CONSISTENCY IS EVERYTHING! Kevin Cameron gets molecular on Cyclic Variation. What?! Listen to learn!

Cycle World

If every combustion event in your motorcycle engine was the best it could be, power and efficiency could rise by as much as 20 percent! Find out how engineers and designers work toward this optimal goal and how chaos just keeps getting in the way. Technical Editor Kevin Cameron and Mark Hoyer talk about all the things that influence how the charge lights off in the cylinder of your motorcycle engine.  Looking to buy? Get prequalified https://octane.co/flex/1?a=171  Become a Channel Partner: https://octanemedia.co/home/become-an-advertiser/ Listen on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6CLI74xvMBFLDOC1tQaCOQ Read more from Cycle World: https://www.cycleworld.com/ Buy Cycle World Merch: https://teespring.com/stores/cycleworld

Transcript

00:00:00Welcome to the Cycle World Podcast. I'm Mark Hoyer. I'm with Kevin Cameron, our technical editor.

00:00:06Today we're going to talk about how consistency is everything.

00:00:09We've been in the combustion chamber a bit lately, and we're going to kind of stay there because consistency is everything.

00:00:16Right, Kevin?

00:00:18Well, you'd like it to be.

00:00:22Yes.

00:00:22But it's an interesting story, and it goes back 250 years.

00:00:28This is going to turn into a drinking game.

00:00:34Like, if it starts before 1940, is it 100 years?

00:00:37Do we take a shot?

00:00:38Go ahead.

00:00:39There.

00:00:42James Watt sort of pushed the idea of the steam engine as using steam pressure,

00:00:50whereas the earlier steam engines had used the vacuum created when steam condenses.

00:00:56Newcomen's mind-pumping engine was a condensing engine.

00:01:02And he got to thinking, well, there's a lot going on here.

00:01:06There's friction, and there's throttling loss, and all these things that are happening.

00:01:11Wouldn't it be good to know how much work the steam is actually doing?

00:01:16So what they did was they attached a device to the steam cylinder,

00:01:24which pushed a pencil in a linear fashion, in a straight line,

00:01:33with the distance from the origin being proportional to the pressure in the steam cylinder.

00:01:38And they rested the pencil on a card, which through some mechanism was made to move back and forth

00:01:48in proportion to the motion of the piston.

00:01:52And they found that this drew a closed figure, which revealed the pressure in the steam cylinder.

00:02:02And that is called, to this day, because such devices are used on internal combustion engines,

00:02:12indicated pressure, and rather than brake pressure.

00:02:18Brake pressure is measured on a brake, on a dynamometer.

00:02:23But indicated pressure is when you measure the pressure in the cylinder itself.

00:02:27So this wonderful device was invented.

00:02:31It remained secret for about 100 years.

00:02:35And when the internal combustion engine came along,

00:02:39the steam version with the moving card by that time had turned into a drum

00:02:46that rotated this way and that with the pencil bearing against it.

00:02:52But the idea was the same, to draw the curve of pressure through a whole cycle.

00:03:00So they tried to build these things for early internal combustion engines.

00:03:05And an early mentor of engine pioneer Harry Ricardo,

00:03:12name of Bertram Hopkinson,

00:03:15came up with an optical indicator.

00:03:18Instead of having rods and levers, he would use a light beam

00:03:22to multiply the, to turn the pressure in the cylinder into a moving spot.

00:03:31And here is the point of all this palaver.

00:03:35When they recorded, one after another,

00:03:39trace from combustion going on at a steady rate in an engine on the dynamometer,

00:03:45they found that they were not all the same.

00:03:48Some of them were notably better than average,

00:03:55some worse than average.

00:03:58But with the Gaussian distribution,

00:04:01most of the combustion events were in the center of the graph.

00:04:07The Gaussian distribution is one that starts at zero,

00:04:11rises in a sort of haystack fashion,

00:04:14and then comes down as asymptotic to zero at the other end.

00:04:18And out here at the extremes are the ones that are better than average

00:04:23and the ones that are worse than average.

00:04:26Now, here's the thing that irked people when they looked at these graphs.

00:04:30They said, if we could make every cycle, firing cycle of this engine as good as the best ones

00:04:40that we've recorded, we might have as much as 20% better performance.

00:04:46Well, what was varying?

00:04:49Peak pressure was varying.

00:04:52Also, the location of peak pressure,

00:04:54as if someone was twiddling the timing behind your back.

00:05:01So, this has...

00:05:03You mean the location of peak pressure as it relates to crankshaft?

00:05:08Crankshaft angle, yes, sir.

00:05:10Normally, if you look at the piston position graph,

00:05:17it looks a little bit like a sine wave.

00:05:22But near the top of the graph, the piston doesn't move much.

00:05:26It's a sort of rounded hilltop.

00:05:28It's not pointy at all.

00:05:30So, it's desirable that peak pressure should occur

00:05:34just before the piston sort of takes a dive.

00:05:40You don't want peak pressure being held up against the cylinder head by the piston

00:05:45when it isn't moving very much.

00:05:48So, it's desirable that peak pressure should occur

00:05:51somewhere around 11 degrees after top dead center.

00:05:54Okay, so, they look at this

00:06:01and they're thinking,

00:06:03what can we do about it?

00:06:07So, in the 70s and 80s,

00:06:10they did so-called parametric studies.

00:06:14They tried to think up all the things

00:06:18that could possibly be affecting this variability.

00:06:21And they didn't come up with any

00:06:27improvements in the consistency of one cycle to the next.

00:06:33That is, they did not make a dent in cycle-to-cycle variation.

00:06:38And that's the foundation of what we're talking about,

00:06:41a cycle-to-cycle variation.

00:06:42Yes.

00:06:43Kevin spent, you know, his lifetime thinking about it.

00:06:46I have to some degree as well.

00:06:48Well, I first heard it from a Ducati engineer

00:06:52and we were talking about it and it was a very big bore.

00:06:55And I said, well, you know,

00:06:56it's difficult to get good combustion in a big bore.

00:06:59And I was just, you know, trying to ferret out more information.

00:07:02And he said, yeah, we did these things.

00:07:05And he listed off the shape of the chamber

00:07:07and removal of pointy things

00:07:08and stuff inside the combustion chamber

00:07:12in an effort to reduce cycle-to-cycle variation.

00:07:17Yep.

00:07:18Now, to give an idea of the variability

00:07:24that exists in combustion,

00:07:29I want to go back to the days

00:07:31when the late Dick O'Brien,

00:07:33who was Harley racing manager in 1957 to 1984,

00:07:37and a man of salty speech.

00:07:42And his-

00:07:43Best interview of my life.

00:07:45It was amazing.

00:07:46His longtime friend,

00:07:48the late Don Tilly of Statesville, North Carolina,

00:07:53who had many friends in the NASCAR business,

00:07:56and he was a curious man.

00:07:58They were assembling the engine of Lucifer's Hammer,

00:08:05which was the Battle of the Twins bike

00:08:07that they had built

00:08:08using a Harley engine as the basis.

00:08:14The two-valve, 45-degree V-twin,

00:08:17just as God intended,

00:08:19as some folks might suggest.

00:08:22The famed Milwaukee vibrator.

00:08:24Yes, sir.

00:08:25And you can tell when this engine is running.

00:08:29Yes.

00:08:30Which we like.

00:08:32We seem to like.

00:08:34Yeah.

00:08:35So they're assembling this on fresh build.

00:08:41And, you know,

00:08:43newly seated valves,

00:08:46some modifications,

00:08:47possibly fresh pistons and rings.

00:08:50and they make a dino run

00:08:54and the power is disappointing.

00:08:58And

00:08:58they check everything

00:09:01to make sure they haven't made a foolish mistake

00:09:04because being humans,

00:09:06we

00:09:06sometimes don't turn the fuel valve on all the way.

00:09:11So the main jet migrates upstream to that valve.

00:09:13And

00:09:15they couldn't find anything.

00:09:20So

00:09:20O'Brien says,

00:09:22all right,

00:09:23we're going to have to dino time the son of a gun.

00:09:27And

00:09:27with the engine running,

00:09:30he loosens the pinch bolt

00:09:31that holds the magneto

00:09:33at the desired timing.

00:09:35and

00:09:37starts tapping on the side of it

00:09:39with a soft hammer.

00:09:41Advancing it.

00:09:43Torque gets worse.

00:09:45Torque is dropping.

00:09:47Follows it up a little bit

00:09:48to make sure,

00:09:49yeah,

00:09:50that's what it's doing.

00:09:51The torque is dropping

00:09:52as we advance the timing.

00:09:54So then,

00:09:55okay,

00:09:55once it go in the other direction,

00:09:57that's what we're going to do.

00:09:58Tap,

00:09:59tap,

00:09:59tap.

00:10:00As they retarded the spark,

00:10:03the torque went up.

00:10:05Up,

00:10:06up.

00:10:07And finally,

00:10:08they found,

00:10:09they reached the sacred goal

00:10:11called MBT,

00:10:14minimum for best torque.

00:10:16And

00:10:17it was at just over 26 degrees

00:10:21before top center.

00:10:22That's amazing.

00:10:23Tell us why that's amazing.

00:10:25Yeah,

00:10:25I mean,

00:10:25it's...

00:10:26Because normally,

00:10:27a big old two-valve

00:10:28cylinder will fire

00:10:31somewhere between

00:10:3232 and 36 degrees.

00:10:34unless it has

00:10:36a really ugly

00:10:37piston dome

00:10:38that is basically

00:10:39saying to the flame front,

00:10:40stop and go no further.

00:10:44And

00:10:44so they're looking

00:10:46at each other like,

00:10:48we've learned something today,

00:10:51only we don't know

00:10:52what it is.

00:10:53So,

00:10:54they're on the west coast

00:10:55a while later,

00:10:56and they run into

00:10:57Bobby Strawman,

00:10:58who

00:11:00was for many years

00:11:02the champion man

00:11:03at the races.

00:11:05And that includes

00:11:06champ cars...

00:11:07Champion spark plugs.

00:11:08Champion spark plugs.

00:11:09Yes, sir.

00:11:10Do we even...

00:11:11We don't have a spark plug guy

00:11:12anymore,

00:11:12do we?

00:11:13That's too bad.

00:11:14Yeah.

00:11:15Well,

00:11:15because people don't see

00:11:16spark plugs.

00:11:17They're not removed.

00:11:20They just stay in the engine.

00:11:21And

00:11:23so they tell

00:11:25Strawman this story.

00:11:28And he

00:11:28looks at them

00:11:30in a jolly sort of way

00:11:31and he says,

00:11:32you fellas are really lucky.

00:11:34This will happen.

00:11:35This happens

00:11:36every now and then.

00:11:37And when it does,

00:11:38you just have to

00:11:40count yourself lucky

00:11:41and see if you can

00:11:42reach around

00:11:43and give yourself

00:11:43a pat on the back.

00:11:44He says,

00:11:45and,

00:11:46you know,

00:11:46we don't know

00:11:47what's going on.

00:11:48We just assume that

00:11:50when the spark

00:11:52passes

00:11:52and it ignites

00:11:53a flame kernel

00:11:54that that flame kernel

00:11:56goes in exactly

00:11:58the right direction

00:11:59to bring

00:12:01the fiery message

00:12:02to all parts

00:12:03of the cylinder

00:12:04combustion chamber

00:12:05pronto.

00:12:08Well,

00:12:09you were going to say?

00:12:11Well,

00:12:11I,

00:12:12it reminded me of

00:12:13Paul Dean,

00:12:15our longtime

00:12:16service editor

00:12:17and many,

00:12:18every role

00:12:18Paul had here.

00:12:20resident adult

00:12:21sometimes.

00:12:22Yeah,

00:12:22absolutely.

00:12:23And truck driver,

00:12:25you name it.

00:12:26Like,

00:12:26he's a great mechanic.

00:12:28He,

00:12:29in his spare time,

00:12:30was part of a

00:12:32dirt track car racing team,

00:12:34you know,

00:12:34big 800 horsepower

00:12:36V8s and stuff.

00:12:37And

00:12:37he indexed

00:12:40the plugs

00:12:41for that.

00:12:42So he made

00:12:43the electrode face,

00:12:45you know,

00:12:45the open part

00:12:46of the electrode

00:12:46face the way

00:12:47that he felt

00:12:48it should.

00:12:49And then you

00:12:49use different shims

00:12:50so that the

00:12:51rotation of the plug

00:12:52when it's tight

00:12:52puts it in the

00:12:53position that you want.

00:12:55And

00:12:55I want to say

00:12:58he said something

00:12:59like 5 to 10%,

00:13:00something along

00:13:01those lines,

00:13:02just indexing

00:13:03the plugs

00:13:03for that engine.

00:13:04A big improvement,

00:13:05let's put it that way,

00:13:06just for orienting

00:13:08the plugs

00:13:08in the way

00:13:08that the spark

00:13:09would light,

00:13:11set the kernel

00:13:12on fire

00:13:13and watch it go,

00:13:14you know?

00:13:14Yep.

00:13:16Now,

00:13:16one of the things

00:13:18that

00:13:19sheds light

00:13:21on what

00:13:22we're talking

00:13:23about

00:13:23is

00:13:24the FEMSA

00:13:26company in Spain

00:13:27around 1968

00:13:29were preparing

00:13:30their FEMSatronic

00:13:32ignition

00:13:32as a replacement

00:13:33for the

00:13:35magnetos

00:13:35that were supplied

00:13:36on Yamaha

00:13:38production racers

00:13:39TZ250

00:13:40and TZ350.

00:13:43And

00:13:44one of the

00:13:46problems

00:13:46with the

00:13:47magneto

00:13:47was that

00:13:48you set

00:13:49the timing

00:13:50perfectly,

00:13:51get the gap

00:13:51just right,

00:13:52start the engine,

00:13:54let it run

00:13:55for two seconds

00:13:56and shut it off,

00:13:57check the timing

00:13:58again,

00:13:59it would be

00:13:59different.

00:14:01Because

00:14:01out on the

00:14:02end of the

00:14:03crankshaft

00:14:03is the cam

00:14:04that is opening

00:14:06and closing

00:14:06the points.

00:14:07And this thing

00:14:08is rattling

00:14:09and banging

00:14:10and clunking

00:14:11around,

00:14:11it was the

00:14:12best that

00:14:13could be

00:14:14done in

00:14:151964.

00:14:16And it

00:14:17kept on

00:14:18for another

00:14:1810 years

00:14:19pretty much.

00:14:21So

00:14:21FEMSA

00:14:25are testing

00:14:25their electronic

00:14:27ignition and

00:14:28they found

00:14:28that on

00:14:30two-stroke

00:14:30engines,

00:14:31it basically

00:14:32engine

00:14:34wouldn't run,

00:14:36couldn't start

00:14:37the engine.

00:14:37and

00:14:38they had

00:14:40all the

00:14:40test

00:14:40equipment

00:14:41that you

00:14:41could

00:14:41imagine,

00:14:42a spinner,

00:14:43you could

00:14:43bolt your

00:14:44ignition to

00:14:44it just

00:14:45like it

00:14:45was an

00:14:45engine,

00:14:46had a

00:14:47backplate

00:14:47like an

00:14:49engine,

00:14:49and it

00:14:50would spin

00:14:50the ignition

00:14:51and you

00:14:51could look

00:14:51at the

00:14:52sparks and

00:14:52you could

00:14:52put your

00:14:53oscilloscope

00:14:54on and

00:14:54watch the

00:14:56ionization

00:14:57of the

00:14:58gap and

00:14:59the 40-volt

00:15:00continuation

00:15:01once the

00:15:02spark was

00:15:02established.

00:15:03so they're

00:15:06looking at

00:15:06this and

00:15:07they're

00:15:07thinking

00:15:07we've

00:15:09built a

00:15:10modern

00:15:10ignition.

00:15:11Modern

00:15:11ignitions

00:15:12only have

00:15:13the gap

00:15:14breakdown

00:15:14voltage

00:15:16spike,

00:15:16which may

00:15:17be 15,000

00:15:19volts or

00:15:19more.

00:15:21It's more

00:15:21now.

00:15:22Yeah,

00:15:22and then

00:15:23well,

00:15:24the gap

00:15:25may break

00:15:25down at

00:15:2614,000 or

00:15:2715,000,

00:15:28but the

00:15:28thing is

00:15:29capable.

00:15:30Yeah,

00:15:30so what

00:15:34if they're

00:15:34saying this

00:15:35is a

00:15:36two-stroke

00:15:36engine?

00:15:38When the

00:15:38transfer ports

00:15:39open,

00:15:40there has

00:15:41not been an

00:15:41exhaust stroke

00:15:42which has

00:15:43pushed the

00:15:43exhaust out.

00:15:44The exhaust

00:15:44is still

00:15:45there.

00:15:46So the

00:15:47transfer flow

00:15:48is coming

00:15:48into the

00:15:49cylinder and

00:15:50mixing with

00:15:52residual exhaust

00:15:53gas.

00:15:53So they're

00:15:53saying what

00:15:54if a little

00:15:55packet of

00:15:55exhaust gas

00:15:56is passing

00:15:57through the

00:15:58spark plug

00:15:58gap,

00:15:59at the

00:16:00moment of

00:16:00the spark

00:16:01misfire.

00:16:04Yeah,

00:16:04inert gas.

00:16:05That's why

00:16:06we do

00:16:06EGR.

00:16:07They pump

00:16:08burned air

00:16:09fuel.

00:16:10It's inert.

00:16:11They put it

00:16:11back in the

00:16:12cylinder at

00:16:12part throttle

00:16:13and it

00:16:13cools off

00:16:14everything so

00:16:15you don't

00:16:15get your

00:16:15nox up.

00:16:17Yes.

00:16:18So this

00:16:20then,

00:16:21this will

00:16:22move us

00:16:23on to

00:16:23another part

00:16:24of the

00:16:24narrative in

00:16:24just a

00:16:25moment.

00:16:26But what

00:16:26they did

00:16:26was they

00:16:27made their

00:16:28spark

00:16:30discharge more

00:16:32like that

00:16:32of a

00:16:33magneto.

00:16:34And the

00:16:34same thing

00:16:35happened when

00:16:36electronic

00:16:37magnetos were

00:16:38built for

00:16:39top fuelers.

00:16:40Top fuelers

00:16:41have

00:16:42hellish

00:16:44conditions in

00:16:45the combustion

00:16:46chamber with

00:16:46blobs of

00:16:47fuel flying

00:16:50around.

00:16:51Has it not

00:16:52been said

00:16:52that on the

00:16:53top fuel

00:16:54dragster that

00:16:55the cylinder

00:16:56is practically

00:16:57filled with

00:17:00fuel?

00:17:01Yeah, it's a

00:17:01lot of

00:17:02fuel.

00:17:03And when

00:17:06they extended

00:17:07the arc

00:17:08duration, it

00:17:09gave a much

00:17:10longer

00:17:11opportunity for

00:17:13the right

00:17:13little packet

00:17:14of just

00:17:15correct mixture

00:17:16to pass

00:17:17through the

00:17:17spark.

00:17:18I should

00:17:19call it the

00:17:19arc because

00:17:21it's sitting

00:17:21there going

00:17:22like a

00:17:23welder.

00:17:25You may

00:17:26have used

00:17:26a welder

00:17:27that uses

00:17:28a voltage

00:17:28spike to

00:17:29establish the

00:17:30arc.

00:17:31Old time

00:17:32welders are

00:17:32tapping with

00:17:33the end of

00:17:33the rod to

00:17:34try to get

00:17:35it to

00:17:36ionize the

00:17:39gap.

00:17:40But that

00:17:41voltage spike

00:17:42does it for

00:17:43you and then

00:17:43you're just

00:17:44going buzz.

00:17:45And if you

00:17:46look at the

00:17:46discharge, it

00:17:47goes up to

00:17:47thousands of

00:17:48volts to

00:17:49break down

00:17:49the gap

00:17:50between the

00:17:51tip of the

00:17:51rod.

00:17:52Oh, it's a

00:17:53miracle on

00:17:54the tag

00:17:54machine I

00:17:55have.

00:17:55And then

00:17:57it falls

00:17:58back to

00:17:5840 volts.

00:18:00And that's

00:18:00just what

00:18:01happens in

00:18:02the magneto

00:18:04ignition.

00:18:04So they

00:18:05had to

00:18:05make the

00:18:06FEMSATRONIC

00:18:07mimic a

00:18:08magneto and

00:18:09it worked

00:18:10fine.

00:18:11And thousands

00:18:11of people

00:18:12bought those

00:18:13FEMSA

00:18:14systems and

00:18:15put them

00:18:15on two

00:18:16strokes and

00:18:17four strokes.

00:18:18And same

00:18:18with the

00:18:19German

00:18:19Krober

00:18:20ignition.

00:18:20Well, my

00:18:22practical

00:18:23experience with

00:18:26this in

00:18:27dynoing

00:18:27thousands of

00:18:28motorcycles here

00:18:29over the

00:18:30last many,

00:18:31many years,

00:18:32a fellow who

00:18:33was land

00:18:33speed racing

00:18:35and Indian

00:18:35wanted to

00:18:36dyno,

00:18:37flathead Indian,

00:18:38old stuff,

00:18:39he wanted to

00:18:39dyno his

00:18:40bike here.

00:18:42And of

00:18:42course I

00:18:42said yes

00:18:43because I

00:18:43want to

00:18:44see that.

00:18:44I definitely

00:18:46want to be

00:18:47a part of

00:18:47that.

00:18:48I will

00:18:49hold the

00:18:49door for

00:18:50you.

00:18:50Yeah,

00:18:50so we

00:18:51put him

00:18:52up,

00:18:52wrapped him

00:18:53in,

00:18:53and we

00:18:55fired it

00:18:56up.

00:18:56And his

00:18:56magneto,

00:18:57genuine

00:18:58magneto,

00:18:59I don't

00:18:59remember the

00:19:00brand,

00:19:00but it's

00:19:00one of

00:19:01those gigantic

00:19:01things.

00:19:04The RF

00:19:05coming off

00:19:05of that was

00:19:06impossible.

00:19:07The screen

00:19:08of the

00:19:08computer was

00:19:10doing like

00:19:11waves.

00:19:12Wonderful.

00:19:12Yeah,

00:19:13and so

00:19:14he's just

00:19:14using giant

00:19:15copper cables

00:19:17and the

00:19:18signal is

00:19:18ringing back

00:19:19and forth

00:19:20in those

00:19:20things.

00:19:21It's an

00:19:21antenna,

00:19:22yeah.

00:19:22It just,

00:19:23I mean,

00:19:24it was really

00:19:24hard to get

00:19:25a clean

00:19:25number.

00:19:26We were

00:19:26getting like

00:19:27gaps of a

00:19:27curve.

00:19:28The computer's

00:19:28like,

00:19:29what are you

00:19:29doing to

00:19:29me?

00:19:30Time for

00:19:31a tinfoil

00:19:31hat for

00:19:32the bike.

00:19:33Absolutely.

00:19:33And so

00:19:34all these

00:19:35modern ignitions

00:19:36just go,

00:19:37and that's

00:19:37kind of it.

00:19:38You know,

00:19:38they've got

00:19:39suppressor

00:19:40wires,

00:19:40they've got

00:19:40resistor caps

00:19:41and things

00:19:42that gaps

00:19:43between,

00:19:43you know,

00:19:44inside the

00:19:45plug.

00:19:46Anyways,

00:19:47interesting,

00:19:48practical

00:19:49demonstration

00:19:51of radio

00:19:52waves

00:19:52happening.

00:19:54Yes.

00:19:54And how

00:19:54long it

00:19:55would go

00:19:55on.

00:19:56That's the

00:19:57reason why

00:19:58modern

00:19:58ignitions

00:19:59allow only

00:20:02the capacitive

00:20:03part,

00:20:03that is,

00:20:04the electricity

00:20:05that is

00:20:06stored on

00:20:07the wire

00:20:08itself,

00:20:08on the

00:20:09conductor.

00:20:10It goes

00:20:12up to a

00:20:12tremendous

00:20:13voltage,

00:20:14the gap

00:20:14in the

00:20:14spark plug

00:20:15is ionized,

00:20:16it breaks

00:20:17down.

00:20:19That

00:20:20capacitive

00:20:21part rushes

00:20:22across the

00:20:22gap,

00:20:23and the

00:20:24resistor

00:20:25wire or

00:20:25the internal

00:20:26gap or

00:20:27whatever just

00:20:27says stop,

00:20:29and the

00:20:30inductive

00:20:30part of

00:20:31the spark

00:20:32does not

00:20:33occur.

00:20:34The welder,

00:20:35the 40

00:20:35volt welder

00:20:37arc.

00:20:38So,

00:20:38now we

00:20:39turn to

00:20:40the two

00:20:42volumes of

00:20:43the internal

00:20:44combustion engine

00:20:45in theory and

00:20:46practice by

00:20:46Charles Fayette

00:20:48Taylor,

00:20:48who lived to

00:20:49be over

00:20:50100 years

00:20:50old.

00:20:51When he

00:20:52was 23

00:20:53years old,

00:20:54he had

00:20:54been put

00:20:55in charge

00:20:56of the

00:20:56U.S.

00:20:57Army's

00:20:57Air

00:20:58Development

00:20:58Center

00:20:59at

00:21:00McCook

00:21:00Field

00:21:01in

00:21:02Ohio.

00:21:04And

00:21:04the way

00:21:06he tells

00:21:07it,

00:21:07he said,

00:21:08there I

00:21:09am,

00:21:09I'm in

00:21:09charge of

00:21:10this big

00:21:10operation,

00:21:12and all

00:21:12I have

00:21:13as

00:21:14knowledge

00:21:16of

00:21:16technology

00:21:17is

00:21:17hearsay.

00:21:19There is

00:21:20no body

00:21:20of knowledge.

00:21:22So,

00:21:23he quit

00:21:23that job

00:21:24and went

00:21:26to MIT

00:21:26and

00:21:28eventually

00:21:29established

00:21:30a

00:21:31department

00:21:31that

00:21:32the

00:21:33Sloan

00:21:33Automotive

00:21:34Lab,

00:21:35which

00:21:35is still

00:21:36going.

00:21:38So,

00:21:39in that

00:21:40book,

00:21:41he describes

00:21:42his view

00:21:43of what

00:21:45combustion

00:21:45is.

00:21:46Now,

00:21:47the piston

00:21:47is descending

00:21:48on the

00:21:49intake

00:21:49stroke.

00:21:50It takes

00:21:51time for

00:21:51the

00:21:52massive

00:21:54air and

00:21:55fuel in

00:21:56the intake

00:21:56pipe

00:21:57to

00:21:58accelerate.

00:21:59Finally,

00:22:00it catches

00:22:01up.

00:22:01It's just

00:22:02coming in

00:22:03at a

00:22:04tremendous

00:22:05speed,

00:22:05hundreds and

00:22:06hundreds of

00:22:06feet per

00:22:07second.

00:22:08And that

00:22:08energy goes

00:22:09into the

00:22:10cylinder

00:22:10and will

00:22:13be

00:22:14intentionally

00:22:14stored

00:22:15by one

00:22:17of two

00:22:18methods.

00:22:18The first

00:22:19one is

00:22:19axial

00:22:20swirl.

00:22:20If you

00:22:20look down

00:22:21on the

00:22:22cylinder

00:22:22like this,

00:22:24a

00:22:24tangential

00:22:25intake

00:22:25port

00:22:26causes

00:22:26the

00:22:28material

00:22:28to

00:22:29circulate

00:22:30in there.

00:22:31Hose

00:22:31on the

00:22:31side

00:22:32of the

00:22:32bucket,

00:22:32as you

00:22:32always

00:22:33say.

00:22:33Yes,

00:22:34the hose

00:22:35into the

00:22:35bucket.

00:22:35And make

00:22:36the swirl

00:22:36happen.

00:22:37Because

00:22:38there you

00:22:38are waiting

00:22:39for the

00:22:40bucket

00:22:40to fill

00:22:42and it's

00:22:42taking

00:22:43forever.

00:22:43So,

00:22:43you play

00:22:44a game

00:22:45and that's

00:22:46the game.

00:22:46Anyway,

00:22:48swirl,

00:22:48axial

00:22:50swirl.

00:22:51And the

00:22:51other one

00:22:52is,

00:22:53if we

00:22:53imagine

00:22:53the

00:22:54cylinder

00:22:54standing

00:22:56upright

00:22:56here,

00:22:57the flow

00:22:58comes in,

00:22:59goes to

00:22:59the opposite

00:23:00cylinder

00:23:00wall,

00:23:01down to

00:23:01the piston

00:23:02and it

00:23:03initially

00:23:04called this

00:23:05barrel

00:23:06motion.

00:23:06Today it's

00:23:07called

00:23:07tumble.

00:23:08It's around

00:23:09an axis

00:23:09at 90

00:23:10degrees

00:23:10to

00:23:11axial

00:23:12swirl.

00:23:13But it

00:23:14stores

00:23:14intake flow

00:23:17energy.

00:23:19Why are

00:23:19they storing

00:23:20it?

00:23:21They're

00:23:22storing it

00:23:22because as

00:23:23the piston

00:23:23rises,

00:23:25that

00:23:26vigorous

00:23:27motion,

00:23:28which begins

00:23:29at several

00:23:30hundred feet

00:23:30per second,

00:23:31is being

00:23:31crowded into

00:23:32a progressively

00:23:33smaller and

00:23:34smaller volume.

00:23:37And I

00:23:38have played

00:23:39little games

00:23:40while waiting

00:23:41for spaghetti

00:23:42to be done,

00:23:44depending upon

00:23:45sometimes making

00:23:47a portion

00:23:47for one

00:23:48person,

00:23:48sometimes

00:23:49for four

00:23:49or five.

00:23:51And when

00:23:52the water

00:23:53is deep,

00:23:53which is when

00:23:54the piston

00:23:54is near

00:23:55bottom dead

00:23:55center,

00:23:56a single

00:23:57cell of

00:23:59motion

00:23:59develops.

00:24:01It's rising

00:24:02on one

00:24:02side of

00:24:03the

00:24:04water,

00:24:06you know,

00:24:06the spaghetti

00:24:07pot,

00:24:08and it's

00:24:08sinking on

00:24:09the other.

00:24:09and with

00:24:12less fluid

00:24:14in there

00:24:15to make

00:24:15a smaller

00:24:16portion of

00:24:17spaghetti,

00:24:17it's easier

00:24:20for it to

00:24:20make two

00:24:22or more

00:24:22cells because

00:24:23it's difficult

00:24:24to have

00:24:25material going

00:24:27one way on

00:24:28the floor

00:24:28of a shallow

00:24:29filling and

00:24:31the other

00:24:32way immediately

00:24:34above it.

00:24:34Because what

00:24:35tends to

00:24:35happen is as

00:24:36they sort of

00:24:37rub against

00:24:38each other,

00:24:39it creates

00:24:39little vortices.

00:24:41So what

00:24:42happens as

00:24:43the piston

00:24:44approaches

00:24:44top dead

00:24:45center is

00:24:46that this

00:24:47large scale

00:24:49motion that

00:24:49we've gone

00:24:50to some

00:24:51trouble to

00:24:52create using

00:24:53intake flow

00:24:54energy breaks

00:24:56down into

00:24:57little turbulent

00:24:58cells.

00:25:01Now,

00:25:02Professor

00:25:03Taylor suggests

00:25:04that one

00:25:07of those

00:25:07cells,

00:25:08is ignited

00:25:09by the

00:25:10spark.

00:25:11And he

00:25:12sees the

00:25:13cells as

00:25:13being lots

00:25:14of little

00:25:15gears that

00:25:15are engaged

00:25:16to each

00:25:17other.

00:25:17That cell

00:25:18has to

00:25:18turn 180

00:25:19degrees to

00:25:20light the

00:25:21cell that's

00:25:21behind it.

00:25:22And that

00:25:23one in

00:25:24turn and

00:25:24so forth.

00:25:26So,

00:25:27according to

00:25:28this model,

00:25:29the speed

00:25:30of the

00:25:31flame is

00:25:33less than

00:25:35but related

00:25:36to the

00:25:37intake

00:25:38velocity

00:25:38because that's

00:25:39where all

00:25:40the energy

00:25:40is coming

00:25:40from.

00:25:41But instead

00:25:42of going

00:25:43straight across

00:25:44in a

00:25:45straight line,

00:25:45it's going

00:25:46traveling by

00:25:47way of

00:25:48these various

00:25:49vortices.

00:25:50some of

00:25:51them are

00:25:51lighting up

00:25:52their

00:25:52partners and

00:25:53others are

00:25:53fizzling.

00:25:55They're like

00:25:55lots of

00:25:56little small

00:25:56businesses

00:25:57starting up.

00:25:59Can they

00:25:59pay their

00:26:00bills?

00:26:00Well, a

00:26:04lovely phrase

00:26:04I found

00:26:05yesterday

00:26:06looking at

00:26:07my notes,

00:26:08which was

00:26:09exponential

00:26:11sensitivity

00:26:12to initial

00:26:14conditions.

00:26:15In other

00:26:16words, the

00:26:17butterfly effect.

00:26:18Chaos theory,

00:26:19man.

00:26:20Yes, indeed.

00:26:22And this

00:26:23is about

00:26:25as far

00:26:25as the

00:26:26research

00:26:27got up

00:26:29until maybe

00:26:30the mid

00:26:3090s.

00:26:32Because

00:26:33the

00:26:35development

00:26:35of engines

00:26:36up to

00:26:37that point

00:26:37centered on

00:26:39chemically

00:26:40correct

00:26:40mixtures,

00:26:42so-called

00:26:42stoichiometric.

00:26:45Memorize

00:26:46that word.

00:26:46It'll knock

00:26:47your buddies

00:26:47flat next

00:26:48time you

00:26:49gather at

00:26:49your favorite

00:26:50watering hole.

00:26:52Stoichiometric.

00:26:53Gotta love

00:26:53it.

00:26:54It just

00:26:55means

00:26:55complete

00:26:57mixture

00:26:57that leads

00:26:58to complete

00:26:59combustion.

00:26:59So there's

00:27:00no leftover

00:27:00oxygen,

00:27:01no leftover

00:27:02hydrocarbon.

00:27:05It never

00:27:06happens,

00:27:07but that's

00:27:08what you're,

00:27:08the ideal

00:27:09that you're

00:27:09seeking.

00:27:10So as long

00:27:11as they

00:27:12were working

00:27:13with good

00:27:14mixtures,

00:27:15when they

00:27:17looked at

00:27:17the phenomenon

00:27:19of cyclic

00:27:20variation,

00:27:21all they saw

00:27:22was chaos.

00:27:24They said,

00:27:25there is no

00:27:26deterministic

00:27:27element here.

00:27:30That's just

00:27:31sad,

00:27:32right?

00:27:32Like,

00:27:32no,

00:27:33we can't,

00:27:34we just

00:27:34have to

00:27:35guess.

00:27:36Yeah,

00:27:36we just,

00:27:36we just

00:27:37have to

00:27:37say,

00:27:38well,

00:27:38a lot of

00:27:39stuff happens

00:27:39now that

00:27:40we don't

00:27:40understand

00:27:41and we

00:27:42don't see

00:27:42a way to

00:27:43figure it

00:27:43out,

00:27:44so we'll

00:27:44move on

00:27:45to the

00:27:45next topic.

00:27:46Now,

00:27:48in the

00:27:50effort to

00:27:51meet

00:27:51emissions

00:27:51and to

00:27:53reduce

00:27:53fuel

00:27:53consumption,

00:27:55the

00:27:55automakers

00:27:56and the

00:27:57universities

00:27:57that

00:27:58depend on

00:28:00them for

00:28:01some of

00:28:02their funding

00:28:02began to

00:28:05work with

00:28:06lean mixtures

00:28:07or with

00:28:09stratified

00:28:11charge.

00:28:11Now,

00:28:12the problem

00:28:12with lean

00:28:12mixture is

00:28:13that

00:28:14hydrocarbon

00:28:17fuel and

00:28:18air is

00:28:19ignitable

00:28:19over a

00:28:20fairly

00:28:21narrow range.

00:28:23Anything

00:28:23richer than

00:28:2410 parts

00:28:25of air

00:28:25to one

00:28:25part of

00:28:26fuel

00:28:26doesn't

00:28:27ignite.

00:28:2918 to

00:28:30one or

00:28:31leaner

00:28:32doesn't

00:28:33ignite.

00:28:34And

00:28:35combustion

00:28:35slows down

00:28:37as you

00:28:38move away

00:28:39from

00:28:39stoichiometric,

00:28:40whether you're

00:28:41going lean

00:28:41or rich.

00:28:43So

00:28:44slowing

00:28:45down

00:28:45combustion

00:28:46is the

00:28:46same

00:28:46as

00:28:46retarding

00:28:47the

00:28:47spark.

00:28:50Down

00:28:50goes the

00:28:51torque.

00:28:53Oh,

00:28:53we're

00:28:54losing out

00:28:55here.

00:28:56Well,

00:28:57once they

00:28:57began to

00:28:59study

00:28:59cyclic

00:29:00variation

00:29:01in

00:29:02mixtures

00:29:03or

00:29:04circumstances

00:29:05in the

00:29:06combustion

00:29:06chamber

00:29:06that were

00:29:07closer to

00:29:08instability,

00:29:10now it

00:29:11fires,

00:29:11now it

00:29:12doesn't,

00:29:12don't we

00:29:13want to

00:29:13know the

00:29:13reason

00:29:14why?

00:29:17They

00:29:18began to

00:29:19apply chaos

00:29:21theory and

00:29:22modern data

00:29:23processing and

00:29:24they came up

00:29:25with the

00:29:26conclusion that

00:29:27yes, there

00:29:29was a strong

00:29:30chaotic

00:29:30element, but

00:29:31there was

00:29:32also a

00:29:34deterministic

00:29:35quality.

00:29:36there were

00:29:38some things

00:29:39that could

00:29:39be

00:29:40controlled

00:29:41that would

00:29:42have an

00:29:42effect on

00:29:44cyclic

00:29:44variation.

00:29:46For

00:29:47example,

00:29:48they looked

00:29:49at the

00:29:50amount of

00:29:51exhaust gas

00:29:52that is

00:29:52left in

00:29:53the cylinder

00:29:54just before

00:29:56ignition.

00:29:58Why is

00:29:58there any?

00:29:59Because when

00:30:00the piston

00:30:00rises on

00:30:01the exhaust

00:30:02stroke, it

00:30:03doesn't go

00:30:03all the way

00:30:04up and

00:30:04touch the

00:30:04head and

00:30:05chase

00:30:06everything

00:30:06out of

00:30:07the

00:30:07cylinder,

00:30:08there's

00:30:08the

00:30:08clearance

00:30:09volume

00:30:09there.

00:30:10It's full

00:30:11of exhaust

00:30:11gas.

00:30:13In the

00:30:14good old

00:30:14days when

00:30:15we were

00:30:15allowed to

00:30:16use all

00:30:16the valve

00:30:17overlap

00:30:17we wanted,

00:30:19we could

00:30:20cause a

00:30:22sound wave

00:30:23to arrive

00:30:24in the

00:30:25cylinder

00:30:26that would

00:30:27start the

00:30:28intake process

00:30:29ahead of

00:30:31time.

00:30:32It would

00:30:32whisk out

00:30:33all of the

00:30:34residual

00:30:35exhaust gas

00:30:36and begin

00:30:37filling the

00:30:37combustion

00:30:38chamber with

00:30:39fresh charge.

00:30:41Ah.

00:30:43But of

00:30:43course the

00:30:44EPA didn't

00:30:44like this

00:30:45at all

00:30:45because where

00:30:47is that

00:30:48fresh charge

00:30:48which is

00:30:49mixing with

00:30:50the exhaust

00:30:50gas?

00:30:50Where is it

00:30:51going?

00:30:51It's going

00:30:52out the

00:30:52exhaust valve.

00:30:54And that's

00:30:54why modern

00:30:55four-stroke

00:30:56motorcycle

00:30:57engines have

00:30:58shorter

00:30:59timing,

00:31:00which mainly

00:31:02means no

00:31:03valve overlap.

00:31:04Don't have

00:31:05the exhaust

00:31:06valve waiting

00:31:07to close

00:31:07until somewhat

00:31:08after top

00:31:09dead center

00:31:10and the

00:31:10intake valve

00:31:11beginning to

00:31:12lift.

00:31:12so why

00:31:18are these

00:31:18modern

00:31:19engines

00:31:19give such,

00:31:21why do

00:31:22they give

00:31:22such broad

00:31:23torque?

00:31:23Well,

00:31:24that's another

00:31:24story.

00:31:25But right

00:31:26now what

00:31:26we're looking

00:31:27at is

00:31:27getting rid

00:31:30of

00:31:31valve

00:31:33overlap

00:31:34doesn't

00:31:37get rid

00:31:38of that

00:31:38residual

00:31:39exhaust

00:31:39gas

00:31:40at top

00:31:40dead

00:31:40center

00:31:41the way

00:31:41valve

00:31:42overlap

00:31:42used to

00:31:43do.

00:31:44So not

00:31:46only how

00:31:46much of

00:31:47that exhaust

00:31:47gas is

00:31:48there,

00:31:49there is

00:31:51the question

00:31:51of how

00:31:52hot it

00:31:52is.

00:31:55Because

00:31:56there are

00:31:56pre-flame

00:31:57reactions that

00:31:58occur in

00:31:59air-fuel

00:32:00mixtures as

00:32:01they get

00:32:01hot.

00:32:02these

00:32:03pre-flame

00:32:04reactions

00:32:04don't

00:32:05necessarily

00:32:06lead to

00:32:07hot

00:32:07combustion.

00:32:08It's just

00:32:09that action

00:32:11starts.

00:32:12It's like

00:32:12there's

00:32:13tension in

00:32:14the bar

00:32:14room,

00:32:14but it's

00:32:15not a

00:32:15brawl

00:32:15yet.

00:32:20Well,

00:32:21you know,

00:32:21making spaghetti

00:32:22last night,

00:32:23listening to

00:32:23the pot,

00:32:24I had the

00:32:24lid on

00:32:25because it

00:32:25heats up

00:32:25faster,

00:32:26heats the

00:32:26water faster.

00:32:27Sure.

00:32:28You hear

00:32:28the sound

00:32:29before it

00:32:31boils.

00:32:32Yeah.

00:32:32So you're

00:32:33hearing the

00:32:33water and

00:32:34it's,

00:32:35it's,

00:32:36they're like,

00:32:37I think I

00:32:38want to let

00:32:39go.

00:32:39And you,

00:32:39you lift the

00:32:40lid and

00:32:40you're like,

00:32:40oh,

00:32:40we're ready

00:32:41to make

00:32:41spaghetti.

00:32:41And it's

00:32:42just tiny

00:32:42bubbles,

00:32:43but there's

00:32:43no action

00:32:44yet.

00:32:44No action

00:32:45yet.

00:32:45I put it

00:32:46back on,

00:32:46I turn it

00:32:47around,

00:32:47you know,

00:32:47I get the

00:32:47tomato sauce

00:32:48or whatever

00:32:49and I put

00:32:49and you lift

00:32:50it up and

00:32:50it's just,

00:32:51it's going.

00:32:53Yep.

00:32:53It's going.

00:32:55So this,

00:32:57this business

00:33:00with lean

00:33:04burn engines

00:33:05has,

00:33:08has brought

00:33:09us to this

00:33:10situation where

00:33:11they're trying

00:33:13very hard to

00:33:14control cyclic

00:33:16variation any

00:33:18way that they

00:33:18can.

00:33:19and they

00:33:19discover that

00:33:21they can,

00:33:23with suitable

00:33:24analysis of

00:33:25where the

00:33:25peak pressure

00:33:27is occurring

00:33:27and certain

00:33:28other things,

00:33:29they can

00:33:30adjust the

00:33:31timing from

00:33:32one cycle

00:33:32to the next

00:33:33in a way

00:33:34that anticipates

00:33:35sequences of

00:33:39events that

00:33:40lead to

00:33:41some part

00:33:42of the

00:33:43cyclic

00:33:43variation and

00:33:44they can

00:33:45suppress it.

00:33:46I, I,

00:33:47I have a,

00:33:48an ignition

00:33:49on my

00:33:50Jaguar

00:33:51cars,

00:33:52vintage Jaguar

00:33:52cars called

00:33:53a one,

00:33:54two,

00:33:54three ignition,

00:33:55electronic

00:33:55ignition,

00:33:56and it has

00:33:57a mode that

00:33:58does a thing

00:33:59that's cylinder

00:34:00balancing.

00:34:02And I

00:34:04don't know

00:34:04how it works,

00:34:05but I put

00:34:05that thing

00:34:06in, in

00:34:07addition to

00:34:07being able

00:34:08to control

00:34:08the curve

00:34:09and control

00:34:09detonation

00:34:10for me in

00:34:11the mid

00:34:11range,

00:34:11it's, it's

00:34:12a hemispherical

00:34:12head and they

00:34:13detonated 1800.

00:34:15They just do

00:34:15if you,

00:34:16with even,

00:34:17even messing

00:34:18with the

00:34:18curve and

00:34:19stuff, I

00:34:19just, it's

00:34:21different.

00:34:21And anyway,

00:34:25you put that

00:34:25in and idle,

00:34:28idle improves,

00:34:29they have an

00:34:29inverted curve

00:34:30on the bottom

00:34:30end where you

00:34:31can program

00:34:31the inverted

00:34:32curve so

00:34:32that it

00:34:32advances the

00:34:33timing if

00:34:33the, the

00:34:35RPM drops

00:34:36and then you

00:34:38can stabilize

00:34:38your idle

00:34:39further in that

00:34:40way, but it

00:34:40also has

00:34:41cylinder balancing

00:34:42about what

00:34:42you're talking

00:34:43about, minorly

00:34:44altering the

00:34:45timing based

00:34:45on what

00:34:46it's sensing

00:34:47in terms

00:34:47of RPM

00:34:48variations.

00:34:48In a, in

00:34:49a feedback

00:34:49way.

00:34:50Yes.

00:34:51Looks at

00:34:51what happened

00:34:52in the

00:34:53previous several

00:34:54cycles and

00:34:55says, aha,

00:34:56here's what

00:34:57I'm going to

00:34:57do.

00:34:58And, you

00:34:59know, from a,

00:34:59you know, from

00:35:00your, you're the

00:35:01brain perspective

00:35:02thinking about all

00:35:03this from the

00:35:03consumer perspective,

00:35:04I'm also thinking

00:35:05about it, but I'm

00:35:06just delighted that I

00:35:06could buy that at

00:35:07an affordable price

00:35:08and that, that

00:35:11people are applying

00:35:12this.

00:35:12It's just like the

00:35:14Ignitec ignition for

00:35:15the Ducati being

00:35:17able to program

00:35:17that and have a

00:35:18curve instead of

00:35:19just a switch.

00:35:20You know, a lot

00:35:20of early electronic

00:35:21emissions were 10

00:35:23degrees and then

00:35:2435 or whatever.

00:35:25Oh yeah.

00:35:26That, that, if

00:35:27you're right at that

00:35:27RPM is it doesn't

00:35:29know which one to

00:35:30do.

00:35:31Oh God.

00:35:31And you try to jet

00:35:32around it as I did

00:35:33on my Leverda on

00:35:34the time.

00:35:35Not going to

00:35:35happen.

00:35:36And I'm like, what

00:35:37is this?

00:35:37And I tried it.

00:35:38Every pilot, I

00:35:39had needles and

00:35:41cutaways and

00:35:42accelerator pumps

00:35:43because they're

00:35:43Delordos and I'm

00:35:44on, as I've

00:35:45joked before, the

00:35:46needle exchange

00:35:47program with Ron

00:35:48Wood Racing

00:35:49because he had

00:35:49all the, he had

00:35:51all the carbs, all

00:35:52the Delordo parts

00:35:53and yeah, you

00:35:54just, well,

00:35:56yeah.

00:35:57Back when Mark

00:35:59Dobeck first

00:36:01offered the

00:36:02Dino Jet

00:36:03Dino, I think

00:36:05it was $10,000.

00:36:06which is radically

00:36:10cheap for

00:36:10dynamometer

00:36:11setup.

00:36:13What it did

00:36:14was it put

00:36:15dynamometers

00:36:16into the

00:36:16hands of

00:36:17thousands of

00:36:18people who

00:36:19otherwise

00:36:20would have

00:36:22been no

00:36:22closer to a

00:36:23dino than

00:36:23the pages of

00:36:24Hot Rod

00:36:25magazine or

00:36:26Cycle World.

00:36:26and every

00:36:31problem that

00:36:32these people

00:36:33had with

00:36:34their engines

00:36:34was they

00:36:38could study

00:36:39it on the

00:36:39dyno and

00:36:40they, they

00:36:41tried, like

00:36:42you mentioned,

00:36:42tried to

00:36:43jet, to jet

00:36:44it out of

00:36:45there.

00:36:46It's natural

00:36:47for a four

00:36:48into one

00:36:49exhaust system

00:36:49on a four

00:36:50cylinder engine

00:36:51to produce a

00:36:53flat spot.

00:36:54somewhere below

00:36:57peak torque

00:36:58and the

00:37:00cause of the

00:37:00flat spot is

00:37:01the pressure

00:37:03wave that I

00:37:04referred to a

00:37:04moment ago

00:37:05that comes

00:37:05back and

00:37:06starts the

00:37:07intake process

00:37:08by pulling

00:37:09intake air

00:37:10through the

00:37:11just closing

00:37:12exhaust valve

00:37:14and the

00:37:15just opening

00:37:16intake valve

00:37:16clears the

00:37:18combustion

00:37:18chamber.

00:37:20Well,

00:37:21where am I

00:37:23now?

00:37:24Well,

00:37:24we're,

00:37:25this is the

00:37:26birth of the

00:37:26421.

00:37:27Yeah.

00:37:28Instead of

00:37:29that wave

00:37:30coming back,

00:37:32which is

00:37:33negative,

00:37:34at some

00:37:34lower speed,

00:37:35the waves

00:37:36alternate in

00:37:37the pipe.

00:37:38At some

00:37:38lower speed,

00:37:39it's a

00:37:41positive wave

00:37:41and it

00:37:42pushes exhaust

00:37:43product back

00:37:44into the

00:37:45combustion

00:37:45chamber.

00:37:46and it

00:37:52plays hub

00:37:54with torque.

00:37:56Torque

00:37:56falls.

00:37:57So these

00:37:58people are

00:37:59all phoning

00:37:59Mark up and

00:38:00they're saying,

00:38:01man,

00:38:02something's

00:38:03wrong with

00:38:04this dino.

00:38:05Yeah,

00:38:06absolutely.

00:38:07And of

00:38:09course,

00:38:09what was

00:38:09happening was

00:38:10the dino

00:38:11enabled them

00:38:12to see

00:38:13it.

00:38:15And on

00:38:16a graph,

00:38:17they could

00:38:17see it.

00:38:18Well,

00:38:18and you

00:38:18don't have

00:38:19to ride

00:38:19the bike.

00:38:19That's the

00:38:20beauty of

00:38:21the dino

00:38:21is I

00:38:22could run

00:38:22at the

00:38:23RPM with

00:38:24my bike

00:38:25stuttering

00:38:25at 3000

00:38:28or whatever

00:38:29it was.

00:38:30And it's

00:38:30not moving

00:38:31and I'm

00:38:31standing next

00:38:32to it and

00:38:32I got my

00:38:32earmuffs on

00:38:33and,

00:38:34you know,

00:38:34we're getting

00:38:34data.

00:38:35Like we

00:38:35understand

00:38:36there's a

00:38:36sniffer on

00:38:37that dino.

00:38:37I wish I'd

00:38:38used it.

00:38:39And of

00:38:40course,

00:38:40we didn't

00:38:41have it on

00:38:41that dino.

00:38:42What you

00:38:42get from

00:38:43the rider

00:38:43is hearsay.

00:38:44What you

00:38:45get from

00:38:45the dino

00:38:46is data.

00:38:47Now,

00:38:48you can

00:38:48also get

00:38:48data from

00:38:49riders,

00:38:50but so

00:38:51often,

00:38:52as in

00:38:52this Mark

00:38:53Dobeck case,

00:38:55they had

00:38:56just tolerated

00:38:58this flat spot.

00:38:59You just

00:38:59interpret it

00:39:00too.

00:39:00You think,

00:39:00oh no,

00:39:01man,

00:39:01this thing

00:39:01pulls like

00:39:02a train

00:39:02up top.

00:39:03Yeah.

00:39:04No,

00:39:04not really.

00:39:05It's coming

00:39:05on so quickly.

00:39:07The horsepower

00:39:07spike,

00:39:08the torque

00:39:08spike is so

00:39:09big once it

00:39:10gets into

00:39:10the happy

00:39:11zone.

00:39:11You think

00:39:12also because

00:39:13it's climbing

00:39:13out of that

00:39:14flat spot,

00:39:15it's really

00:39:15impressive.

00:39:16Right.

00:39:16It's like,

00:39:17oh yeah,

00:39:17this thing

00:39:18gets hard,

00:39:18man,

00:39:19that's awesome,

00:39:19but it's way

00:39:20slower.

00:39:21Yeah.

00:39:23So,

00:39:24incidentally,

00:39:26if you do

00:39:26a cam roll

00:39:27and you

00:39:31basically scissor

00:39:33the intake

00:39:35and exhaust

00:39:36cams,

00:39:36this timing

00:39:38between these

00:39:39two points

00:39:40up here

00:39:40is the

00:39:41valve

00:39:41overlap.

00:39:43And if you

00:39:44scissor it

00:39:45out like

00:39:45this,

00:39:46you're allowing

00:39:47that negative

00:39:48wave to

00:39:49operate over

00:39:50a broader

00:39:50range and

00:39:51to be,

00:39:52to have a

00:39:52stronger effect

00:39:53because there

00:39:55are larger

00:39:56orifices

00:39:57available for

00:39:58the motion

00:39:59of charge.

00:39:59And the

00:40:02trouble,

00:40:02though,

00:40:03is that

00:40:03just as it

00:40:05helps you

00:40:05more at

00:40:06the torque

00:40:06peak,

00:40:07it hurts

00:40:07you worse

00:40:08at the

00:40:09flat spot.

00:40:11So,

00:40:12this is

00:40:13something that

00:40:14old-timers

00:40:15used to,

00:40:16people like

00:40:17Don Tilly,

00:40:18used to go

00:40:19for the

00:40:20moderate,

00:40:22also dirt

00:40:23trackers,

00:40:23rather than,

00:40:25oh man,

00:40:25but the power

00:40:26numbers are

00:40:27like dynamite.

00:40:28104-year-old

00:40:30Ed Iskandarian

00:40:31recently

00:40:32interviewed on

00:40:33video,

00:40:34said that he

00:40:35made his

00:40:35name in the

00:40:36early days

00:40:37of making

00:40:37camshafts.

00:40:38No one knew

00:40:38what they

00:40:38were doing.

00:40:39He thought

00:40:40he was

00:40:41waiting for

00:40:41someone to

00:40:42tell him

00:40:42how wrong

00:40:43he was.

00:40:44And nobody

00:40:45knew enough

00:40:46to do it.

00:40:46Right,

00:40:47and he

00:40:47started making

00:40:48these cams

00:40:48and he

00:40:49realized,

00:40:49you know,

00:40:49he's working

00:40:50with the

00:40:50stock cam

00:40:51and he

00:40:53found this

00:40:54recipe of

00:40:55opening rapidly

00:40:55without a

00:40:57lot of

00:40:57overlap,

00:40:57opening and

00:40:58closing rapidly

00:40:59and he

00:40:59got a

00:41:00cam that

00:41:00worked that

00:41:00didn't wreck

00:41:01the valves

00:41:01and didn't

00:41:02wreck the

00:41:02springs and

00:41:03all of that.

00:41:04Didn't wreck

00:41:04the drivability.

00:41:05And he

00:41:06put an ad

00:41:06out and

00:41:07he sold

00:41:07some to

00:41:08some guys

00:41:08in North

00:41:09Carolina

00:41:09doing dirt

00:41:10track or

00:41:11whatever.

00:41:13And he

00:41:14started getting

00:41:14orders because

00:41:15he was making

00:41:16torque.

00:41:17Yeah.

00:41:18It's pretty

00:41:19cool.

00:41:19It's the same

00:41:21lesson we learn

00:41:22over and over

00:41:22again, I guess.

00:41:23We keep

00:41:23discovering new

00:41:24things where we

00:41:25try five valves

00:41:26or you're

00:41:28trying all

00:41:28these different

00:41:29things as

00:41:29we're working

00:41:30to progress.

00:41:31I wanted to

00:41:31talk about

00:41:32the dyno.

00:41:34Suddenly all

00:41:35these people

00:41:35have a dyno.

00:41:36To me,

00:41:36that's the

00:41:36GSXR 750

00:41:37effect.

00:41:39Yes.

00:41:39Which is

00:41:39mass sale

00:41:41of a thing

00:41:42that everybody

00:41:44just has to

00:41:46try to improve.

00:41:47Right?

00:41:47Like we're out

00:41:48to race and

00:41:49now we have

00:41:49this mass of

00:41:50people racing

00:41:51GSXR 750s in

00:41:521986.

00:41:53And what

00:41:54are they

00:41:54doing?

00:41:55Product

00:41:56development.

00:41:57And all

00:41:58the answers

00:41:59you have,

00:42:00it's just

00:42:01like great

00:42:02combustion.

00:42:02Everybody's

00:42:03working on

00:42:03it once and

00:42:04the message

00:42:05spreads.

00:42:06It's just

00:42:06really cool.

00:42:07And doing

00:42:07that with

00:42:07the dyno,

00:42:08I mean,

00:42:08I think it's

00:42:09reflected today

00:42:10in the

00:42:12technology,

00:42:13the 3D

00:42:13printer.

00:42:15I can get

00:42:16a 3D

00:42:16printer and

00:42:17I can start

00:42:17making prototype

00:42:18parts in my

00:42:20house.

00:42:21I can get

00:42:22a water jet.

00:42:23I can take

00:42:24my chintzy

00:42:25plasma cutter

00:42:26and hook it

00:42:28up to a

00:42:28plotter,

00:42:28basically.

00:42:29And that

00:42:30plotter will

00:42:31cut near

00:42:32perfect parts.

00:42:33No more

00:42:33me oxy

00:42:35with acetylene

00:42:35blowing out

00:42:36all over my

00:42:37shop trying

00:42:37to get the

00:42:38cutter to go

00:42:38and then

00:42:39hitting the

00:42:39gas.

00:42:41Yep.

00:42:42Yeah.

00:42:42It's pretty

00:42:43neat.

00:42:44Yes,

00:42:44indeed.

00:42:46So,

00:42:48there is

00:42:51another

00:42:51combustion

00:42:52system.

00:42:53And I'm

00:42:53not speaking

00:42:54of diesel.

00:42:55In the

00:42:56case of

00:42:56diesel,

00:42:58the piston

00:42:59draws in

00:43:01an unthrottled

00:43:03charge of

00:43:05pure air.

00:43:06There's no

00:43:07fuel

00:43:07associated.

00:43:08There is no

00:43:09throttle.

00:43:10There is no

00:43:10air throttle.

00:43:11So,

00:43:11the diesel

00:43:12engine is

00:43:12pulling in

00:43:13a cylinder

00:43:14full every

00:43:14time.

00:43:15it compresses

00:43:17it at a

00:43:18ratio of

00:43:1916 or

00:43:2017 to

00:43:201 so

00:43:21that its

00:43:21temperature

00:43:22rises high

00:43:23enough that

00:43:24when a

00:43:26fuel spray

00:43:27of number

00:43:29two heating

00:43:29oil or

00:43:30functional

00:43:31equivalent

00:43:31enters the

00:43:32cylinder,

00:43:33the first

00:43:34thing that

00:43:34happens is

00:43:35nothing.

00:43:36This is

00:43:37called

00:43:37ignition

00:43:37delay.

00:43:38All it

00:43:39is is

00:43:39the fuel

00:43:40has to

00:43:41evaporate

00:43:42before it

00:43:43can form a

00:43:44vapor which

00:43:45then can be

00:43:45heated up

00:43:46by the

00:43:46hot air

00:43:47to catch

00:43:48fire.

00:43:49Maybe 10

00:43:50degrees.

00:43:51Anyway,

00:43:52that's the

00:43:53diesel cycle.

00:43:54this other

00:43:56thing is

00:43:57called

00:43:57HCCI

00:43:58which is

00:44:00homogeneous

00:44:04charge

00:44:06compression

00:44:07ignition.

00:44:08Now,

00:44:08homogeneous

00:44:09charge

00:44:09means

00:44:10pre-mixed

00:44:11and

00:44:12completely

00:44:13mixed.

00:44:14Not a

00:44:15mass of

00:44:15droplets in

00:44:16a mass of

00:44:17pure air

00:44:17with a

00:44:19fringe of

00:44:20vapor around

00:44:21each droplet.

00:44:22Well,

00:44:22we've improved

00:44:23that through

00:44:23initially we

00:44:26were working

00:44:26with carburation

00:44:27and needles

00:44:28and cutaways

00:44:29and flow

00:44:30Now we have

00:44:3012 holes.

00:44:32Right.

00:44:33And so you're

00:44:34relying on

00:44:34signal and

00:44:35lots of

00:44:36different things

00:44:37pressure

00:44:37all that

00:44:39happening and

00:44:39so you're

00:44:41getting a

00:44:41charge that's

00:44:42a certain

00:44:42way and

00:44:43carbs work

00:44:43great.

00:44:44Carbs can

00:44:44work extremely

00:44:45well but we

00:44:46get a lot

00:44:47better results

00:44:47as you say

00:44:48with an

00:44:49injector that

00:44:49has very

00:44:50high pressure

00:44:50fuel,

00:44:511,

00:44:512,

00:44:513 bar,

00:44:52whatever

00:44:53they're

00:44:53running.

00:44:53And a

00:44:54duty cycle

00:44:55and which

00:44:56way are

00:44:56you aiming

00:44:57the injector

00:44:57still has

00:44:58an influence.

00:44:59Yep.

00:44:59If you

00:44:59you know

00:45:00instinctively

00:45:01you would

00:45:01say like

00:45:02oh yeah

00:45:02intuitively

00:45:03you would

00:45:04say yeah

00:45:04I want

00:45:04to shoot

00:45:05the fuel

00:45:05into the

00:45:05cylinder

00:45:06but in

00:45:07fact that

00:45:08that has

00:45:08has caused

00:45:09problems.

00:45:09our own

00:45:10efforts with

00:45:11project 156

00:45:12the victory

00:45:13race bike

00:45:14that we

00:45:14ran on

00:45:15Pikes Peak

00:45:16with Dom

00:45:16Cane

00:45:17we struggled

00:45:19with on

00:45:21throttle smoothness

00:45:22coming rolling

00:45:23off to on

00:45:24because it

00:45:25was not

00:45:25the combustion

00:45:27was inconsistent

00:45:28and it

00:45:29wasn't atomizing

00:45:29the fuel

00:45:30and we

00:45:30had not

00:45:31we

00:45:31victory

00:45:32had aimed

00:45:33you know

00:45:33aimed them

00:45:34at the

00:45:34intake valves

00:45:35the injectors

00:45:35and when

00:45:36they turn

00:45:37them perpendicular

00:45:38to flow

00:45:39the injector

00:45:40is perpendicular

00:45:40to flow

00:45:41problem

00:45:42mostly solved

00:45:44because it

00:45:45was being

00:45:46sheared apart

00:45:47the spray

00:45:47was going

00:45:48across the

00:45:48port

00:45:49and the

00:45:50relative

00:45:51velocity

00:45:51was up

00:45:52and it

00:45:53yeah

00:45:53and it

00:45:53it mixed

00:45:54it and it

00:45:55was closer

00:45:55to homogeneous

00:45:56what you're

00:45:56saying

00:45:56like our

00:45:57ideal would

00:45:58be completely

00:45:58homogeneous

00:45:59charge

00:46:00if we

00:46:00could

00:46:01yes

00:46:01ensure that

00:46:02every time

00:46:02and that's

00:46:03what HCCI

00:46:04is

00:46:04and in

00:46:05fact in

00:46:05engine

00:46:05testing

00:46:06fuels

00:46:08testing

00:46:08they use

00:46:09steam

00:46:10heated

00:46:10intake

00:46:11systems

00:46:11so that

00:46:13they can

00:46:13be sure

00:46:14that the

00:46:14charge is

00:46:15completely

00:46:16evaporated

00:46:16but anyway

00:46:17HCCI

00:46:18is a

00:46:19different

00:46:20kind of

00:46:20compression

00:46:21ignition

00:46:21because

00:46:22here's

00:46:22what

00:46:22happens

00:46:23the

00:46:25piston

00:46:25is rising

00:46:26a

00:46:28fraction

00:46:29of hot

00:46:30exhaust

00:46:31gas

00:46:31has been

00:46:32in a

00:46:33controlled

00:46:33way

00:46:34allowed

00:46:35to remain

00:46:36in the

00:46:36cylinder

00:46:36so as

00:46:37the piston

00:46:38rises

00:46:39on compression

00:46:39it is

00:46:40raising the

00:46:41temperature

00:46:41of the

00:46:42mixture

00:46:42just like

00:46:43pumping up

00:46:44a bicycle

00:46:45tire

00:46:45the lower

00:46:46part

00:46:46of the

00:46:47pump

00:46:47the tire

00:46:49pump

00:46:50becomes

00:46:51sometimes

00:46:52quite hot

00:46:52from

00:46:54compression

00:46:54now you

00:46:57add to

00:46:57that the

00:46:58heat

00:46:58of

00:46:59some

00:47:00exhaust

00:47:00gas

00:47:00that you

00:47:01have

00:47:01caused

00:47:02to be

00:47:02left

00:47:03in the

00:47:03cylinder

00:47:03and what

00:47:04happens

00:47:05is

00:47:05pre-flame

00:47:06reactions

00:47:07begin to

00:47:07occur

00:47:08hydrogen

00:47:11atoms

00:47:11break off

00:47:12of hydrocarbon

00:47:14molecules

00:47:14and they

00:47:15come tapping

00:47:16on the

00:47:16door

00:47:17of O2

00:47:18which is a

00:47:19pair of

00:47:19oxygen

00:47:19molecules

00:47:20that want

00:47:21to dance

00:47:21these

00:47:24pre-flame

00:47:25reactions

00:47:25release

00:47:27heat

00:47:27at a

00:47:28low

00:47:28level

00:47:28compression

00:47:30moves

00:47:31along

00:47:31further

00:47:32and if

00:47:32you have

00:47:33everything

00:47:33timed

00:47:34just

00:47:34right

00:47:34in a

00:47:37thousand

00:47:37points

00:47:38of light

00:47:38as one

00:47:39of our

00:47:39former

00:47:39presidents

00:47:40said

00:47:42years

00:47:42ago

00:47:42this

00:47:46pre-flame

00:47:47reaction

00:47:48begins

00:47:49to become

00:47:50hot

00:47:51combustion

00:47:51in

00:47:53myriad

00:47:53places

00:47:54throughout

00:47:54the

00:47:55cylinder

00:47:55and you

00:47:56have a

00:47:56relatively

00:47:57smooth

00:47:58but rapid

00:47:59rise

00:47:59to peak

00:48:00pressure

00:48:00no spark

00:48:02and

00:48:06how do

00:48:06you

00:48:07change

00:48:07the timing

00:48:08by

00:48:09controlling

00:48:09the amount

00:48:10of exhaust

00:48:10gas that

00:48:11is allowed

00:48:11to remain

00:48:12in the

00:48:12cylinder

00:48:13now

00:48:14in 1995

00:48:15Honda

00:48:16built

00:48:18an

00:48:18HCCI

00:48:19HCCI

00:48:20bike

00:48:21called

00:48:21EXP2

00:48:22which

00:48:24in

00:48:251995

00:48:26finished

00:48:27fifth

00:48:27in the

00:48:28Paris

00:48:29Dakar

00:48:29it was a

00:48:31two stroke

00:48:31and

00:48:33when it's

00:48:36running

00:48:36it just

00:48:36sounds like

00:48:37like normal

00:48:39except

00:48:40that it

00:48:42doesn't

00:48:42eight stroke

00:48:44and four

00:48:44stroke

00:48:45now

00:48:47explain why

00:48:48that happens

00:48:48yes I'm

00:48:49going to

00:48:50do

00:48:50okay

00:48:50great

00:48:50first of

00:48:55all

00:48:55there's

00:48:56almost

00:48:57no

00:48:57cyclic

00:48:57variation

00:48:58in

00:48:59HCCI

00:49:00why is

00:49:01that

00:49:01in the

00:49:02case of

00:49:03spark

00:49:04ignition

00:49:04you're

00:49:05igniting

00:49:05the charge

00:49:06at a

00:49:07single

00:49:07point

00:49:07and then

00:49:08gambling

00:49:09that something

00:49:11like

00:49:11the light

00:49:12up time

00:49:13that you

00:49:13are accustomed

00:49:14to having

00:49:15will actually

00:49:16occur

00:49:16and the

00:49:18measurements

00:49:18have shown

00:49:19that it

00:49:20doesn't

00:49:20always occur

00:49:21that it

00:49:22could be

00:49:23much better

00:49:23but it

00:49:23could also

00:49:24be much

00:49:24worse

00:49:25so that's

00:49:26something you'd

00:49:27like to

00:49:27play with

00:49:28because if

00:49:28you could

00:49:29optimize

00:49:30that guy

00:49:30you'd

00:49:31really have

00:49:31something

00:49:32so in

00:49:33the case

00:49:34of HCCI

00:49:35no

00:49:36cyclic

00:49:36variation

00:49:37because

00:49:38ignition

00:49:39is dependent

00:49:40upon average

00:49:41conditions

00:49:42throughout the

00:49:43cylinder

00:49:43and that's

00:49:45something we

00:49:46can control

00:49:47the problem

00:49:49with HCCI

00:49:51is that

00:49:52on top

00:49:52end

00:49:53you need

00:49:54a spark

00:49:54because there's

00:49:56so much

00:49:56fresh charge

00:49:57and so little

00:49:58hot exhaust

00:49:58gas that it

00:49:59cannot ignite

00:50:00and an

00:50:01analogous

00:50:02thing happens

00:50:02at very

00:50:03low throttle

00:50:03so there

00:50:06has to be

00:50:06a spark

00:50:07plug

00:50:07it operates

00:50:09when in

00:50:10the regime

00:50:12of operation

00:50:12where it's

00:50:13needed

00:50:13so

00:50:16initially

00:50:17there was

00:50:17a lot

00:50:18of interest

00:50:18in HCCI

00:50:19and I

00:50:19think

00:50:20Mazda

00:50:20built

00:50:20something

00:50:21called

00:50:21Sky

00:50:22Active

00:50:23that was

00:50:24a four

00:50:24stroke

00:50:25engine

00:50:25operating

00:50:27on

00:50:27the

00:50:28HCCI

00:50:29principle

00:50:29but

00:50:32of course

00:50:33what's

00:50:34happening

00:50:34now

00:50:35is that

00:50:35no one

00:50:36can be

00:50:37sure

00:50:37what

00:50:37the

00:50:38EPA

00:50:39is going

00:50:41to say

00:50:41much

00:50:43less

00:50:44what's

00:50:44going

00:50:44to cause

00:50:45them

00:50:45to say

00:50:45it

00:50:45because

00:50:47it's

00:50:50not clear

00:50:50when this

00:50:51all electric

00:50:52thing is

00:50:52happening

00:50:53people

00:50:54speak

00:50:54confidently

00:50:55about

00:50:56percentages

00:50:57of electric

00:50:58cars in the

00:50:59fleet by a

00:50:59certain

00:51:00period of

00:51:01time in the

00:51:02future

00:51:02I think

00:51:04that what's

00:51:04happened now

00:51:05is that

00:51:05the automotive

00:51:06manufacturers

00:51:07have decided

00:51:08the main

00:51:11chance is

00:51:12we're going

00:51:13to be

00:51:13building

00:51:14combustion

00:51:14engines

00:51:15for a

00:51:15long time

00:51:16to come

00:51:16so we'd

00:51:17better keep

00:51:18the research

00:51:18going

00:51:19into how

00:51:21to reduce

00:51:22emissions

00:51:24and fuel

00:51:26consumption

00:51:27so

00:51:28on the

00:51:31other hand

00:51:31there is

00:51:33this

00:51:33gnawing

00:51:34worry

00:51:36that says

00:51:37what if

00:51:39we get

00:51:40a bunch

00:51:41in

00:51:41Washington

00:51:42who really

00:51:43want this

00:51:44electric thing

00:51:44to happen

00:51:45right away

00:51:45and we're

00:51:47stuck with

00:51:47all this

00:51:47investment

00:51:48in spark

00:51:50ignition

00:51:50R&D

00:51:51well that's

00:51:54called

00:51:54risk

00:51:54supposedly

00:51:57business

00:51:59that doesn't

00:52:00exactly thrive

00:52:01on it

00:52:02but

00:52:02as they

00:52:04say

00:52:04at the

00:52:04Kiwanis

00:52:05people drink

00:52:06toasts

00:52:07of competition

00:52:07but they

00:52:08phone

00:52:09Washington

00:52:09when they

00:52:10actually

00:52:10encounter

00:52:11it

00:52:11so

00:52:13it's a

00:52:14hard

00:52:14problem

00:52:15for

00:52:16manufacturers

00:52:17of vehicles

00:52:19to know

00:52:20where they

00:52:21should stack

00:52:22their chips

00:52:22for the

00:52:23future

00:52:24but it's

00:52:26always best

00:52:26to be

00:52:27prepared

00:52:27so

00:52:27everybody's

00:52:29got an

00:52:29HCCI

00:52:30program

00:52:30several years

00:52:33ago the

00:52:33SAE

00:52:34Society of

00:52:35Automotive

00:52:35Engineers

00:52:36came out

00:52:36with a

00:52:37fair-sized

00:52:38book

00:52:38which was

00:52:39bound

00:52:41copies

00:52:41of the

00:52:42HCCI

00:52:43papers

00:52:44that were

00:52:45the

00:52:48most

00:52:49information

00:52:50packed

00:52:51that they

00:52:51had

00:52:52as it

00:52:53turns out

00:52:54HCCI

00:52:55goes

00:52:56way back

00:52:57in time

00:52:58during

00:53:01World War

00:53:02II

00:53:02the

00:53:03Russians

00:53:03wanted

00:53:04to come

00:53:05up with

00:53:06a

00:53:07knock-free

00:53:08combustion

00:53:09system

00:53:10that did

00:53:11not require

00:53:12them to

00:53:13have the

00:53:14refinery

00:53:14technology

00:53:15that the

00:53:16US had

00:53:17at that

00:53:18time

00:53:18the early

00:53:191940s

00:53:20and so

00:53:22they did

00:53:23a bunch

00:53:23of research

00:53:24into this

00:53:24into something

00:53:26very much

00:53:26like HCCI

00:53:28it never

00:53:29came to

00:53:29they didn't

00:53:30run aircraft

00:53:30engines on

00:53:31it but

00:53:33that research

00:53:34is out

00:53:34there

00:53:34and when

00:53:37two Japanese

00:53:37researchers

00:53:39sent the

00:53:40SAE

00:53:41a paper

00:53:43on

00:53:45this form

00:53:46of ignition

00:53:47this form

00:53:48of combustion

00:53:49at first

00:53:51the

00:53:51content

00:53:53committee

00:53:54said

00:53:54this

00:53:56is

00:53:58incomprehensible

00:53:58I don't

00:53:59know what

00:53:59they're

00:53:59talking

00:53:59about

00:54:00and

00:54:01awesome

00:54:03I'd be

00:54:03proud

00:54:04yeah

00:54:04the

00:54:06head of

00:54:07engineering

00:54:08at that

00:54:10time

00:54:10of

00:54:10Mercury

00:54:11Marine

00:54:11outboard

00:54:12motor

00:54:12makers

00:54:12Ben

00:54:14Schaefer

00:54:14somebody

00:54:16phoned

00:54:16let's

00:54:17call

00:54:17Ben

00:54:17he'll

00:54:18know

00:54:18and

00:54:20Ben

00:54:22said

00:54:22I want

00:54:23you to

00:54:24publish

00:54:24these

00:54:24papers

00:54:25because

00:54:25they

00:54:25are

00:54:26going

00:54:26to be

00:54:26very

00:54:26important

00:54:27one

00:54:27day

00:54:27and

00:54:28here's

00:54:28why

00:54:29so

00:54:29oh

00:54:30well

00:54:31geez

00:54:31didn't

00:54:32know

00:54:32that

00:54:32okay

00:54:33so

00:54:35there's

00:54:35a whole

00:54:36literature

00:54:36on this

00:54:37and

00:54:38it's

00:54:40quite

00:54:40interesting

00:54:41to read

00:54:41if you

00:54:42if you

00:54:43care for

00:54:43that sort

00:54:44of thing

00:54:44but

00:54:46on the

00:54:49one hand

00:54:49you have

00:54:50HCCI

00:54:50where

00:54:51the point

00:54:52of peak

00:54:52pressure

00:54:52is

00:54:53determined

00:54:54by average

00:54:54conditions

00:54:55in the

00:54:55cylinder

00:54:56so it

00:54:56is

00:54:56quite

00:54:57controllable

00:54:58on this

00:54:59hand

00:55:00we have

00:55:00the spark

00:55:01ignition

00:55:01engine

00:55:02for which

00:55:03we have

00:55:04vast

00:55:04accumulated

00:55:06knowledge

00:55:07but we

00:55:08can't

00:55:09eliminate

00:55:10cyclic

00:55:11variation

00:55:11because

00:55:12of that

00:55:13large

00:55:13stochastic

00:55:15meaning

00:55:18mysteriously

00:55:20variable

00:55:22or chaotic

00:55:24component

00:55:25the causation

00:55:27we believe

00:55:28in causation

00:55:29we're not

00:55:30talking about

00:55:31the quantum

00:55:31realm here

00:55:32where

00:55:32a proton

00:55:35and an

00:55:36anti-proton

00:55:37pair can

00:55:37appear out

00:55:38of nothing

00:55:39well

00:55:41that proton

00:55:44wasn't there

00:55:45before

00:55:45we're

00:55:47talking about

00:55:48ordinary

00:55:49causation

00:55:50cause and

00:55:51effect

00:55:52it's just

00:55:53that there

00:55:53are so

00:55:53many of

00:55:54those little

00:55:54whirling

00:55:55vortices

00:55:55created

00:55:57as the

00:55:57piston

00:55:58crowds

00:55:58that

00:56:00large scale

00:56:01motion

00:56:01left over

00:56:02from the

00:56:02intake

00:56:02process

00:56:03into a

00:56:04smaller and

00:56:04smaller

00:56:04space

00:56:05it breaks

00:56:06up into

00:56:07little

00:56:07turbulent

00:56:07cells

00:56:08you light

00:56:09one of

00:56:10them on

00:56:10fire

00:56:10you can't

00:56:13control the

00:56:13result

00:56:14so

00:56:16except

00:56:17when

00:56:17you do

00:56:19get some

00:56:19control

00:56:20when you

00:56:20get near

00:56:21the edge

00:56:22of stability

00:56:22very lean

00:56:24mixtures

00:56:24why would

00:56:25anyone want

00:56:26a lean

00:56:26mixture

00:56:27I didn't

00:56:30know for

00:56:31years

00:56:31and

00:56:32I had

00:56:34to give

00:56:34myself

00:56:34a little

00:56:36course

00:56:37what happens

00:56:38is

00:56:38that the

00:56:39hotter

00:56:40that

00:56:40combustion

00:56:41is

00:56:41the

00:56:44more

00:56:45energy

00:56:45of

00:56:46combustion

00:56:46appears

00:56:47not as

00:56:48the

00:56:48velocity

00:56:48of

00:56:49molecules

00:56:49in the

00:56:50gas

00:56:50zooming

00:56:51around

00:56:51colliding

00:56:52with other

00:56:52molecules

00:56:53but in

00:56:54the form

00:56:54of

00:56:55molecular

00:56:56vibrations

00:56:56and

00:56:57rotation

00:56:58vibration

00:57:01and rotation

00:57:01doesn't push

00:57:03pistons

00:57:03so the

00:57:04more intense

00:57:05combustion

00:57:06the more

00:57:08energy is

00:57:08going out

00:57:09the exhaust

00:57:10valve

00:57:10in the

00:57:12form of

00:57:13energy that

00:57:15can't be used

00:57:16on the

00:57:16piston

00:57:17so that

00:57:18incentivizes

00:57:20us

00:57:20nasty

00:57:21business

00:57:22word

00:57:22that it

00:57:23is

00:57:23it motivates

00:57:24us

00:57:25to cool

00:57:26off

00:57:27combustion

00:57:27so that

00:57:28we don't

00:57:29put much

00:57:29energy

00:57:30into

00:57:30molecular

00:57:31vibration

00:57:32and rotation

00:57:33and that's

00:57:36what's behind

00:57:37this business

00:57:38of

00:57:39extremely

00:57:41lean

00:57:41combustion

00:57:42because

00:57:43it's

00:57:45cool

00:57:45it takes

00:57:47place at

00:57:48low temperature

00:57:48and you

00:57:49don't get

00:57:50that waste

00:57:50of energy

00:57:51a lot

00:57:51of pilots

00:57:52still

00:57:53debate

00:57:53oh yeah

00:57:55a lot

00:57:55of pilots

00:57:56still debate

00:57:56which side

00:57:58of

00:57:58highest

00:58:00RPM

00:58:00you want

00:58:01to set

00:58:01your

00:58:01mixture

00:58:02control

00:58:02on your

00:58:02aircraft

00:58:03because

00:58:03if you

00:58:03don't

00:58:04fly

00:58:04older

00:58:05aircraft

00:58:05they have

00:58:06auto

00:58:06throttles

00:58:06now

00:58:07where you

00:58:07can just

00:58:07do whatever

00:58:08you want

00:58:09and the

00:58:09engine

00:58:09takes care

00:58:10of it

00:58:10but in

00:58:12your old

00:58:12Stinson

00:58:12108

00:58:13or your

00:58:13Cessna

00:58:14170

00:58:14you have

00:58:15the mixture

00:58:15control

00:58:16and you

00:58:16go lean

00:58:17of peak

00:58:18and it

00:58:19cools off

00:58:20for some

00:58:21reason

00:58:21the EGT

00:58:21goes down

00:58:22and it's

00:58:22counterintuitive

00:58:23like you

00:58:24think oh

00:58:24lean's hot

00:58:25we're going

00:58:25to melt

00:58:25the piston

00:58:26and in

00:58:26fact

00:58:26no

00:58:27well that's

00:58:29one that came

00:58:29out of

00:58:30of course

00:58:30the two

00:58:30stroke

00:58:31experience

00:58:31what happened

00:58:32was

00:58:33well first

00:58:34of all

00:58:34let's look

00:58:35at what

00:58:35two strokes

00:58:36were doing

00:58:36at the end

00:58:38of their

00:58:39period

00:58:39in GP

00:58:41racing

00:58:42they had

00:58:43such good

00:58:43cooling

00:58:44you could

00:58:44jet them

00:58:45down

00:58:45until they

00:58:46slowed

00:58:47down

00:58:47and that's

00:58:49the natural

00:58:50state

00:58:51but my

00:58:541965

00:58:55TD-1B

00:58:57250cc

00:58:58Yamaha

00:58:58twin

00:58:59is air

00:59:00cooled

00:59:00and that

00:59:02means it's

00:59:03not very

00:59:03well

00:59:04cooled

00:59:05because

00:59:06the velocity

00:59:07of air

00:59:08passing over

00:59:09the and

00:59:09between the

00:59:10fins is

00:59:10constantly

00:59:11varying

00:59:11the level

00:59:13of power

00:59:14is constantly

00:59:14varying

00:59:15so

00:59:15this is

00:59:17not a

00:59:18well cooled

00:59:19situation

00:59:20so what

00:59:21did we do

00:59:22about it

00:59:22we ran

00:59:23rich

00:59:23typically

00:59:25a couple

00:59:25of sizes

00:59:26if you

00:59:29jet it

00:59:29down

00:59:30power

00:59:31would rise

00:59:32but so

00:59:32would

00:59:33failure

00:59:33so we

00:59:36learned to

00:59:37associate

00:59:38lean mixtures

00:59:38with danger

00:59:39but in

00:59:41fact if

00:59:42you look

00:59:42at the

00:59:43stoichiometric

00:59:43conditions

00:59:45where

00:59:45chemically

00:59:46correct

00:59:47combustion

00:59:47is occurring

00:59:48if you

00:59:49move away

00:59:49in either

00:59:50the rich

00:59:51or the

00:59:51lean

00:59:52direction

00:59:52combustion

00:59:53temperature

00:59:54falls

00:59:54and

00:59:58so

00:59:58what was

00:59:59happening

01:00:00with those

01:00:00early two

01:00:01strokes was

01:00:01you were

01:00:02jetting

01:00:02toward

01:00:03a peak

01:00:04power

01:00:05mixture

01:00:05and the

01:00:08engine

01:00:08didn't have

01:00:08the cooling

01:00:09to handle

01:00:09it

01:00:10so

01:00:12exhaust

01:00:13gas

01:00:13temperature

01:00:14you were

01:00:14rich

01:00:15you were

01:00:15also

01:00:15cooling

01:00:16the

01:00:16intake

01:00:16charge

01:00:16right

01:00:17you were

01:00:17that's

01:00:17what was

01:00:18happening

01:00:18yeah

01:00:18well when

01:00:19you take

01:00:20off in a

01:00:20big piston

01:00:21engine

01:00:21airplane

01:00:22you enrich

01:00:23by about

01:00:2420%

01:00:25and the

01:00:26evaporative

01:00:27cooling

01:00:28that occurs

01:00:28when that

01:00:29extra fuel

01:00:30is sprayed

01:00:30into the

01:00:31supercharger

01:00:31reduces the

01:00:35charge temperature

01:00:35at the moment

01:00:36of ignition

01:00:36making detonation

01:00:38a little bit

01:00:39less likely

01:00:40so you can

01:00:41turn up

01:00:41the boost

01:00:42toga

01:00:43take off

01:00:44go around

01:00:44oh

01:00:45yeah

01:00:46toga

01:00:47so

01:00:48that whole

01:00:51thing

01:00:52some of

01:00:53those early

01:00:53engines

01:00:54for instance

01:00:54the engines

01:00:55in the

01:00:55B29

01:00:563350-23A

01:00:58they had

01:01:01terrible

01:01:02mixture

01:01:03inconsistency

01:01:05around

01:01:06the engine

01:01:07and it

01:01:07constantly

01:01:08changed

01:01:09as the

01:01:09RPM

01:01:10and the

01:01:11throttle

01:01:11setting

01:01:11was changed

01:01:12oh this

01:01:13is the

01:01:13hot cylinder

01:01:14now

01:01:14oh he's

01:01:15throttled

01:01:16back

01:01:17now this

01:01:17is the

01:01:17hot cylinder

01:01:18so they

01:01:19could not

01:01:20set mixture

01:01:21on the

01:01:22lean side

01:01:22in order

01:01:23to extend

01:01:24range

01:01:24in fact

01:01:25those aircraft

01:01:27flew their

01:01:28missions

01:01:28on 70%

01:01:30power

01:01:30auto

01:01:31rich

01:01:32and

01:01:35they used

01:01:36a great

01:01:37deal of

01:01:37fuel

01:01:37I was

01:01:38just at

01:01:39AirVenture

01:01:40and they

01:01:40have the

01:01:41two flying

01:01:41B29s

01:01:42were at

01:01:43AirVenture

01:01:43both of

01:01:44them were

01:01:44there

01:01:44yeah

01:01:45yeah

01:01:45Fifi

01:01:47and Fuddy

01:01:47Duddy

01:01:47I think

01:01:48Doc

01:01:49Doc

01:01:49yeah

01:01:50and

01:01:51they had

01:01:54the flight

01:01:55engineer

01:01:55and a

01:01:55pilot

01:01:56and I

01:01:58was able

01:01:58to ask

01:01:58him a

01:01:59question

01:01:59and I

01:01:59asked him

01:02:00about

01:02:00reliability

01:02:00and he's

01:02:01like

01:02:01I said

01:02:02you know

01:02:02these were

01:02:03notorious

01:02:03for having

01:02:04a lot of

01:02:04problems

01:02:05and engine

01:02:05fires

01:02:05and he's

01:02:06like yeah

01:02:06in fact

01:02:07you know

01:02:07we had

01:02:08it was

01:02:10not uncommon

01:02:11to get

01:02:11100 to

01:02:12300 hours

01:02:12out of an

01:02:13original

01:02:14B29 engine

01:02:15they weren't

01:02:16field repairing

01:02:16them

01:02:17they were

01:02:17taking them

01:02:18off

01:02:18and replacing

01:02:19them

01:02:19and he's

01:02:21like yeah

01:02:22obviously we

01:02:22can't do

01:02:23that so

01:02:23what we did

01:02:24is kind

01:02:24of a

01:02:25Frankenstein

01:02:25solution

01:02:27and he

01:02:27said

01:02:27they took

01:02:28the core

01:02:29power unit

01:02:30off like

01:02:31the

01:02:31Constellation

01:02:32they weren't

01:02:33trying to get

01:02:33to 35,000

01:02:34feet so

01:02:35they didn't

01:02:35need dual

01:02:35stage

01:02:36supercharging

01:02:36so they

01:02:37got the

01:02:37single

01:02:37stage off

01:02:38this other

01:02:38plane

01:02:38and they

01:02:39got the

01:02:40accessory

01:02:40unit off

01:02:41of this

01:02:41other one

01:02:42and now

01:02:42they have

01:02:42this incredible

01:02:43reliability

01:02:44and you

01:02:46know

01:02:46it's a

01:02:47post-war

01:02:47engine

01:02:48and it's

01:02:49a hybrid

01:02:49yeah

01:02:50and that

01:02:52engine

01:02:52you can

01:02:53push the

01:02:56mixture

01:02:56to the

01:02:57lean side

01:02:57for extended

01:02:58cruise

01:02:59because it

01:03:00has

01:03:01what they

01:03:04call spinner

01:03:05injection

01:03:05the fuel

01:03:06is injected

01:03:07into the

01:03:08rotating

01:03:08supercharger

01:03:09impeller

01:03:10yeah

01:03:10mixes it

01:03:11up

01:03:11and when

01:03:12you have

01:03:13consistent

01:03:13mixture

01:03:14getting to

01:03:15all cylinders

01:03:15if you

01:03:16lean down

01:03:16you're not

01:03:17moving

01:03:17some cylinders

01:03:19toward their

01:03:20peak

01:03:20moving others

01:03:22down into

01:03:22the

01:03:23cool running

01:03:24stage

01:03:25where they

01:03:25don't make

01:03:26any power

01:03:27so

01:03:29well

01:03:30nonetheless

01:03:30he said

01:03:31they calculate

01:03:31500 gallons

01:03:32an hour

01:03:33for takeoff

01:03:34and 450

01:03:34for cruise

01:03:35so

01:03:36yeah

01:03:38so

01:03:41for the

01:03:43moment

01:03:43there is

01:03:44not a

01:03:45lot of

01:03:45pressure

01:03:46on

01:03:46motorcycle

01:03:47engines

01:03:48to

01:03:49achieve

01:03:50the same

01:03:51low

01:03:51emissions

01:03:53that

01:03:54automobile

01:03:54engines

01:03:55are required

01:03:56to reach

01:03:56and the

01:03:57reason for

01:03:57this

01:03:57is actually

01:03:59rational

01:03:59it says

01:04:00automotive

01:04:01companies

01:04:02are very

01:04:03large

01:04:03they have

01:04:04R&D

01:04:04funds

01:04:05that are

01:04:05equal to

01:04:06the task

01:04:07let them

01:04:08spend it

01:04:08motorcycle

01:04:10manufacturers

01:04:12are not

01:04:14noted

01:04:14for having

01:04:15endless

01:04:17research labs

01:04:19doing

01:04:19contingency

01:04:20work

01:04:21well

01:04:21what if

01:04:21the EPA

01:04:22wants

01:04:22this

01:04:22what if

01:04:23the

01:04:24German

01:04:25guys

01:04:25want

01:04:26that

01:04:26we have

01:04:27to develop

01:04:27it ahead

01:04:28of time

01:04:28so that

01:04:29we won't

01:04:29be

01:04:30embarrassed

01:04:33when

01:04:34we're

01:04:35caught

01:04:36unawares

01:04:36so

01:04:37it's

01:04:38not

01:04:38fair

01:04:39to

01:04:39exact

01:04:40the

01:04:41same

01:04:41level

01:04:42of

01:04:42emissions

01:04:43from

01:04:43motorcycle

01:04:44manufacturers

01:04:45with their

01:04:46relatively

01:04:46limited

01:04:47resources

01:04:47so for

01:04:48the

01:04:49moment

01:04:49motorcycle

01:04:51engines

01:04:52are not

01:04:52being driven

01:04:53into

01:04:54lean burn

01:04:55stratified

01:04:56charge

01:04:57and there

01:04:59are no

01:04:59standards

01:05:00for fuel

01:05:01consumption

01:05:01so as

01:05:03long as

01:05:03that

01:05:04continues

01:05:04there is

01:05:05no

01:05:05motivation

01:05:06to

01:05:06explore

01:05:07cyclic

01:05:11variation

01:05:11naturally

01:05:13if

01:05:13the

01:05:14people

01:05:14at

01:05:14Ducati

01:05:15who

01:05:15enjoy

01:05:17R&D

01:05:18very much

01:05:18as we've

01:05:19seen

01:05:19in MotoGP

01:05:20if they

01:05:22come up

01:05:22with something

01:05:22that works

01:05:23so much

01:05:25the better

01:05:26but the

01:05:29thing is

01:05:30cyclic

01:05:32variation

01:05:32was there

01:05:33in the

01:05:33beginning

01:05:34when

01:05:36carburetors

01:05:37consisted

01:05:38of

01:05:38a shirt

01:05:39wedded in

01:05:40gasoline

01:05:41stuffed

01:05:41into the

01:05:42intake

01:05:42that was

01:05:44a carburetor

01:05:44they called

01:05:45it an

01:05:45evaporator

01:05:46carburetor

01:05:47we have

01:05:49cyclic

01:05:50variation

01:05:51today

01:05:52with the

01:05:52most

01:05:52sophisticated

01:05:53digital

01:05:54fuel

01:05:55injection

01:05:55so the

01:05:57problem

01:05:57continues to

01:05:59stare us

01:06:00in the

01:06:00face

01:06:00but

01:06:00we're

01:06:01not

01:06:01under

01:06:02strong

01:06:02motivation

01:06:03to

01:06:03tackle

01:06:04it

01:06:04our

01:06:04relative

01:06:05sales

01:06:05volume

01:06:06is also

01:06:06at least

01:06:07in the

01:06:07United

01:06:08States

01:06:08it's a

01:06:09different

01:06:09case

01:06:09in India

01:06:10of course

01:06:11or other

01:06:11Brazil

01:06:12but here

01:06:14we're looking

01:06:15at probably

01:06:1515 million

01:06:16automobiles

01:06:17sold every

01:06:17year

01:06:18versus

01:06:18500 to

01:06:20800,000

01:06:21motorcycles

01:06:21something in that

01:06:22range so we

01:06:22don't have as

01:06:23large of an

01:06:23impact either

01:06:24per mile

01:06:25per capita

01:06:26whatever you

01:06:26want to say

01:06:27about it

01:06:27and there

01:06:28are nearly

01:06:28as many

01:06:29automobiles

01:06:30registered in

01:06:31the US

01:06:31as there

01:06:31are people

01:06:32there's

01:06:33335 million

01:06:35people

01:06:36and something

01:06:37over 280

01:06:38million cars

01:06:40and light

01:06:40trucks

01:06:41registered

01:06:42so

01:06:44that's

01:06:46the

01:06:48big difference

01:06:51between

01:06:51motorcycles

01:06:52and cars

01:06:53some

01:06:53extremists

01:06:55will say

01:06:55oh well

01:06:56do you

01:06:56realize

01:06:56that your

01:06:57motorcycle

01:06:57emits as

01:06:58much

01:06:58this or

01:07:00that or

01:07:00the other

01:07:00thing as

01:07:01a showroom

01:07:03full of

01:07:04Cadillacs

01:07:04it's not

01:07:06relevant

01:07:06it's not

01:07:08relevant

01:07:08we don't

01:07:09expect people

01:07:10to put

01:07:10catalytic

01:07:11mufflers

01:07:11on their

01:07:12campfires

01:07:12so

01:07:15for the

01:07:17moment at

01:07:17least

01:07:18how much

01:07:18fuel does

01:07:18a C-130

01:07:19take to

01:07:20get off

01:07:20the ground

01:07:21oh yeah

01:07:21how long

01:07:22are we

01:07:22going to

01:07:23heat our

01:07:23house with

01:07:23that

01:07:24yes

01:07:25well I

01:07:26used to

01:07:26see the

01:07:26C-5s that

01:07:27would land

01:07:28down south

01:07:29of me here

01:07:30and I

01:07:31would think

01:07:32to myself

01:07:32each time

01:07:34they take

01:07:34off for a

01:07:35long distance

01:07:36mission

01:07:36they've got

01:07:37enough fuel

01:07:38on board

01:07:38to heat my

01:07:39house for

01:07:3950 years

01:07:40there's

01:07:44Kevin doing

01:07:45the math

01:07:45well you

01:07:46know

01:07:46it's

01:07:46arithmetic

01:07:47it's

01:07:47arithmetic

01:07:48yeah

01:07:49it occurred

01:07:51to me while

01:07:52we were

01:07:52talking about

01:07:52this one

01:07:53one of the

01:07:53things that

01:07:54would make

01:07:55HCCI great

01:07:56in certain

01:07:57applications is

01:07:58that it has

01:07:58that range

01:07:59of happiness

01:08:02where it's

01:08:03doing its

01:08:03HCCI thing

01:08:04so if you're

01:08:04running a

01:08:05generator

01:08:05or if you're

01:08:07running

01:08:07you design

01:08:08it for

01:08:08operation

01:08:09at that

01:08:09point

01:08:09sure

01:08:10you run

01:08:10an aircraft

01:08:10with it

01:08:11or a

01:08:12boat

01:08:12where you're

01:08:13saying like

01:08:13yeah I

01:08:14mean a

01:08:14boat

01:08:14there are

01:08:15certainly

01:08:15sport boats

01:08:16where you're

01:08:16varying RPM

01:08:17and you're

01:08:18varying throttle

01:08:18and our

01:08:19whole thing

01:08:20in motorcycles

01:08:21I mean

01:08:21everything

01:08:21that we

01:08:22seek

01:08:22is perfect

01:08:24application

01:08:25of torque

01:08:25predictable

01:08:26something

01:08:26that the

01:08:27rider's

01:08:27brain

01:08:27can get

01:08:29its head

01:08:29around

01:08:30and we

01:08:31don't spike

01:08:32traction

01:08:32we have

01:08:34we're on

01:08:35the edge

01:08:35and we

01:08:36need to

01:08:37everything

01:08:37to be

01:08:38perfect

01:08:38whereas if

01:08:39you're

01:08:39running a

01:08:40hybrid

01:08:40hybrid's

01:08:41not great

01:08:41right

01:08:42because we're

01:08:42doing two

01:08:43power plants

01:08:43at once

01:08:44but then

01:08:44maybe we can

01:08:45do something

01:08:47with a very

01:08:47small

01:08:48HCCI engine

01:08:49that's super

01:08:50efficient

01:08:50and very

01:08:51clean

01:08:51and it's

01:08:52running

01:08:52you know

01:08:53at its

01:08:54best point

01:08:55at best

01:08:55BSFC

01:08:56yeah

01:08:57and we're

01:08:57just you

01:08:58know

01:08:58motoring

01:08:59around town

01:09:00we're not

01:09:01trying to win

01:09:01races or

01:09:02do wheelies

01:09:03or burnouts

01:09:04you know

01:09:04we're just

01:09:04trying to get

01:09:05to the grocery

01:09:05store

01:09:06who knows

01:09:08well

01:09:10cycle to

01:09:11cycle

01:09:11variation

01:09:12we hope

01:09:13we hope

01:09:14you enjoyed

01:09:14that

01:09:15we enjoyed

01:09:15it

01:09:15certainly

01:09:16that's

01:09:16to be

01:09:17honest

01:09:18that's

01:09:18why

01:09:18we're

01:09:18here

01:09:19yes

01:09:20we like

01:09:20it

01:09:21because

01:09:21what they

01:09:22say

01:09:23about

01:09:23writers

01:09:24is

01:09:24their

01:09:25most

01:09:25important

01:09:26audiences

01:09:26themselves

01:09:27they're

01:09:30writing

01:09:30to

01:09:31please

01:09:31themselves

01:09:31and

01:09:32if

01:09:33it

01:09:33should

01:09:33please

01:09:33you

01:09:34our

01:09:36readers

01:09:36or

01:09:37listeners

01:09:37so much

01:09:39the better

01:09:39yeah

01:09:40the goal

01:09:40is

01:09:41clarity

01:09:42that's

01:09:43clarity

01:09:43and learning

01:09:44I mean

01:09:44the reason

01:09:44I started

01:09:45to write

01:09:45things down

01:09:46was

01:09:46to try

01:09:47to own

01:09:47them

01:09:48yeah

01:09:49to understand

01:09:50and to own

01:09:50and it

01:09:51forces you

01:09:52to organize

01:09:52your thinking

01:09:53and I know

01:09:54we wander

01:09:55around and we

01:09:55have a lot

01:09:56of conversation

01:09:56here and

01:09:57occasionally

01:09:58the listener

01:09:59will call

01:10:00me the

01:10:00Dunning

01:10:00Kruger

01:10:01butthead

01:10:02or whatever

01:10:02but

01:10:03get that

01:10:04guy to

01:10:05shut up

01:10:05but

01:10:06you know

01:10:07I like

01:10:07to think

01:10:08I serve

01:10:08a little

01:10:08purpose

01:10:09here

01:10:09so

01:10:09because I

01:10:11get to

01:10:12say thank

01:10:12you for

01:10:12listening

01:10:13and join

01:10:13us next

01:10:14time

01:10:14this was

01:10:15the cycle

01:10:15world podcast

01:10:16and we

01:10:16appreciate you

01:10:17being out

01:10:17there get

01:10:18down the

01:10:18comments

01:10:18and we'll

01:10:20see you

01:10:20next time

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