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Disaster Transbian episode 22
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00:00The American Pronunciation Guide Presents «How to Pronounce Fremd»
00:30Yeh, Mai, war mir gewogen mit manchem Blumenstrauß.
00:40Das Mädchen sprach von Liebe, die Mutter gar von Ehe.
01:02Nun ist die Welt so trübe, der Weg gehüllt in Schnee.
01:32Kristallnacht, or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November Pogroms, was a pogrom
01:48against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's Sturmabteilung paramilitary and Skutstofel
01:54paramilitary forces, along with some participation from the Hitler Youth and German civilians
02:00throughout Nazi Germany on November 9th through 10th, 1938.
02:07The German authorities looked on without intervening.
02:10The name Kristallnacht, literally Kristallnacht, comes from the shards of broken glass that
02:16littered the streets after the windows of Jewish-owned stores, buildings, and synagogues were smashed.
02:25The pretext for the attacks was the assassination of the German diplomat Ernst von Roth by Herzlgrin,
02:31a 17-year-old German-born Polish Jew living in Paris.
02:37Jewish homes, hospitals, and schools were ransacked as attackers demolished buildings with sledgehammers.
02:47The rioters destroyed 267 synagogues throughout Germany, Austria, and Sudentenland.
02:54Over 7,000 Jewish businesses were damaged or destroyed, and 30,000 Jewish men were arrested
03:03and incarcerated in concentration camps.
03:06British historian Martin Gilbert wrote that no event in the history of German Jews between
03:121933 and 1945 was so widely reported as it was happening, and the accounts from foreign
03:19journalists working in Germany drew worldwide attention.
03:24The Times of London observed on November 11, 1938, no foreign propagandist bent upon blackening
03:32Germany before the world could outdo the tale of burnings and beatings of black-guardly assaults
03:39on defenseless and innocent people which disgraced that country yesterday.
03:46Estimates of fatalities caused by the attacks have varied.
03:49Early reports estimated that 91 Jews had been murdered.
03:53Modern analysis of German scholarly sources puts the figure much higher when deaths from post-arrest
04:00of maltreatment and subsequent suicides are included.
04:04The death toll reaches the hundreds, with Richard J. Evans estimating 638 deaths by suicide.
04:14Historians view Kristallnacht as a prelude to the final solution in the murder of 6 million
04:21Jews during the Holocaust.
04:24In the 1920s, most German Jews were fully integrated into the country's society as
04:30citizens.
04:31They served in the Army and Navy and contributed to every field of German business, science,
04:37and culture.
04:40Conditions for German Jews began to worsen after the appointment of Adolf Hitler, the
04:46Austrian-born leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party as Chancellor of Germany
04:53War on January 30, 1933, and the Enabling Act, implemented March 23, 1933, which enables the assumption
05:04of power by Hitler after the Reichstag fire of February 27, 1933.
05:13From its inception, Hitler's regime moved quickly to introduce anti-Jewish policies.
05:22Nazi propaganda alienated the 500,000 Jews living in Germany who accounted for only 0.86% of the
05:32overall population and framed them as an enemy responsible for Germany's defeat in the First
05:40War and for its subsequent economic disasters, such as the 1920s hyperinflation and the subsequent Great
05:48Depression.
05:50Beginning in 1933, the German government enacted a series of anti-Jewish laws, restricting the
05:57rights of German Jews to earn a living, to enjoy full citizenship, and to gain education, including the law for the
06:05restoration of the professional civil service of April 7, 1933, which forbade Jews to work in the civil service.
06:16The subsequent 1935 Nuremberg laws stripped German Jews of their citizenship and prohibited Jews
06:25from marrying non-Jewish Germans.
06:28These laws resulted in the exclusion and alienation of Jews from German social and political life.
06:36Many sought asylum abroad, hundreds of thousands immigrated, but as Chaim Weitzmann wrote in 1936,
06:44the world seemed to be divided into two parts, those places where the Jews could not live and those where they could not enter.
06:53The International Avion Conference on July 6, 1938, addressed the issue of Jewish and Romani immigration to other countries.
07:05By the time the conference took place, more than 250,000 Jews had fled Germany and Austria, which had been annexed by Germany in March 1938.
07:17More than 300,000 German and Austrian Jews continued to seek refuge and asylum from oppression.
07:25As the number of Jews in Romani wanting to leave increased, the restriction against them grew, with many countries tightening their rules for admission.
07:36By 1938, Germany had entered a new radical phase in anti-Semitic activity.
07:43Some historians believe that the Nazi government had been contemplating a planned outbreak of violence against the Jews and were waiting for an appropriate provocation.
07:55There's evidence of this planning dating back to 1937.
08:00In a 1997 interview, the German historian Hans Mommsen claimed that a major motive for the pogrom was the desire of the golightiers of the NSDAP to seize Jewish property and businesses.
08:15Mommsen stated,
08:17The need for money by the party organization stemmed from the fact that Franz Xavier Schwartz, the party treasurer, kept the local and regional organizations of the party short of money.
08:29In the fall of 1938, the increased pressure on Jewish property nourished the party's ambition, especially since Chalmers Schacht had been ousted as Reich Minister for Economics.
08:44This, however, was only one aspect of the origin of the November 1938 pogrom.
08:51The Polish government threatened to extradite all Jews who were Polish citizens, but would stay in Germany, thus creating a burden of responsibility on the German side.
09:02The immediate reaction by the Gestapo was to push the Polish Jews, 16,000 persons, over the borderline, but this measure failed due to the stubbornness of the Polish customs officers.
09:16The loss of prestige as a result of this abortive operation called for some sort of compensation.
09:23Thus, the overreaction to Herschel Grinchspahn's attempt against the diplomat Ernst von Roth came into being and led to the November pogrom.
09:36The background of the pogrom was signified by a sharp cleavage of interest between the different agencies of party and state.
09:45While the Nazi party was interested in improving its financial strength on the regional and local level by taking over Jewish property.
09:55Herman Goering, in charge of the four-year plan, hoped to acquire access to foreign currency in order to pay for the import of urgently needed raw material.
10:07Heydrich and Himmler were interested in fostering Jewish immigration.
10:12The Zionist leadership in the British Mandate of Palestine wrote in February 1938 that according to a very reliable private source,
10:23one which can be traced back to the highest echelons of the SS leadership,
10:28there was an intention to carry out a genuine and dramatic pogrom in Germany on a large scale in the near future.
10:37In my opinion, if you're willing to walk under a Nazi flag with a bunch of Nazis and make no effort to disagree with them or counter the things they say, then you're a Nazi.
10:50If I went to a Liverpool match wearing a Liverpool kit and stood singing, you'll never walk alone with all the other Liverpool supporters under a big LFC banner, it would be reasonable to assume I was a supporter of Liverpool Football Club.
11:17But oh no, I could say, you know, I'm not really a Liverpool supporter, in my mind.
11:23I just really look like one and do all the same things they do.
11:26You know, give me a break.
11:28We know what these people are.
11:30Anyone who wasn't a Nazi would have turned and left the first time they saw a swastika flag.
11:35Who's there?
11:51I'm the poor brush man.
11:54I'm giving a free sample.
11:56Thank you!
11:58Now I got you!
12:00My God.
12:12I know that the limitedness of Hyänen
12:24is probably everything else than small.
12:28I want to say goodbye,
12:30I'm not just talking about lion's Latin.
12:35The stumphant visage
12:38And what's coming for us, Raff?
13:08Dämlichen Viecher, der Lohn ist euch sicher, an dem Herzen das Recht triumfiert und mich endlich von Knechtschaft der Freude.
13:19Seid bereit!
13:22Tommy, wie ist er, braucht schon König?
13:24Niemand, niemand, lalalalalala!
13:27Idioten, es wird einen König geben.
13:29Aber du hast doch...
13:30Ich werde König sein.
13:33Haltet zu mir und ihr werdet nie wieder Hunger leiden.
13:37Ja, klasse! Langlebende König!
13:42Langelebende König!
13:45Aber wir sind bald untertanen.
13:49Ein Königstling, jedermann mit.
13:53Ich muss jedoch ernsthaft ermahnen,
13:57dass es für euch Pflichten noch gibt.
14:00In Zukunft gibt's so viel zu wählen, dann.
14:05Das meiste krieg's sowieso ich.
14:09Ich darf trotzdem höflichst erinnern,
14:13kein Krümelchen gibt's ohne mich!
14:16Seid bereit für den Kuh des Jahrhunderts!
14:20Seid bereit für den teuflichsten Pakt!
14:23Seid bereit für den Kuh des Jahrhunderts!
14:25Ich glaube, seit Jahren, ich hab's alle gefahren,
14:29gerissen, verbissen, ganz ohne Gewissen.
14:33Als König geboren, zum Herrscher vorren,
14:37er glänzt sich in all meiner Pracht!
14:39Meine Zähne sind blank wie mein Neid!
14:44Seid bereit!
14:48Unsere Zähne sind blank wie sein Neid!
14:52Seid bereit!
14:53Seid bereit!
15:01Was should we drink to, Sir?
15:03Man, um...
15:06Dan with Hitler.
15:08All the way down, Sir.
15:10Yes.
15:16Julian Bryan was an American documentarian.
15:19Between 1935 and 1938,
15:21he filmed the everyday lives of people in Nazi Germany,
15:24in part for the American newsreel,
15:26The March of Time.
15:28This clip shows Jewish students
15:30in the classroom of Berlin's Goldschmidt School in 1937.
15:38The girl writing on the chalkboard is Margot Siegel.
15:43The girl with the blonde braids is Trudy Goldschmidt,
15:47daughter of the school's founder.
15:51When Bryan screened this footage publicly
15:55to an American audience in 1938,
15:58he said,
15:58Do you realize today that not a single teacher
16:01in an ordinary school can be a Jew?
16:04This is a special Jewish school,
16:06the last refuge left for them.
16:09To my mind, in another five years,
16:11there will be very few of these 500,000 Jews left alive.
16:15This 35-millimeter film is nitrate,
16:21which gives it such beautiful tones,
16:23but has the disadvantage of being highly flammable
16:25and even explosive,
16:27so it's not produced anymore.
16:29You can see the evidence of nitrate decomposition
16:32at the sides of the image
16:33as this clip ends.
16:35The expulsion of Polish Jews in Germany
16:39In August 1938,
16:43German authorities announced
16:44that residence permits for foreigners
16:46were being canceled
16:48and would have to be renewed.
16:51This included German-born Jews
16:53of foreign citizenship.
16:55Poland stated that it would renounce
17:00citizenship rights of Polish Jews
17:03living abroad for at least five years
17:05after the end of October,
17:08effectively making them stateless.
17:10In the so-called Poland-Nakchian,
17:13more than 12,000 Polish Jews,
17:16among them the philosopher and theologian
17:19Rabbi Abraham Joshua Herschel
17:21and future literary critic
17:23Marcel Reich-Ranicki,
17:25were expelled from Germany
17:27on October 28, 1938,
17:30on Hitler's orders.
17:32They were ordered to leave their homes
17:34in a single night
17:35and were allowed only one suitcase per person
17:38to carry their belongings.
17:40As the Jews were taken away,
17:42their remaining possessions were seized
17:44as loot,
17:45both by Nazi authorities and by neighbors.
17:49The deportees were taken to railway stations
17:52and were put on tracks to the Polish border
17:54where Polish border guards sent them back into Germany.
17:59The stalemate continued for days
18:02in the pouring rain
18:03with the Jews marching without food
18:06or shelter between the borders.
18:084,000 were granted entry into Poland,
18:13but the remaining 8,000 were forced to stay at the border.
18:19They waited there in harsh conditions
18:21to be allowed to enter Poland.
18:24A British newspaper told its readers
18:27that hundreds are reported
18:28to be lying about penniless and deserted
18:31in little villages along the frontier
18:34near where they had been driven out
18:36by the Gestapo and left.
18:39Conditions in the refugee camps
18:41were so bad
18:42that some actually tried to escape
18:45back into Germany
18:46and were shot,
18:47recalled a British woman
18:48who was sent to help
18:50those who had been expelled.
18:53Among those expelled
18:54was the family of Sindel and Riva Gritzpan,
18:57Polish Jews
18:58who had immigrated to Germany in 1911
19:01and settled in Hanover, Germany.
19:04As the trial of Adolf Eichmann in 1931,
19:08Sindel Gritzpan
19:09recounted the events
19:11of their deportation
19:12from Hanover
19:13to the night of October 27, 1938.
19:17Then they took us
19:18in police trucks
19:19and prisoners' lorries,
19:22about 20 men in each truck,
19:24and they took us
19:24to the railway station.
19:26The streets were full of people shouting,
19:29Juden raus,
19:30auf nach Palestina!
19:32Jews out,
19:34out to Palestine.
19:36Their 17-year-old son,
19:38Herschel,
19:38was living in Paris
19:40with an uncle.
19:41Herschel received a postcard
19:43from his family
19:44from the Polish border
19:45describing the family's expulsion.
19:48No one told us what was up,
19:50but we realized
19:51this was going to be the end.
19:53We haven't a penny.
19:54Could you send us something?
19:57He received the postcard
19:58on November 3, 1938.
20:01On the morning of Monday,
20:03November 7, 1938,
20:05he purchased a revolver
20:07and a box of bullets,
20:08then went to the German embassy
20:10and asked to see
20:12an embassy official.
20:13After he was taken
20:14to the office
20:15of Nazi diplomat
20:17Ernst von Roth,
20:18he fired five bullets
20:20at von Roth,
20:21two of which
20:22hit him in the abdomen.
20:23Von Roth was
20:24a professional diplomat
20:26with the foreign office
20:27who expressed
20:28anti-Nazi sympathies,
20:30largely based on
20:31the Nazis' treatment
20:32of the Jews,
20:33and was under
20:34Gestapo investigation
20:35for being politically
20:36unreliable.
20:37However,
20:39he also argued
20:40that the anti-Semitic laws
20:42were, quote,
20:43necessary
20:44to allow the
20:45Volkermainstaff
20:46to flourish.
20:48Grinspan
20:48made no attempt
20:49to escape
20:50the French police
20:51and freely confessed
20:53to the shooting.
20:54In his pocket,
20:55he carried a postcard
20:56to his parents
20:57with the message,
20:59May God forgive me.
21:00I must protest
21:02so that the whole world
21:03hears my protest,
21:05and that I will do.
21:07It is widely assumed
21:09that the assassination
21:11was politically motivated,
21:13but historian
21:14Hans-Jürgen Dosser
21:15says the shooting
21:17may have been the result
21:18of a homosexual
21:19love affair gone wrong,
21:21and that Grinspan
21:22and von Roth
21:23had become intimate
21:25after they met
21:26in La Bouce de la Troie,
21:28which was a popular
21:29meeting place
21:30for gay men
21:31at the time.
21:31The next day,
21:58the German government
21:59retaliated,
22:01barring Jewish children
22:02from German state
22:04elementary schools,
22:05identifying suspended
22:07Jewish cultural activities,
22:09and putting a halt
22:10to the publication
22:11of Jewish newspapers
22:13and magazines,
22:15including the three
22:16national German
22:17Jewish newspapers.
22:18A newspaper in Britain
22:20described the last move,
22:22which cut off
22:23the Jewish populace
22:25from their leaders
22:26as intended
22:27to disrupt
22:28the Jewish community
22:29and rob it
22:30of the last frail ties
22:32which hold it together.
22:34One of the first
22:35legal measures issued
22:37was an order
22:38by Heimlich Himmler,
22:39commander of all
22:40German police,
22:42forbidding Jews
22:43to possess
22:44any weapons
22:45whatsoever
22:46and imposing
22:47a penalty
22:48of 20 years
22:49confinement
22:50in a concentration camp
22:52upon every Jew
22:54found in possession
22:55of a weapon
22:56hereafter.
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