot.
23:06But they're all used and they are spread out over the months.
23:10And so, yeah, we need them all.
23:12So another way of getting a lot of fruit into a small space is to actually grow them on single stems.
23:24And we've got seven trees in a line along here.
23:29That means I've got seven varieties of apple.
23:31And when one doesn't produce in one year, it doesn't matter because I've got the others there.
23:37The very first one is one called Tom Putt.
23:41It's an early cooker and that means it's ready when the blackberries are ready.
23:47And that can't be any better than blackberry and apple.
23:49At the other end of the row of cordons, we've got a complete contrast.
23:55This is a dessert apple and it's one called Pitmast and Pineapple.
23:59And it's just a delightful little fruit, which genuinely do have a hint of pineapple about them.
24:05Magic.
24:13You won't get anything like that in a supermarket.
24:17You've got to grow it yourself.
24:18The cordons are grown in their particular way for a reason.
24:29And the cordons themselves are at 45 degrees, not upright.
24:34That's because those branches are being stressed slightly and it encourages flowering and fruiting.
24:39We can do a very similar thing with a freestanding tree where the branches are upright and none are not fruiting terribly well.
24:47So we can bring the branches down from the vertical towards the horizontal by tying a weight on it.
24:52It's called festooning.
24:54Lovely name.
24:55All it is is simply stressing those branches and getting them to fruit a little bit more easily.
25:00After time, if this works, the weight of the apples themselves will keep the branch down and we won't need these, which is quite handy because when you're moving around you quite often get a face full of log.
25:12So another great way of getting fruit into a small space, having that variety, is to have something slightly strange and that's have to have one tree with more than one variety on it.
25:30It's called multi-grafting.
25:32And this particular tree has got four different varieties on it and starting with discovery, which is a slightly strawberry tasting fruit, fairly mild, but it's ready in August.
25:49That's followed by Ellison's orange, tastes of aniseed, really a unique apple.
25:56The third one on here is called Winston, and that's terrific for storage.
26:03So we'll be eating those well into the new year, a little bit small, perhaps should have been thinned.
26:09Who's in charge here?
26:10Finally, at the back is a fourth variety, which I was donated because it's a very special one.
26:17It's called Cat's Head.
26:19Some places call it pig's snout because of the shape of it.
26:22And the reason why it's special is because it's possibly from Roman times, certainly pre-medieval times.
26:31And I'm growing it possibly for that reason alone, because it's a pretty foul taste.
26:37I'd find it really difficult to pick out a particular variety, which I'd say is the best.
26:48But if I was really pushed, it might be this one here.
26:51And this is a variety called Ashmead's Kernel.
26:54It's a really lovely, crisp, creamy white flesh.
26:59And the flavour is so complex and rich, it blows everything else out of the water.
27:05And this will store really well as well.
27:07I'm very pleased the way this has all turned out.
27:15It's a little sanctuary as much as anything.
27:18And I hope anybody visiting here will be able to see what is possible.
27:22And as a teacher, I quite like the idea that people could learn from how to grow trees and particularly how we can all fit fruit trees into a small area and make sure that we all have homegrown fruit.
27:37I love that project.
27:50Tim seems such a lovely man.
27:51And the generosity of growing, learning yourself so that you can pass on not only the plants and the fruits to other people, but all that knowledge as well.
28:01It's such a lovely way of approaching gardening.
28:04Come on, Brie.
28:04Now, this may not be an edible fruit like an apple, but just look at the berries on this tree.
28:14They're like a metallic blue with this pink calyx behind, really, really gorgeous.
28:20This is a Chlerodendron trichotomum.
28:22It's a lovely tree, and when it's in flower, they're also heavily scented, so they fill the whole air with a beautiful smell.
28:29And I'm actually going to take some cuttings.
28:35Now, this is a plant that does throw up suckers.
28:39And one way of propagating it is to dig those suckers out with some roots as well.
28:44This one hasn't yet got big enough to do that.
28:45But this, I would say, is perfect for hardwood cuttings.
28:50It's got straight, vigorous growth that goes right the way up.
28:54It's non-fruiting, non-flowering, so it's really going to be great.
29:07Look, one snip of a branch, and that is going to get me loads of potential new trees.
29:12I'm just going to go and check with Alison where she wants me to put them.
29:17Look at that! It's really coming on!
29:23Oh, Alison!
29:25That is so satisfying, isn't it?
29:28They're quite satisfying to build.
29:29Is it finished now?
29:31Yeah, so we'll leave this now for the winter,
29:35and, of course, it will gradually kind of compost down to maybe half that size by June,
29:42you know, when we're ready to plant the squash out.
29:44I have snipped off a piece of your clarodendron.
29:48I was going to take some hardwood cuttings from it,
29:50but do you have an outside bed I could stick them in?
29:52Yeah, there's a little bit of a nursery bed just down by the compost bins.
29:56OK, perfect. I'll do that then.
29:58Thank you.
29:58Who wouldn't want more of these beautiful, shimmering berries of clarodendron?
30:08It may be early in the season for hardwood cuttings,
30:11but as the leaves are starting to turn yellow,
30:13it shows it's starting to enter dormancy.
30:21Taking hardwood cuttings is a really magical thing to do
30:27because from just one branch you can actually get loads and loads of new plants.
30:34But the key to success in it is, number one, patience.
30:38Let things stay out in the bed for a good while.
30:41It might even be a year before they're going to have good roots on them.
30:45And number two, it may sound obvious,
30:48but remembering which way's up and which way's down.
30:51Because in the middle of winter, if you're taking hardwood cuttings,
30:54there won't be leaves to help guide you.
30:57The way that I remember is I make a flat cut on the bottom just below a node
31:04and then a diagonal cut on the top above a node.
31:09And the theory for that is that it means here water will slide off the cutting
31:14and not sit on the top and rot it.
31:15You can do this with things like hazel, willow, alder, elder.
31:22Loads of woody plants will take well from hardwood cuttings.
31:27From one branch that's been pruned off that needed pruning off anyway,
31:33I've got 13 cuttings.
31:35They probably won't all take, but even if half of them do,
31:39and hopefully even more than that will, that's loads and loads of trees,
31:43a whole forest of chlorodendron.
31:45Now what I will do is just push them straight into the beds.
31:52If you had very stony or tough ground, I would dig a little trench, lay them in it and then firm it back in,
31:57so you don't damage the nodes as they go into the ground.
32:00But this is really nice soil.
32:02It's really important to remember that you label any hardwood cuttings because they will just look like twigs in the ground.
32:10They should start putting on shoots next summer and then in the autumn,
32:15when they're going into their dormant period, that's the perfect time to move them.
32:18Now I'll give them an initial water, but the great thing about doing this in the autumn is that they should get rained on fairly regularly.
32:24Isn't that incredible? Magical almost to be able to create so many plants from just one branch.
32:30Now speaking of magical plants, Nick has been looking at plant science and today he is taking a deep dive into light and how plants use it.
32:45As gardeners, we know light is essential for our plants to grow and flourish.
32:54You'll remember from school days that plants photosynthesise.
32:58They gather the energy from the sun via the green chlorophyll in their leaves and then combine it with water and carbon dioxide which then goes on to fuel their growth.
33:10It seems a remarkable feat for leaves, but these days scientists are discovering even cleverer skills.
33:17It turns out that plant cells can differentiate between different types of light and have evolved astonishing ways to get just the right amount that they need, depending on where they live.
33:30Many flowers in our borders need masses of light to flourish, but those on tropical forest floors have adapted to thrive in very deep shade.
33:47Associate Professor Heather Whitney is the incoming scientific director here at the University of Bristol Botanic Gardens.
33:54Gosh, so this really does kind of set up that, I guess, tropical forest thing, just layers and layers of canopy, creating masses of shade down on the ground, right?
34:05Absolutely. It can get really dark under here, but there are plants that can live right down at the bottom, but they've got some really strange adaptations to survive on tiny scraps of light.
34:16So you can see that some begonias have this metallic coloration, and there's a range of ways they can produce sort of these metallic colors, one of which is to take the light harvesting structures in their leaves and actually then turn those into layer upon layer of structures.
34:42And those layers actually help slow the light down so they can squeeze every bit of energy out of the light.
34:51In such deep shade, though, their growth is slow, and it's thought patterned and shiny leaves may also help deter hungry predators.
35:00We've got some evidence for the fact that these metallic colorations might then protect that harvested light by really confusing the herbivores,
35:09because most leaves aren't metallic and aren't strange colors.
35:12Yeah, I mean, I guess a sparkly leaf isn't an obvious choice in your salad, right?
35:16Exactly. I don't think I've ever had an iridescent sweet.
35:22Evolving ways to cope with deep shade is clever, but it's a fraction of plants' abilities.
35:28As humans, we see sunlight as one color, but shade-tolerant and sun-loving plants can recognize the rainbow of wavelengths and colors within it.
35:41So there are the usual red, yellow, blue and green that we all learn about at school.
35:47But sunlight is also made up of several other light wavelengths, such as ultraviolet or there's even one called far red.
35:57And plants are not just able to distinguish between these different types of light, but they employ them in different ways and for different tactics.
36:04Professor Kerry Franklin is a plant scientist specializing in how sun-loving plants actively avoid being in shade.
36:18And it's all about those different light waves.
36:23So two of the most important wavelengths for plants are red and blue light,
36:27because they absorb these wavelengths and use them for photosynthesis as a source of energy.
36:32And so something like this aster is going to be absolutely delighted.
36:36It's in full kind of open sunlight there and it can fully function.
36:40Absolutely, because if a plant grows over the top of your plant,
36:44it's going to block out all its light and stop it from photosynthesizing.
36:50And amazingly, plants can recognize if they're being shaded by a life-threatening neighbor,
36:56rather than a passing cloud, by measuring red and far red light.
37:02Kerry has a handy brolly for illustration.
37:07When a plant grows over the top of another plant,
37:10the red light will be absorbed by the canopy, the leaves above, and used for photosynthesis.
37:16However, the far red light, which isn't used for photosynthesis, will pass through the canopy.
37:20So what the plant detects is less red light, but not less far red light.
37:27And that's the signal that it's being shaded by another plant and not a cloud.
37:31Wow. So the fact that the shading plant ahead is absorbing certain wavelengths
37:36is what tells the little plant below that it's a plant that's shading it out.
37:39That's right. And that's a desperate situation for the plant,
37:43so it rapidly elongates its stems to try and either overtop its neighbors
37:47or to find a gap in the canopy above.
37:51Wow. So it's going to send up those shoots and elongate cells as quickly as it can.
37:54That's right.
37:55Back at the university, Kerry can show us exactly how that shade avoidance plays out.
38:05She has growing chambers which can shine different types of light on plants.
38:11So within these chambers, we can actually change the lighting on different shelves
38:16to actually mimic canopy shade.
38:19Wow. So in one cabinet, you could effectively have, you know,
38:23a top section that's full blazing sunlight
38:25and a lower section that's emulating natural shade.
38:28Yeah, that's right.
38:31Three weeks ago, Kerry set up an experiment for us.
38:35She sowed two identical trays of mixed seeds.
38:39And once they'd germinated, she put one in full light and one in shade conditions.
38:46She also popped some radishes in for good measure.
38:50And they've all been growing.
38:53Wow. They're so different.
39:00You can see the top batch and compact and chunky.
39:04I can see down here everything's so, so stretched and elongated
39:08and desperately seeking the light.
39:13On closer inspection, the results are even clearer
39:17between the plants in full sun and those in shade conditions.
39:25Gosh, the difference really is astonishing, isn't it?
39:28In looking at these, you can see they've grown fairly conventionally.
39:32They're quite sort of squat and compact, ordinary-looking plants.
39:36Then this is nuts.
39:37This is nearly 50 centimetres tall in contrast.
39:41Wow.
39:42I mean, all of this just because of light.
39:44Absolutely.
39:45And this is what happens if plants stay in the shade.
39:48So they'll start off by elongating their stems.
39:50But if the shade signal persists and they're really in trouble,
39:53then they flower immediately to try and set seed.
39:56And that's a kind of panic response,
39:58thinking I need to reproduce as fast as I can.
40:00Yeah, that's exactly what it is, yeah.
40:02And I guess we've all seen the same kind of thing at home.
40:04If we've over-sown a crop
40:06or something's kind of shaded out something we're growing,
40:09it sort of behaves in the same way, right?
40:11So that's why planting density is so important.
40:13You need to space them out enough to get enough light
40:16so that they grow healthy, like the plants over there.
40:19But looking at the radish roots,
40:22the difference is even more stark.
40:26The one in full light is healthy and tasty-looking,
40:29while the shaded plant has bolted with barely any root at all.
40:37And all of this is due to plants recognising different light wavelengths
40:41and using them for information and growth.
40:46We've all seen the plants in our garden
40:48that don't stretch as a result of heavy shade.
40:52But to understand the science of how and why that happens
40:55gives me a whole new respect for these amazing organisms.
40:58When you see those two seed trays as a direct comparison,
41:19I know I've had seedlings, like those unhealthy ones,
41:21and then plants that I've put in the ground and have become like that,
41:24and just seeing how directly the light impacts it
41:27unlocks maybe where I've been going wrong in the past.
41:30So learning that plant science can really inform us to be better gardeners.
41:34The other thing that all plants obviously require is the correct temperature.
41:43And at this time of year, it's starting to get chilly.
41:47And there are some plants that will prefer to be indoors for the winter.
41:50So things like salvias, this is a blackcurrant sage, might be okay with a cold winter,
41:57as long as it's not too wet, but to be on the safe side, I'd bring that one in.
42:01This is salvia elegans, or pineapple sage, and the leaves actually do smell really strongly of pineapple.
42:07It's a lovely thing.
42:08It's not yet flowered.
42:09It has red flowers that should come very, very soon.
42:12But by looking at these leaves, I can see they've begun to brown slightly.
42:17This is a warning for me that they need to come in now and get protected.
42:20This is another lovely, lovely, slightly tender plant.
42:26This is lemon verbena.
42:27So it can actually live outside if you're in a very mild and very dry area.
42:33But to be on the safe side, I would bring this in if it's in a pot.
42:36And I would put them all into an unheated greenhouse or an unheated conservatory.
42:40And if you don't have either of those things, against a south-facing wall,
42:44and then keep your eye on the weather forecast.
42:46If there's a frosty night forecast, cover them with some fleece or a blanket.
42:51And then they should be fine for next year.
43:16It might have got a bit chilly, but there are still some things that you can put out,
43:22even at this time of the year.
43:23Biennials that have been growing this year, but will hopefully flower next year,
43:44can now be planted out if you've got them in modules like this.
43:48Some of them are not fully hardy, and some of them are fully hardy.
43:52So it's always worth checking what will and what won't survive the winter.
43:57But I've got two here that should.
44:01One that definitely will.
44:03This one is Hesperus.
44:05So it looks very much like a rocket, but it's really beautifully scented.
44:09And that will flower next year.
44:11But you can see by the slightly purpling leaves that it's getting a little bit stressed now in its module.
44:17It's got a really good root system, absolutely perfect for planting out.
44:20So this should put on some roots and start getting some really healthy, vigorous green growth on the plant just in time for the winter.
44:32Hello, Roo.
44:33This next biennial is stock, and they are half hardy.
44:42So there is a chance that they'll survive the winter out here if we have a mild one.
44:46If you were in doubt, you could put some horticultural fleece over the top of them for the coldest parts of the year.
44:53But there is also a chance that the frost might kill them.
44:55So half of these I will pot into nine centimetre pots and put them in the greenhouse for the winter,
45:00and half of them I'll give a chance growing outside.
45:02But they're such lovely plants.
45:03In fact, both of these flowers are scented in the evening, so they're perfect for night-time pollinators like moths.
45:12I'm giving them plenty of space in between each one.
45:15You could plant these where you want them to actually end up, but Alison isn't yet sure exactly where she does want these to end up.
45:21So this is kind of a holding bed for the winter, and then next spring they can be moved.
45:32There, that should be very happy in here until the spring when it can go outside.
45:50Now, this year we have been following Sue's garden as it changes, and today we're catching up with her as she takes stock of this glorious season.
45:59We're well into autumn now, and there's still lots of things to do.
46:13And one of the things that I'm doing here is I'm removing some Japanese anemones.
46:17So we've got really windy weather and wet weather here in Wales, and these can really stand up to that.
46:25They hold their flower.
46:26Oh, there we go.
46:28They hold their flower in all that weather, so they're a stalwart of my garden.
46:31The reason I'm moving them out is because I planted this apricot rose, which I grew myself from a cutting, and they're crowding it out.
46:39So I want to give that rose space to develop.
46:42So one more dig, I think, and it'll come.
46:49These plants aren't going to go to waste.
46:52They've got a job to do.
46:53Last year, my daughter decided to move house, and she asked me to help her with the garden because it needs quite a lot of work.
47:07So what I've been doing is I've gone around my garden with her, and she's shown me all the plants that she likes.
47:14And I've dug some up.
47:16I've taken cuttings.
47:17I've taken, you know, seeds and grown them on.
47:20And these are my final plants that I want to add to the list, but they need a bit of prep work.
47:26I'm cutting the tops off so the plant will send all its energies into growing new roots.
47:33For now, I'm going to pop them into water.
47:36Later on, I'm going to put them into a peat-free compost, and they should romp away.
47:39I'm a bit of a romantic, and gardening for me is all about creating connections and special memories.
47:52And one of the memories I have is my grandfather's walnut tree.
47:55And he gave a seed to my father, and a seed from my father's tree has come to me, and I want to do the same for my son.
48:01But the squirrels also like my walnuts, and despite me caging them and trying to fend them off, I've only managed to get three.
48:10And there are a couple of different ways I'm going to do this to try and get success.
48:13Now, when they fall from the tree, they can look like this green one.
48:17It's not quite ripe yet, so it's not quite ready to try and plant.
48:20So this one, the husk has gone black, and it's cracking, so it means it's ready to release the shell.
48:30And I'm going to try and do this, but if you do it, the sort of colour of it will stain the fingers.
48:36So I'm going to use a bit of paper to protect me and my clothes, and hopefully it'll open up.
48:44Oh, it's coming away really easily.
48:46That's a relief.
48:47And look, here's the shell, and inside is the nut.
48:52Marvellous.
48:53I'm going to put this shell with the nut inside into damp soil in a plastic bag.
49:00And I'm going to bury it in.
49:02What's your dot?
49:02Oh, in you go.
49:04I'm going to put it in the fridge for a process of something called stratification,
49:08which is to mimic winter conditions, so it's nice and cold, and that will encourage it to germinate.
49:14And I think that's going to take about a month,
49:16so I'll check then, and all I'm looking for is a little white root.
49:20And once I see that, I'll bring it out and pot it on and keep it in a frost-free place,
49:25probably in my cold frame over winter.
49:27Now, this one I've had soaking in water overnight to sort of soften the shell.
49:32And I'm just going to pop it in to a pot of soil.
49:40I'm going to cover it nicely with a good covering of soil to keep it warm.
49:47Firm it down a little bit.
49:48But the thing I'm really worried about is Mr. Squirrel.
49:52So, I'm going to try and deter him.
49:56These are bits of bamboo for my bamboo plant.
49:59So, I'm going to push them in at angles all around my walnut.
50:02I haven't a clue if this is going to work.
50:05He may think, I don't like that.
50:06Or it may be like Red Rad to a bull and he wants the challenge.
50:11I need to water it in.
50:14I've got two different options to get my walnut tree going.
50:20And I'll have to wait for this green one to blacken up a bit,
50:24and I may have success with that as well.
50:26Let's see what happens next year.
50:27I do enjoy eating garlic,
50:43but I find the cloves and the bulbs a bit small and fiddly.
50:47And the way around this, I've discovered, is elephant garlic.
50:51It's mild tasting, but the cloves are huge and really easy to manage.
50:56And when I dig them up,
50:58I sometimes find a lot of these little corms attached, like this one.
51:03So, I've decided to have a go at planting these corms.
51:06I've got quite a few here.
51:09I'm going to plant them in this bed,
51:12and they're going to take a year
51:13to even get to an individual garlic clove stage.
51:18And then they're going to take another year
51:20before they come to anything remotely like this, possibly three.
51:26And around me, I've got these beautiful cosmos and echium.
51:32And you may remember that I planted this
51:35with all the seeds, old seeds, that I didn't want.
51:38And these have been phenomenal.
51:40Being a long-term project,
51:47I know I'm going to forget what I put in there.
51:51I'm going to label it.
51:52Then there'll be no confusion in the middle of winter.
51:55I'm assessing my wild white border
52:11at the end of the season
52:13because I don't feel
52:14it's been quite as good as it was the year before.
52:18I need something for the spring to lift the border.
52:20So I've chosen a tulip and it's Purissima,
52:25also known as White Emperor.
52:27And it's a perennial one,
52:28so it should come back next year.
52:30And the reason I've chosen it
52:31is that I've grown it before, so I know it.
52:34And it has nice, sturdy stems
52:36for this windy Welsh weather.
52:37And it has a lovely flower,
52:39which holds on its stem for quite some time.
52:42This is not an ideal place for tulips
52:47because it doesn't get too much sun.
52:49So I'm going to have to treat them quite carefully.
52:52First, I've got a new tool.
52:54Pop it in and twist it around.
52:57And if it meets a stone,
52:59it rotates itself past it.
53:01Bit of a wiggle to get it out.
53:03Although it's stony, it is quite damp
53:05and tulips don't like to have their roots damp.
53:08So I'm going to put in some gravel at the bottom.
53:11Now I've mixed the gravel
53:12with a bit of blood, fish and bone
53:14because I want the tulip to have a best start
53:17and it needs a bit of a...
53:18something to keep it going through the winter.
53:20Well, we all do, don't we, really?
53:22And pop it into the hole.
53:24Pointy side up.
53:26Down it goes, all snuggly in the soil.
53:30Tamp it down a little bit.
53:33Top it up with some peat-free compost.
53:36Nestle it in for the winter.
53:39I'm only going to plant 10 tulips
53:41because I'm not sure it's going to work.
53:42And if it does, I can then buy some more.
53:45And that's the thing about gardening.
53:47You need patience.
53:48These will be ready in the spring.
53:50The garlic will take probably two years.
53:52And I may not see a walnut
53:54from the walnut tree for 10 years.
53:57Sometimes the longer the wait,
53:59the sweeter the reward.
54:01And with all these projects,
54:03I hope they're going to give me pleasure in the garden
54:05for many years to come.
54:07Of course, to be a gardener requires so much patience,
54:21but looking forward to stuff is the best part,
54:23the anticipation of what's to come.
54:26And one of the best things for that anticipation
54:28is planting bulbs.
54:37When I first came here,
54:39this gravel garden was full
54:41of beautiful orange digitalis,
54:44the parva flora.
54:45They were beautifully flowering.
54:47And now they've got these seed heads
54:49that give stature and grace
54:51to the autumn garden here.
54:53But what I'm going to do now
54:54is look ahead
54:55to not next season, not winter,
54:57but the spring after.
54:59And the bulb I'm going to plant in here
55:01is a pretty special tulip.
55:04It's a species tulip called Orphanidia.
55:07Now, often when you buy tulip bulbs
55:09this time of the year and plant them,
55:11they're very highly bred
55:12and they will flower beautifully for a year.
55:14They might come back a second
55:15or even a third.
55:16But this will reliably come back every year
55:19and they naturalise
55:20and they'll form little clumps here.
55:21Now, these ones have
55:23a kind of flame-coloured flower
55:25that ranges from yellow through to red
55:27and they almost turn back
55:28like little jester hat petals,
55:31but much smaller
55:32than your normal tulip flower.
55:35These tulips can cope with rain,
55:37but they really don't like to sit in the water.
55:39So they'll be very happy here
55:40in the gravel garden.
55:42Or if you had a very sunny,
55:44baked, free-draining area
55:45in your garden
55:46or even a pot
55:47that you mix lots of gravel in with,
55:49they should do just as well there.
55:51as long as it's bright and sunny.
55:54Now, this is one of my favourite autumn jobs,
55:57but there are many other things
55:58that you can be getting on with this weekend
56:00if you fancy it.
56:01This is the perfect time of year
56:17for dividing herbaceous perennials
56:19that have lost their bigger
56:20and stopped flowering so much.
56:23Start by cutting back the stems
56:24of the clump that you want to remove
56:26and then either chop it
56:27or fork it out of the ground,
56:29making sure you have plenty of roots
56:30and shoots
56:31on all the parts you're replanting.
56:33Then simply put them
56:34wherever else you want them
56:35in the garden.
56:36Over the course of summer,
56:45a huge amount of dust
56:46and maybe even some algae
56:47can build up on the glass
56:48of your greenhouse.
56:49This reduces the light levels
56:51over the winter,
56:52an all-important time for plants
56:54to continue photosynthesising.
56:56So cleaning it off
56:57is really helpful.
56:59Use some water
57:00and a splash of vinegar.
57:02Wash it off with a cloth
57:03and then dry it down
57:05for the best results.
57:15If you want to use
57:16any plant material
57:17you chop back now
57:17but don't necessarily have space
57:19for a compost heap,
57:20then you can use
57:21the chop and drop method.
57:23Simply cut back
57:24any old stems or plants,
57:26save any seed heads
57:27for the birds
57:28to be fed over the winter
57:29and then chop up
57:30into small pieces
57:32all of the plant material
57:33and let it fall
57:34onto the ground.
57:36This will act as a mulch
57:37that will hold in moisture
57:38and feed the soil
57:39and also as excellent habitat
57:41for any insects
57:42over the winter.
57:42Well, it's been a very lovely gift
58:02of a day here at Damsin Farm
58:03and actually beautiful
58:05seeing this really special garden
58:06at its best.
58:07It's a place where
58:08there's so much going on.
58:09aspirations for me personally
58:11to one day achieve
58:13this level of beauty
58:14and productivity
58:15and that really lovely
58:17ethical,
58:19biodiverse approach
58:20to gardening.
58:21It's been so lovely
58:21to spend.
58:22Today here,
58:23getting our hands dirty.
58:25But that's it
58:26for today.
58:27And Monty's back next week
58:28at Longmeadow
58:28So until next time,
58:30it's goodbye.
58:30longmeadow
58:33so
58:55and
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