Fun With Materials: What are Motorcycles Made of and Why?

Cycle World

This week Kevin and Mark are getting MORE MOLECULAR than usual! We know, it's awesome, right? The motorcycle mostly started with iron, then steel and some bronze, and then we got aluminum, titanium, beryllium and more, plus all kinds of composites. Despite getting molecular, it's a big topic, so join us on our epic journey.  Looking to buy? Get prequalified https://octane.co/flex/1?a=171  Become a Channel Partner: https://octanemedia.co/home/become-an-advertiser/  Listen on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6CLI74xvMBFLDOC1tQaCOQ Read more from Cycle World: https://www.cycleworld.com/ Buy Cycle World Merch: https://teespring.com/stores/cycleworld

Transcript

00:00:00Hey, welcome back to the Cycle World Podcast. I'm Mark Hoyer, Editor-in-Chief. I'm with Kevin

00:00:04Cameron, our Technical Editor. This week's topic is fun with materials. What are motorcycles made

00:00:09of? It's been a long evolution, mostly metals, irons, and so forth. We kind of want to go through

00:00:21like, how are they made? What are they made of? What were the advantages? What were the disadvantages?

00:00:26And we're going to do the whole menu of the motorcycle here. We're going inside the engine

00:00:31and frames and, you know, everything that everything's made of. We might even talk about

00:00:36composites. I don't know. We're definitely going to talk a lot about metals today. You know,

00:00:46core audience, like we love you guys. Thanks for being here. Materials, getting weird on materials.

00:00:53Let's get molecular, Kevin. It's your job. It's the job. Well, the motorcycle, of course,

00:01:01was basically a Starley safety bicycle with one of the Dion Bouton's little four-stroke engines

00:01:13mounted on it. And Georges Bouton was the Count's man. And he had these little motors running

00:01:25at 2,000 RPM before 1900. So they went everywhere throughout the world. They built 20,000 of them

00:01:33by 1900. And it made the motorcycle inevitable. And the bicycle craze hit in Europe in the 90s.

00:01:47No more penny farthing with the great tall...

00:01:50You mean it's the 1890s in case we're...

00:01:53Yes, the 1890s.

00:01:57Yes, for those of you who haven't been here very long, the thing is that everything came together

00:02:04to make the bicycle possible. The ball bearing, which reduced friction. The pneumatic tire,

00:02:10which reduced friction. The roller chain, which meant that your feet didn't have to spin at the

00:02:17same rate as the wheel. And seamless drawn steel tubing. Now, if you pedal a bicycle vigorously,

00:02:30you will feel it flexing. The metal parts are not yielding. They're moving in the elastic range,

00:02:39but they're accumulating fatigue cycles. And at each application of stress,

00:02:45there are some little relaxations, some little over-strained atomic bonds go pop.

00:02:53And over a period of time, cyclic stress can lead to cracking and failure.

00:02:59You just reminded, as you've said in the past, everything reminds you of something else

00:03:04when you get to a certain age. There was a really great overhead shot from Tour de France a number of

00:03:09years ago, many years ago, 25, 30 years ago, where they would get the guys coming down the home stretch

00:03:17on the sprint to the finish. And they have got different specialists. You know, sometimes there's

00:03:22the sprinting guy, and I forget the guy's name, but he was an Italian with gigantic legs. And they had

00:03:29this overhead shot and they ran it in slow motion. And this is of highs. This is the best bicycle in the

00:03:34world at the time. And this guy's got enough torque to be flexing the bike as the slow motion camera

00:03:43is going directly overhead. And you can see everything whip-wapping out of alignment. It's beautiful.

00:03:51Yeah. Well, the cheap way to make steel tubing is to start with steel sheet

00:03:55and roll it up into a tube and weld down the seam. But the problem is that a weld is a zone of weakness,

00:04:07not necessarily of strength weakness, but of fatigue weakness, because as the weld cools,

00:04:15it drives impurities toward the center. And that is subject to early fatigue failure. So

00:04:24there was money in developing a seamless drawn steel tube. And the Mannesmann brothers in Germany

00:04:35came up with this. It's anyone who's worked with clay will appreciate the Mannesmann process, which has

00:04:46a piercing function. And then these cross rollers that have got the tubing between them,

00:04:58they start out with a great big lump. And basically what they're doing is they're causing

00:05:06a zone of tension at the center of this lump that allows the piercer to drive on through it.

00:05:16And of course, it's hot. So they were soon able to make long pieces of lovely seamless drawn steel

00:05:27tube. Name your wall thickness. We got it. And it was a big business and it was necessary for the

00:05:35bicycle because of the aforementioned flexing that's going on constantly.

00:05:39That would be what we call the D-O-M, drawn over mandrel.

00:05:42Drawn over mandrel is the seam welded stuff. Yes. And then, of course, you have the problem of joining

00:05:51the tubes to make a frame. And the elegant way of the early days persists to the present moment in the

00:05:59form of those lovely filigree lugs that almost look electro-formed. They're so spare in their

00:06:12use of material. The tubes go in the spelter, the brazing compound, and then the thing can be

00:06:20heated to form the joint. And this is not welding. This is brazing. Well, mild steel tubing

00:06:35is one choice. And in the early years of the 20th century, there was so much metallurgical research

00:06:46going on because the Western world at that time was rapidly industrializing. Let's not leave out Japan.

00:06:57So there was a need for all kinds of different alloyed materials.

00:07:01So the place where these raised frames were weakest was at the junctions. Because if you think of

00:07:18leverage applied to a frame trying to twist it, the greatest leverage is at the point of attachment

00:07:25attachment. Because a small force applied at the far end of the tube has great leverage over that

00:07:32attachment. So people hit upon the idea of the Reynolds tube company in England, who started out in the

00:07:43nail business, hit upon the idea of using something that looked a lot like management's equipment for

00:07:52seamless tube drawing to form tubes that were thicker at the ends,

00:08:01where the stress is greater. And this is the absolute ideal of economic structure is to put the material

00:08:09where the stress is. And rather than just say, well, two by fours are what we got. So bam, bam, let's build a house.

00:08:19We're not trying to make lightweight houses that can blow away easier in a tornado. But on any kind of vehicle,

00:08:28we're looking for economical use of material. And the idea of making the tubes thicker at the ends called

00:08:38Butting, the Reynolds process came out in 1897. Now, we tend to think of 1897 as a time of people posing for 30 minutes for

00:08:55severe looking portraits. Well, that's great, great granddad right there. He was a right bastard.

00:09:04And he looks it because he doesn't want to be there for half an hour like that. But all this wonderful

00:09:12work was going on. People were saying, what if we and then they got busy and did it. So these butted tubes

00:09:20were made thicker on the end. And it was a complicated process that involved a mandrel inside the tube,

00:09:31which when the butting process was finished, could not be removed without enlarging the tube enough

00:09:38to slide the mandrel out. And then they drew the tube back down to the original diameter. So it's like

00:09:46like the steel was the modeling clay in your hands if you worked with modeling clay when you were a child. I

00:09:53certainly did. Yeah, it's a reminder that this phrase hardest steel is not exactly accurate. I mean,

00:10:02it is hard, but it's also so fluid. And you can do a lot with it, especially with temperature. It's malleable. Yes. Yeah.

00:10:08Yeah. Double butting, triple butting. They were doing all of that. That was a big thing when

00:10:16before the composite craze took over in mountain bikes and so forth, you know, 25, 30 years ago or more,

00:10:24you had mountain bike frames that were double butted tubes, but they put the butting on the outside so

00:10:31you could see it. Ah, well, yes, it's good. You're going to sell somebody something better if they

00:10:38can see what it looks so I could see the difference. Look how cool this is. Um, anyway, uh, the material

00:10:45itself was a question. Mild steel has its limits. So in, in, uh, 1935, uh, Reynolds tube came up with

00:10:58Reynolds 531, which was a, um, manganese molybdenum steel. And when I saw manganese, I thought,

00:11:07Oh, that's what they put into pneumatic chisel steel, you know, jackhammer, uh, chisels.

00:11:15And, uh, the idea there was to maintain fine grain size, which is a bulwark against, um,

00:11:25brittleness and cracking. And, uh, the manganese had acted like a magnet on carbon, which otherwise might

00:11:34segregated the grain boundaries leading to brittleness. And they sold the daylights out of

00:11:42that stuff. Max Norton chassis were made from Reynolds 531. And those of you who are old enough

00:11:49will remember Ken Sprayson, who joined Reynolds tubes in 1950 and made a lifetime of making the most

00:11:58beautiful motorcycle chassis for, uh, demanding applications. So steel tubing is not just a piece

00:12:11of pipe. Although in my mind, I sometimes refer, uh, in a derogatory fashion to chassis of pipe,

00:12:22because that is certainly the past now, except for, uh, particular applications where steel tubing has

00:12:30advantages. Anyway, uh, in the U S 4130, which is a chromium molybdenum alloy, it can be welded.

00:12:43531 doesn't weld well. It's intended for brazing. Don't get it really hot because it's,

00:12:51it's interior trickery doesn't function anymore then. So, uh, 4130 was developed for the aircraft

00:13:00industry. You see those giant radial engines on a DC seven. They're supported by this spindly little

00:13:08structure of 4130 tubing, which is like two and a quarter inch stuff attached to a, a ring that then

00:13:18bolts, uh, onto the back of the engine in numerous places. We always call it chromoly, but Kevin said

00:13:26it, but it's chromoly. It's chromoly. Yeah. So, uh, lots and lots of motorcycle frames have been made

00:13:35from, from, uh, 4130. And there's the image in my mind, Irv Kanemoto, um, famous tuner engineer,

00:13:47uh, worked with Freddie Spencer. Um, he decided at one point that he wanted to try a stiffer chassis

00:13:56for the KR 750 Kawasaki triple liquid cooled, um, vibrated tremendously. So he goes to C and J and he

00:14:09says, I want to make, I want the frame to be made out of this inch and three eighths stuff. Well, that

00:14:14troubled the people greatly. Well, there's gotta be a reason why everybody uses inch and an eighth inch

00:14:22and a sixteenth. I want an inch, inch and three eighths. So eventually he did get, uh, a frame made

00:14:32like that. And of course the stiffness of, of tubes rises as a tremendous power of the diameter. So the

00:14:39thing was hell for stiff, but along right about that time, along came long travel suspension, which

00:14:47reduced the load of the suspension on the chassis. And so spiddly little chassis like that of the TZ 750

00:14:54could survive in that world just fine. Crazy stuff. Anyway, the Max Norton chassis was made of Reynolds

00:15:03531 tubing by a low temperature brazing. And it was a very influential design. Twin loop, uh, broadly

00:15:14supported the swing arm between the two loops at the rear. Um, it was a little weak around the

00:15:20steering head. People tell me who are running them in vintage. Um, but it looks like it would be

00:15:27during hard braking. There's, there's no, uh, diagonal member from the top of the steering head

00:15:34to a firm point located farther back. But people tried in the 1930s to make

00:15:43aluminum frames. It was a French outfit with a wonderfully unpronounceable name that I won't

00:15:49attempt to reproduce, but they, again and again, they cast this frame in aluminum and it was going

00:15:58to be the gas tank and the chassis. And this puts me in mind of so many people I knew when I was in my

00:16:0820s and 30s who were going to revolutionize the motorcycle by radically combining the functions,

00:16:17several functions into one part, which is a noble goal.

00:16:20Not so easily achieved because they poured the gasoline in and it ran out through numerous porosities.

00:16:30And when repeating the pouring process under different conditions didn't improve matters,

00:16:37they finally just gave a wonderful Gallic shrug and applied a sealer to the inside of the tank,

00:16:45but it didn't go anywhere. Well, it's the same thing happened with the British engine cases you

00:16:51would read in manuals of the day where, and transmission cases, if it's, you couldn't figure

00:16:58out where the leak was coming from. It was possibly coming through the material itself, through the

00:17:03porosity of the casting. And the, the fix as described in many books was to take everything

00:17:10apart and take the engine case where you suspected it to be leaking and peen it, take the peening end

00:17:16of a hammer and just and smash all that stuff together. Compress the surface. Yes. Let's just say we have

00:17:23it pretty good these days. We do indeed. Well, Taco had that in their, in their, uh, if this happens,

00:17:31do this section. So in 1968, um, Osa produced a welded monocoque chassis for their 250 single cylinder

00:17:44disc valve, two stroke, written by Santiago Herrero. Um, that brilliant Spanish writer. Uh,

00:17:55and it was, it was a strong performer and weighed very little. Uh, the next that I actually personally

00:18:07encountered was when Eric

00:18:09Offenstatt, a car and motorcycle

00:18:14sort of revolutionary,

00:18:19would-be revolutionary, he wanted to build all kinds of things.

00:18:24Instead of rattling

00:18:27on about it on the internet, which did not then exist, he built it.

00:18:31So he built this welded monocoque

00:18:34chassis for the severely

00:18:38vibrating Kawasaki H2 engine.

00:18:42It's an inline triple and it does this when it's running.

00:18:46And so the aluminum did that.

00:18:49And every night they would load up and go to the welder

00:18:52during Daytona practice.

00:18:55So that wasn't happening.

00:18:59Then the next biggie

00:19:01by an industrial corporation

00:19:04Yamaha motor who had

00:19:06R&D clout.

00:19:09In 1980, they decided

00:19:11we will now build square tube

00:19:14aluminum chassis for our

00:19:17500

00:19:19inline four Grand Prix

00:19:22bike.

00:19:23And Kenny Roberts related

00:19:26that

00:19:26the thing would crack every time they

00:19:30took it out to run.

00:19:32And since they were based in Holland,

00:19:35that wasn't necessarily very often because

00:19:37there's rain associated with the North Sea.

00:19:41But

00:19:41gradually

00:19:43they just kept building frames.

00:19:45Okay, we'll make the wall thickness

00:19:46greater.

00:19:47Oh, it's cracking at the joints.

00:19:49Maybe we should make them more

00:19:50organic, more flowing.

00:19:52Let us now be inspired by the roots

00:19:55of a tree.

00:19:55And it worked.

00:20:01They didn't look back.

00:20:04They made

00:20:04first the square tube

00:20:06aluminum chassis,

00:20:08which was

00:20:09welded

00:20:10out of a material called

00:20:12Z5D.

00:20:14and

00:20:16a friend

00:20:19who had access

00:20:20to some

00:20:20military

00:20:21information

00:20:23pool

00:20:23was able to get me

00:20:25the

00:20:26composition

00:20:27of the material.

00:20:29Oh, very hush-hush.

00:20:30It turns out that

00:20:31it was developed

00:20:33for making

00:20:34freight cars

00:20:35out of aluminum.

00:20:37And

00:20:38its

00:20:39benefit was

00:20:40it did not require

00:20:42post-weld

00:20:43heat treatment.

00:20:43because it was a

00:20:45precipitation

00:20:46hardening

00:20:47age hardening

00:20:48alloy.

00:20:50Now, the thing about

00:20:516061

00:20:53is that it does

00:20:54require post-weld

00:20:56heat treatment

00:20:56if you want

00:20:57best quality.

00:21:01And

00:21:02to prevent

00:21:02the thing from

00:21:03sagging in the oven,

00:21:04you've got to build

00:21:05this structure,

00:21:07a kind of

00:21:08scaffolding

00:21:08around the frame

00:21:09to guarantee

00:21:10the accuracy

00:21:12of the steering

00:21:13head

00:21:13with respect

00:21:14to the swing

00:21:15arm pivot.

00:21:17So

00:21:17that

00:21:19square two

00:21:20aluminum

00:21:21chassis

00:21:21evolved

00:21:22with the

00:21:23help of

00:21:24oh,

00:21:28what is his

00:21:28name?

00:21:30The

00:21:30Spanish

00:21:31constructor,

00:21:32Cobas.

00:21:34He was

00:21:35building

00:21:36chassis

00:21:37that were

00:21:38designed

00:21:39to be

00:21:39for engine

00:21:42service.

00:21:42So

00:21:43there were

00:21:44two beams

00:21:45from the

00:21:45steering head

00:21:46that went

00:21:46to the

00:21:47back of the

00:21:48engine

00:21:48and gearbox

00:21:48unit

00:21:49and then

00:21:50turned

00:21:50downward

00:21:51to form

00:21:52what you

00:21:53might call

00:21:53swing arm

00:21:54uprights

00:21:55because the

00:21:55swing arm

00:21:56was carried

00:21:56between those

00:21:57uprights.

00:21:58Now

00:21:59these

00:21:59large

00:22:00beams

00:22:00were

00:22:01fabricated

00:22:02from

00:22:02aluminum

00:22:02sheet

00:22:03by

00:22:05welding.

00:22:06So

00:22:06suddenly

00:22:07racing

00:22:08motorcycle

00:22:08frames

00:22:09changed.

00:22:11The

00:22:11uprights

00:22:11were

00:22:12machined

00:22:12from

00:22:12solid,

00:22:13the

00:22:13steering

00:22:14head

00:22:14was

00:22:14machined

00:22:15from

00:22:15solid,

00:22:16and then

00:22:16they

00:22:16were

00:22:16joined

00:22:16together

00:22:17by

00:22:18formed

00:22:19sheet

00:22:20metal

00:22:21beams.

00:22:21And

00:22:22the

00:22:23perimeter

00:22:23frame

00:22:24that

00:22:24Yamaha

00:22:24talked

00:22:25about

00:22:25in

00:22:25their

00:22:26promotion

00:22:26for

00:22:27such

00:22:27a

00:22:27long

00:22:28time

00:22:28originated

00:22:30at

00:22:30this

00:22:30time.

00:22:32Kawasaki

00:22:32on the

00:22:33other

00:22:33hand

00:22:33had

00:22:33built

00:22:34a

00:22:34riveted

00:22:35box

00:22:39section

00:22:40aluminum

00:22:41chassis

00:22:41for

00:22:42their

00:22:42500

00:22:43cc

00:22:44disc

00:22:44valve

00:22:45square

00:22:45four

00:22:45GP

00:22:46engine.

00:22:48I have

00:22:48seen a

00:22:48riveted

00:22:48version.

00:22:50Yeah.

00:22:50And

00:22:51of course

00:22:52when you

00:22:53weld

00:22:53aluminum

00:22:53you take

00:22:54a chance.

00:22:55When you

00:22:55rivet it

00:22:56the material

00:22:57is not

00:22:57heated.

00:22:59So

00:22:59if you

00:23:01use

00:23:01standard

00:23:01riveted

00:23:02joint

00:23:03design

00:23:04guidelines

00:23:04you should

00:23:05have

00:23:05something

00:23:06good.

00:23:07Well when

00:23:07they were

00:23:07using

00:23:07aluminum

00:23:08in

00:23:08aircraft

00:23:08in the

00:23:09early

00:23:09days

00:23:09they

00:23:09were

00:23:09welding

00:23:10joints

00:23:10and

00:23:10they

00:23:10gave

00:23:11that

00:23:12mostly

00:23:12up

00:23:13for

00:23:13structural

00:23:13applications

00:23:14welding

00:23:15because it

00:23:15showed

00:23:16a lot

00:23:17more

00:23:18cracking

00:23:18than

00:23:18a

00:23:18riveted

00:23:19construction.

00:23:20The big

00:23:20exception

00:23:21now

00:23:21was

00:23:22the

00:23:22wing

00:23:23carry

00:23:24through

00:23:24structure

00:23:25of

00:23:25F-111

00:23:26which

00:23:26supposedly

00:23:27was

00:23:27diffusion

00:23:28bonded.

00:23:30This is

00:23:31really crazy

00:23:32because it

00:23:33basically

00:23:34says

00:23:34if you

00:23:36put these

00:23:36pieces

00:23:37together

00:23:38under

00:23:38some

00:23:39pressure

00:23:39and

00:23:40elevate

00:23:40the

00:23:41temperature

00:23:41and

00:23:42just

00:23:42wait

00:23:43a

00:23:43while

00:23:43the

00:23:45diffusion

00:23:46of atoms

00:23:46goes on

00:23:47constantly

00:23:48and

00:23:50eventually

00:23:50it all

00:23:50becomes

00:23:51wonderfully

00:23:52solid

00:23:52without

00:23:54having to

00:23:55be raised

00:23:56up to

00:23:56melting

00:23:57fusion

00:23:57temperature.

00:24:01Bold

00:24:01project.

00:24:02Yeah,

00:24:03gosh.

00:24:03Swing

00:24:04wings,

00:24:04diffusion

00:24:05bonded

00:24:05carry-through

00:24:06structure.

00:24:06Wahoo!

00:24:08As my

00:24:08friend Ron

00:24:09Burns

00:24:09would say.

00:24:11Anyway,

00:24:11the

00:24:14Kawasaki

00:24:14impeded

00:24:16engine

00:24:16service

00:24:17because

00:24:17the

00:24:17one

00:24:18thing

00:24:18you

00:24:18do

00:24:18with

00:24:18the

00:24:19two

00:24:19strokes

00:24:19you

00:24:19have

00:24:19the

00:24:19spark

00:24:20plugs

00:24:20out

00:24:20every

00:24:21practice.

00:24:22Sometimes

00:24:22you have

00:24:22the

00:24:23heads

00:24:23off

00:24:23every

00:24:23practice

00:24:24because

00:24:24you

00:24:24want

00:24:25to

00:24:25know

00:24:25how

00:24:26the

00:24:26piston

00:24:27is

00:24:27doing.

00:24:28All

00:24:28of

00:24:28them.

00:24:30So

00:24:30what

00:24:31soon

00:24:32became

00:24:32one of

00:24:33the

00:24:33dominant

00:24:33forms

00:24:34of the

00:24:34modern

00:24:35motorcycle

00:24:35was

00:24:35this

00:24:36twin

00:24:36beam

00:24:36thing

00:24:37that

00:24:38is

00:24:38open

00:24:39in

00:24:39between.

00:24:40Oh,

00:24:40I can

00:24:41reach

00:24:41right

00:24:41in

00:24:41there

00:24:42and

00:24:42remove

00:24:43the

00:24:43carburetors,

00:24:44fuel

00:24:44injection,

00:24:45throttle

00:24:45bodies,

00:24:46what

00:24:46have

00:24:46you.

00:24:47It

00:24:48was

00:24:48a

00:24:48frame

00:24:49that

00:24:49mostly

00:24:50stood

00:24:50to one

00:24:51side

00:24:51while

00:24:52you

00:24:52did

00:24:52your

00:24:52work.

00:24:54And

00:24:54of

00:24:55course,

00:24:56Tambourini

00:24:56at

00:24:57Ducati

00:24:58designed

00:25:00their

00:25:00trellis

00:25:01frame,

00:25:02which

00:25:02in

00:25:03its

00:25:04wonderful

00:25:06flexibility

00:25:07and

00:25:08when

00:25:08you

00:25:08look

00:25:09at

00:25:09how

00:25:09it's

00:25:09made,

00:25:10it

00:25:10looks

00:25:10as

00:25:11though

00:25:11he

00:25:11was

00:25:11actually

00:25:12thinking,

00:25:13I

00:25:13can

00:25:13let

00:25:14the

00:25:14steering

00:25:14head

00:25:14move

00:25:15from

00:25:15side

00:25:15to

00:25:15side

00:25:16without

00:25:17tilting.

00:25:20But

00:25:21of course

00:25:21we can

00:25:22only

00:25:22speculate

00:25:22as to

00:25:23what

00:25:23went

00:25:23on

00:25:24in

00:25:24his

00:25:24mind

00:25:24because

00:25:25he's

00:25:25no

00:25:25longer

00:25:25with

00:25:26us.

00:25:27But

00:25:27a

00:25:28brilliant

00:25:28designer

00:25:29who

00:25:30started

00:25:31out

00:25:32without

00:25:32all

00:25:33of

00:25:33the

00:25:34preconceptions

00:25:36that

00:25:36we

00:25:37gained

00:25:37through

00:25:37higher

00:25:38education.

00:25:41So

00:25:41those

00:25:43have

00:25:43been

00:25:44the

00:25:45major

00:25:45forms

00:25:46of

00:25:46motorcycle

00:25:47chassis.

00:25:48The

00:25:49twin

00:25:49beam

00:25:50aluminum

00:25:50frame

00:25:51and

00:25:52the

00:25:52trellis

00:25:54steel

00:25:55tube

00:25:55frame.

00:25:56KTM

00:25:56became

00:25:57a

00:25:59leading

00:25:59advocate.

00:26:01Ducati

00:26:01had to

00:26:02abandon

00:26:02the trellis

00:26:03frame for

00:26:03high

00:26:04performance

00:26:05models

00:26:05around

00:26:071900

00:26:10when

00:26:101900

00:26:112000

00:26:11when

00:26:12they

00:26:12found

00:26:16that

00:26:16the

00:26:17trellis

00:26:18was

00:26:18no

00:26:19longer

00:26:19stiff

00:26:20enough

00:26:20to

00:26:21deal

00:26:21with

00:26:21tire

00:26:23grip

00:26:23which

00:26:24is

00:26:24constantly

00:26:25Dick

00:26:29O'Brien

00:26:30had some

00:26:30salty

00:26:31words

00:26:31for

00:26:32the

00:26:32people

00:26:32at

00:26:33Goodyear

00:26:33say

00:26:34just

00:26:34when

00:26:34we

00:26:35get

00:26:35our

00:26:35chassis

00:26:35working

00:26:36great

00:26:36here

00:26:37those

00:26:38guys

00:26:38come

00:26:38and

00:26:39he

00:26:39characterized

00:26:40them

00:26:40here

00:26:42they

00:26:43come

00:26:44with

00:26:44more

00:26:44grip

00:26:45and

00:26:45all

00:26:45our

00:26:45work

00:26:46is

00:26:46down

00:26:46the

00:26:46drain

00:26:47and

00:26:47we

00:26:47have

00:26:48to

00:26:48do

00:26:48it

00:26:48all

00:26:48over

00:26:48again

00:26:49well

00:26:49that's

00:26:50how

00:26:50motorcycles

00:26:50advance

00:26:51the

00:26:53tire

00:26:53people

00:26:54come

00:26:54up

00:26:54with

00:26:54more

00:26:55grip

00:26:55with

00:26:55more

00:26:57desirable

00:26:57properties

00:26:58the

00:26:58chassis

00:26:59would

00:26:59design

00:26:59for

00:27:00some

00:27:00other

00:27:00combination

00:27:01of

00:27:01properties

00:27:01oh

00:27:02all

00:27:04right

00:27:05well

00:27:06that

00:27:06famous

00:27:06two

00:27:07famous

00:27:07moments

00:27:08in

00:27:08super

00:27:08sport

00:27:09when

00:27:09the

00:27:10new

00:27:11grippy

00:27:11tire

00:27:11came

00:27:12out

00:27:12I

00:27:13think

00:27:13it

00:27:13was

00:27:13the

00:27:13D207

00:27:14Dunlop

00:27:15RR

00:27:16and

00:27:17they

00:27:19were

00:27:19testing

00:27:20and they

00:27:20said

00:27:20we're

00:27:21getting

00:27:21chatter

00:27:21and

00:27:23engineers

00:27:25said

00:27:25well

00:27:26go back

00:27:26to the

00:27:27old

00:27:27tire

00:27:27that

00:27:28was

00:27:28their

00:27:28solution

00:27:29for

00:27:29getting

00:27:29rid

00:27:29of

00:27:29the

00:27:30chatter

00:27:30and

00:27:31then

00:27:31I

00:27:32think

00:27:32you

00:27:32shared

00:27:32with

00:27:32me

00:27:33the

00:27:33switch

00:27:36to

00:27:36wire

00:27:37spoke

00:27:38laced

00:27:39wheels

00:27:39and

00:27:41because

00:27:41they

00:27:41have

00:27:41a

00:27:41little

00:27:42give

00:27:42the

00:27:42chatter

00:27:43frequency

00:27:44was

00:27:44moved

00:27:44away

00:27:45and

00:27:45the

00:27:45chatter

00:27:45was

00:27:46eliminated

00:27:46so

00:27:47if

00:27:47race

00:27:48team

00:27:48said

00:27:48why

00:27:49can't

00:27:50we

00:27:50issue

00:27:50a

00:27:51heritage

00:27:51model

00:27:52heritage

00:27:52edition

00:27:53with

00:27:54600

00:27:56yeah

00:27:57everything

00:27:58about

00:27:59those

00:27:59600

00:27:59was

00:28:00you know

00:28:00as

00:28:01radical

00:28:01as

00:28:01you

00:28:02could

00:28:02make

00:28:02on a

00:28:03production

00:28:03line

00:28:03and

00:28:03put

00:28:04wire

00:28:04wheels

00:28:04on

00:28:05it

00:28:05no

00:28:05we're

00:28:05not

00:28:05doing

00:28:06that

00:28:06so

00:28:08okay

00:28:08we've

00:28:09dealt

00:28:10with

00:28:10this

00:28:11type

00:28:12of

00:28:12metal

00:28:13chassis

00:28:14structure

00:28:14all

00:28:16the

00:28:16while

00:28:16there

00:28:17are

00:28:17people

00:28:17trying

00:28:18to

00:28:18make

00:28:19carbon

00:28:20fiber

00:28:20reinforced

00:28:21plastic

00:28:21chassis

00:28:22and

00:28:23at

00:28:24the

00:28:24time

00:28:24the

00:28:25objection

00:28:26to

00:28:26the

00:28:26carbon

00:28:27fiber

00:28:27was

00:28:27well

00:28:28yes

00:28:29we

00:28:29know

00:28:29that

00:28:29it

00:28:30has

00:28:30the

00:28:30it's

00:28:30wonderfully

00:28:31light

00:28:31it's

00:28:32wonderfully

00:28:32stiff

00:28:33but

00:28:35can

00:28:35you

00:28:35repair

00:28:35it

00:28:36or

00:28:36if

00:28:37the

00:28:37tire

00:28:37companies

00:28:38do

00:28:38come

00:28:38with

00:28:38more

00:28:39grip

00:28:39can

00:28:40you

00:28:40alter

00:28:40it

00:28:41well

00:28:42no

00:28:42we

00:28:43actually

00:28:43can't

00:28:44well

00:28:46then

00:28:47we're

00:28:47not

00:28:47interested

00:28:47but

00:28:49it's

00:28:49always

00:28:49been

00:28:49known

00:28:50that

00:28:51these

00:28:51properties

00:28:52could

00:28:53raise

00:28:54the

00:28:55game

00:28:55so

00:28:56what

00:28:56we

00:28:56see

00:28:57now

00:28:57is

00:28:57carbon

00:28:58fiber

00:28:58swing

00:28:59arms

00:28:59sometimes

00:29:00which

00:29:02we're

00:29:03told

00:29:03allow

00:29:05more

00:29:06flexure

00:29:07without

00:29:09cracking

00:29:09so

00:29:12the

00:29:14notion

00:29:14that

00:29:15when

00:29:15you're

00:29:15leaned

00:29:15over

00:29:16that

00:29:17that

00:29:17the

00:29:17rear

00:29:17suspension

00:29:18with

00:29:20the

00:29:20shock

00:29:21absorber

00:29:21and

00:29:21the

00:29:22linkage

00:29:22is

00:29:23nearly

00:29:23at

00:29:24right

00:29:24angles

00:29:24to

00:29:24the

00:29:25bump

00:29:25action

00:29:25which

00:29:25is

00:29:26straight

00:29:26up

00:29:26and

00:29:26down

00:29:27whereas

00:29:28the

00:29:28lateral

00:29:29flexibility

00:29:30of the

00:29:30swing

00:29:31arm

00:29:31beams

00:29:31becomes

00:29:33the

00:29:33suspension

00:29:33so

00:29:35hence

00:29:36the

00:29:37current

00:29:37interest

00:29:37in

00:29:38carbon

00:29:38fiber

00:29:39swing

00:29:39arms

00:29:39which

00:29:40can

00:29:40move

00:29:42laterally

00:29:42more

00:29:43while

00:29:44remaining

00:29:45reliably

00:29:46strong

00:29:46and

00:29:47sound

00:29:47well

00:29:48you saw

00:29:48that

00:29:49evolution

00:29:49with

00:29:49aluminum

00:29:50swing

00:29:50arms

00:29:51in

00:29:51super

00:29:51bike

00:29:51days

00:29:52where

00:29:52you

00:29:52used

00:29:53to

00:29:53have

00:29:53a

00:29:53pretty

00:29:53wide

00:29:54beam

00:29:54and

00:29:55then

00:29:55you

00:29:55had

00:29:55a

00:29:56bracing

00:29:56structure

00:29:56welded

00:29:57to it

00:29:57over

00:29:57and

00:29:58sometimes

00:29:58it

00:29:58was

00:29:58sheeted

00:29:59in

00:29:59but

00:29:59it

00:29:59was

00:29:59quite

00:29:59wide

00:30:00and

00:30:00then

00:30:00we

00:30:00saw

00:30:01the

00:30:01evolution

00:30:01to

00:30:02where

00:30:02the

00:30:03swing

00:30:03arm

00:30:03legs

00:30:04going

00:30:05around

00:30:05the

00:30:05wheel

00:30:05were

00:30:05quite

00:30:06thin

00:30:0725

00:30:07millimeters

00:30:08and

00:30:09then

00:30:09vertically

00:30:10everything

00:30:10was

00:30:11built

00:30:12up

00:30:13massively

00:30:13to

00:30:14resist

00:30:15axle

00:30:16you

00:30:17want

00:30:18to

00:30:18keep

00:30:18the

00:30:19two

00:30:19wheels

00:30:20parallel

00:30:21to

00:30:21the

00:30:21same

00:30:22plane

00:30:22they

00:30:22may

00:30:22move

00:30:23from

00:30:23side

00:30:23to

00:30:23side

00:30:24because

00:30:25for

00:30:25example

00:30:26when

00:30:26you

00:30:26lean

00:30:27over

00:30:27the

00:30:28part

00:30:28of

00:30:28the

00:30:28tire

00:30:29that's

00:30:29running

00:30:29on

00:30:30the

00:30:30ground

00:30:30is

00:30:31not

00:30:31centered

00:30:31and

00:30:33the

00:30:33motorcycle

00:30:34isn't

00:30:35objecting

00:30:35to

00:30:35that

00:30:36so

00:30:36we

00:30:37can

00:30:38allow

00:30:38them

00:30:38to

00:30:38move

00:30:39laterally

00:30:39I don't

00:30:40know

00:30:40if

00:30:41it

00:30:41was

00:30:41a

00:30:41coincident

00:30:42evolution

00:30:43but

00:30:43certainly

00:30:44swing arm

00:30:45pivot

00:30:45if you

00:30:46look

00:30:47on your

00:30:47RD350

00:30:48it's

00:30:48about

00:30:48as

00:30:49big

00:30:49as

00:30:49this

00:30:50tumbo

00:30:50pencil

00:30:51and

00:30:52then

00:30:52the

00:30:52rear

00:30:52axle

00:30:53also

00:30:53as

00:30:53big

00:30:53as

00:30:54this

00:30:54tumbo

00:30:54pencil

00:30:55solid

00:30:55and

00:30:57then

00:30:58now

00:30:58what

00:30:58we

00:30:58get

00:30:58these

00:30:58beautiful

00:30:59materials

00:31:00thin

00:31:00wall

00:31:00large

00:31:02diameter

00:31:02and

00:31:03that's

00:31:03to

00:31:03keep

00:31:03that

00:31:05structure

00:31:05strong

00:31:06so

00:31:06that

00:31:06you

00:31:06get

00:31:07basically

00:31:07a

00:31:07what

00:31:08is

00:31:09it

00:31:09it's

00:31:09a

00:31:09parallelogram

00:31:10yeah

00:31:10yes

00:31:12and

00:31:12it's

00:31:13flexing

00:31:13as a

00:31:13parallelogram

00:31:14yeah

00:31:14so

00:31:17but of

00:31:18course

00:31:18it's a

00:31:19it's a

00:31:19spring

00:31:20without a

00:31:20damper

00:31:21and the

00:31:22nice thing

00:31:22about

00:31:23carbon fiber

00:31:24which

00:31:24hasn't been

00:31:24mentioned

00:31:25is that

00:31:25because

00:31:26the

00:31:27plastic

00:31:28is not

00:31:28infinitely

00:31:29rigid

00:31:29it has

00:31:31some

00:31:31natural

00:31:31damping

00:31:32they

00:31:35they

00:31:35make

00:31:35bells

00:31:35out

00:31:36of

00:31:36metal

00:31:36because

00:31:38it

00:31:39keeps

00:31:40on

00:31:40ringing

00:31:40a

00:31:41wooden

00:31:41bell

00:31:41clunk

00:31:42the

00:31:43faithful

00:31:44do

00:31:44not

00:31:44come

00:31:44for

00:31:45evening

00:31:46mass

00:31:47so

00:31:48that's

00:31:51where

00:31:51frames

00:31:52are

00:31:52pretty

00:31:54much

00:31:54right

00:31:54now

00:31:54i've felt

00:31:55different

00:31:56damping

00:31:56in

00:31:56tires

00:31:56by the

00:31:57way

00:31:57just

00:31:57as

00:31:57long

00:31:58as

00:31:59we're

00:31:59on

00:31:59the

00:31:59subject

00:32:00changing

00:32:00the

00:32:00tire

00:32:01changing

00:32:01the

00:32:01weave

00:32:02changing

00:32:02the

00:32:03rubber

00:32:04tires

00:32:06that

00:32:06are

00:32:06bouncier

00:32:07yep

00:32:08to

00:32:08tires

00:32:08that

00:32:09do

00:32:09not

00:32:09do

00:32:09that

00:32:10which

00:32:10is

00:32:11generally

00:32:11something

00:32:12i think

00:32:13better

00:32:13for me

00:32:13yes

00:32:14dropping

00:32:15a ball

00:32:15of putty

00:32:16on the

00:32:16floor

00:32:16versus

00:32:17a

00:32:17ping

00:32:17pong

00:32:17ball

00:32:18well

00:32:20one

00:32:22of the

00:32:23things

00:32:23that is

00:32:23always

00:32:24greatly

00:32:24interested

00:32:24me

00:32:25is

00:32:26the

00:32:26actual

00:32:26hot

00:32:27parts

00:32:28of the

00:32:29internal

00:32:30combustion

00:32:30engine

00:32:31and

00:32:31because

00:32:33i

00:32:34suspect

00:32:34the

00:32:35railroads

00:32:36had

00:32:36required

00:32:37such

00:32:38expertise

00:32:39to be

00:32:39developed

00:32:40in the

00:32:40casting

00:32:41of iron

00:32:41that

00:32:42was

00:32:42a

00:32:43universal

00:32:43metal

00:32:44around

00:32:451900

00:32:45there

00:32:47were

00:32:47lots

00:32:47of

00:32:48foundries

00:32:48that

00:32:48could

00:32:48cast

00:32:49it

00:32:49with

00:32:50great

00:32:50skill

00:32:50so

00:32:52cylinder

00:32:52heads

00:32:53and

00:32:53cylinders

00:32:54were

00:32:55cast

00:32:55iron

00:32:55and

00:32:56they

00:32:56could

00:32:57make

00:32:57them

00:32:57with

00:32:57fins

00:32:58how

00:32:58many

00:32:58how

00:32:59deep

00:32:59you

00:33:01name

00:33:01it

00:33:02didn't

00:33:02have to

00:33:03put

00:33:03seats

00:33:03in

00:33:03them

00:33:03either

00:33:04yes

00:33:04yep

00:33:06this is

00:33:07this was

00:33:08mentioned

00:33:08in the

00:33:09material

00:33:11describing

00:33:12Honda's

00:33:13super

00:33:14cub

00:33:1450 cc

00:33:15step

00:33:15through

00:33:16why did

00:33:17you make

00:33:17the cylinder

00:33:18head out

00:33:18of cast

00:33:19iron

00:33:20because

00:33:20we

00:33:20didn't

00:33:21have

00:33:21to

00:33:21have

00:33:21separate

00:33:22valve

00:33:22seat

00:33:22rings

00:33:23didn't

00:33:23have

00:33:23to

00:33:24have

00:33:24separate

00:33:24guides

00:33:25and

00:33:26the

00:33:26solid

00:33:26iron

00:33:27cylinder

00:33:27means

00:33:28no

00:33:28boring

00:33:29and

00:33:29fitting

00:33:29of

00:33:29a

00:33:30liner

00:33:30how

00:33:31inexpensive

00:33:32how do

00:33:32we make

00:33:33it

00:33:33affordable

00:33:33how do

00:33:34we make

00:33:34it

00:33:34affordable

00:33:35and

00:33:35that's

00:33:35how you

00:33:35do

00:33:36it

00:33:36because

00:33:36if

00:33:37you

00:33:37get

00:33:37a

00:33:37beautiful

00:33:37cast

00:33:38loom

00:33:38it's

00:33:39transferring

00:33:40heat

00:33:40and it's

00:33:40got all

00:33:40these

00:33:41fins

00:33:41you have

00:33:42to put

00:33:42hard

00:33:43things

00:33:43where the

00:33:44valves

00:33:45are

00:33:45closing

00:33:45you have

00:33:46to

00:33:46take

00:33:47care

00:33:47of

00:33:47that

00:33:47and

00:33:47it's

00:33:47a lot

00:33:48of

00:33:48extra

00:33:48work

00:33:48it's

00:33:49worth

00:33:49it

00:33:49sometimes

00:33:50but if

00:33:51you want

00:33:51something

00:33:51that just

00:33:52functions

00:33:52if you

00:33:53want a

00:33:53motorcycle

00:33:53like the

00:33:54Subaru

00:33:54Cub

00:33:55which we

00:33:55just

00:33:55did a

00:33:56podcast

00:33:56on

00:33:57a week

00:33:58or two

00:33:58ago

00:33:59you just

00:34:01get rid

00:34:01of that

00:34:01Ford

00:34:02460

00:34:03current

00:34:03reference

00:34:04for me

00:34:04I've

00:34:04been

00:34:04inside

00:34:05a

00:34:05460

00:34:05for

00:34:06the

00:34:06past

00:34:06it's

00:34:07running

00:34:08but it

00:34:08was

00:34:08months

00:34:09of being

00:34:09inside

00:34:09of it

00:34:10and

00:34:10he's

00:34:10inside

00:34:11and he

00:34:11can't

00:34:11leave

00:34:12yeah

00:34:16there

00:34:16were

00:34:17no

00:34:17valve

00:34:18seats

00:34:19on that

00:34:19that was

00:34:19all

00:34:20just

00:34:22their

00:34:22cylinder

00:34:23head

00:34:23and when

00:34:23you get

00:34:23a crack

00:34:24on the

00:34:24seat

00:34:25area

00:34:25you have

00:34:26to

00:34:26drop

00:34:27a seat

00:34:27in

00:34:28and then

00:34:28seal

00:34:28that crack

00:34:29using

00:34:29interesting

00:34:30pinning

00:34:30methods

00:34:31and stuff

00:34:31stitching

00:34:33of cast

00:34:34iron

00:34:34yes

00:34:34so

00:34:35Honda

00:34:36came out

00:34:37with all

00:34:37iron head

00:34:38and cylinder

00:34:39in 58

00:34:39in 1966

00:34:40they switched

00:34:41to the

00:34:43higher

00:34:43conductivity

00:34:44aluminum

00:34:44but

00:34:45here's

00:34:47the

00:34:47problem

00:34:47you've

00:34:49built

00:34:49your

00:34:49iron

00:34:49engine

00:34:50it

00:34:50has

00:34:50a

00:34:50modest

00:34:50compression

00:34:51ratio

00:34:52and

00:34:52it

00:34:53doesn't

00:34:53put

00:34:53out

00:34:54a lot

00:34:54of

00:34:54power

00:34:54and

00:34:55you're

00:34:55happy

00:34:55to go

00:34:56waffling

00:34:56along

00:34:57an

00:34:57English

00:34:58country

00:34:58lane

00:34:58at

00:34:5935

00:35:00miles

00:35:01an hour

00:35:01enjoying

00:35:01the

00:35:02beautiful

00:35:02world

00:35:03in which

00:35:03we live

00:35:03yeah

00:35:04iron head

00:35:0554

00:35:05triumph

00:35:06is a

00:35:06little

00:35:06bit

00:35:06quieter

00:35:07than

00:35:07the

00:35:07later

00:35:07alloy

00:35:08heads

00:35:08they're

00:35:08really

00:35:08nice

00:35:09they don't

00:35:10have

00:35:10as much

00:35:10pop

00:35:10but

00:35:12you know

00:35:12there's

00:35:13they have

00:35:13their positive

00:35:15envelope of

00:35:16performance

00:35:16is a

00:35:17little

00:35:17smaller

00:35:17everything

00:35:18is designed

00:35:19to a

00:35:19set of

00:35:19conditions

00:35:20so as

00:35:22the

00:35:22American

00:35:23market

00:35:23said

00:35:23where's

00:35:24the

00:35:24beef

00:35:25come on

00:35:26now

00:35:26where's

00:35:27the

00:35:27beef

00:35:27so

00:35:28they're

00:35:28going to

00:35:29raise

00:35:29the

00:35:29compression

00:35:29they're

00:35:31going to

00:35:31give

00:35:32us a

00:35:33little

00:35:33more

00:35:33valentine

00:35:34oh

00:35:35it's

00:35:35making

00:35:35more

00:35:35power

00:35:36if it

00:35:36makes

00:35:37more

00:35:37power

00:35:37it

00:35:37makes

00:35:38more

00:35:38heat

00:35:38how

00:35:39does

00:35:40a

00:35:41constant

00:35:41number

00:35:42of

00:35:42fins

00:35:42get

00:35:43rid

00:35:43of

00:35:43more

00:35:43heat

00:35:44by

00:35:44becoming

00:35:45hotter

00:35:45so this

00:35:47means

00:35:47the

00:35:48cylinder

00:35:48head

00:35:49in order

00:35:49to rid

00:35:50itself

00:35:50of the

00:35:51heat

00:35:51of

00:35:51higher

00:35:51performance

00:35:52has to

00:35:53operate

00:35:53at a

00:35:54higher

00:35:54temperature

00:35:54because

00:35:55what is

00:35:56important

00:35:56is the

00:35:57difference

00:35:57the delta

00:35:59T

00:36:00between

00:36:01the hot

00:36:02thing

00:36:02that we

00:36:03want to

00:36:03cool

00:36:03and the

00:36:04cool

00:36:04medium

00:36:05to which

00:36:05we

00:36:07can

00:36:07transfer

00:36:08the

00:36:08heat

00:36:08so

00:36:09eventually

00:36:10they

00:36:10said

00:36:10okay

00:36:11we're

00:36:13running

00:36:13into

00:36:14detonation

00:36:15here

00:36:16detonation

00:36:17by the

00:36:17way

00:36:17is not

00:36:18pre-ignition

00:36:19detonation

00:36:19occurs

00:36:20after a

00:36:21completely

00:36:22normal

00:36:22cycle

00:36:23it's

00:36:23nearly

00:36:24burned

00:36:24out

00:36:25to the

00:36:25cylinder

00:36:25wall

00:36:26and just

00:36:26as the

00:36:27flame

00:36:27arrives

00:36:28near

00:36:28the

00:36:28cylinder

00:36:28wall

00:36:29sudden

00:36:30terrible

00:36:31spikes

00:36:31come up

00:36:32on the

00:36:32pressure

00:36:33volume

00:36:33diagram

00:36:34in a

00:36:35gasoline

00:36:35engine

00:36:36the

00:36:36combustion

00:36:37is initiated

00:36:38by the

00:36:39spark

00:36:39and then

00:36:40detonation

00:36:41happens

00:36:41yes

00:36:42later

00:36:42pre-ignition

00:36:43happens

00:36:44before the

00:36:44spark

00:36:45and it

00:36:46only happens

00:36:47very few

00:36:48times before

00:36:49it all

00:36:49goes wrong

00:36:50punches it

00:36:51through

00:36:51yeah

00:36:52detonation

00:36:52could go

00:36:53on a

00:36:53little bit

00:36:54longer

00:36:54but

00:36:55here's

00:36:56Harry

00:36:57Ricardo

00:36:57a name

00:36:57that you've

00:36:58heard me

00:36:58go on

00:36:59about

00:37:00why doesn't

00:37:00he shut

00:37:01up about

00:37:01old

00:37:01Harry

00:37:02but

00:37:03Ricardo

00:37:04was

00:37:04a

00:37:05wonderful

00:37:05combination

00:37:06of a

00:37:07curious

00:37:07person

00:37:08a

00:37:08hard

00:37:08working

00:37:09person

00:37:09and

00:37:10he

00:37:11had

00:37:11a

00:37:11respect

00:37:11for

00:37:12money

00:37:12that

00:37:13resulted

00:37:13in

00:37:14many

00:37:14patents

00:37:14so

00:37:16Harry

00:37:17says

00:37:17let's

00:37:18try

00:37:18bronze

00:37:19so

00:37:20on

00:37:20the

00:37:21Ricardo

00:37:22Triumph

00:37:22500

00:37:24they made

00:37:25the head

00:37:25out of

00:37:25bronze

00:37:26and

00:37:26indeed

00:37:27it was

00:37:28an

00:37:28improvement

00:37:28in

00:37:29heat

00:37:30transfer

00:37:30but

00:37:31not an

00:37:32enormous

00:37:32one

00:37:33yet

00:37:34the

00:37:34valves

00:37:34could

00:37:35still

00:37:35be

00:37:35seated

00:37:35against

00:37:36the

00:37:36bronze

00:37:37and

00:37:37their

00:37:37stems

00:37:37could

00:37:38operate

00:37:38in

00:37:38guides

00:37:39that

00:37:40were

00:37:40integral

00:37:40with

00:37:41the

00:37:41casting

00:37:41but

00:37:44the

00:37:45humans

00:37:45never

00:37:46stop

00:37:46once

00:37:47they

00:37:47find

00:37:47something

00:37:48that

00:37:48is

00:37:48rewarding

00:37:49they

00:37:50just

00:37:50like

00:37:50the

00:37:51people

00:37:51at

00:37:51the

00:37:51machines

00:37:52they

00:37:52keep

00:37:52pulling

00:37:53the

00:37:53handle

00:37:53and

00:37:53putting

00:37:54in

00:37:54quarters

00:37:54that's

00:37:56called

00:37:56R&D

00:37:56getting

00:37:59lucky

00:38:00really

00:38:01big

00:38:01matter

00:38:02yes

00:38:02so

00:38:04compression

00:38:07ratio

00:38:07is

00:38:07rising

00:38:08in

00:38:09the

00:38:10mid

00:38:1020s

00:38:10leaded

00:38:12gasoline

00:38:12arrived

00:38:13which

00:38:13meant

00:38:14that

00:38:14its

00:38:15octane

00:38:15number

00:38:16its

00:38:16resistance

00:38:17to

00:38:17detonation

00:38:18could

00:38:19be

00:38:20raised

00:38:22arbitrarily

00:38:23depending

00:38:24on how

00:38:24much of

00:38:25this

00:38:25extremely

00:38:26poisonous

00:38:26substance

00:38:27could

00:38:28be

00:38:29put

00:38:30into

00:38:30the

00:38:30fuel

00:38:30without

00:38:31causing

00:38:31spark plug

00:38:32problems

00:38:32so

00:38:34engines

00:38:36are making

00:38:36more and

00:38:37more power

00:38:37and again

00:38:40we run

00:38:40into that

00:38:41system

00:38:41of

00:38:41well now

00:38:43in order

00:38:43to get

00:38:43rid of

00:38:43the heat

00:38:44the head

00:38:45has to

00:38:45operate

00:38:45hotter

00:38:46and now

00:38:47we're

00:38:47detonating

00:38:48again

00:38:48to hear

00:38:48that

00:38:49little

00:38:50chittering

00:38:51noise

00:38:51that

00:38:55sometimes

00:38:56is audible

00:38:57to people

00:38:59who still

00:38:59have their

00:39:00hearing

00:39:00and

00:39:02it was

00:39:05time for

00:39:06a new

00:39:06material

00:39:06well

00:39:08let's make

00:39:09the heads

00:39:10out of

00:39:10aluminum

00:39:10sorry

00:39:12guys

00:39:12the

00:39:13hard

00:39:14seat

00:39:14rings

00:39:15that

00:39:16aluminum

00:39:16requires

00:39:17for the

00:39:17valves

00:39:18to seat

00:39:18upon

00:39:19we can't

00:39:19keep

00:39:20them

00:39:20in the

00:39:21head

00:39:21at

00:39:23the

00:39:24operating

00:39:24temperature

00:39:25of the

00:39:25head

00:39:26the

00:39:26aluminum

00:39:26is already

00:39:27kind of

00:39:27losing

00:39:30strength

00:39:31and

00:39:33so

00:39:35they

00:39:35screwed

00:39:36the

00:39:36seat

00:39:36rings

00:39:37in

00:39:37they

00:39:38swedged

00:39:38them

00:39:38in

00:39:39they

00:39:39shrunk

00:39:40them

00:39:40in

00:39:40they

00:39:41all

00:39:42came

00:39:42loose

00:39:42skulls

00:39:44they

00:39:44used

00:39:44skulls

00:39:45they

00:39:45used

00:39:45little

00:39:45cast

00:39:46skulls

00:39:46of

00:39:46where

00:39:47the

00:39:47valve

00:39:48rings

00:39:48would be

00:39:49and then

00:39:49inside

00:39:50and the

00:39:50spark plug

00:39:51threads

00:39:51it was meant

00:39:53to hold

00:39:53it all

00:39:54in there

00:39:54and then

00:39:54they cast

00:39:55the aluminum

00:39:55around

00:39:55the skull

00:39:56the skull

00:39:57by itself

00:39:58looks like

00:39:58a weird

00:39:59pair of

00:40:00steampunk

00:40:01spectacles

00:40:01with the

00:40:03cross-eye

00:40:03mechanism

00:40:04in the

00:40:04middle

00:40:04yes

00:40:05and

00:40:06Norton

00:40:07with their

00:40:08racing

00:40:09engines

00:40:09persisted

00:40:10with skull

00:40:11construction

00:40:11until

00:40:121950

00:40:13and

00:40:15the

00:40:16horners

00:40:17in

00:40:17Australia

00:40:18have used

00:40:18skull

00:40:19construction

00:40:19on their

00:40:20Irving

00:40:20Vincents

00:40:21the

00:40:22four-valve

00:40:22ones

00:40:23because

00:40:25it's so

00:40:26difficult

00:40:26in an air

00:40:27cooled

00:40:27engine

00:40:27to avoid

00:40:28cracking

00:40:29between

00:40:29paired

00:40:30exhaust

00:40:30valves

00:40:30placed in

00:40:31between

00:40:32the two

00:40:32very hot

00:40:33valves

00:40:34and ports

00:40:34that

00:40:35metal

00:40:35is

00:40:35constantly

00:40:36being

00:40:36expanded

00:40:37and

00:40:37contracted

00:40:38and

00:40:39when you

00:40:39do

00:40:40that

00:40:40with

00:40:40metal

00:40:40all

00:40:41those

00:40:42little

00:40:42defects

00:40:42all

00:40:43those

00:40:43little

00:40:43lifetime

00:40:45unions

00:40:45that

00:40:46suddenly

00:40:46go

00:40:46you're

00:40:48losing

00:40:49bond

00:40:49strength

00:40:50a crack

00:40:50forms

00:40:51badness

00:40:54in

00:40:56all

00:40:56sorts

00:40:57of

00:40:57high

00:40:57duty

00:40:58air

00:40:59cooled

00:40:59engines

00:41:00with

00:41:00aluminum

00:41:00heads

00:41:01it

00:41:02is

00:41:02fiendish

00:41:03the

00:41:05ingenuity

00:41:05of nature

00:41:06in

00:41:06thwarting

00:41:07your

00:41:07ability

00:41:08to

00:41:09make

00:41:09all

00:41:09this

00:41:09work

00:41:10work

00:41:11properly

00:41:11but

00:41:13eventually

00:41:16what

00:41:17happened

00:41:17was

00:41:18in

00:41:19the

00:41:19US

00:41:19at

00:41:20McCook

00:41:21Field

00:41:21in

00:41:22Dayton

00:41:22Ohio

00:41:23whenever I

00:41:24type

00:41:24Dayton

00:41:25and

00:41:25A

00:41:25forms

00:41:26at

00:41:26the

00:41:26end

00:41:26of it

00:41:27my

00:41:27fingers

00:41:27want

00:41:28to

00:41:28say

00:41:28Daytona

00:41:29there

00:41:32is

00:41:32S.D.

00:41:34Herron

00:41:34a

00:41:35crabby

00:41:35Englishman

00:41:36who

00:41:37is

00:41:38deeply

00:41:39annoyed

00:41:39that

00:41:39everyone

00:41:40isn't

00:41:40as

00:41:40clever

00:41:41as

00:41:41he

00:41:41and

00:41:42you've

00:41:43met

00:41:43these

00:41:43people

00:41:43I

00:41:44have

00:41:45yes

00:41:45he's

00:41:48annoyed

00:41:48because

00:41:49the

00:41:49seat

00:41:49rings

00:41:50won't

00:41:50stay

00:41:50in

00:41:51the

00:41:52air

00:41:52cooled

00:41:52cylinder

00:41:53heads

00:41:53that

00:41:53he

00:41:53is

00:41:54working

00:41:54hard

00:41:54to

00:41:55develop

00:41:55for

00:41:56aircraft

00:41:56engines

00:41:57and

00:41:59then

00:42:00he

00:42:00thinks

00:42:00to

00:42:00himself

00:42:01wait

00:42:01a

00:42:02minute

00:42:02didn't

00:42:02we

00:42:02do

00:42:02something

00:42:03like

00:42:03this

00:42:03in

00:42:031916

00:42:05during

00:42:05the

00:42:06first

00:42:06world

00:42:06war

00:42:07a

00:42:09material

00:42:10called

00:42:10Y

00:42:11alloy

00:42:11was

00:42:12developed

00:42:12that

00:42:12had

00:42:13outstanding

00:42:13hot

00:42:14strength

00:42:14but

00:42:16it

00:42:16could

00:42:16only

00:42:16be

00:42:16forged

00:42:17it

00:42:17couldn't

00:42:17be

00:42:18cast

00:42:18if

00:42:20you

00:42:20cast

00:42:20it

00:42:21a little

00:42:21bit

00:42:21too

00:42:21cool

00:42:22it

00:42:22wouldn't

00:42:23fill

00:42:23the

00:42:23mold

00:42:23details

00:42:24if

00:42:25you

00:42:25cast

00:42:25it

00:42:25hot

00:42:26enough

00:42:26to

00:42:26flow

00:42:27and

00:42:27fill

00:42:28the

00:42:28mold

00:42:28perfectly

00:42:29it

00:42:30bubbled

00:42:31up

00:42:31with

00:42:31porosity

00:42:32it's

00:42:34mother

00:42:34nature

00:42:34at work

00:42:35she's

00:42:35playing

00:42:35with

00:42:36us

00:42:36and

00:42:39so

00:42:41he

00:42:41thought

00:42:41okay

00:42:42this

00:42:44is a

00:42:44US

00:42:44army

00:42:45facility

00:42:45they

00:42:46have

00:42:46a

00:42:46staff

00:42:47metallurgist

00:42:48here

00:42:48I

00:42:50go

00:42:50I'll

00:42:50go

00:42:50see

00:42:51him

00:42:51so

00:42:52he

00:42:52goes

00:42:52to

00:42:52see

00:42:53E.H.

00:42:54Dix

00:42:55D.I.X.

00:42:56Junior

00:42:56who

00:42:58would

00:42:59later

00:42:59become

00:43:00chief

00:43:00metallurgist

00:43:01for

00:43:01Alcoa

00:43:02an enormous

00:43:02corporation

00:43:03but here

00:43:03he is

00:43:04at

00:43:05McCook

00:43:05field

00:43:05and

00:43:07Heron

00:43:07says

00:43:08look

00:43:08here's

00:43:09the

00:43:09problem

00:43:09this

00:43:10material

00:43:10doesn't

00:43:11have

00:43:11enough

00:43:14hot

00:43:14strength

00:43:15why

00:43:16alloy

00:43:16does

00:43:17but we

00:43:17can't

00:43:17cast

00:43:18it

00:43:18so

00:43:19can

00:43:19you

00:43:19like

00:43:20doctor

00:43:20it

00:43:21come

00:43:21up

00:43:21with

00:43:21some

00:43:21kind

00:43:22of

00:43:22a

00:43:22fix

00:43:22and

00:43:24Dix

00:43:25goes

00:43:25away

00:43:26and

00:43:26does

00:43:26his

00:43:27magic

00:43:27and

00:43:28the

00:43:29material

00:43:30that he

00:43:30came

00:43:30up

00:43:31with

00:43:31alloy

00:43:32242

00:43:33I

00:43:34think

00:43:34was

00:43:35used

00:43:35to

00:43:36cast

00:43:36millions

00:43:37of

00:43:39radial

00:43:39air

00:43:40cooled

00:43:40radial

00:43:41aircraft

00:43:41engine

00:43:42cylinder

00:43:42heads

00:43:42during

00:43:43World

00:43:43War

00:43:43II

00:43:44millions

00:43:44and

00:43:46it

00:43:47wasn't

00:43:47perfect

00:43:47it

00:43:48wasn't

00:43:49easy

00:43:49it

00:43:49was

00:43:49never

00:43:50easy

00:43:50to

00:43:50cast

00:43:51but

00:43:51it

00:43:52was

00:43:52enough

00:43:53better

00:43:54to

00:43:54justify

00:43:54its

00:43:55use

00:43:55so

00:43:56as

00:43:58close

00:43:59as I

00:43:59can

00:43:59figure

00:44:00somehow

00:44:00Velocet

00:44:01learned

00:44:03of the

00:44:03existence

00:44:03of this

00:44:04improved

00:44:05cylinder

00:44:06head

00:44:07material

00:44:07and

00:44:08they

00:44:09adopted

00:44:10it

00:44:10and

00:44:11had

00:44:13superior

00:44:14head

00:44:15cooling

00:44:15which

00:44:15meant

00:44:16they

00:44:16could

00:44:16run

00:44:16a little

00:44:17more

00:44:17compression

00:44:17than

00:44:19the

00:44:19corresponding

00:44:20350

00:44:20Norton

00:44:21Manx

00:44:21and that

00:44:23persisted

00:44:24until

00:44:241950

00:44:25but

00:44:26this

00:44:26is the

00:44:26kind

00:44:27of

00:44:27thing

00:44:27that

00:44:27happened

00:44:27I

00:44:28don't know

00:44:28man

00:44:28knowing what I

00:44:29know about

00:44:29Velocetum

00:44:30I'm surprised

00:44:30they spent

00:44:31the money

00:44:31yeah

00:44:32well

00:44:33gotta win

00:44:34yeah

00:44:35unlike

00:44:37Norton

00:44:37who

00:44:38like all

00:44:39racers

00:44:40spent

00:44:40what do

00:44:40you mean

00:44:41what did

00:44:41we spend

00:44:42all we

00:44:42had

00:44:42yep

00:44:45so

00:44:46it

00:44:48became

00:44:49possible

00:44:49to make

00:44:50seat rings

00:44:50stay

00:44:51in this

00:44:52new

00:44:52material

00:44:53and

00:44:54when

00:44:54the late

00:44:55John

00:44:55Wittner

00:44:56who built

00:44:56that

00:44:57marvelous

00:44:58modified

00:45:00Guzzi

00:45:02for

00:45:03Battle

00:45:03of the

00:45:03Twins

00:45:04racing

00:45:04that

00:45:04had

00:45:05the

00:45:06parallelogram

00:45:07rear

00:45:09arrangement

00:45:10so that

00:45:11it

00:45:11didn't

00:45:12climb

00:45:12and

00:45:13sink

00:45:13with

00:45:14the

00:45:14throttle

00:45:14shaft

00:45:16drive

00:45:16model

00:45:16like

00:45:17BMWs

00:45:18he was

00:45:21invited

00:45:21to come

00:45:22to the

00:45:22factory

00:45:23and work

00:45:23as an

00:45:24engineer

00:45:24which he

00:45:24did for

00:45:25several

00:45:25years

00:45:26and while

00:45:28he was

00:45:28there

00:45:28he designed

00:45:30the four

00:45:31valve cylinder

00:45:31heads

00:45:32for that

00:45:3390 degree

00:45:34V-twin

00:45:34and looking

00:45:36for the

00:45:36alloy he

00:45:37said

00:45:37to me

00:45:38I found

00:45:40the perfect

00:45:41material

00:45:42the Italian

00:45:43alloy system

00:45:44is wonderfully

00:45:45cross-referenced

00:45:46you

00:45:46you sort

00:45:47of tell

00:45:48it what

00:45:48you're

00:45:48looking

00:45:49for

00:45:49and it

00:45:49says

00:45:49oh well

00:45:50it's got

00:45:50to be

00:45:50one of

00:45:51these

00:45:51and he

00:45:52said

00:45:53it wasn't

00:45:54easy to

00:45:54cast

00:45:55and this

00:45:57would have

00:45:57been

00:45:57in the

00:45:591980s

00:46:00so

00:46:01that

00:46:03material

00:46:04evolved

00:46:06over time

00:46:08to be

00:46:10just as

00:46:12the ticket

00:46:13for air

00:46:13cooled

00:46:14cylinder

00:46:14heads

00:46:14but

00:46:15in

00:46:16pistons

00:46:17Y-alloy

00:46:19was

00:46:20steadily

00:46:21developed

00:46:21or I

00:46:21should

00:46:22say

00:46:22the

00:46:22alloying

00:46:23concept

00:46:24behind

00:46:24it

00:46:24was

00:46:25steadily

00:46:25evolved

00:46:26which

00:46:26is

00:46:26the

00:46:27formation

00:46:28of

00:46:28intermetallic

00:46:29compounds

00:46:30that is

00:46:30bonds

00:46:32between

00:46:32different

00:46:33kinds

00:46:33of

00:46:34metal

00:46:34atoms

00:46:34to

00:46:36form

00:46:36hard

00:46:37particulates

00:46:41in the

00:46:43crystal

00:46:43lattice

00:46:44which

00:46:44act

00:46:45as

00:46:45pins

00:46:46to

00:46:47prevent

00:46:47one

00:46:47layer

00:46:49of

00:46:49atoms

00:46:49from

00:46:50bump

00:46:51bump

00:46:51sliding

00:46:52across

00:46:52another

00:46:53layer

00:46:53what

00:46:54results

00:46:55higher

00:46:55strength

00:46:56if it

00:46:58can't

00:46:58slide

00:46:59it

00:46:59can't

00:47:00bend

00:47:00so

00:47:02this

00:47:04material

00:47:05was

00:47:07developed

00:47:07to the

00:47:08point

00:47:08in

00:47:091939

00:47:10in

00:47:10the

00:47:10form

00:47:11of

00:47:11RR58

00:47:12that

00:47:14piston

00:47:14material

00:47:15used

00:47:15for

00:47:16pistons

00:47:16Ducati

00:47:17was

00:47:17using

00:47:17it

00:47:17for

00:47:18their

00:47:18race

00:47:18engines

00:47:18right

00:47:19up

00:47:19to

00:47:191999

00:47:21or

00:47:212000

00:47:22developed

00:47:22before

00:47:23World War

00:47:23II

00:47:24by

00:47:24Rolls

00:47:24Royce

00:47:25yep

00:47:25RR

00:47:27Rolls

00:47:28Royce

00:47:28yep

00:47:29and

00:47:30and

00:47:31they

00:47:31didn't

00:47:31call

00:47:31it

00:47:32just

00:47:32aluminum

00:47:32they

00:47:32called

00:47:33it

00:47:33hiduminium

00:47:35well

00:47:35hiduminium

00:47:36was

00:47:37the

00:47:37corporation

00:47:37that

00:47:38that

00:47:39sort

00:47:40of

00:47:40drove

00:47:42the

00:47:42development

00:47:43of

00:47:44aluminum

00:47:46metallurgy

00:47:46in England

00:47:47in a

00:47:47certain

00:47:47period

00:47:48and

00:47:49the

00:47:49hiduminium

00:47:50guy

00:47:51was a

00:47:52Brooklands

00:47:53regular

00:47:54so

00:47:55if you

00:47:56had

00:47:56troubles

00:47:57with

00:47:58aluminum

00:47:59material

00:48:00they'd

00:48:00say

00:48:00go

00:48:01see

00:48:01that

00:48:01guy

00:48:01well

00:48:02he's

00:48:02out

00:48:03there

00:48:03directly

00:48:03suffering

00:48:04the

00:48:06problem

00:48:06because

00:48:07he

00:48:07wants

00:48:07something

00:48:08more

00:48:08and

00:48:08that's

00:48:09where

00:48:09it

00:48:09comes

00:48:09from

00:48:10I

00:48:10just

00:48:11gotta

00:48:11but

00:48:13it's

00:48:13high

00:48:14it's

00:48:14high

00:48:14what

00:48:14is

00:48:15high

00:48:15durability

00:48:15aluminum

00:48:16that's

00:48:16how

00:48:16they

00:48:16put

00:48:16it

00:48:16that's

00:48:17how

00:48:17they

00:48:17got

00:48:17hiduminium

00:48:18it's

00:48:20good

00:48:21stuff

00:48:21yep

00:48:22so

00:48:22today

00:48:23we

00:48:23have

00:48:242618

00:48:25which

00:48:26is

00:48:26basically

00:48:27RR58

00:48:28which

00:48:28traces

00:48:29its

00:48:29heritage

00:48:29back

00:48:30to

00:48:301916

00:48:31and

00:48:32a

00:48:33steady

00:48:33development

00:48:34well

00:48:35why

00:48:35aren't

00:48:35we

00:48:36all

00:48:36using

00:48:36high

00:48:37zoot

00:48:37modern

00:48:39breakthrough

00:48:40materials

00:48:40because

00:48:41an old

00:48:43friend

00:48:43is

00:48:44irreplaceable

00:48:45when

00:48:47you get

00:48:47an alloy

00:48:47that you

00:48:48whose

00:48:48behavior

00:48:49in

00:48:50being

00:48:50poured

00:48:51in

00:48:51being

00:48:52forged

00:48:52in

00:48:53service

00:48:54in a

00:48:54variety

00:48:55of

00:48:55applications

00:48:55I

00:48:57think

00:48:57RR58

00:48:58was

00:48:59selected

00:48:59for

00:49:00structural

00:49:00parts

00:49:01in

00:49:02Concorde

00:49:03because

00:49:05of its

00:49:05high

00:49:06strength

00:49:07temperature

00:49:08Concorde

00:49:09flew

00:49:10fast

00:49:11enough

00:49:11to

00:49:11have

00:49:12aerodynamic

00:49:12heating

00:49:13so

00:49:15here's

00:49:17this

00:49:17material

00:49:17that's

00:49:18come

00:49:18down

00:49:18to

00:49:18us

00:49:19through

00:49:19the

00:49:20ages

00:49:20well

00:49:21there

00:49:21are

00:49:21materials

00:49:22beyond

00:49:22this

00:49:23at

00:49:24one

00:49:24point

00:49:25formula

00:49:26one

00:49:26began

00:49:27to

00:49:27play

00:49:28with

00:49:29what's

00:49:29called

00:49:30dispersed

00:49:33phase

00:49:34strengthening

00:49:35I love

00:49:37this

00:49:37dispersed

00:49:38phase

00:49:39strengthening

00:49:39now

00:49:40if you

00:49:42precipitate

00:49:43the phase

00:49:44in the

00:49:44form of

00:49:44intermetallics

00:49:45out of

00:49:48molten

00:49:48material

00:49:49or hot

00:49:49material

00:49:50that's

00:49:51legal

00:49:51according

00:49:52to

00:49:52the

00:49:52FIM

00:49:53but

00:49:54if

00:49:54you

00:49:55add

00:49:55the

00:49:57hard

00:49:57particles

00:49:57to

00:49:59the

00:50:00aluminum

00:50:00and

00:50:00mix

00:50:01it

00:50:01in

00:50:01by

00:50:01repeatedly

00:50:02extruding

00:50:03it

00:50:03that's

00:50:05a

00:50:05composite

00:50:05even

00:50:08though

00:50:08the

00:50:08strength

00:50:09generating

00:50:11mechanism

00:50:11is the

00:50:12same

00:50:12in both

00:50:12cases

00:50:13politics

00:50:15anyway

00:50:17with this

00:50:19dispersed

00:50:19phase

00:50:20strengthening

00:50:21they were

00:50:22able to

00:50:23double

00:50:23the

00:50:25strength

00:50:25of

00:50:25pistons

00:50:26versus

00:50:272618

00:50:28and

00:50:30you know

00:50:30it's like

00:50:32this stuff

00:50:32is saying

00:50:33to quote

00:50:33from the

00:50:34good book

00:50:34all this

00:50:36will I

00:50:37give thee

00:50:37if thou

00:50:38wilt

00:50:38fall

00:50:39down

00:50:39and

00:50:40worship

00:50:40me

00:50:40so

00:50:43that's

00:50:45where

00:50:46pistons

00:50:46are

00:50:46in terms

00:50:47of

00:50:47materials

00:50:48in terms

00:50:49of

00:50:49design

00:50:50we've

00:50:50talked

00:50:51about

00:50:51that

00:50:51so

00:50:51many

00:50:51times

00:50:52you're

00:50:53probably

00:50:53sick

00:50:54of it

00:50:55so

00:50:56early

00:50:57crankshafts

00:50:58motorcycles

00:51:01were built

00:51:02in small

00:51:02shops

00:51:03not large

00:51:03factories

00:51:04that

00:51:05meant

00:51:05that

00:51:06whatever

00:51:06you

00:51:06built

00:51:07had

00:51:07to be

00:51:08machinable

00:51:09on

00:51:10general

00:51:11purpose

00:51:11machine

00:51:11tools

00:51:12so

00:51:13the

00:51:13crankshafts

00:51:14were made

00:51:14in five

00:51:15pieces

00:51:15two

00:51:16cast

00:51:16iron

00:51:16flywheels

00:51:17full

00:51:17circle

00:51:18cored out

00:51:20sometimes

00:51:21to produce

00:51:23the

00:51:24degree of

00:51:25counterweighting

00:51:26roughly

00:51:26speaking

00:51:27which

00:51:28could then

00:51:28be corrected

00:51:29by drilling

00:51:30the rim

00:51:30of the

00:51:31wheels

00:51:31two

00:51:32made

00:51:33shafts

00:51:34steel

00:51:34which

00:51:35were

00:51:36fitted

00:51:36into

00:51:37the

00:51:37flywheels

00:51:38by means

00:51:38taper

00:51:39plus

00:51:40key

00:51:40plus

00:51:42a very

00:51:42thin

00:51:42nut

00:51:43for

00:51:43retention

00:51:44and

00:51:45then

00:51:46the

00:51:46fifth

00:51:46part

00:51:47the

00:51:47crank

00:51:48pin

00:51:48which

00:51:49again

00:51:49was

00:51:50fitted

00:51:51into

00:51:51the

00:51:51flywheels

00:51:52by means

00:51:53of

00:51:53taper

00:51:54and

00:51:54nut

00:51:54and

00:51:56I

00:51:56remember

00:51:56seeing

00:51:57a

00:51:58fellow

00:51:58who

00:51:58was

00:51:59known

00:52:00to his

00:52:00friends

00:52:01as

00:52:01Barry

00:52:01Badrist

00:52:02walking

00:52:04across

00:52:04a parking

00:52:05lot

00:52:05at MIT

00:52:06carrying

00:52:07a

00:52:07Manx

00:52:07crankshaft

00:52:08and

00:52:10he was

00:52:10telling us

00:52:11all about

00:52:11how the

00:52:12nuts

00:52:13are

00:52:13tightened

00:52:15with a

00:52:15special

00:52:16spanner

00:52:16and

00:52:17once

00:52:18they're

00:52:18tightened

00:52:18to the

00:52:19correct

00:52:19torque

00:52:20the

00:52:21part

00:52:21that

00:52:21you

00:52:22engage

00:52:22the

00:52:23spanner

00:52:23with

00:52:23is

00:52:24sawn

00:52:24off

00:52:25to

00:52:27provide

00:52:28clearance

00:52:28for the

00:52:28connecting

00:52:29rod

00:52:30well it

00:52:31wasn't

00:52:31long

00:52:31before

00:52:32the

00:52:33power

00:52:35happy

00:52:36humans

00:52:36were

00:52:37not

00:52:37satisfied

00:52:38with

00:52:382500

00:52:39RPM

00:52:39they

00:52:40wanted

00:52:405000

00:52:416000

00:52:42and so

00:52:43on

00:52:44what was

00:52:46the result

00:52:46the stronger

00:52:48steel

00:52:48material

00:52:49in the

00:52:50soft

00:52:50cast

00:52:51iron

00:52:51wallowed

00:52:52loose

00:52:53so

00:52:56okay

00:52:56we'll

00:52:57switch

00:52:57to

00:52:58steel

00:52:58fly

00:52:59wheels

00:52:59and

00:53:01at

00:53:01this

00:53:01point

00:53:01Robert

00:53:03Iannucci

00:53:03a

00:53:05always

00:53:06a

00:53:06driving

00:53:06force

00:53:07in

00:53:07US

00:53:08motorcycle

00:53:08vintage

00:53:09racing

00:53:10and

00:53:11a

00:53:11controversial

00:53:11figure

00:53:12steps

00:53:16in

00:53:16and

00:53:16says

00:53:17there

00:53:17are

00:53:18G50

00:53:18matchless

00:53:20G50

00:53:20fly

00:53:21wheels

00:53:21which

00:53:21are

00:53:22just

00:53:23mild

00:53:24steel

00:53:25holding

00:53:26doors

00:53:26open

00:53:27all

00:53:27over

00:53:27the

00:53:28UK

00:53:28because

00:53:30the

00:53:31business

00:53:31of

00:53:32main

00:53:32shafts

00:53:33coming

00:53:33loose

00:53:34has

00:53:35to

00:53:35do

00:53:35with

00:53:36how

00:53:37strong

00:53:37is

00:53:38this

00:53:38material

00:53:38what

00:53:39will

00:53:39it

00:53:39take

00:53:40to

00:53:40yield

00:53:40it

00:53:40so

00:53:42others

00:53:42went

00:53:42forward

00:53:43with

00:53:43alloy

00:53:43steel

00:53:44fly

00:53:45wheels

00:53:45and

00:53:46stuff

00:53:47that was

00:53:48all

00:53:48machine

00:53:48no

00:53:49castings

00:53:50high

00:53:54strength

00:53:55steels

00:53:55were

00:53:56not

00:53:58something

00:53:58that had

00:53:59to be

00:53:59invented

00:53:59by the

00:54:00motorcycle

00:54:01industry

00:54:01they

00:54:02existed

00:54:03throughout

00:54:04British

00:54:05and

00:54:05American

00:54:06and

00:54:06German

00:54:06industry

00:54:08started

00:54:10out

00:54:10with

00:54:11in

00:54:12the

00:54:14late

00:54:141890s

00:54:15when

00:54:16someone

00:54:17discovered

00:54:17I put

00:54:185%

00:54:19nickel

00:54:19into

00:54:20this

00:54:20heat

00:54:20of

00:54:20steel

00:54:21and

00:54:22that

00:54:22stuff

00:54:22is

00:54:22strong

00:54:23how

00:54:24strong

00:54:2540%

00:54:26for

00:54:275%

00:54:28nickel

00:54:28I'm

00:54:29interested

00:54:30write

00:54:32it up

00:54:32we can

00:54:34see

00:54:34building

00:54:36and people

00:54:37are getting

00:54:37thirsty

00:54:38building

00:54:39my

00:54:40Velocet

00:54:40engine

00:54:40I bought

00:54:42some

00:54:42pretty

00:54:42high

00:54:43Zoot

00:54:43Pow

00:54:43Springs

00:54:43and you

00:54:44can see

00:54:44the

00:54:44sheen

00:54:45a

00:54:47really

00:54:47nice

00:54:47springs

00:54:48these

00:54:48are

00:54:48expensive

00:54:49they're

00:54:50way

00:54:50over

00:54:51specced

00:54:51but I

00:54:51was so

00:54:52tired

00:54:52of

00:54:52breakages

00:54:53you know

00:54:53around

00:54:54the

00:54:54whole

00:54:54engine

00:54:54and

00:54:56man

00:54:57just

00:54:57you can

00:54:58see

00:54:59the

00:54:59quality

00:54:59in the

00:55:00steel

00:55:00spring

00:55:00you can

00:55:01see

00:55:01it's

00:55:02got

00:55:03a

00:55:03sheen

00:55:03it's

00:55:03got

00:55:04a

00:55:04little

00:55:04bit

00:55:04of

00:55:04straw

00:55:04color

00:55:05to

00:55:05it

00:55:05and

00:55:05you

00:55:05just

00:55:06go

00:55:06yeah

00:55:06that's

00:55:06the

00:55:06stuff

00:55:07I'm

00:55:07that's

00:55:07what

00:55:08I've

00:55:08been

00:55:08looking

00:55:08for

00:55:08yeah

00:55:09that's

00:55:09my

00:55:09stuff

00:55:10well

00:55:11those

00:55:14fellows

00:55:14at

00:55:15S&W

00:55:16made a

00:55:17big

00:55:18breakthrough

00:55:19I think

00:55:22in the

00:55:2260s

00:55:23when they

00:55:25said

00:55:26let's

00:55:28try some

00:55:29wire made

00:55:29with this

00:55:30vacuum

00:55:31remelt

00:55:31process

00:55:32that should

00:55:33increase

00:55:34its

00:55:35fatigue

00:55:36resistance

00:55:36problem

00:55:38with

00:55:39valve

00:55:41springs

00:55:41is of

00:55:42course

00:55:42that

00:55:42they

00:55:42are

00:55:43subjected

00:55:44to

00:55:44cyclic

00:55:45stress

00:55:45that

00:55:46is

00:55:46really

00:55:46brutal

00:55:47and

00:55:49I

00:55:49remember

00:55:50Steve

00:55:50Scheibe

00:55:51who was

00:55:51in

00:55:51charge

00:55:52of

00:55:52Harley's

00:55:52VR1000

00:55:53superbike

00:55:54project

00:55:55saying

00:55:55he said

00:55:57there are

00:55:57crazies out

00:55:58there that

00:55:58are

00:55:58working

00:55:59their

00:56:00springs

00:56:00to

00:56:00140,000

00:56:02PSI

00:56:03and

00:56:04when

00:56:05you get

00:56:05up

00:56:06to a

00:56:07high

00:56:08percentage

00:56:08of the

00:56:09of the

00:56:09yield

00:56:10strength

00:56:10where the

00:56:10metal

00:56:11stays

00:56:11bent

00:56:12after you

00:56:12remove

00:56:13the

00:56:13force

00:56:14you're

00:56:16playing

00:56:17with

00:56:17well these

00:56:19springs will

00:56:20last a

00:56:20day

00:56:21these

00:56:21springs will

00:56:22last one

00:56:23one drag

00:56:24strip run

00:56:24and of

00:56:27course what

00:56:27happens after

00:56:28that is you

00:56:29have to

00:56:29search for

00:56:30a spring

00:56:31that cannot

00:56:31crack

00:56:32and that

00:56:33is the

00:56:34appeal of

00:56:34pneumatic

00:56:35springs

00:56:35there is

00:56:36no crack

00:56:37in the

00:56:37air

00:56:37they do

00:56:40not

00:56:40fatigue

00:56:41and break

00:56:41but

00:56:43anyway

00:56:43those

00:56:45fellows

00:56:45at S&W

00:56:46started out

00:56:47with

00:56:47vacuum

00:56:48remelted

00:56:49steel

00:56:49wire

00:56:50which

00:56:51was a

00:56:52German

00:56:52process

00:56:53from

00:56:53about

00:56:531957

00:56:54those

00:56:55people

00:56:55who

00:56:57have

00:56:57attended

00:56:57the

00:56:58higher

00:56:58technical

00:56:59universities

00:57:00in

00:57:00Germany

00:57:01work

00:57:02from

00:57:02first

00:57:03principles

00:57:03so they

00:57:04look for

00:57:05what are

00:57:07the defects

00:57:08in this

00:57:08material

00:57:09and how

00:57:09did they

00:57:10get there

00:57:10and of

00:57:12course

00:57:12they're

00:57:13nearly

00:57:14always

00:57:14some

00:57:16form of

00:57:17oxide

00:57:18there are

00:57:20various ways

00:57:21of removing

00:57:22that material

00:57:22but there's

00:57:23always going

00:57:24to be

00:57:24crack

00:57:25nucleation

00:57:26little

00:57:30entities

00:57:31in the

00:57:32in the

00:57:32material

00:57:33and vacuum

00:57:33remelting

00:57:34sort of

00:57:35boils a lot

00:57:36of them

00:57:36away

00:57:36farewell

00:57:37they go

00:57:38to the

00:57:39vacuum

00:57:39pump

00:57:39and are

00:57:41expelled

00:57:41into the

00:57:42atmosphere

00:57:42so S&W

00:57:45springs

00:57:45started with

00:57:47this wonderful

00:57:47wire

00:57:48and then

00:57:48they shot

00:57:49peened

00:57:49it

00:57:50to place

00:57:51the surface

00:57:51in compression

00:57:52because

00:57:52the highest

00:57:54stress

00:57:54in a valve

00:57:55spring is

00:57:55at the

00:57:56surface

00:57:56so if

00:57:58you put

00:57:58the surface

00:57:59in compression

00:58:00you can

00:58:01compress the

00:58:02spring a

00:58:03certain amount

00:58:03and you

00:58:04have not

00:58:04increased

00:58:05the stress

00:58:06at the

00:58:07surface

00:58:07you've

00:58:07decreased

00:58:08it

00:58:08and that

00:58:11allows

00:58:11the rest

00:58:13of the

00:58:13valve lift

00:58:14to

00:58:15not work

00:58:18the spring

00:58:18as hard

00:58:19this was

00:58:20the wonderful

00:58:20thing about

00:58:21shot peen

00:58:22and of

00:58:24course

00:58:24people

00:58:25shot

00:58:25peen

00:58:25rods

00:58:26during

00:58:26the war

00:58:27aircraft

00:58:27engines

00:58:28had

00:58:28beautifully

00:58:29polished

00:58:30connecting

00:58:32rods

00:58:32the reason

00:58:33being

00:58:34that

00:58:35forcing

00:58:36some

00:58:36poor

00:58:37person

00:58:37to sit

00:58:38there

00:58:39and

00:58:40rub out

00:58:41surface

00:58:42defects

00:58:42meant that

00:58:43someone was

00:58:44studying

00:58:44and looking

00:58:45yes indeed

00:58:46this was

00:58:47how

00:58:48rods

00:58:50were made

00:58:51fatigue

00:58:52resistant

00:58:53before the

00:58:54onset of

00:58:55shot

00:58:55peening

00:58:56and of

00:58:57course

00:58:57the people

00:58:58myself

00:59:00among them

00:59:00who loved

00:59:01the appearance

00:59:02of polished

00:59:03steel

00:59:04connecting

00:59:04rods

00:59:05thought that

00:59:07the dull

00:59:08sheen

00:59:10of

00:59:10shot

00:59:11peening

00:59:11which was

00:59:12sort of

00:59:12like

00:59:13surface

00:59:14of the

00:59:14moon

00:59:15was

00:59:17disappointing

00:59:19this other

00:59:21one over

00:59:21here

00:59:21I like

00:59:22that one

00:59:23yes but

00:59:24the performance

00:59:25is good

00:59:25well it

00:59:26reminds me

00:59:27also of

00:59:27the polished

00:59:28port versus

00:59:29satin port

00:59:30and then you

00:59:31have those

00:59:31golf ball

00:59:32dimple guys

00:59:32out there

00:59:33like

00:59:33yeah

00:59:33taking a

00:59:34ball mill

00:59:35and

00:59:35putting

00:59:37we had

00:59:40crankshaft

00:59:42failures

00:59:42in TZ750

00:59:43in the

00:59:44flywheel disc

00:59:45that had

00:59:45two press

00:59:46fits in

00:59:46it

00:59:47and

00:59:48as soon

00:59:50as we

00:59:51knew exactly

00:59:51where the

00:59:52problem was

00:59:53coming from

00:59:53we would

00:59:55take the

00:59:56flywheel

00:59:56discs to

00:59:57the shot

00:59:57peening

00:59:58store

00:59:58and draw

01:00:00the man

01:00:00a diagram

01:00:01and he

01:00:02would shot

01:00:02peen

01:00:03those areas

01:00:04selectively

01:00:05and after

01:00:06that we

01:00:07never had

01:00:07another

01:00:08failure of

01:00:09that kind

01:00:09so it's

01:00:11real

01:00:11it's not

01:00:14something that

01:00:15madame

01:00:16will wear

01:00:17sometimes

01:00:18descriptions

01:00:18in hot rod

01:00:19magazines

01:00:20sound a bit

01:00:20like fashion

01:00:21reports

01:00:22down the

01:00:24runway

01:00:24came

01:00:25the stunning

01:00:25etc

01:00:26but

01:00:28in this

01:00:29case it's

01:00:29not just

01:00:30a new

01:00:31fabric

01:00:32with

01:00:32an indescribable

01:00:34sheen

01:00:34it is

01:00:35a functional

01:00:36necessity

01:00:38in valve

01:00:39springs

01:00:39so

01:00:40onward and upward

01:00:43connecting rods

01:00:46the usual

01:00:50material for

01:00:51heavy duty steel

01:00:53connecting rods

01:00:54is

01:00:544340

01:00:56or at least

01:00:58or at least

01:00:58it's very

01:00:59common

01:00:59and then

01:01:01along came

01:01:02mar aging

01:01:03steel

01:01:03which

01:01:04took over

01:01:05as connecting

01:01:06rod material

01:01:07and then

01:01:09people like

01:01:09jack

01:01:10williams

01:01:111953

01:01:12he's head

01:01:13of racing

01:01:14at

01:01:14ajs

01:01:16and

01:01:18learning all

01:01:19kinds of

01:01:19stuff with

01:01:20very little

01:01:21equipment

01:01:23mostly

01:01:25mostly

01:01:25using

01:01:25his

01:01:25mind

01:01:26and

01:01:27he

01:01:27learns

01:01:28of the

01:01:28existence

01:01:29of

01:01:29metallic

01:01:30titanium

01:01:30as a

01:01:31structural

01:01:32material

01:01:32and he

01:01:33had to

01:01:34have

01:01:34some

01:01:34he

01:01:36made

01:01:37connecting

01:01:37rods

01:01:37out of

01:01:38it

01:01:38and it

01:01:38was

01:01:38wonderful

01:01:39in the

01:01:41US

01:01:41Bob

01:01:43Nichols

01:01:43introduced

01:01:45titanium

01:01:45rods

01:01:46to the

01:01:46champ car

01:01:47crew

01:01:47and he

01:01:49described

01:01:50luncheons

01:01:52where there

01:01:52would be

01:01:53four or

01:01:53five six

01:01:54people at

01:01:54a table

01:01:55all of

01:01:56whom today

01:01:57are revered

01:01:59names in

01:02:00hot rod

01:02:01and champ

01:02:02car racing

01:02:03history

01:02:04and oh

01:02:05to be

01:02:06a fly

01:02:08on the

01:02:08wall

01:02:08Bob

01:02:10Nichols

01:02:11was as

01:02:11close as

01:02:12I could

01:02:12come

01:02:12but he

01:02:14introduced

01:02:14titanium

01:02:15rods to

01:02:16the champ

01:02:16car scene

01:02:17and this

01:02:19was a great

01:02:19thing because

01:02:20it's somewhat

01:02:21lighter than

01:02:22steel

01:02:22it has

01:02:23excellent

01:02:24strength

01:02:24properties

01:02:25when it's

01:02:25properly

01:02:26alloyed

01:02:26and heat

01:02:27treated

01:02:27but

01:02:29it is

01:02:30not as

01:02:31stiff as

01:02:32steel

01:02:32strength

01:02:34and stiffness

01:02:35are different

01:02:36if we take

01:02:36two rods

01:02:37of differing

01:02:39specifications

01:02:40same diameter

01:02:41put them

01:02:42into holes

01:02:43in a vertical

01:02:44concrete wall

01:02:45and start

01:02:45hanging

01:02:46weights

01:02:46on the

01:02:47end

01:02:47the

01:02:49strength

01:02:49of the

01:02:50material

01:02:50is the

01:02:51point at

01:02:51which the

01:02:52weight is

01:02:52just big

01:02:53enough

01:02:53to yield

01:02:55the part

01:02:56but the

01:02:58stiffness

01:02:58is the

01:02:59rate at

01:03:00which it

01:03:00bends

01:03:01per pound

01:03:02the spring

01:03:04rate of

01:03:05the material

01:03:05that is

01:03:06independent

01:03:07of the

01:03:08alloying

01:03:09content

01:03:10and heat

01:03:11treatment

01:03:11so steel

01:03:14is at

01:03:15least twice

01:03:16as stiff

01:03:17as titanium

01:03:18and in

01:03:19formula one

01:03:20they're

01:03:23finding that

01:03:24at 20,000

01:03:25rpm

01:03:25the titanium

01:03:27rod is

01:03:28sort of

01:03:29whispering to

01:03:30the piston

01:03:31rushing towards

01:03:32the cylinder

01:03:32head

01:03:32please slow

01:03:33down

01:03:34oh please

01:03:35the rod

01:03:36is getting

01:03:37longer

01:03:37as the

01:03:38stress is

01:03:39getting

01:03:39greater

01:03:40but we've

01:03:41cleverly provided

01:03:42enough squish

01:03:43clearance so

01:03:44that the piston

01:03:44stops short

01:03:46of the

01:03:46cylinder head

01:03:47contact

01:03:48and accelerates

01:03:50in the other

01:03:50direction

01:03:51now here's the

01:03:52rub

01:03:52at mid-range

01:03:54rpm

01:03:54there's too

01:03:55much squish

01:03:56clearance

01:03:56because the

01:03:59rod isn't

01:04:00being stretched

01:04:00as much

01:04:01so now

01:04:03there's too

01:04:04much squish

01:04:04clearance

01:04:05what do we

01:04:06do about

01:04:07pepping up

01:04:07of the

01:04:08mid-range

01:04:08we go

01:04:09back to

01:04:09mar-aging

01:04:10steel

01:04:10and

01:04:12metallurgy

01:04:17is just

01:04:17a

01:04:18a service

01:04:20that's

01:04:20available

01:04:20in this

01:04:21world

01:04:21you bring

01:04:22them your

01:04:22problems

01:04:23and they

01:04:24all get

01:04:25to work

01:04:25on the

01:04:25solution

01:04:26of course

01:04:27you have

01:04:27to pay

01:04:28but

01:04:29wonderful

01:04:30stuff

01:04:31I'm

01:04:33I'm

01:04:34always

01:04:34fascinated

01:04:35by

01:04:35I'm

01:04:38nowhere

01:04:40compared

01:04:41with an

01:04:41actual

01:04:42metallurgist

01:04:42those people

01:04:43have the

01:04:44detailed

01:04:45knowledge

01:04:45that I

01:04:45wish I

01:04:46had

01:04:46but I

01:04:47have just

01:04:48enough

01:04:48understanding

01:04:49it's like

01:04:51as a

01:04:53small child

01:04:53lifting

01:04:54yourself up

01:04:54to the

01:04:55window

01:04:55edge

01:04:56and

01:04:56peering

01:04:56out

01:04:57oh

01:04:57what

01:04:59realm

01:04:59is this

01:05:00yeah

01:05:00so

01:05:02I'm

01:05:04I am

01:05:05fascinated

01:05:07by the

01:05:07notion

01:05:07that

01:05:08manganese

01:05:09attracts

01:05:11carbon

01:05:11atoms

01:05:12thereby

01:05:12preventing

01:05:13them

01:05:13from

01:05:14the

01:05:17deadly

01:05:18carbide

01:05:19formation

01:05:19segregation

01:05:20at the

01:05:21intergranular

01:05:22zone

01:05:22the

01:05:23manganese

01:05:23is nicely

01:05:24distributed

01:05:25it's

01:05:25highly

01:05:25soluble

01:05:26in

01:05:27iron

01:05:28and

01:05:29it

01:05:29carries

01:05:29those

01:05:30carbons

01:05:31away

01:05:32come

01:05:32with

01:05:33me

01:05:33now

01:05:33don't

01:05:34want

01:05:34to

01:05:34get

01:05:34in

01:05:34trouble

01:05:34and

01:05:36prevents

01:05:37brittleness

01:05:38so

01:05:39let's

01:05:43talk

01:05:43about

01:05:43valves

01:05:44valves

01:05:46are

01:05:47the

01:05:47second

01:05:47hottest

01:05:48thing

01:05:48in

01:05:48the

01:05:48combustion

01:05:49chamber

01:05:49the

01:05:49first

01:05:50hottest

01:05:50is

01:05:50the

01:05:51tip

01:05:52of

01:05:52the

01:05:52spark

01:05:53plug

01:05:54of the

01:05:55center

01:05:56wire

01:05:56purposely

01:05:57made

01:05:58to

01:05:59be

01:05:59continuously

01:06:00above

01:06:02600

01:06:02degrees

01:06:03and

01:06:04below

01:06:051750

01:06:06the

01:06:08exhaust

01:06:08valve

01:06:09is right

01:06:09up

01:06:09there

01:06:10in

01:06:13early

01:06:13engines

01:06:14they

01:06:15made

01:06:15the

01:06:15valves

01:06:15out

01:06:16of

01:06:16steel

01:06:16and

01:06:17the

01:06:18hot

01:06:18exhaust

01:06:19gas

01:06:19containing

01:06:20reactive

01:06:21elements

01:06:22corroded

01:06:23the

01:06:23steel

01:06:23causing

01:06:25it

01:06:26to

01:06:26lose

01:06:26its

01:06:26seal

01:06:27quite

01:06:27quickly

01:06:28and

01:06:29in

01:06:30those

01:06:30early

01:06:30days

01:06:31let's

01:06:31say

01:06:31it's

01:06:311906

01:06:32and

01:06:33you're

01:06:34an

01:06:34extremely

01:06:35wealthy

01:06:36person

01:06:37and

01:06:37you've

01:06:37bought

01:06:37one

01:06:38of

01:06:38the

01:06:38new

01:06:38motor

01:06:39cars

01:06:39you've

01:06:41been

01:06:41told

01:06:42to

01:06:42hire

01:06:42a

01:06:42chauffeur

01:06:43an

01:06:43agency

01:06:43sends

01:06:44over

01:06:44some

01:06:45fellows

01:06:45for

01:06:45your

01:06:46choice

01:06:46having

01:06:48picked

01:06:48one

01:06:48you

01:06:49send

01:06:49him

01:06:50to

01:06:50the

01:06:50automobile

01:06:51manufacturer

01:06:51where

01:06:52he

01:06:52will

01:06:52be

01:06:52trained

01:06:53in

01:06:54how

01:06:54every

01:06:55six

01:06:55weeks

01:06:55to

01:06:56reseat

01:06:57the

01:06:57valves

01:06:57by

01:06:58grinding

01:06:58how

01:07:00to

01:07:00change

01:07:00tires

01:07:01how

01:07:02to

01:07:02change

01:07:03the

01:07:03oil

01:07:03how

01:07:03to

01:07:04maintain

01:07:04the

01:07:05car

01:07:05this

01:07:07is a

01:07:07lengthy

01:07:08school

01:07:08that's

01:07:09how

01:07:09motoring

01:07:09was in

01:07:10the days

01:07:11when it

01:07:11was ruled

01:07:11by

01:07:12privilege

01:07:12now we

01:07:15have

01:07:15warranty

01:07:15anyway

01:07:17people

01:07:20were

01:07:20fascinated

01:07:21by

01:07:21the

01:07:21new

01:07:21tool

01:07:22steels

01:07:22which

01:07:22came

01:07:23out

01:07:23around

01:07:231900

01:07:24which

01:07:25were

01:07:25able

01:07:25to

01:07:25cut

01:07:26steel

01:07:27at

01:07:27much

01:07:28higher

01:07:28speeds

01:07:29than

01:07:29carbon

01:07:29steel

01:07:30cutters

01:07:31and

01:07:33there

01:07:34was

01:07:35some

01:07:35benefit

01:07:35in

01:07:36this

01:07:36tungsten

01:07:37steels

01:07:38for

01:07:38exhaust

01:07:39valves

01:07:39were

01:07:39better

01:07:40than

01:07:41mild

01:07:42steel

01:07:42better

01:07:42than

01:07:43cast

01:07:43iron

01:07:43which

01:07:44some

01:07:44people

01:07:44tried

01:07:45cast

01:07:46iron

01:07:46head

01:07:47steel

01:07:48stem

01:07:49there

01:07:51was

01:07:51one

01:07:52wacky

01:07:52idea

01:07:53that

01:07:53was

01:07:53tried

01:07:53I

01:07:53think

01:07:54it

01:07:54was

01:07:54Frederick

01:07:56Lanchester

01:07:57who

01:07:57created

01:07:59a

01:07:59diverter

01:08:00valve

01:08:00so

01:08:01that

01:08:01the

01:08:02same

01:08:02valve

01:08:03could

01:08:03function

01:08:03as

01:08:04intake

01:08:04and

01:08:04exhaust

01:08:05but

01:08:05alternately

01:08:06so

01:08:06it

01:08:06would

01:08:07be

01:08:07cooled

01:08:08by

01:08:08the

01:08:08intake

01:08:09when

01:08:09it

01:08:10was

01:08:10functioning

01:08:10as

01:08:10the

01:08:10intake

01:08:11valve

01:08:11then

01:08:12heated

01:08:12by

01:08:13the

01:08:13exhaust

01:08:13stroke

01:08:15it

01:08:16proved

01:08:16not

01:08:16to be

01:08:17necessary

01:08:17because

01:08:18around

01:08:18early

01:08:211920s

01:08:23people

01:08:24came up

01:08:25with

01:08:25the

01:08:25idea

01:08:26of

01:08:26self

01:08:28protecting

01:08:29aka

01:08:31stainless

01:08:32steels

01:08:32chromium

01:08:34forms

01:08:35a

01:08:35hard

01:08:36ceramic

01:08:37coating

01:08:37when

01:08:37exposed

01:08:38to

01:08:39air

01:08:39so

01:08:42you

01:08:43may

01:08:44have

01:08:44seen

01:08:45on

01:08:45kitchen

01:08:46wear

01:08:47the

01:08:49notation

01:08:4918-8

01:08:51stainless

01:08:52that's

01:08:54food

01:08:54service

01:08:54stainless

01:08:5518%

01:08:56chromium

01:08:568%

01:08:57nickel

01:08:58made

01:09:00wonderful

01:09:01exhaust

01:09:01valves

01:09:02S.D.

01:09:05S.D.

01:09:06Herron

01:09:06commented

01:09:07on

01:09:08using

01:09:09tungsten

01:09:11steel

01:09:12exhaust

01:09:12valves

01:09:13in

01:09:13engines

01:09:14that

01:09:14were

01:09:14running

01:09:15the

01:09:15new

01:09:15anti-knock

01:09:16tetraethyl

01:09:17lead

01:09:17he said

01:09:18the

01:09:18exhaust

01:09:19valves

01:09:19looked

01:09:19as if

01:09:20they

01:09:20had

01:09:20been

01:09:20dipped

01:09:21in

01:09:21liquid

01:09:22slag

01:09:22they

01:09:24were

01:09:24useless

01:09:25with

01:09:25that

01:09:26type

01:09:26of

01:09:26fuel

01:09:26but

01:09:28the

01:09:28stainless

01:09:28valves

01:09:29lived

01:09:31and

01:09:34as

01:09:36time

01:09:37passed

01:09:37of course

01:09:37along

01:09:38came

01:09:38the

01:09:38gas

01:09:39turbine

01:09:39and

01:09:41the

01:09:42British

01:09:43alloy

01:09:44mnemonic

01:09:4580A

01:09:46was

01:09:47quite

01:09:48successful

01:09:49in the

01:09:49hot

01:09:49sections

01:09:50of their

01:09:50jet

01:09:51engines

01:09:51and

01:09:52when

01:09:52the

01:09:52war

01:09:53ended

01:09:53and

01:09:53all

01:09:54of

01:09:54these

01:09:54things

01:09:54could

01:09:55be

01:09:55talked

01:09:55about

01:09:55publicly

01:09:56here

01:09:57came

01:09:57BSA

01:09:58saying

01:09:59our

01:09:59500

01:10:00gold

01:10:01star

01:10:01has

01:10:01severe

01:10:02exhaust

01:10:03valve

01:10:03problems

01:10:03a

01:10:04great

01:10:04big

01:10:04exhaust

01:10:04valve

01:10:05in a

01:10:05huge

01:10:05cylinder

01:10:06and

01:10:08Norton

01:10:10at one

01:10:10point

01:10:11had to

01:10:12try

01:10:14they tried

01:10:14to cool

01:10:15the exhaust

01:10:16valve

01:10:16stem

01:10:16by circulating

01:10:17oil

01:10:18down a

01:10:19spiral

01:10:20passage

01:10:20next to

01:10:22the valve

01:10:22stem

01:10:23in the

01:10:23guide

01:10:24and there

01:10:25was a

01:10:25little

01:10:25radiator

01:10:26on one

01:10:26of the

01:10:27frame

01:10:27down

01:10:27tubes

01:10:27for this

01:10:28circulation

01:10:30so it

01:10:31was a

01:10:31severe

01:10:31problem

01:10:32in big

01:10:32sounds

01:10:32like a

01:10:33recipe

01:10:33for

01:10:33coking

01:10:34is what

01:10:34it

01:10:34sounds

01:10:34like

01:10:35well

01:10:37coking

01:10:38would be

01:10:39tempting

01:10:39because

01:10:39running

01:10:40rich

01:10:40is a

01:10:41way

01:10:41to

01:10:41cool

01:10:41the

01:10:42exhaust

01:10:43valves

01:10:43so

01:10:45but

01:10:45what

01:10:47happened

01:10:48then

01:10:48was

01:10:48the

01:10:49whole

01:10:50jet

01:10:50engine

01:10:50thing

01:10:51was

01:10:53heavily

01:10:54backed

01:10:54by

01:10:54national

01:10:55governments

01:10:55the

01:10:56factory

01:10:56team

01:10:57in the

01:10:57sky

01:10:57so to

01:10:58speak

01:10:58and

01:11:00a

01:11:01rash

01:11:01of

01:11:01superior

01:11:02exhaust

01:11:03valve

01:11:03steels

01:11:04became

01:11:05available

01:11:05the

01:11:06British

01:11:07went

01:11:07with

01:11:07cobalt

01:11:08the

01:11:08Americans

01:11:08went

01:11:09with

01:11:09nickel

01:11:09and

01:11:10then

01:11:13the

01:11:13great

01:11:13thing

01:11:13happened

01:11:14four

01:11:14valves

01:11:15per

01:11:15cylinder

01:11:15suddenly

01:11:16exhaust

01:11:17valves

01:11:17went

01:11:18from

01:11:18being

01:11:19an

01:11:19inch

01:11:19and a

01:11:19half

01:11:20down

01:11:22to

01:11:22just

01:11:22little

01:11:22tiny

01:11:23sizes

01:11:23that

01:11:24were

01:11:24easier

01:11:24to

01:11:25cool

01:11:25second

01:11:26thing

01:11:26that

01:11:27happened

01:11:27Honda

01:11:29liquid

01:11:30cooled

01:11:30the

01:11:30Goldwing

01:11:3275

01:11:3376

01:11:34it

01:11:36proved

01:11:36to be

01:11:37contagious

01:11:37because

01:11:38it

01:11:38solved

01:11:39so many

01:11:39problems

01:11:40today

01:11:40nobody

01:11:41says

01:11:42oh

01:11:42exhaust

01:11:43valves

01:11:43went

01:11:43in my

01:11:44bike

01:11:44no

01:11:46the

01:11:46exhaust

01:11:47valves

01:11:47run

01:11:48for

01:11:48thousands

01:11:48and

01:11:49thousands

01:11:49of

01:11:49miles

01:11:50and

01:11:50never

01:11:50give

01:11:50any

01:11:51trouble

01:11:51because

01:11:51the

01:11:52material

01:11:52is

01:11:52adequately

01:11:53good

01:11:53the

01:11:54cooling

01:11:54is

01:11:54wonderful

01:11:55no

01:11:56problem

01:11:56so we

01:11:58have

01:11:58arrived

01:11:59in that

01:11:59sense

01:11:59what

01:12:03do we

01:12:03got

01:12:04I

01:12:05think

01:12:05we're

01:12:05good

01:12:06I

01:12:06think

01:12:06we have

01:12:07one more

01:12:07section

01:12:08it was

01:12:08wheels

01:12:08but I

01:12:09think

01:12:09maybe we'll

01:12:11just talk

01:12:12about the

01:12:12invention

01:12:13of the

01:12:13wheel

01:12:13on a

01:12:13podcast

01:12:14sometime

01:12:14and we

01:12:16can start

01:12:17way back

01:12:18and we

01:12:18can get

01:12:19all that

01:12:20old stuff

01:12:20in there

01:12:20it'll be

01:12:21great

01:12:21well that's it

01:12:24folks

01:12:25take your

01:12:26choice

01:12:26you can

01:12:27go find

01:12:27your

01:12:28metallurgists

01:12:28and take

01:12:29them to

01:12:30your

01:12:30problems

01:12:31and your

01:12:32money

01:12:32and you

01:12:33can start

01:12:34to work

01:12:34on your

01:12:35specific

01:12:35issues

01:12:36just

01:12:38talk it

01:12:38through

01:12:38with them

01:12:39and make

01:12:40up the

01:12:40recipe

01:12:41we all

01:12:41we have

01:12:42all benefited

01:12:43and we've

01:12:44benefited on

01:12:45the vintage

01:12:45side where

01:12:46you've taken

01:12:48all these

01:12:48wonderful

01:12:49G50s and

01:12:50Norton

01:12:51Manxes and

01:12:52everything else

01:12:53and they are

01:12:54being made

01:12:55with modern

01:12:56materials and

01:12:57they're

01:12:57better

01:12:58you can

01:12:59go to

01:12:59a fella

01:13:00in

01:13:00England

01:13:01KTT

01:13:03the

01:13:04Thurston

01:13:04Enterprise

01:13:05and you

01:13:05can get

01:13:06brand new

01:13:06crankshafts

01:13:07made out

01:13:08of

01:13:09inviolable

01:13:11materials

01:13:13you have

01:13:13crank cases

01:13:14that are

01:13:15beautiful

01:13:16they look

01:13:17glorious

01:13:18and strong

01:13:19none of

01:13:19this pouring

01:13:20into a

01:13:21mold and

01:13:21hoping that

01:13:22the porosity

01:13:23is low

01:13:23enough and

01:13:24making

01:13:24castings so

01:13:25thick as

01:13:26you know

01:13:26they're going

01:13:26to have

01:13:26some weaknesses

01:13:27and

01:13:28we don't

01:13:28have to

01:13:29deal with

01:13:29that anymore

01:13:29we get

01:13:30as I

01:13:31am often

01:13:32fond of

01:13:34saying you

01:13:35can buy a

01:13:36new sport

01:13:36bike you

01:13:37can buy a

01:13:37new Ducati

01:13:38you know

01:13:39V4S you

01:13:40can buy a

01:13:41Yamaha R1

01:13:42etc.

01:13:43pick your

01:13:44brand it

01:13:44kind of

01:13:45doesn't

01:13:45matter

01:13:45go to the

01:13:47dealership

01:13:47get your

01:13:49600 mile

01:13:50service or

01:13:50whatever it

01:13:51is done

01:13:51then turn

01:13:52on that

01:13:52motorcycle

01:13:53and start

01:13:54lapping a

01:13:54track

01:13:55forever

01:13:56tires go

01:13:58off pull

01:13:59it in

01:13:59change the

01:14:00tires check

01:14:00the chain

01:14:01check your

01:14:02wear parts

01:14:02change your

01:14:03oils and

01:14:04you just go

01:14:05on and

01:14:06on and

01:14:07on let

01:14:08it idle

01:14:08they're

01:14:09designed for

01:14:10that duty

01:14:10let it

01:14:12idle for

01:14:13the next

01:14:13two years

01:14:14just keep

01:14:14putting gas

01:14:15in it

01:14:15it'll do

01:14:16that it

01:14:16won't overheat

01:14:17it won't do

01:14:17anything bad

01:14:18it'll just

01:14:18sit there and

01:14:19go and

01:14:20away it

01:14:21goes

01:14:21and that's

01:14:24an achievement

01:14:24because a lot

01:14:26of these

01:14:27things were

01:14:28touch and

01:14:29go in

01:14:29the 1920s

01:14:30in the

01:14:34in the

01:14:34middle 20s

01:14:35the auto

01:14:36industry

01:14:37learned

01:14:38how to

01:14:39make

01:14:39press

01:14:40formed

01:14:41sheet steel

01:14:42structures

01:14:42with quite

01:14:43complicated

01:14:44shapes

01:14:44and

01:14:46people looked

01:14:47at that

01:14:47motorcycle

01:14:48gas tanks

01:14:48at that

01:14:49time were

01:14:49folded out

01:14:50of flat

01:14:51sheet

01:14:52that had

01:14:52been primed

01:14:53with a

01:14:53lead tin

01:14:54alloy so

01:14:55they could

01:14:55be soldered

01:14:56the joints

01:14:57were soldered

01:14:58together

01:14:58imagine putting

01:15:00a soldered

01:15:01together

01:15:01flat sided

01:15:03gas tank

01:15:03between the

01:15:04two top

01:15:04frame rails

01:15:05of your

01:15:061922

01:15:09motorbike

01:15:10long and

01:15:11low

01:15:12that's how

01:15:13they liked

01:15:14them back

01:15:14then

01:15:14and having

01:15:16this engine

01:15:17that is

01:15:17straining to

01:15:19get out of

01:15:19its mounts

01:15:20because it

01:15:20has been

01:15:21given more

01:15:22and more

01:15:22power

01:15:22and now

01:15:23that poor

01:15:24thing made

01:15:25of flat

01:15:25sheets

01:15:26it's

01:15:26vibrating

01:15:26in a

01:15:28hundred

01:15:28different

01:15:29modes

01:15:29and the

01:15:30solder

01:15:30is going

01:15:31oh

01:15:32I

01:15:34I don't

01:15:35think I

01:15:35could do

01:15:36this anymore

01:15:37gas pours

01:15:39out onto

01:15:40the hot

01:15:40engine

01:15:41hurrah

01:15:42so

01:15:43press

01:15:44formed

01:15:44steel gas

01:15:45tanks

01:15:45that fitted

01:15:46down over

01:15:46the frame

01:15:47people

01:15:49didn't

01:15:49like

01:15:49them

01:15:49the

01:15:50old

01:15:50timer

01:15:50said

01:15:50that

01:15:51they

01:15:51looked

01:15:51like

01:15:51apple

01:15:52split

01:15:52and

01:15:53jammed

01:15:53onto

01:15:54the

01:15:54chassis

01:15:54it

01:15:55it's

01:15:56hard

01:15:57being

01:15:57an

01:15:57old

01:15:57timer

01:15:58because

01:15:58the

01:15:59world

01:15:59goes

01:15:59on

01:15:59by

01:16:00and

01:16:00you're

01:16:00still

01:16:00sitting

01:16:01there

01:16:01in

01:16:02the

01:16:02years

01:16:02of

01:16:03your

01:16:03youth

01:16:03at

01:16:06least

01:16:07it

01:16:07happens

01:16:07to

01:16:08some

01:16:08of

01:16:08us

01:16:08but

01:16:10all

01:16:10this

01:16:11this

01:16:12stuff

01:16:12every

01:16:13part

01:16:13on

01:16:14your

01:16:14motorcycle

01:16:15has

01:16:15a

01:16:16story

01:16:16it

01:16:16has

01:16:16a

01:16:17history

01:16:18that

01:16:18can

01:16:18be

01:16:18discovered

01:16:19now

01:16:20the

01:16:22healthy

01:16:22thing

01:16:23is to

01:16:23say

01:16:23well

01:16:24when

01:16:24I'm

01:16:24old

01:16:25I'll

01:16:25read

01:16:25about

01:16:25that

01:16:26right

01:16:26now

01:16:26I

01:16:26want

01:16:26to

01:16:26ride

01:16:27off

01:16:28you

01:16:28go

01:16:28fair

01:16:30enough

01:16:31off

01:16:32I

01:16:32go

01:16:32yep

01:16:33thanks

01:16:33for

01:16:33listening

01:16:34folks

01:16:34appreciate

01:16:35it

01:16:35we'll

01:16:35see

01:16:35you

01:16:35down

01:16:35in

01:16:36the

01:16:36comments

01:16:36hit

01:16:37your

01:16:37like

01:16:37and

01:16:38comment

01:16:38share

01:16:38it

01:16:39with

01:16:39friends

01:16:39that

01:16:40you

01:16:40think

01:16:40might

01:16:40like

01:16:40it

01:16:41we'd

01:16:41appreciate

01:16:41it

01:16:41we're

01:16:42going

01:16:43to

01:16:43spread

01:16:43the

01:16:43spread

01:16:44the

01:16:44molecular

01:16:45word

01:16:46about

01:16:47motorcycling

01:16:47and

01:16:48get

01:16:48down

01:16:49in

01:16:49there

01:16:49we'll

01:16:50go

01:16:51shopping

01:16:52for

01:16:52another

01:16:53whole

01:16:53motorcycle

01:16:54topic

01:16:54so

01:16:54if

01:16:55you

01:16:55got

01:16:55an

01:16:55idea

01:16:55for

01:16:56a

01:16:56podcast

01:16:57on

01:16:57an

01:16:58epic

01:16:58motorcycle

01:16:59of

01:17:00our

01:17:00past

01:17:01or

01:17:03let

01:17:03us

01:17:03know

01:17:03thanks

01:17:04for

01:17:04listening

01:17:04thanks

01:17:05for

01:17:05hanging

01:17:05with

01:17:05us

01:17:06over

01:17:06another

01:17:07cycle

01:17:07world

01:17:08podcast

01:17:08take

01:17:09care

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