00:00I remember my father telling me, and then after him passing away, I also found in the papers,
00:17when he told me, and then I also re-read it in his papers, he said when they were doing
00:23negotiations between the Soviet Union and the United States, Gorbachev with Reagan, when
00:29they did negotiations on disarmament and other issues, they were, as he explained, giving
00:37each other small steps towards each other. So they were giving up some small portions
00:43of their interest against the other side to give up something else. And they were very
00:51small steps, but they were steps with one vector towards each other. And he said the
00:56key was the dialogue, it was not monologue. So all the time the dialogue created trust
01:06and waved away the fear. I think, yes, the fall of the Berlin Wall, of course, was a big symbol
01:17for some nations, for many nations. However, some geopolitical experts, and now we can see
01:27also, think that the Cold War never stopped. Because also, and I do agree with some geopolitical
01:39experts that after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia made a lot of steps to open up.
01:53And what was missing, there was some gap appearing after. So before it was tension, and everything
02:03was built on that tension, after the tension was released, nothing was built instead. So there
02:12was still some, not cold, but cool, cool war, cool, none, it was not the war, it was sort of
02:22nothing appeared in this place. And when an emptiness appears, then anything can come, positive
02:32or negative. I don't know what he would have said, because the way he thought it was always
02:39to put on dialogue. Always, yes. Even if a political figure can make a statement, it's important
02:49also to see the deeds after. So, like, I think that for Gorbachev, it was also a big disappointment,
03:04the collapse of the Soviet Union. And some mistakes were made also, that he himself recognized in many
03:16interviews to BBC, CNN and others. So, I don't think he judged politicians for their statements
03:23or deeds. It's just that each time he would appeal to the dialogue. If we look at the stories
03:34of Nobel Prize laureates, especially those who, in a certain period of time of their country's
03:41histories, took very non-standard decisions, we can see how their courage or some other strong
03:51characteristics of their personalities helped them to change in positive the way of historical
03:58path of their countries and whole nations. I have a story from, even of inspiration between themselves
04:10between the Nobel laureates, former President of South Africa, Frederick William de Klerk, told
04:19me that if it was not President Mikhail Gorbachev who did what he did, President de Klerk would
04:31not have thought to dare or to have courage to do what he did. He said the political arena
04:40changed so much and actually encouraged him to do that path with Nelson Mandela for which
04:48they got the Nobel Prize both. So, I see that in the real history even historical figures inspire each other.
04:58Therefore, some positive examples can be, of course, taken from Nobel Prize laureates, but not only. We, of course, know a lot of prominent figures, personalities, spiritual, community leaders that have their wisdom that they bring forward. So, we say that Nobel laureates are just bright examples because we know them through Nobel Prize. But there are far way more than the Nobel Prize.
05:25In the world that do peace making daily and they are strong examples. And they are strong examples. And the point in the example is not to follow exactly the same example is to be encouraged or inspired. Is not the point of reference but is the point of inspiration.
05:37is not to follow exactly the same example is to be encouraged or inspired is the not the point of
05:44reference but is the point of inspiration i think international laws have been all have always been
05:53challenged i and the point is that each situation has to be managed beforehand and if there is a
06:05situation that is already acute i don't think that only law is a is a tool of course the law is the
06:18relational relational act to obey to the law i mean the the law functions when someone relationally
06:27wants to follow the law but there are situations in which i think preliminary diplomacy shall work
06:35and if the situation is acute it's better to not watch it and wait for it but to switch to diplomacy
06:47under diplomacy i mean the traditional tools and of course in current days i maybe diplomacy is not
06:56used that that strongly as before it's more like not random one-to-one actions activities based on the
07:10interest of each country and as you said the national interests of each country they have always been
07:17national interests and different the difference today to what was after the second world war is that at
07:27that time countries survived a very severe experience and there was a will to reach a common agreement of how
07:38the world should work in a more peaceful way so now after some time those this basement is not existing anymore
07:51and it's to be reviewed and i think as in any transformation there is a sort of chaos which will come up to
08:02some i think shape
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