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A growing threat to democracies appears in the force of dictatorships. Dictators like Adolf Hitler, Saddam Hussein, Augusto Pinochet, Mobutu Sese Seko and Fidel Castro found their way to power through similar methods. “Making A Dictator” examines the brutal methods and common practices implemented by each dictatorship, along with the ways in which they corrupted the countries they claimed to improve.
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00:01My name is Amaryllis Fox, and I'm a former CIA clandestine service officer.
00:08When I was in government service, I focused on counterterrorism and counterproliferation
00:12in dictatorships throughout the Middle East and East Asia.
00:16My first real experience with a dictatorship was as a teenager living on the Thai-Burmese border
00:34and writing small pieces for the BBC.
00:37The border between Thailand and Burma stands on the front line of a fierce civil war.
00:42I was interested in understanding the democracy movement across the border in Burma
00:47that existed under the dictator Ne Win and the military regime.
00:51Many can tell tales of cruelty at the hands of the government's henchmen.
00:55This was a military dictatorship of the first order, one of the most stringent in the world at the time.
01:06The population was completely at their mercy.
01:09We are preparing for a war. We are preparing to fight.
01:16Aung San Suu Kyi has campaigned to remove the junta, which has refused to let her party take office.
01:22My long-term goals for Burma everybody knew. Democracy. The sort of democracy that is based on the willingness of the people,
01:30that is based on the support of the people.
01:32Suu Kyi won a landslide electoral victory. The military ignored the results and placed her under house arrest.
01:39Security forces jailed, tortured and butchered thousands of pro-democracy protesters.
01:43So, I found a way to get across the border and interview Aung San Suu Kyi, who was under house arrest at the time.
01:58And that way involved forging a marriage certificate with another journalist and pretending to be on our honeymoon,
02:05filming out the side of our rucksacks.
02:08We knew going in that we were likely to be arrested on our way out and planned to have decoy film that could be confiscated in order to allow us to keep the real film hidden and get it across the border to Thailand.
02:20And it was broadcast on shortwave by the BBC back into Burma and allowed the regular people on the streets of Burma to hear from their democratically elected leader for the first time in over a year.
02:33We want to show that the human spirit can prevail over the might of arms through the strength of our convictions.
02:43That was a pretty electrifying experience in seeing how dangerous the words of a freely elected leader can be viewed by a military regime.
02:52That said, every dictator's rise to power is different.
02:56Throughout history, we've seen tyrants take over at moments of economic and military crisis and promise everybody everything they want.
03:09And that can be a warning sign that this aspiring leader has the potential for dictatorship.
03:19Dictators come in many forms.
03:21But how does one man take hold of a government?
03:25What makes us choose to follow men like this?
03:30We know dictators always leave a trail of bodies in their wake, whether they start off that way or not.
03:36We are against all kinds of dictators.
03:39We are against all kinds of dictators.
03:43But dictators aren't born.
03:45They're made.
03:47They're made.
03:50The historical moment has to create the opportunity.
03:53For that young nation torn asunder by civil strife.
03:56Regardless of how clever a potential dictator is, there are certain pre-existing conditions that have to exist for that seed of dictatorship to really take hold.
04:06Troops were called in to avert total chaos, but the struggle for power was far from over.
04:15But it takes a specific kind of person to seize the opportunity history offers.
04:20In every group that happen to be individuals with the right kind of narcissistic, paranoid personality characteristics that we know characterize dictators.
04:33The crucial issue is whether or not the springboard to dictatorship becomes available so that the potential dictator springs to power.
04:47Former general, Fulgencio Batista, denies he is a dictator, but holds the reins of power as backed by the army and by those who favor government by a strong hand.
05:01Dictators can rise to power at any time, in any country, even today.
05:08We all want to think that things are not going to happen again.
05:13We all want to think that we learn from the past.
05:17What history teaches us is that we do not learn from the past.
05:21Only by learning to recognize the signs of impending tyranny can we avoid repeating it in our own time.
05:28But what are those signs?
05:30Foremost amongst them is economic crisis.
05:33A crisis of physical security works too, but generally because it actually triggers an economic crisis.
05:40People can tolerate a lot before they begin to lose faith in their political system.
05:46But if they can't meet their basic needs, food, shelter, caring for their children,
05:54history has shown they will listen to anyone who says he can improve things for them.
05:58Dictators say that there's an emergency, and usually they're right.
06:17Dictators have a great advantage in times of instability.
06:23The 20th century saw one of the greatest economic crises in history.
06:30After the Great Depression, there's a huge amount of stress on all of the democratic systems, all the liberal systems,
06:36because it seems like everyone's standard of living is falling.
06:40And what's worse, there's no prospect for improvement.
06:43The depression starts in the US, driven mainly by the 1929 stock market crash.
06:48By afternoon, there was near hysteria on the floor of the exchange, and then wham-o!
06:54The incredible boom became an even more incredible bust, as the country plunged into the depths of a depression.
07:00Many European nations, whose economies are closely tied to that of the United States after World War I, soon feel the catastrophic aftershocks.
07:13And one of the hardest hit is Germany.
07:19The Great Depression throws millions of Germans out of work.
07:26You had a period of hyperinflation, the currency wasn't worth anything.
07:31You have people who are literally being paid their salary in bags of cash.
07:39Life in Germany doesn't get better.
07:42It gets worse.
07:46The depression just goes on and on.
07:49In situations like that, people say,
07:52yes, capitalism has failed, democracy has failed, I have a radical new solution.
07:57By 1925, hyperinflation and unemployment ravaged the German economy.
08:03In those moments of uncertainty, everyone is looking for some kind of simple explanation and a route out of the discomfort that they're experiencing.
08:13Desperate for a way out, people are willing to turn their backs on established political institutions to support a strong leader they think can fix the problem.
08:23For Germany, which hasn't had an effective, stable government since the end of World War I, the Depression is like a knife to the heart.
08:37But it's not just the Depression.
08:39When the first World War ends in 1919, Germany is the big loser.
08:44Coming out of World War I, there are quite vindictive terms that are imposed by France and the UK on the German state.
08:53As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany has to pay the equivalent of close to one trillion dollars.
08:59And it has to give up over 25,000 square miles of territory, roughly 13% of its European land and a tenth of its population, as well as all its colonies abroad.
09:14The victors issued Germany an ultimatum, sign the treaty, or prepare to resume the war.
09:20Nobody in the world wanted a repeat of the First World War.
09:26Two million German soldiers died in the First World War.
09:31A once great nation brought low.
09:35Humiliated by its enemies and crippled by a failing economy, it's a perfect storm.
09:41The German people have gone through a humiliating shift from prosperity to not knowing whether they'll even be able to feed their children.
09:53Germans want food on their table.
09:56But more than that, they want to reclaim some pride in themselves and their country.
10:02Regular rallies lead to an increase in frustrated citizens taking to the streets.
10:07And as their desperation approaches a boiling point, a savior breaks his chains of obscurity.
10:15He says he knows how to restore Germany to its former greatness and take revenge on its enemies.
10:22Men anti-lust Çukovul much the protest of war.
10:25Yet the German army wants to be in the world.
10:26They want to be angry and Gotham, Zimbabwe.
10:29None of the other colleagues want to be angry and were gesagt.
10:31One man of rocket wars.
10:33Two years ago the war at war last five years.
10:35One man of rocket wars.
10:37Two of the war at war.
10:39One man of rocket wars.
10:41One man of rocket wars.
10:42Two of Allied wars.
10:45One man of rocket wars.
10:47Two of the war.
10:48If yes, then I'll be in for you, as I'll be in for you.
10:58Dictators aren't supervillains who appear on the stage of history with a flash of lightning and a puff of smoke.
11:04Dictators come from somewhere.
11:09For the right person, military and economic catastrophe are opportunities.
11:15And not just in Germany.
11:18The springboard to dictatorship isn't always a world war or global economic collapse.
11:28The year is 1960.
11:31The Republic of Congo has just won its independence from Belgium.
11:35Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba has only been in office for a month.
11:40But he's already facing serious threats to his nation's survival.
11:43Immediately after independence, conflict erupted in Congo.
11:49The largest province, at least the richest province, which is Katanga, where all the mining industries were, seceded or attempted to secede.
11:59Belgium has officially transferred power to the Congolese.
12:03But those with lucrative business ties to the Belgians aren't happy to see them go.
12:09The country is divided into violently warring factions.
12:14An angry Congolese mob demonstrates in front of the Belgian embassy in the capital city of Kinshasa.
12:19The demonstration turns into a riot.
12:21Lumumba appeals to both the UN and the Americans for help in bringing order to the Congo.
12:31They both refuse.
12:34So he turns to the Soviet Union for military aid.
12:38And Premier Nikita Khrushchev happily obliges.
12:42But the U.S. isn't happy about it.
12:45In response to the call of the Republic of the Congo, a few nations wish to prolong strife in the Congo for their own purposes.
12:56In 1960, the Cold War is in full swing.
12:59And the U.S. goes on alert any time a new nation falls under Soviet influence.
13:05Soon, President Dwight Eisenhower is determined to get rid of Lumumba.
13:10And he knows exactly how to do it.
13:13Mobutu stages his first coup in September 1960.
13:18Colonel Joseph Desiree Mobutu is in charge of the Congolese military.
13:23He had the army. He had the support of the CIA.
13:26Mobutu leads a second coup and helps arrange Patrice Lumumba's torture and execution in 1961.
13:33Lumumba was impassive at the slowest end of his stormy career.
13:38Not surprisingly, Mobutu enters into a long-term friendship with the U.S.
13:44One that's only possible because of the Cold War.
13:47The Soviets are sent packing.
13:49The Cold War becomes an argument for literally dozens of right-wing dictatorships around the world.
13:57Because from the point of view of Washington, D.C., you can say, look, we are engaged with this permanent communist threat.
14:03They're active everywhere.
14:06So Mobutu's friends, the United States, especially the State Department, were always there to support Mobutu.
14:13They gave him developmental aid. They also provided training. But it was not a one-way relationship.
14:18The United States not only props up right-wing dictatorships all over the world, it takes an active part in overthrowing left-wing popular movements which themselves oppose dictatorships.
14:31So in those two ways, the Cold War tends to support dictatorship.
14:34In fact, many dictatorships would fail if not for the patronage of a much more powerful state.
14:42Global powers will prop up a dictator if his policies help them advance their agenda.
14:49But for a dictatorship to rise, the right person has to come along at the right time.
14:54I think a dictator thinks that he is a god, and there is nothing beyond his own will.
15:03What they think is, I'm serving a special mission, or I'm irreplaceable, or if I'm not here, the entire situation falls apart.
15:11It usually requires someone who thinks that he's indispensable.
15:14It's a great country.
15:29I have a great opponent of a lot of forces, but I am the one-the one who has killed on the right side.
15:42There are always potential dictators in a population,
15:46but many of these potential dictators never come close to power.
15:51So what is it about those few who actually come to power?
15:55They have very special needs and drives that move them to sacrifice everything,
16:15often including their families and those around them.
16:19They sacrifice everything for power.
16:25A dictator's obsession with power can often be traced to a childhood of painful helplessness.
16:32Case in point, Adolf Hitler.
16:36A brutal father.
16:38A doting mother filling her child's head with delusions of grandeur.
16:43When great expectations lead not to success, but to failure and shame,
16:48the potential dictator looks for other routes to self-esteem.
16:52When human beings are not successful in life and they feel threatened economically and physically,
16:59they seek some explanation.
17:02And ideally, it's an explanation that shifts responsibility or blame from themselves to some other scapegoat.
17:10Adolf Hitler fits the mold.
17:15His earliest memories are of helplessness.
17:19He, of course, in his youth wanted to be an artist.
17:22He wasn't a particularly good student, but he applied to go to art school in Vienna and he failed to get in.
17:30Then, in the years just after World War I, he finds his niche in a militant nationalist movement.
17:39The National Socialist German Workers' Party, or Nazi Party for short,
17:45is formed in 1920 as a right-wing alternative to the Communist Party.
17:51One that stresses the notion of an Aryan master race.
17:55And names the perfect enemy to blame for Germany's woes.
17:59The Jews.
18:00The ideology is that the real world is a world of racial struggle.
18:04Stronger races should be starving, exterminating weaker races, taking their land all the time.
18:09That's what nature wants.
18:10That's what God wants.
18:11That's what's normal.
18:12For that to return, the Jews have to be removed from the planet.
18:17Hitler throws himself into political activism.
18:21Joining the Nazis.
18:23Making speeches.
18:25And rising in the ranks.
18:27His speeches tap into the anti-Semitism bubbling beneath the surface of German society.
18:36Hitler believed there was a world Jewish conspiracy that was aimed at both destroying Germany
18:43and enslaving all of Western society in an effort to gain world domination.
18:51By 1923, Hitler is head of the Nazi Party.
18:54Party membership had swelled to over 50,000 in the early 1920s.
19:00Which included large numbers of unemployed World War I veterans.
19:04And others whose lives had been shattered by spiraling inflation.
19:09The burden on Germany is more than she can bear.
19:12Food was scarce. Industry crippled.
19:15The Weimar government, which had ruled since 1918, was blamed for it all.
19:22Labor strikes for better wages and working conditions were an almost daily occurrence.
19:28The government cracked down hard.
19:30Weimar Germany was a democratic republic, which slowly, slowly lost its democratic freedoms,
19:39moved away from the rule of law, thereby setting the stage for Hitler to come to power.
19:43I was standing under you. I was standing under you for four and a half years of war.
19:50And I speak only to those I've heard of myself and with whom I feel connected today.
19:58For a strong man in that moment to be able to offer a very oversimplified explanation with as much emotional resonance and energy as possible,
20:08that's where they begin to really gather steam.
20:10Just one year earlier, Benito Mussolini's fascist party had marched on Rome, where Mussolini was named prime minister in a bloodless coup.
20:23Hitler models a number of things on Mussolini in Italy, whether that's the use of the salute.
20:30You know, instead of the black shirts, it's the brown shirts, the notion of having a charismatic leader as the head of that political party.
20:39He was an astute learner.
20:42In November 1923, Hitler makes his move.
20:46His coup, known as the Beer Hall Putsch, because it starts at a Munich Beer Hall, is supposed to trigger a Nazi revolution.
20:55It failed dramatically.
20:58That is, they never got outside the city of Munich.
21:01They were stopped by the police.
21:03And Hitler was arrested and subsequently put on trial.
21:06He was convicted of treason and sentenced to five years imprisonment.
21:16But as with most dictators, this setback only makes Hitler more determined.
21:21In 1937, as Hitler prepares to launch the first offensive of World War II, another dictator is born near the city of Tikrit in northern Iraq.
21:34Saddam Hussein's earliest years are lonely and painful.
21:40His father dies before he even takes his first breath.
21:44His mother and stepfather beat him.
21:47And he grows up in dire poverty.
21:48A number of potential dictators who become actual dictators have grown up in poverty.
21:56They can both identify with the masses and also position themselves as being from the masses.
22:04At the age of 10, Saddam Hussein goes to live with an uncle who would become his substitute father.
22:12He is an Iraqi nationalist who had fought against the British in 1941 as part of a pro-German faction.
22:20The young Saddam adopts not only his uncle's nationalist views, but also a bitter hatred of foreigners.
22:26We could see foreigners as beyond our borders, but also as minorities within our borders.
22:35In 1957, Saddam Hussein joins the underground Ba'ath party.
22:40Originally a movement to create a unified Arab state by any means necessary.
22:45Saddam Hussein joins the underground Ba'ath party.
23:00Saddam quickly gains a reputation as someone who's not afraid of getting his hands dirty.
23:06Beatings, torture, even murder, are his stock in trade.
23:11Like Hitler in the early 1920s, he rises quickly from obscurity to notoriety.
23:19He becomes an infamous interrogator of dissidents.
23:24His tortures incite fear in the public.
23:29In the mid-1960s, when the Ba'ath party is out of power, Saddam spends two years in prison.
23:35But by 1968, the Ba'athists are in control.
23:40And suddenly, Saddam is one of the most powerful men in Iraq.
23:44The island nation of Cuba, some would say, has never known anything but dictatorship.
23:58Cuba wins its independence from Spain in 1898, but is for decades economically dependent on the U.S.
24:09Cuba's beautiful beaches and pleasant climate are among the attractions that bring tourists from other lands.
24:16Many of them from the United States.
24:17In 1925, Gerard Machado, a hero of the War of Independence, becomes president.
24:27But the former liberator soon becomes more and more a dictatorial.
24:32Eventually, the U.S. tires of Machado and installs someone more to their liking.
24:37Fulgencio Batista.
24:40When the revolt came, Machado's forces did their best to pull it, but Machado's string had run out.
24:46Young Sergeant Batista put Cuba in his hip pocket.
24:52Like most true dictators, Machado and Batista are military men who believe the best way to maintain control is for people to follow orders.
25:02Dictators have to have power over the security apparatus and the military.
25:09And therefore, naturally, many of them come from a military background.
25:14Batista's co-conspirators in the army, navy and police seized key points.
25:19Cuba's political freedom is ended as Batista cancels the June 1st elections.
25:24Batista says he is a friend of the people as his soldiers patrol the streets to establish what he calls disciplined democracy.
25:32But Batista's focus is squarely on enriching himself and his partners, which include American corporations, wealthy Cubans and organized crime.
25:42The most common kind of dictatorship, which is a military dictatorship, is actually for the upper classes.
25:48And the idea of this dictatorship is to keep the lower classes in their place and to come up with some kind of idea which justifies that.
25:53Like Mobutu in the Congo, Batista enjoys political, military and economic support from the U.S. government because of his anti-communist stance.
26:05The timing couldn't be better.
26:07In 1952, McCarthyism is at its peak, stoking panic that communism is taking over the world.
26:16FBI agents swoop down on communists, indicted on charges of advocating the violent overthrow of the government.
26:23The crackdown on suspected subversives gathers momentum.
26:26If fighting communists is un-American, then I must plead guilty to being un-American.
26:30A new phrase enters the political lingo. Friendly tyrant.
26:35Here in Washington, you can say, naturally, we have to have friends in that situation.
26:39And, of course, we can't expect that all of our friends are going to be perfect Democrats.
26:43The vast majority of Cubans are starving, while the rich get richer.
26:54The stage is set once more for change.
26:58And Fidel Castro is waiting in the wings.
27:03Born in 1926, he is the illegitimate son of a wealthy sugar farmer in eastern Cuba.
27:09It's in law school at the University of Havana that Castro first encounters Cuban nationalism and socialism.
27:17Despite his comfortable upbringing, he becomes steadily more active in social justice issues surrounding the Cuban poor.
27:25Growing up in difficult conditions allows those who are particularly resilient to develop stronger characters, develop strength in resistance.
27:36In 1952, with a force of 150 armed fighters, Castro leads an attack on the army barracks near Santiago de Cuba, hoping to topple the Batista regime.
27:51But like Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch, it is a complete failure.
27:56Most of the rebels are killed.
27:59At his trial, Castro delivers a four-hour speech, known to posterity, as history will absolve me.
28:08It will become the manifesto of the Cuban revolution.
28:11In the courtroom, Castro argues that true patriots are duty-bound to overthrow tyrants by violent means if necessary.
28:23Despite his eloquent speech, Castro is given a 15-year prison sentence.
28:28It's fairly typical of revolutionaries that they would have spent some time in prison.
28:33And that usually is meaningful for them.
28:40Like Hitler, Castro sees his incarceration as a badge of honor.
28:45He made a decision and accepts the consequences, as unjust as he may feel them to be.
28:51What usually happens when the dictator-to-be spends some time in jail is first he tries to put his ideas together and to deliver those ideas in a way that sounds like a prophet talking to the chosen people.
29:09Then, in 1955, President Batista makes a fatal error.
29:15After just 22 months in prison, Castro is released.
29:19Being imprisoned is very effective in positioning the potential dictator as a victim and positioning the underprivileged with the potential dictator.
29:33After a year training in Mexico, Castro, Che Guevara and 81 armed guerrillas returned to Cuba to renew the fight against Batista.
29:42General Batista established a bloody tyranny.
29:45General Batista established a bloody tyranny.
29:47For finishing that tyranny and for reestablishing a legal government in my country, we are fighting now.
29:55For the next two years, Castro's revolutionaries wage guerrilla war against the guerrilla war against the Batista regime.
30:06Castro's personal charisma and eloquence attract a stream of recruits.
30:10It is an unequal battle of idealists against tough professional forces.
30:16Says Castro, if I lose, I'll start over again. If Batista loses, he loses for good.
30:22On New Year's Eve 1958, Castro's forces take the strategically crucial city of Santa Clara.
30:28Fort Fulgencio Batista and his coterie fled in surrender.
30:34Within hours, Batista is on a plane for the Dominican Republic.
30:38From his stronghold in the wild Sierra Maestres Mountains, Cuba's Fidel Castro emerged triumphant after two years of guerrilla warfare against the Batista regime.
30:47In his lifetime, the bearded cigar-smoking idealist has become a legend.
30:50For most Cubans, this is the first glimpse of the man whose name became a byword during 25 months of guerrilla fighting.
30:58The war is over. As Castro makes the transition from liberator to national leader, the jury is out on whether Cuba has simply exchanged one dictator for another.
31:10It's a simple matter to know when a revolution has begun. It's not so easy to know when a revolution has ended.
31:15Hitler, Mobutu, Saddam, Castro.
31:26Each, in his own way, seizes the opportunity history presents him with.
31:33Each believes he is a special figure who sees what others can't and can accomplish what others won't.
31:39Some can imprison, torture, and execute their enemies without feelings of guilt.
31:49Many see themselves as both a hero and a victim, not given the respect they are due.
31:55But most dictators come from the military, where orders are followed or people die.
32:03This is the mentality that gives rise to the military dictatorships of Latin America, whose leaders believe that disorder is the chief plague on their country, and communism the chief culprit.
32:15In 1970, the nation of Chile is the oldest continuous democracy in Latin America.
32:26But its economic woes, including high inflation and an overvalued currency, are serious.
32:32When Chileans elect Marxist Salvador Allende president by a narrow margin, he quickly moves to nationalize the copper industry, which is owned mostly by American companies.
32:45In response, U.S. President Richard Nixon freezes Chilean assets in the States and uses the CIA to destabilize Allende's government.
32:53Allende was not a dictatorship, it was a legitimate government elected by the people of Chile.
32:59Some of the measures of the government were not having the results that the government expected.
33:04It was a moment when even the middle class started feeling that Allende is going nowhere but bankruptcy.
33:11Allende might have been able to survive economic disaster, but there were also other forces at work.
33:17Other actors started playing an important role in the inner political momentum of Chile.
33:24And that was when the embassy of the United States and the CIA, Henry Kissinger if you want, started playing that big role that ended up with Pinochet having enough support to deliver the coup against Allende.
33:40On September 11, 1973, a group of high-ranking Chilean officers, led by General Augusto Pinochet, seize his power.
33:50By the end of the day, Allende is dead.
33:54A cryptic radio broadcast leads some to believe by his own hand.
33:58Two days later, the government is in the hands of the military, who immediately dissolve Congress and outlaw any political party that had been in the war.
34:16Allende coalition.
34:31Most news outlets are shut down.
34:35Now the imprisonments, torture and killings begin.
34:39The man who will emerge as the head of the Chilean junta is Pinochet.
34:46Recuperar the work in the industries and in the field, which has been done in a large way.
34:54Unlike Saddam, he seems not to take an active pleasure in brutality.
34:59Pinochet is Catholic and ultra-conservative.
35:03Unlike Hitler and Castro, Pinochet has an unimpressive personality and is an uninspired speaker.
35:10You do not need necessarily to be a good speaker if you have the force to support what you want to say or what you want to do.
35:17Like Pinochet, for example.
35:18For Pinochet, the military force at his fingertips speaks for him.
35:24Anyone who opposes him faces dire consequences.
35:28They see the world as threatening and anyone who disagrees with them is a threat.
35:36So they wipe out any kind of dissent from their own world view.
35:40A dictator doesn't have to kill or imprison all who might oppose him.
35:46He just has to make everyone fear he will.
35:49The Pinochet regime will be one of the most efficient dictatorships on record at suppressing dissent.
35:55Mainly through a campaign of terror.
35:59The manipulation of fear is also key to Hitler's ascent to power in Germany.
36:03But his mastery of the strategy changes the world.
36:08Hitler has spent a year in prison after the failed Beer Hall Putsch.
36:14It's a year in which he's dictated the first volume of his autobiography.
36:18Mein Kampf.
36:20Mein Kampf.
36:22My Struggle.
36:24And consolidated the ideology that will define Germany for the next 20 years.
36:30Hitler's year of exile crystallizes his anti-Semitism.
36:36And focuses on Jews as the ultimate cause of Germany's political, economic and military problems.
36:42The black-haired Jewish youth lies in wait for hours on end.
36:53Satanically glaring at and spying on the unsuspicious girl whom he plans to seduce.
37:02The stronger must dominate than not mate with the vehicle.
37:06Which would signify the sacrifice of its own higher nature.
37:09Only the born vehicle can look upon this principle as cruel.
37:20When Hitler is released from prison in December 1924, it seems as if he's missed his chance.
37:26The springboard to power isn't as clear as it had been in 1923.
37:31During that time the German economy began to recover and the Nazi party really became almost potentially a footnote to history.
37:39But Hitler had already begun planning for this.
37:42It was that time in prison that he began to kind of reformulate his thinking about politics.
37:50He begins to shift away from trying to overthrow the government through illegal means to winning through the ballot box.
37:58Bavaria had banned the Nazi party and had forbidden Hitler to speak publicly.
38:07So he starts to rebuild the party in northern Germany.
38:11He bides his time.
38:13He creates the personal bodyguard known as the SS.
38:27Builds a propaganda machine and organizes the Hitler Youth Movement.
38:39He gains the support of rich German industrialists by promising to rid the country of communists.
38:45This is when history does Hitler a huge favor by delivering the crisis he'd been waiting for.
38:53As an aspiring dictator, suffering a setback just means waiting for the next economic crisis, the next threat to security, to explain,
39:01See, this wouldn't have happened if I hadn't had that setback.
39:06If I had been there to protect you, you would not be suffering in the way that you are now.
39:10Hitler argues that Germany is just a collection of special interest groups.
39:15That only the Nazi party represents all Germans.
39:18And for many people in Germany that are fed up with the status quo, they begin deserting their political parties and coming to the Nazi party.
39:42Hitler says, you can't blame us for everything that happened in Germany.
39:46We weren't in power. All those political parties were. Hold them accountable. Give us a chance.
39:54And the German people do.
39:57Only two years earlier, the Nazis had received only 800,000 votes in federal elections.
40:04In September 1930, they get nearly six and a half million votes.
40:09They are now the second largest party in Germany.
40:11Hitler can no longer be prevented from giving speeches.
40:16And this changes everything.
40:19When you compare Hitler to many of the other German political figures of the time, the difference is shocking.
40:25Hitler comes off as strong, dynamic, whereas others are just reading from a prepared political statement.
40:29There were people that said, even if they went in not liking Hitler, they found something in what he said that was appealing.
40:46Characteristic of a demagogic speech is this kind of cycle, right? The kind of call and response where you say something that's a little bit edgy and the crowd responds to it.
40:56And then you go, then you go further where the crowd feels like it's actually part.
40:59What it does is it tells the audience, look, all that matters is you and me. All those elites, all those laws, all those institutions, all those other people, they don't matter.
41:13It's just you and me. And if you elect me, if I come to power, it's just going to be you and me again.
41:18By 1933, Hitler is Chancellor of Germany.
41:29When the parliament building is destroyed by fire, allegedly by communists, Hitler pressures the government to issue the Reichstag fire decree,
41:38which allows Hitler and his cabinet to suspend civil liberties and imprison people without due process.
41:43Germans accept it because of the fear he's instilled about what will happen if he doesn't take these steps.
41:54Germany is now a dictatorship and Hitler will waste no time putting his master plan into action.
42:01The government of the nation's government and the government of the nation is to be able to hold this government and take it away from them and make it up.
42:16Historical developments that seem predictable to us in retrospect are not so obvious to the people who actually live through them.
42:23When Saddam Hussein rises to power in 1979, do the Iraqi people know that by the end of his reign, he will have ordered the killings of more than a quarter of a million Iraqis?
42:36When Mobutu Sese Seko becomes president of the Congo, is it clear he'll become the epitome of brutality and corruption for three decades?
42:48When almost 44% of the German vote in 1933 goes to Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party, do they anticipate the death camps and World War II?
42:58There are individuals that see clearly that a dictatorship is coming, but in many countries where dictators rule, the majority are so used to this repeated pattern of dictatorship that they fail to get out of dictatorship.
43:17But with the benefit of hindsight, we can see that the moment where a dictator seizes power is simply the end of one chapter and the beginning of another.
43:29Dictators change once they are in charge.
43:33The apolitical career soldier becomes consumed by fanaticism.
43:38The revolutionary realizes that achieving power and staying in power are two very different things.
43:45Now the question is, how do dictatorships maintain their grip on a nation and respond to new pressures from forces both outside and within?
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