- 3 months ago
Disaster Transbian episodes 58, 59, & 60
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LearningTranscript
00:00I feel like I'm feeling like a lot of people are living in love with and why is this
00:08I feel like this is the only time to find me.
00:12I feel like I don't want to use this.
00:15I feel like I'm feeling like I don't think I'm feeling like it is.
00:19I am feeling like I am feeling like this.
00:22So that's when I'm feeling like I'm constantly hearing that I'm feeling like that.
00:26Oh no.
00:28The car is flying.
00:31Ah, it's coming.
00:33Ah, it's coming!
00:35Ah, it's coming!
00:40What's that?
00:42Oh, it's coming!
00:45Ah, it's coming!
00:47Ah!
00:48Ah, it's coming!
00:50E-mails are coming!
00:51Oh, that's right.
00:54I don't know how to do this.
02:24Oh my God.
02:48Oh my God.
03:18Oh my God.
03:48Oh my God.
03:58The Great Kanto Earthquake, also known in Japanese as Kanto Daishinsai, struck the Kanto Plain on the main Japanese island of Honshu at 1158.32.
04:12JST on Saturday, September 1st, 1923.
04:18Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between 4 and 10 minutes.
04:25Extensive firestorms and even a fire whirl added to the death toll.
04:30The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale, with its focus deep beneath Izu-Oshima Island in Sagami Bay.
04:43The cause was a rupture of part of the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting beneath Akotsuk Plate along the line of the Sagami Trough.
04:55In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, the Kanto Massacre began.
05:01Rumors emerged that ethnic Koreans in Japan had poisoned wells or were planning to attack cities.
05:09In response, the Japanese police and bands of armed vigilantes killed ethnic Korean civilians and anyone they suspected of being Korean.
05:23Estimates of the death toll from the massacre vary, with most third-party sources citing fatalities ranging from 6,000 to 10,000.
05:33Since 1960, September 1st has been designated by the Japanese government as Disaster Prevention Day,
05:41or a day in remembrance of and to prepare for major natural disasters, including tsunami and typhoons.
05:51Drills, as well as knowledge promotion events, are centered around the date, as well as award ceremonies for people of merit.
05:59The SS Dongola's captain reported that, while he was anchored in Yokohama's inner harbor,
06:09at 11.55 a.m., ship commenced to tremble and vibrate violently,
06:15and on looking towards the shore, it was seen that a terrible earthquake was taking place.
06:21Buildings were collapsing in all directions, and in a few minutes, nothing could be seen for clouds of dust.
06:27When these cleared away, fire could be seen, starting in many directions, and in half an hour, the whole city was in flames.
06:38This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Chizuoka,
06:47and caused widespread damage throughout the Kanto region.
06:52The earthquake's force was so great, that in Kamakura, over 60 kilometers, 37 miles, from the epicenter,
07:01it moved the Great Buddha statue, which weighs about 121 tons, almost 60 centimeters.
07:08Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead.
07:20According to the Japanese construction company, Kojima,
07:23Kabori Research's conclusive report of September 2004,
07:28105,385 deaths were confirmed in the 1923 quake.
07:35The damage from this natural disaster was one of the greatest sustained by Imperial Japan.
07:43Because the earthquake struck when people were cooking meals,
07:47many were killed as a result of large fires that broke out.
07:50Fires started immediately after the earthquake.
07:54Some fires developed into firestorms that swept across cities.
07:59Many people died when their feet became stuck on melting tarmac.
08:05The single greatest loss of life was caused by a fire whirl that engulfed Rikugun Honjo Hifu Kusho,
08:12formerly the Army Clothing Department, in downtown Tokyo,
08:16where about 38,000 people who had taken shelter there during the earthquake were incinerated.
08:23The earthquake broke water mains all over the city and putting out the fires took nearly two full days until late in the morning of September 3rd.
08:36A strong typhoon centered off the coast of the Noto Peninsula in Ishikawa Prefecture brought high winds to Tokyo Bay at about the same time as the earthquake.
08:49These winds caused fires to spread rapidly.
08:54Emperor Taisho and Empress Taimai were staying at Nikko when the earthquake struck Tokyo and were never in any danger.
09:02Many homes were buried or swept away by landslides in the mountainous and hilly coastal areas in western Kanagawa Prefecture.
09:19About 800 people died.
09:21A collapsing mountainside in the village of Nebukawa west of Odawara pushed the entire village and a passenger train carrying over 100 passengers along with the railway station into the sea.
09:37The RMS Empress of Australia was about to leave Yokohama Harbor when the earthquake struck.
09:49It narrowly survived and assisted in rescuing 2,000 survivors.
09:54A P&O liner, Dongola, was also in the harbor at the moment of disaster and rescued 505 people, taking them to Kobe.
10:04A tsunami with waves up to 10 meters high, 33 feet high, struck the coast of Sagami Bay, Bosou Peninsula, Izu Islands, and the east coast of Izu Peninsula within minutes.
10:20The tsunami caused many deaths, including about 100 people along Uigahama Beach in Kamakura and an estimated 50 people on the Inoshima Causeway.
10:34Over 570,000 homes were destroyed, leaving an estimated 1.9 million homeless.
10:40Evacuees were transported by ship from Kanto to as far as Kobe in Kansai.
10:50The damage is estimated to have exceeded 1 billion U.S. dollars, or about 18 billion dollars today.
10:58There were 57 aftershocks.
11:00Following the devastation of the earthquake, some in the government considered the possibility of moving the capital elsewhere.
11:11Proposed sites for the new capital were even discussed.
11:17Japanese commentators interpreted the disaster as an act of divine punishment
11:22to admonish the Japanese people for their self-centered, immoral, and extravagant lifestyles.
11:30In the long run, the response to the disaster was a strong sense that Japan had been given an unparalleled opportunity
11:38to rebuild the city and rebuild Japanese values.
11:43In reconstructing the city, the nation and the Japanese people, the earthquake,
11:48fostered a culture of catastrophe and reconstruction that amplified discourses of moral degeneracy
11:55and national renovation in interwar Japan, fostering a culture of militarism.
12:03After the earthquake, Goto Shinpai organized a reconstruction plan of Tokyo
12:08with modern networks of roads, trains, and public services.
12:13Parks were placed all over Tokyo as refuge spots,
12:16and public buildings were constructed with stricter standards than private buildings to accommodate refugees.
12:25The outbreak of World War II and subsequent destruction severely limited resources.
12:32Frank Lloyd Wright received credit for designing the Imperial Hotel Tokyo to withstand the quake,
12:39although in fact, the building was damaged, though standing, by the shock.
12:44The destruction of the U.S. Embassy caused Ambassador Cyrus Woods to relocate the embassy to the hotel.
12:53Wright's structure withstood the anticipated earthquake stresses,
12:58and the hotel remained in use until 1968.
13:03The innovative design used to construct the Imperial Hotel in its structural fortitude
13:08inspired the creation of the popular Lincoln Logs toy.
13:13In contrast to London, where typhoid fever had been steadily declining since the 1870s,
13:21the rate in Tokyo remained high,
13:23more so in the upper-class residential northern and western districts
13:27than in the densely populated working-class eastern district.
13:32An explanation is the decline of waste disposal,
13:36which became particularly serious in the northern and western districts
13:40when traditional methods of waste disposal collapsed due to urbanization.
13:48The 1923 earthquake led to record high morbidity due to the unsanitary conditions following the earthquake,
13:57and it prompted the establishment of anti-typhoid measures
14:01and the building of urban infrastructure.
14:05In the 2013 animated film by director Hayao Miyazaki,
14:08The Wind Rises, the protagonist, Jiro Horikoshi,
14:12is traveling to Tokyo by train to study engineering.
14:16On the way, the 1923 earthquake strikes,
14:20damaging the train and causing a huge fire in the city.
14:23The Wind Rises, the protagonist, Jiro Horikoshi,
14:53the
15:23Oh, oh, oh, oh, oh
15:53Ooh
16:23However, there is no one can't be found in the victims of the 희생자.
16:35The only one is the only one.
16:39The only one is the only one is the only one.
16:45In the factories, striking workers were demanding a bigger share of the profits.
17:01The big family-run corporations called Zaibatsu used their power to keep wages low and profits high.
17:10Zaibatsu greed pushed many young Japanese far to the political left.
17:15But while the left looked forward to a worker's paradise, Japan's radical right wing looked back toward Japan's past.
17:26They saw national salvation in a return to the way of the samurai, a country ruled by the emperor and run by pure-hearted officials.
17:36In the early 1920s, most Japanese were caught between modern times and old traditions.
17:41Embracing Western ideas while fearing the power of the West.
17:49Out of these conflicts emerged a radical young philosopher named Kita Iki.
17:55He began his life searching for a way to close the gap between Japan's rich and poor.
18:00And to inspire Asia to fight against foreign influences and Western imperialism.
18:06Communism preached that workers of the world must unite.
18:09But Kita thought that the problems of Japan's poor and homeless could only be solved by a Japanese solution.
18:15A Japanese solution.
18:17Nationalism, not international communism.
18:22I'm a nationalist, okay?
18:24I'm a nationalist, okay?
18:29Nationalist!
18:30Nationalism, frontier sixteen.
18:31показ
19:00I can't wait to see the sky
19:08I can't wait to see the sky
19:17I can't wait to see the sky
19:26Let's see how we'll
19:45I'm so sorry!
19:47I'm so sorry!
19:49Oh, my God.
20:19Why?
20:45They were destroyed by the Chinese program.
20:52In the beginning of January 1st, the day of the 18th of the 18th,
20:57the army was turned off the front of the 18th.
21:01When the people were rising up from the sky,
21:06And the time you were born in the past,
21:10HANAGAWA 현에서 녹음 기사로 일하던 박카세 요시오씨의 증언을 들어보자.
21:19불길을 피해 바다 방면으로 도망갔습니다.
21:23석탄 코크스가 빨갛게 타오르는 곳에 다다르자,
21:27몇 명의 남자가 철사로 묶여진 맨몸의 남자를 불 속으로 차 던지는 것을 보았습니다.
21:34당시의 일은 지금도 잊지 못합니다.
21:36사금 제 꿈 속에, 그 때 철사에 묶인 남자가 나타나,
21:42그 때까지,
21:45몇 년인지도 모르겠는데,
21:47정말,
21:49오후에,
21:51He's here...
21:54That looks beautiful
21:57The sky...
21:58The sky's in the sky
22:01It's inside
22:03Then it's like this...
22:05It's here for a date
22:14One, someone in the house had 것처럼
22:17偶んな 74년 전 일어난 조선인 학살
22:20에 대해서 듣게 된다
22:24어린 시절의 본 조선인 청년에 학살 장면은
22:27내내 할머니를 쫓아다녀고
22:29그것 때문에 할머니는 평생 비명에 숨져간
22:33조선인 얘기를 하며 살아야 했다는 것인데
22:39강릉을 방치하고
22:4125 Okei
22:44I was going to take a look at the house of 25 years.
22:51The money was made of the house and the people were gathered.
23:00The people were there.
23:02The white shirt was not white, but the white shirt was taken from the white shirt.
23:12He was like a man, and he was like a man.
23:15He was like a man, and he was like a man.
23:19And he was like a guy.
23:21I was like a man, but I didn't forget that.
23:28He was like a man.
23:32The young man was in the front of the gun.
23:37After that, even today's mother, she can't be able to be able to become a man from her own.
24:07Kanto Massacre was a mass murder in the Kanto region of Japan committed in the aftermath
24:13of the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake.
24:17With the news blackout following the earthquake, malicious rumors then started that Korean
24:24students and workers wanted to take advantage of the chaos to loot, kill Japanese citizens
24:31and even stage a coup.
24:34After the following three weeks of horror, mobs armed with swords, iron bars, and bamboo
24:41sticks went on a killing spree of Koreans living in the Tokyo region.
24:47But the fact that the Japanese war was known as the Korean professor of Kumbyeong-dong, Kumbyeong-dong, Kumbyeong-dong, Kumbyeong-dong.
24:54Kumbyeong-dong is a scholar of Kumbyeong-dong, Kumbyeong-dong, Kumbyeong-dong, Kumbyeong-dong.
25:05Þ은병동시는 조총양계 조선대학에서 역사를 가르치는 교수로
25:0940여 년간 조선인 학살에 대해 조사해왔다
25:15그것이 카브라사가 조선인대학교입니다
25:21병사장이 적은 용량입니다
25:23일본 도에서 타게알에서
25:25더니깐 도비구지에서
25:28도비구지는 어디입니까?
25:30On the right side, there is a little bit of a thing that is like this.
25:38It's like a big head.
25:41It's like a big head.
25:45For example, in the火事, you can't take it off.
25:50You can't take it off.
25:54Xenophobia towards Korean immigrants was rife in 1920s Japan, which at the time occupied
26:14the Korean peninsula and was about to become the military dictatorship that would drag the
26:20country into World War II.
26:50The Japanese government, under pressure to deal with the aftermath of the quake, used
27:13Koreans as a convenient, imagined enemy within to avoid angry Japanese people rioting.
27:22The government both implicitly and explicitly approved for the Japanese military, police,
27:29and duped civilians to murder their fabricated enemies, mainly ethnic Koreans, but also Chinese
27:38and Japanese people mistaken to be Korean, and Japanese communists, socialists, and anarchists.
27:45My people!
27:46Good to see you, huh?
27:47Meanwhile, government officials met and created a plan to suppress information about and minimize
27:55the scale of the killings.
27:58Beginning on September 18th, the Japanese government arrested 735 participants in the massacre, but
28:06they were reportedly given light sentences.
28:09The Japanese governor general of Korea paid out 200 Japanese yen in compensation to 832 families
28:18of massacre victims, although the Japanese government on the mainland only admitted to about 250 deaths.
28:28In recent years, it has continued to be denied or minimized by both mainstream Japanese politicians
28:36and fringe Japanese right-wing groups.
28:39Since 2017, the governor of Tokyo, Yuriko Koike, has consistently expressed skepticism that the massacre occurred.
28:50Hello, everyone.
28:51I'm Yuriko Koike, the governor of Tokyo.
28:54Another long-field tradition is the special ed on Tokyo vegetables.
29:01400 years old, these proud vegetables are still in heart denial for all Japanese infusion
29:11reasons.
29:12As these examples show, Tokyo is a converse of an amazing youth that never stops the morning.
29:23Please come and experience this horizon Tokyo.
29:30September 1st, Korean Labor Union offers food relief.
29:36Korean laborers in Yokohama had joined a dock workers union led by the Japanese organizer Yamaguchi Seiken.
29:45Yamaguchi was a left-wing organizer, and at the May Day rally in 1920, some of his union
29:52members had shouted anti-colonial slogans.
29:57Japanese police responded with arrests and abuse, because of course they did.
30:02On September 1st, 1923, immediately after the earthquake, Yamaguchi organized his union to provide food and water to the neighborhood, including commandeering supplies from ruined buildings.
30:17The police regarded the labor union as a nest of socialists and were likely unsettled by the well-organized food relief program.
30:27September 1st through 2nd, police spread false rumors and give permission to kill.
30:34Kanagawa prefecture police chief Nishizaka Katsuto reported that on the night of September 1st, he gave his district chiefs, quote, a certain mission to deal with the emergency situation, unquote.
30:48The details of which he refused to describe.
30:52Towards the end of his life, Nishizaka told an interviewer that, quote, someone must have said that Korean malcontents were dangerous in such a time of confusion, unquote.
31:05According to multiple reports from Japanese witnesses, beginning on the night of September 2nd, police officers in Yokohama, Kanagawa and Tokyo began informing residents that it was permissible to kill Koreans.
31:21Some orders were conditional, such as killing Koreans who resist arrest, but others were more direct, kill any Koreans who enter the neighborhood or kill any Koreans you find.
31:34Also, on the night of September 2nd, as police organized a vigilante band to kill Koreans in the Nogue region of Yokohama, one of the organizing police officers told a newspaper reporter that Koreans had been caught with a list of neighborhoods to burn, carrying gasoline and poison for wells.
31:57In the town of Yokosuka, police officers told locals that Korean men were raping Japanese women, inciting Japanese men to form vigilante lynch mobs.
32:10In Bunkyo, the police falsely reported that Koreans had poisoned the water and food supply.
32:17Nishizaka's final report on the massacre acknowledges in a secret appendix that these rumors were all false.
32:27September 2nd through 9th, Japanese lynch mobs massacred Koreans and others.
32:34As a result of the police-initiated rumors, beginning on September 2nd, Japanese citizens organized themselves into vigilante bands and accosted strangers on the streets.
32:47Those believed to be Korean or Chinese were murdered on the spot.
32:53Koreans and Chinese wore Japanese clothing in order to hide their identities.
33:00The ethnic Japanese playwright, Korea Sendaw, was targeted by a mob and wrote of his experience in 1988.
33:09On the second night after the earthquake, there were foolish rumors about Koreans who were allegedly on their way to raid the town to get revenge on the Japanese.
33:21It turned out that I was mistaken for Korean, and they wouldn't believe me, even though I denied it over and over, saying,
33:28I am Japanese, I am a student at Waseda University, with my student ID at hand.
33:35They asked me to say, A-I-U-E-O, and recite the names of the emperors in Japanese history.
33:42Fortunately, there was a person who recognized me.
33:46The filmmaker, Akira Kurosawa, who was a child at the time, was astonished to witness the irrational behavior of the mob.
33:55With my own eyes, I saw a mob of adults with contorted faces, rushing like an avalanche in confusion, yelling,
34:04This way! No, that way!
34:07They were chasing a bearded man, thinking someone with so much facial hair could not be Japanese.
34:13Simply because my father had a full beard.
34:16He was surrounded by a mob carrying clubs.
34:20My heart pounded as I looked at my brother, who was with him.
34:24My brother was smiling sarcastically.
34:27On the morning of September 3rd, the Home Ministry of Mizuno Rintaro issued a message to police stations around the capital,
34:36encouraging the spread of rumors and violence, stating that, quote,
34:41There are a group of people who want to take advantage of disasters.
34:45Be careful, because Koreans are planning terrorism and robbery by arson and bombs.
34:53Some Koreans sought safety in police stations in order to escape the slaughter.
34:59But in some areas, vigilantes broke into police stations and pulled them out.
35:04In other cases, police officers handed groups of Koreans over to local vigilantes who proceeded to kill them.
35:12Both vigilantes and Imperial Japanese Army troops burned Korean bodies in order to destroy the evidence of murder.
35:22Official Japanese reports in September claimed that only five Koreans had been killed.
35:29Jesus Christ, such a fucking insultingly low number.
35:34And even years after, the number of acknowledged deaths remained in the low hundreds.
35:40After the massacre, Korean survivors painstakingly documented the extent of the massacre.
35:47Japanese eyewitness accounts and additional academic research, current estimates of the death toll range from 6,000 to 9,000.
35:57Between 50 and 90% of the Korean population of Yokohama was killed.
36:03Zeinosa-san-san-siand-so-kulled.
36:04One is concordated by the Vocês.
36:05It's a great issue of...
36:06Zeinosa-san-san-san-san-san-san-san-san-san-san-san-san-san-san-san-san-san-san-san-san.
36:09One is a good thing to pensar today.
36:11There is a lot of corn that has been created.
36:20It has been a lot of food, and a lot of food, and a lot of food,
36:24but what we are surprised to see is that
36:26the fact that there is a lot of information in the past,
36:29that there is a lot of information in the past.
36:34The Japanese war of the 3th century,
36:38The events of the event, the development of the project, the recovery of the project, and the recovery of the project, is more detailed.
36:52The president of the Yaki-Dani's mother is the one who is here to meet again.
36:57So I'm going to go back to the university.
37:02Japan has a lot of 17 books.
37:07Every books, a large and small book,
37:10was killed by the German people.
37:15.
37:42세월호 공원에서는 조선인 학살의 사진과 자료들이 처음으로 일반에게 공개됐다.
37:48한국인들에게도 생소한 그 자리에 한 켠에 낯선 몇몇의 사람들이 찾아와 고개를 숙였다.
37:54그들은 일본에서 찾아온 도사들이었다.
37:57과거 한국 사람들에게 얼마나 많은 나쁜 짓을 했던가 우리는 얼마나 부끄러운가라고 얘기를 할 수 있는
38:03그런 일본 사람들이 있다는 것, 그런 것들이 정말로 우리에게는 두렵던 종이라고 생각을 해요.
38:12September 3rd through 16th, police and army assassinate left-wing leaders.
38:26Amidst the mob violence, regional police and the army used the pretext of civil unrest
38:32to liquidate political descendants.
38:35Socialists such as Hirasawa Kaishichi and the Chinese communal leader Wang Zhaishan were
38:43abducted and killed by local police and army who claimed the radicals intended to use the
38:49crisis as an opportunity to overthrow the Japanese government in what became known as
38:55the Amakasu Incident.
38:58The couple Sakai Osuji, Japan's first Esperanto teacher, and Noe Ito, both anarchists and
39:06feminists were executed by army officer Masahiko Amakasu along with Osuji's six-year-old nephew.
39:15The bodies of the couple and child were thrown in a well.
39:19These killings caused national outrage, albeit thousands signed petitions requesting leniency
39:27on Amakasu's behalf.
39:30The murders drew attention in the United States since the child was a dual national with American
39:37citizenship having been born in Portland, Oregon.
39:41Efforts to get the American Embassy involved were unsuccessful.
39:45One embassy official made a brief statement on the case.
39:49In the case, even, of an unquestioned American citizen involved in trial in a foreign court,
39:56the law of that country must take its course, and we can only be interested in seeing that
40:02the trial is fair and the law impartially applied.
40:07Amakasu and four other army soldiers were court-martialed for the murders.
40:13During the trial, Amakasu's lawyers tied the murder to soldierly duties, and the ideals
40:20of spontaneity, sincerity, and pure motives.
40:25Whatever the fuck that means.
40:27They argued that Sakai and Noe were traitors, and Amakasu killed them out of an irresistible
40:34urge to protect the country.
40:48As for the murder of the child, they argued that this was still justifiable for the public
40:54good.
40:56Many in the courtroom sympathized with these arguments, with spectators loudly calling
41:01Amakasu a kakushi hero.
41:03The judge did nothing to intervene.
41:23Even the military prosecutor, while unwilling to accept the defense's arguments as an excuse,
41:30was sympathetic.
41:32Believing that Amakasu had merely acted excessively, he said the officer's patriotism brought tears
41:39into one's eyes.
41:42As such, he demanded only 15 years in prison with hard labor for Amakasu and lesser punishments
41:50for the other defendants.
41:52The judge was even more lenient.
41:54Amakasu was sentenced to 10 years in prison with hard labor, and Army Sergeant Kajiro Mori
42:02was sentenced to 3 years in prison with hard labor as an accomplice.
42:07The other three men were acquitted, two on the grounds of superior orders, and the others
42:12due to insufficient evidence.
42:15In August 1924, Amakasu's sentence was reduced to 7 years and 6 months.
42:23He was released due to an amnesty in October 1926.
42:27Amakasu studied in France and became a special agent for the Imperial Japanese Army in Manchuria.
42:34When Japan surrendered in August 1945, he killed himself with potassium cyanide.
42:41The Order of the World War in Manchuria was destroyed by the commander of Korea, and the soldier
42:52was taken the same last one of the military.
42:57The American siege of the land used to kill the maestro and the military.
43:03Now, even after the massacre, Army armed forces came to the U.S.
43:09After the massacre, Navy Minister Takarabe Takashi praised the Japanese lynchmogs for their martial spirit,
43:18describing them as a successful result of military conscription.
43:23Am I wrong?
43:24No.
43:25Am I wrong?
43:26Yeah, but...
43:27Okay then.
43:28Paper plays called Kamishibai were performed for children which portrayed the slaughter with vivid, bloody illustrations.
43:39Performers would encourage children to cheer for the lynch mobs as they killed dangerous Koreans.
43:49In 2000, the governor of Tokyo, Shintaro Ishihara, received international criticism for claiming that...
43:58A term originally referring to foreigners and now considered xenophobic and harsh could be expected to riot in the event of a disastrous earthquake.
44:11He later claimed he would stop using the word, but refused to apologize or withdraw the substance of his remark.
44:23The issue has been rekindled in modern times.
44:27Miyoko Kudo's 2009 book, Great Kanto Earthquake, The Truth About the Massacre of Koreans...
44:35The massacre of Koreans is in quotation marks, by the way, was influential in inspiring grassroots-level attempts to whitewash the issue in official and public commemorations.
44:47Several books denying the massacre and supporting the government narrative of 1923 became bestsellers in the 2010s.
44:57In April 2017, the Cabinet Office deleted historical evidence and acknowledgment of the massacre from their website.
45:07Beginning in 2017, Tokyo Mayor Yuriko Koike broke decades of precedent by refusing to acknowledge the massacre or offer condolences to the descendants of survivors.
45:21She justified this by saying that whether a massacre occurred is a matter of historical debate.
45:29In July 2020, Koike was re-elected as mayor of Tokyo in a landslide victory.
45:36In 2022, it was reported that Koike had declined to send a commemorative message for the sixth year in a row.
45:46Every year since 1974, the Japan Korea Association, Nicho Kyokai, has held a memory ceremony in Yokomicho Park in memory of the victims of the massacre.
46:00However, the memorial ceremony is regularly met with counter-protests, especially by the organization Japan Women's Group Gentle Breeze.
46:12This group has denied the massacre and called for the memorial ceremony to be banned on a number of occasions.
46:20For example, in 2020, the group displayed a sign reading,
46:24The massacre of Koreans is a lie.
46:27This has resulted in violence on some occasions, including in 2019.
46:33In June 2019, J. Mark Ramseyer, the Mitsubishi Professor of Japanese Legal Studies at Harvard University, published a paper in which he first reiterated contemporary Japanese newspapers' rumors about Koreans.
46:51Mexico, I say, the illegal immigrants. You look at the statistics on rape, on crime, on everything coming in illegally into this country, they're mind-boggling.
47:03If you go to Fusion, you will see a story about 80% of the women coming in.
47:09I mean, you have to take a look at these stories. And you know who owns Fusion? Univision.
47:14Yeah.
47:15And it was in the Huffington Post. I said, let me get some of these articles, because I've heard some horrible things.
47:19I deal a lot of talking with people on the border patrols.
47:22Yeah.
47:23They're incredible people.
47:24They love our country. They're incredible.
47:25I want to get some clarification, though.
47:27No, but Don, all you have to do is go to Fusion and pick up the stories on rape.
47:32And it's unbelievable when you look at what's going on. So all I'm doing is telling the truth.
47:37I've read the Washington Post. I've read the Fusion. I've read the Huffington Post.
47:42And that's about women being raped. It's not about criminals coming across the border or entering the country.
47:49Well, somebody's doing the raping, Don. I mean, you know, it's...
47:53They poisoned water supplies. They murdered. They pillaged. They raped.
47:59I mean, somebody's doing... You're saying it's women being raped. Well, who's doing the raping?
48:04Who's doing the raping? I mean, how can you say such a thing?
48:11Graham Sayre then said, quote,
48:14The puzzle is not whether this happened, it is how extensively it happened.
48:19Holocaust denial takes different forms. And I divide it into hardcore Holocaust denial and softcore Holocaust denial.
48:29Hardcore Holocaust denial is the argument made by deniers that there was no planned, centralized program of annihilation of the Jews by the Nazis.
48:42That this whole idea of eliminating the Jews from the European continent and beyond never happened.
48:49Yes, I deny the Holocaust. It's an extortion racket.
48:52You are entitled to your own crackpot theories.
48:54And if you did any investigation, if you did any honest... If you did any honest...
48:58Softcore denial does not deny the Holocaust. There were people who would say, well, of course the Holocaust happened, but was it really six million?
49:07Of course the Holocaust happened, but were there really gas chambers?
49:12Graham Sayre also drew controversy that same year for describing comfort women, a euphemism for forced sex workers, as engaging in a consensual contractual process.
49:26After receiving criticism from a number of scholars over the methodology and views in the paper, Graham Sayre's paper was withdrawn.
49:36The editor of the handbook in which it was published, Alan Harrell, said of the paper's disputed portions,
49:43quote, it was evidently an innocent and very regrettable mistake on our part.
49:49We assumed that Professor Graham Sayre knows the history better than us.
49:54In the meantime, we have learnt a lot about the events and we sent a list of detailed comments on the paper that were written by professional historians and lawyers.
50:05We are home.
50:07We are hungry.
50:12We are hungry.
50:21Retired teacher Nishizaki Masao has been collecting evidence for nearly four decades.
50:51With the support of friends, he's committed to passing down the facts.
50:58He's guiding a group from South Korea around one of the killing sites.
51:05As a teacher of history in Korea myself, it was a valuable opportunity for me to think about how to teach this dark legacy.
51:15Although born in the neighborhood, Nishizaki only learned when he was in college that the Aragawa River Bank was once seen of the slayings.
51:27Eventually, he joined a group committed to preserving the memory of the event.
51:33They even bought a piece of land close to the site, collecting donations to erect the memorial.
51:39I was never taught about the killings, not at school, at home, or in the community.
51:46Nobody talked about it.
51:48We need to document everything that happened and re-evaluate it.
51:52That's the only way new facts will emerge.
51:54It's the most crucial.
51:55These millennials are the driving force behind this memorial ceremony, which has brought together more than 600 people on the Aragawa River.
52:07I think that by coming to these places and listening to people's actual stories, participants will feel obliged to share the history of what happened here.
52:29We should pass this on to future generations for 100, 200 more years.
52:35At the end of the ceremony, Koreans and Japanese commemorated the spirits of those who died.
52:47Through the POMO, a Korean folk performing art that symbolizes unity.
52:52We had a very large number of participants this year, and I think a lot of young people came to the event.
53:02I think it will continue to spread to the younger generation.
53:10Nishizaki hopes this negative history will be remembered by the next generation of Japanese,
53:18so that such an act of barbarity will never be repeated.
53:23Onomomo NHK World, Tokyo
53:25The POMO, Tokyo
53:28You
53:30The POMO, Tokyo
53:32We'll see you next time.
53:33You
53:35The POMO, Tokyo
53:37We'll see you then.
53:39We'll see you then.
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