- 6 months ago
How casino gambling has emerged to become a popular (and legalized) form of adult entertainment.
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00:00Many Americans still think of gambling as an outlaw industry, a world filled with gangsters
00:15and hustlers. But that image is changing.
00:19Cocktail. Cocktail.
00:22Gaming is one of the oldest professions in the world. Go back to the caveman days, they
00:26find it on the drawings and etchings on the walls of the caves. Gaming has been here for
00:32a long period of time.
00:33And you expect it to become mainstream 10 years from now?
00:36I think it's mainstream now.
00:38Frank Farenkopf is an important man in Washington, the former chairman of the Republican National
00:44Committee, the co-chairman of last year's presidential debates. But he's not a public servant anymore.
00:51Hey, Frank, how are you? Good to see you.
00:52How have you been?
00:53You've got a pretty good schedule for this meeting this afternoon.
00:55Frank Farenkopf is the chief lobbyist for the gambling industry.
01:00Gambling has moved from the back rooms to the board rooms. And it has a new name. Gaming.
01:07It's classier, more respectable, downright American.
01:13George Washington's army was clothed and the rifles and bullets were bought with gaming revenue.
01:20So that gaming revenue was from state lotteries put together. Well, they weren't state, they were colony lotteries
01:25that the 13 colonies put together to raise money to arm their civilians to fight the Revolutionary War.
01:32So, I mean, we probably wouldn't be here as a nation, perhaps, if the lotteries hadn't made that great contribution.
01:37So, I see no problem with it.
01:39You have to admire the Wall Street and the major corporations recognizing the potential of legalized gambling.
01:48And they recognize it, they bought the properties up, and they're just laughing all the way to the bank.
01:53To the players, the corporations, the government, gambling looks like easy money.
02:07Funding for Frontline is provided by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.
02:19And by annual financial support from viewers like you.
02:25This is Frontline.
02:37Somebody won the Progressive Team.
02:59The Quick Fix.
03:02The Big Hit.
03:04Easy Money.
03:08Yes!
03:09Oh, there's another 80s.
03:12It is the most popular form of adult entertainment.
03:15More popular than movies, sports, music, theme parks, and live entertainment combined.
03:24Well, you forget everything in the whole world, and you're just thinking about the money.
03:30Last year, the wagers totaled more than $500 billion.
03:34More than Americans spent on cars and houses combined.
03:39It's the quick pay.
03:40You could be broke one minute with a quarter, and the next time you put it in a machine, you could have money.
03:46The number of Americans who go to casinos has doubled in just the past five years.
04:06We're not really looking for a big win, which we haven't found, but it's just something to do that's pleasurable.
04:17Yes!
04:18Oh yeah, if I win enough money, I could make all my dreams come true.
04:21A lot of things that we were taught back 50 years ago is wrong.
04:27It's not wrong for that.
04:30But we're happy.
04:31It used to be known as Sin City, a remote refuge for adult pleasures.
04:53Not anymore.
04:58Not anymore.
05:00Who's right there?
05:02Las Vegas is now America's fastest growing city.
05:06And it's not just for adults.
05:09The 30 million visitors a year include the whole family.
05:13It's one of the world's top destination locations.
05:16Eleven of the 12 largest hotels in the world are within just a few blocks of each other.
05:23Las Vegas is now a mainstream resort.
05:26The same town that was once ruled by gangsters like Bugsy Siegel is now controlled by some of the nation's most respectable corporations.
05:34The fact that Wall Street and the major corporations, ITT, Hilton, etc., MGM, have invested places and air of respectability.
05:47Gaming today is no different than going to the Metropolitan Opera.
05:5220 years ago, gaming was a no-no.
05:55Frank Lefty Rosenthal should know.
05:57Back when the Wise Guys ran Las Vegas, Lefty Rosenthal was one of the biggest men in town.
06:03Such a legend, in fact, that Robert De Niro played his character in the movie Casino.
06:11Rosenthal once ran four Las Vegas casinos at the same time.
06:16Today, he operates a sports bar in Boca Raton.
06:19To Lefty, the new corporate masters of Las Vegas don't really understand the business.
06:26They understand the bottom line.
06:28I wouldn't think anybody at a high level of ITT has a clue about what gambling is all about.
06:37Do they need to know the business to make money?
06:40No, it's the only industry, to my knowledge, where you need not know anything.
06:46Nothing. Zero.
06:47I think companies like ITT, Caesars, MGM Grand have said, what are we?
06:51We are the entertainment business.
06:52Why not expand upon that?
06:54Why not be those destination resorts where more people are going to travel?
06:58Terry Lanney is the chairman and chief executive officer of MGM Grand Incorporated.
07:03I think it's a part of why people want to be in this particular industry,
07:06because we are nothing other than an addition to the motion picture industry,
07:12to legitimate theater, to sporting events.
07:15We really encompass a lot of that within our own facilities.
07:20There was a time when casinos could not get bank loans because of their shady associations.
07:27But now the mob is gone, tough regulation is in place,
07:30and loans from institutional investors are pouring in.
07:34The pension funds who invest heavily in our business,
07:37I mean the CalPERS, California Public Employee Retirement Fund,
07:41the Wisconsin State Teachers Pension Fund,
07:43the New York State Teachers Pension Fund,
07:45are major investors in the publicly traded companies in this industry.
07:49If there's ever a time when they think there's something questionable
07:52about the regulatory process or the backgrounds of the people
07:55in positions within these companies,
07:57it is going to have a major effect on negatively impacting
08:01the availability of funding,
08:03which is the important factor for growing.
08:07Today Las Vegas has all the funding it needs.
08:11The growing popularity of gambling has triggered
08:13one of the most ambitious building bones in the history of entertainment.
08:17In Las Vegas alone,
08:19the industry plans to open $6 billion worth of new casinos
08:22over the next two years,
08:24and the competition to be the biggest and the flashiest is fierce.
08:28That's the future of this industry.
08:30You build or perish.
08:33Lanny's company, MGM Grand,
08:35opened the first new casino this year,
08:37New York, New York.
08:44The industry itself has gone out into the country
08:51and promoted itself and told other jurisdictions besides Nevada and New Jersey
08:56that this is an industry that can work in your community,
09:00that can bring prosperity to your community.
09:02It's not always the case,
09:04but with the message comes the notion it's a legitimate industry.
09:09Bill Thompson is a professor at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
09:13He has been following the gambling industry's expansion
09:16to other parts of the country.
09:17There are phenomenal profits, phenomenal profits to be made.
09:22So there is a business incentive that is driving the spread of gaming.
09:27Also, politicians are greedy for what they consider to be free money.
09:31They consider gambling tax like money falling off of trees.
09:34Well, it's not.
09:35It's money that comes out of people's pockets.
09:3720 years ago, gambling was legal in only two states.
09:43Today, some form of gambling is legal in all but two states, Utah and Hawaii.
09:50You don't have to go to Las Vegas to gamble today.
09:53The action is coming to a town near you.
09:56These guys are predators.
09:59I really believe that they've targeted the poor,
10:02they've targeted the elderly,
10:04they've targeted our young,
10:06all for the sake of making money.
10:08These are bottom line guys, and I'll tell you,
10:11the more I see of them, the more dangerous they become.
10:14Tom Gray knows his enemy.
10:20He spent the last five years on the road
10:22fighting the expansion of gambling.
10:25A Vietnam vet who served in the elite special forces,
10:28Gray is now a Methodist minister
10:30and the leader of the National Coalition Against Legalized Gambling.
10:35His latest fight,
10:37stopping a developer from building a gambling hall
10:39in the small town of Pittsburgh, California.
10:41Gambling's a predatory enterprise.
10:45It's come from the other side of the tracks
10:47and moved itself and put itself on Main Street.
10:50The way we move it off is at the ballot box,
10:52and Pittsburgh, California is a good place to do that.
10:56Let's go do it.
10:57Let's do it.
10:58Okay, good.
10:59The casino people said,
11:01we are the wave of the future,
11:03we are the force of history,
11:05we are inevitable.
11:06We will be within two hours of every American.
11:10The people of Pittsburgh have been told
11:12that the casino will not only provide jobs,
11:15but more money to improve city services.
11:18Small towns find it hard to say no
11:20to what looks like easy money.
11:22But Tom Gray says as much as 5% of the local community
11:26is likely to become compulsive gamblers.
11:30If you don't gamble, you're paying for it.
11:33You're paying for the losses of someone.
11:35We don't shoot families of compulsive gamblers.
11:39Okay?
11:40We're a society that when someone loses everything,
11:43we take care of them.
11:45So, can't have it both ways.
11:47The casino owners take the money,
11:49they maximize the profit,
11:51and they do nothing to minimize the pain.
11:53Because you and I, as citizens,
11:56have to take care of that pain.
11:58Hi.
11:58Kim Guerrero is the leader of the campaign
12:01to stop the casino.
12:03Yeah.
12:04Is this about playgroup?
12:06This is her first experience in grassroots politics.
12:10Okay.
12:11All right.
12:12Well, I'll talk to you as soon as I'm...
12:13Me again.
12:15Okay.
12:15Bye.
12:17Playgroup for my daughter.
12:19They promised an elementary school.
12:24They promised a community park.
12:26They promised this great community,
12:28none of which has materialized.
12:29Instead, the plans have changed,
12:31and we're having a casino.
12:32Kim's opponent is the developer
12:34who sold her her home,
12:36Albert Sino.
12:37Sino refused to talk to Frontline.
12:40He has hired political consultants
12:41and telemarketing firms
12:43to promote the casino.
12:45Right now, all of our focus
12:46is on raising money
12:47and getting information to the voters.
12:50How did you do on the garage sale?
12:52We raised over...
12:54Just over $1,000.
12:56You want colors?
12:57Okay, hold on.
12:58Just ask.
12:58I get a great joy out of beating these guys
13:00with little money,
13:01but to know we beat them
13:02with garage sale money
13:04is really going to drive them crazy.
13:06Tom Gray functions as advisor and cheerleader.
13:09He believes there's only one way
13:11to overcome gambling industry money.
13:13Carry the battle house to house.
13:16This is a good fight.
13:18I don't care what Albert Sino does.
13:20I don't care how much money he spends.
13:22He can't whip us.
13:23I mean, you'll never get in a better fight
13:25than you're in now,
13:26and we've got him right where we want him.
13:28He's got to spend money.
13:29His greatest fear
13:32is what's happening in this living room now.
13:34Do you need paper?
13:35Do you need paper?
13:36Yeah.
13:37What you going to make?
13:38Good evening.
13:39Welcome to tonight's debate on Measure A.
13:43Measure A asked the voters of the city of Pittsburgh
13:45to approve the San Marco Casino and Convention Center.
13:50The casino developer has won the support
13:52of the Chamber of Commerce and the local police.
13:56And this will enable the department in the long term
13:59to have more money in the fund,
14:01the $1.2 million guaranteed,
14:03to staff those officers and that equipment.
14:08Are we to grow more police?
14:10Is that the American dream?
14:12You bring something in that creates crime,
14:14and then we hire more officers?
14:16I think we'd want to work the opposite direction,
14:18that less calls, less crime.
14:21The debate over gambling is now being played out
14:24in small towns like Pittsburgh all across the country.
14:27I hope the majority of the Pittsburgh citizens
14:31share our view on these issues
14:32and vote yes on Measure A.
14:34To me, what's beautiful about this fight
14:36is that they're either right and we're wrong
14:40or we're right and they're wrong
14:42because there is no in-between.
14:44The snake oil they peddle is economic development,
14:47painless revenue source, and entertainment.
14:49They don't say,
14:50but a lot of you are going to lose your lives.
14:53A lot of you are going to lose your homes.
14:57We're saying it's not good economics,
14:59it's not good public policy,
15:00and it's not good for the quality of life.
15:08For all the potential problems,
15:14it's hard to ignore the lure of easy money.
15:19James calls himself a gambler,
15:21but he doesn't go to Las Vegas very often.
15:24He doesn't have to.
15:25The action is right around the corner.
15:29His favorite play is the most popular form
15:32of gambling in the country,
15:33the one that has endorsed
15:35and legitimized gambling for everyone.
15:38James plays the lottery.
15:40His bookmaker is the state of California.
15:42Thanks, sir.
15:45Okay, you got ten?
15:47Yeah.
15:48A hundred dollars, right?
15:50Pay the phone, okay.
15:51You know, the one I bought,
15:52you know, the other day before I left?
15:54Remember I had three?
15:55I said I hit three.
15:56You went home.
15:57Yeah, I went home.
15:58It was 104.
16:00You're going to come sit down?
16:01I don't know.
16:01I spend 300 a week.
16:03I average about 300 a week.
16:05And maybe a little more if I hit.
16:07Well, I play birthdays, nieces, nephews,
16:11stuff like that.
16:12It works, yeah, sure.
16:14And I play license plates on the three digit.
16:16Like, tonight,
16:18I play my old license plates,
16:19new license plates.
16:21I notice that triples come out more on the weekends.
16:24Weekends, I play the triples only.
16:27Zero, zero, zero, one, one, one, two, two,
16:28all the way down to nine, nine, nine.
16:31So it costs me $30 a weekend.
16:34And if you do it all year,
16:36it costs you $1,560 for the year,
16:39for the weekend.
16:40We miss a lot.
16:42He missed yesterday by one.
16:43I missed one by one number yesterday.
16:45Gamblers like James miss almost all the time.
16:49Lotteries have the worst odds of any legal bet,
16:52unless you run the game.
16:53The state of California makes more than
16:55a billion dollars a year from its lottery.
16:58Okay, now we're back for 10 more.
17:01That wasn't too bad.
17:02One time it was 117 million.
17:06We missed one number.
17:08Believe me,
17:09when you hit,
17:11you think you are 18 years old.
17:13You don't worry for nothing tomorrow.
17:15No for bills,
17:16no for this,
17:17no for that.
17:17But you have to play for it.
17:19If you don't play how you want to be.
17:20Ali, run them through.
17:22Yeah, get this one.
17:23One, two, three, four.
17:27Like most states,
17:37California is struggling
17:38with how to properly control
17:40and regulate this rapidly spreading industry.
17:44Legal gambling in the state
17:45amounts to a 16 billion dollar a year business,
17:48and it's still growing.
17:51This operation is known as a card room.
17:54There are almost as many card tables in California
17:57as there are in Las Vegas.
17:59But unlike Nevada,
18:00where gambling is strictly regulated,
18:02there is no state regulation
18:04of California card rooms.
18:05On this game right here,
18:07these people are playing against each other, right?
18:10Unfortunately,
18:11that player lost about,
18:13looked like about $1,000.
18:14$1,000.
18:16This is a fact-finding team
18:18from the California State Legislature.
18:20We're open seven days a week,
18:2224 hours a day.
18:24For the past five years,
18:25the legislature has been working on a law
18:27to regulate card rooms
18:28with little success.
18:31Critics charge that unregulated gambling halls
18:33are fertile ground
18:34for all sorts of criminal activity,
18:37from money laundering to drug deals.
18:39Everything sleazy and gambling
18:40is happening in the card rooms.
18:42There's lots of loose money.
18:44There's cheating at the games.
18:46It's unregulated.
18:48If money laundering and loan sharking is going on,
18:51that just hypes the business.
18:53If the drug people must come to the tables
18:55and pass the money around,
18:57that just means more people are sitting at the table
18:59and the casino is making more money.
19:00There is no concern.
19:02So the card room benefits from criminal activity?
19:04Certainly, because it is something
19:06that will boost their business.
19:08And you bring all the people to one site.
19:10They sit there.
19:11The casino takes its cut.
19:14Everybody's happy.
19:14They are providing a place
19:16for money laundering and deals to be made.
19:19And so they benefit.
19:21So the casino's not concerned
19:22about whether the game's honest.
19:24Then there is no state government regulation
19:26in California.
19:27It's a formula for disaster.
19:29Dan Walters is a political columnist
19:39for the Sacramento Bee.
19:40He has watched the gambling regulation bills
19:42come and go.
19:44The reason none have passed, he claims,
19:46is because everyone involved
19:48doesn't want them to.
19:49Well, the reason we don't have
19:52gambling regulation in California now
19:53is even though there's a lot of gambling,
19:56those who are immediately involved in the issue,
19:57politicians and lobbyists,
19:59are trying to milk it.
20:00They get money, campaign contributions,
20:02money in lobbying fees,
20:03and they don't want to kill the golden goose.
20:06They don't want to stop the cow from giving milk,
20:08to use another analogy.
20:10And they probably won't resolve it
20:11until the goose stops laying eggs
20:15and the cow stops giving milk.
20:21More and more of the expense account meals
20:24at political gathering spots in Sacramento
20:26are being purchased with gambling industry money.
20:29This has been a full employment act
20:31for lobbyists in California.
20:34Dozens of lobbyists have gotten pieces of this action
20:38and they charge very hefty fees
20:40to whatever interest group they're representing,
20:43card rooms, Indians, Nevada,
20:45people, whoever they might be.
20:46So they have a vested interest
20:48and keep this thing churning as well.
20:50So the people who are doing the actual negotiating
20:52have all the reason in the world
20:53never to resolve the issue.
20:58Good morning and welcome to our annual
21:00and biennial press conference on this subject.
21:04Maybe it's the time of the season,
21:06but there appear to be fewer lobbyists
21:07this time around than before.
21:09I don't know if that's a good sign or a bad sign,
21:11but we'll proceed even though I think
21:13we have a lack of a quorum in that house.
21:15Dan Lundgren is California's Attorney General.
21:18He has been leading the campaign
21:19to regulate card rooms for the past five years.
21:22Every year we get just a little bit further along the line
21:25towards passage.
21:27The first year, you may recall,
21:28our gambling bill got only one vote in Senate Committee,
21:33and that was the vote of the bill's author.
21:34The Attorney General's bill has faced stiff opposition
21:38from both the industry and his political enemies.
21:41The one person whose support Dan Lundgren needed most
21:44was not in the room that day.
21:46His most powerful political opponent,
21:49Senator Bill Lockyer.
21:50Have you talked to Mr. Lockyer about this legislation this time around?
21:54He said to me, in a rather jocular fashion,
21:57looks like we're going to have to work on that gambling bill again.
22:01And that has been the extent of our substantive conversations on this thus far.
22:05It's difficult to pass legislation here
22:08because the system is so complicated and power is so distributed,
22:12but we're doing our best.
22:14Bill Lockyer knows a lot about how the system works.
22:18He is the president of the California Senate
22:20and the most powerful Democrat in the state legislature.
22:23There will be no gambling regulation bill
22:26without Senator Lockyer's support.
22:28The suggestion's been made that we need this huge bureaucracy
22:34at the state level in the Attorney General's office.
22:37Now, this is a fellow who claims to be a conservative,
22:41limited government advocate,
22:44but as soon as it's something that he's in charge of,
22:47he thinks we ought to amplify the regulatory effort
22:51and spend a lot of money, create a lot of political jobs
22:54that pay $100,000 a year,
22:57of people to sit on some commission part-time.
22:59My view is that's a Cadillac solution to a motor scooter problem.
23:04So Senator Lockyer wrote his own gambling regulation bill.
23:08Mr. Chairman and members, I have Senate Bill 8,
23:12which is another attempt to provide for enhanced regulation
23:19of gambling activities in California.
23:22Every move to regulate California gambling
23:25has been shadowed by an army of industry lobbyists.
23:29In just five years, gambling interests spent more than $7 million
23:32to lobby the regulation bills.
23:34The fight has been going on so long, in fact,
23:37that the players keep switching teams.
23:40This is Gene Urban.
23:42Three years ago, he was one of the authors
23:44of the Attorney General's Bill.
23:46This year, he's a lobbyist for a Las Vegas casino.
23:50You know, you've got to look behind,
23:52why are these people doing some of these things?
23:54And it all boils down, money and power, to hell.
23:59Dick Floyd is also a veteran of the regulation fight.
24:03He used to be a lobbyist for the card room industry.
24:06Now he's a member of the state assembly.
24:08And all these idiots determined that this was a slot machine?
24:13And one of the gambling industry's most vocal supporters.
24:19I'm an advocate for any industry
24:21that provides 20,000-plus jobs in this state.
24:26They're all fighting with each other,
24:28these different groups and interests.
24:30And what's interesting for people like me
24:33is you eventually discover how liberating it is
24:38to do whatever you think is right.
24:41Someone out there will agree and contribute to your campaign.
24:45And contribute they have.
24:47Since the first gambling regulation bill was introduced in 1992,
24:52political contributions to California lawmakers
24:54have totaled $7.5 million.
24:57And the same thing has been happening
24:59in state capitals across the nation.
25:01The gambling industry has quietly become
25:05one of the most generous political lobbies in the nation.
25:08An investigation by Mother Jones magazine
25:10found that in just the past five years,
25:13the gambling industry has spent more than $100 million
25:16to influence state legislatures.
25:23Well, basically, anybody that spends money in this game
25:27wants things their way.
25:31Madam Chair and members of the committee,
25:33thank you for the opportunity for allowing me to be here.
25:37I'm very humbled by the experience.
25:39Five years ago, no one in the state legislature
25:42would have listened to Anthony Pico,
25:44but they're listening now.
25:46This solution works for us,
25:47just as it does for the state of California,
25:50just as it does for private gambling resort owners,
25:52and just as it does for Wall Street investors.
25:56Anthony Pico is the leader of the Viejas Indians.
25:58Native Americans are newcomers to the regulation debate.
26:03They support limits on gambling elsewhere in the state
26:06to protect the new and hugely profitable monopolies
26:09on their sovereign lands.
26:10Yeah, so we can do a little thing,
26:12because you know how it comes down over there,
26:14and the new boundary, because, you know, we bought some new land.
26:17The Viejas used to be among the poorest residents of California,
26:21but gambling changed all that.
26:26They come by the thousands,
26:2824 hours a day,
26:31seven days a week.
26:32Welcome.
26:35The once desolate reservation,
26:3830 miles east of San Diego,
26:40is now teeming with activity.
26:42It changed almost overnight
26:44when they opened their casino.
26:46Bingo is called on O69.
26:50Congress passed a law
26:52permitting Indian tribes
26:53to offer gambling on their sovereign lands.
26:55Ten years later,
26:57there are 150 Indian casinos across the country.
27:01In California alone,
27:04more than 70 tribes have
27:05or plan to build casinos.
27:22On this reservation,
27:24there are very few elders left.
27:25Because almost all of my father's generation died
27:29from alcoholism.
27:32Our culture has been obliterated.
27:36Our language is almost dead.
27:38Our custom and traditions
27:40are still being followed,
27:43but are becoming a faint memory
27:45because of poverty.
27:48All the numbers on pages 2 and 3...
27:49The Viejas Indians once had 80% unemployment.
27:53Today, they are the largest employer in the valley.
27:57The tribe used to survive on food stamps.
28:00Now, each member has a guaranteed income
28:02of more than $1,000 a week,
28:05their share of the gaming revenues.
28:07And there is still plenty of money left over
28:09to ensure the tribe's future.
28:11We set up scholarships for every child
28:14on the reservation.
28:18And the scholarships were
28:19for their higher education through doctorate.
28:24That's what they so desired.
28:25What we've done is we've invested in ourselves.
28:28The priority is the children
28:29and those children not yet born
28:32and our elders.
28:33An ancient chant.
28:58The burning of sage.
28:59The Viejas performed this ceremony
29:02to purify a bank
29:03in nearby Borrego Springs.
29:06A century ago,
29:08the Indians were run out of this town
29:09by white settlers.
29:11The same bank would not have given
29:12the tribe a loan just five years ago.
29:15Today, the Viejas own the bank.
29:18They bought it with cash.
29:20Well, we've seen a lot of changes, too,
29:22especially in the last four years,
29:23let me tell you.
29:24It's been a great time.
29:25Indian casinos are the fastest-growing
29:31and least-controlled form of legal gambling.
29:34Hundreds of tribes are anxious
29:36to join this movement
29:37towards economic independence.
29:39They call it the return of the buffalo.
29:41It feels so good to be responsible.
29:50It feels so good to be a contributor
29:53rather than a liability.
29:56How's your music career going?
29:58Very well, sir.
29:59All right.
29:59Yeah, glad to hear that.
30:00You guys been playing lately anywhere?
30:02The Viejas Casino employs 1,700 people,
30:0799% non-Indian.
30:09We treat them well.
30:11We treat them like family
30:12because that's important.
30:14It's important to us as a people,
30:16and those are our values.
30:17We're also, hey, it's good business.
30:23Gambling profits have transformed
30:25California's Indian tribes.
30:27They are now major players in state politics.
30:31Along with the card rooms,
30:32the racetracks, and Las Vegas interests,
30:34their lobbyists are carefully tracking
30:36the gambling regulation bill.
30:38Every hearing is packed with interested parties
30:41jockeying for position.
30:43You did shut down a joint in Fowler, right?
30:47That's correct.
30:47Why?
30:49In that particular situation,
30:51they were heavily underfunded.
30:55The attorney general's staff
30:57has spent a lot of time in hearings
30:58pushing for regulation,
31:00with little success.
31:01With so many players,
31:04it's often difficult to tell
31:05who is calling the shots.
31:07Why can't we put that language in?
31:09This is Rod Blonion,
31:10a lobbyist for the state's largest card room.
31:13He's meeting with Brenda Johns
31:15of the attorney general's office
31:16and staffers from the assembly
31:18and the senate.
31:20Blonion has some problems
31:21with this year's regulation bill.
31:23This bill is a railroad job.
31:25The AG wants the ability
31:27to preclude us
31:28from having ex-party communications
31:30with the division.
31:32It's not unusual
31:33for lobbyists to play active roles
31:35in writing new laws.
31:37Staffers know they cannot pass a bill
31:39that the gambling industry opposes.
31:41So the lobbyists are not shy
31:43about voicing their opinions.
31:44Yeah, put that in, Brenda.
31:48Put that in
31:49and we'll dance the tango.
31:51I get the general concept,
31:53but can you sort of explain
31:54what you're proposing?
31:56Yeah.
31:56My people need to compete
31:58on a level playing field
31:59with the Indians.
32:01I think we made some serious headway here
32:02and I hope you recognize that
32:04and tell some of your people.
32:06And we've got some amendments
32:07that we'll be sharing with you.
32:10Okay.
32:10But even when the industry approves,
32:12that's no guarantee
32:14the bill will become law.
32:17I, Hughes.
32:18I, Hurt.
32:19I, Joannison.
32:21I, Ross Johnson.
32:22Since the first regulation bill
32:24was submitted
32:24to the California legislature,
32:26there have been five floor votes.
32:28And each time,
32:29the proposal to regulate gambling
32:30won by a huge margin.
32:33However,
32:34when the same bills
32:35moved behind closed doors,
32:37all were quietly killed.
32:40I would like to mention
32:44that I'm sincerely disappointed
32:46that we were unable to close
32:48on gaming legislation last year.
32:51Senator Lockyer submitted
32:53a regulation bill last year
32:55that won almost unanimous support.
32:57The bill was minutes away
32:59from approval
32:59when something unexpected happened.
33:02The person who makes the rules
33:04controls the House
33:05or controls the Senate.
33:07And a couple of key people
33:08in those instances,
33:10for whatever reason,
33:12did not want them to move.
33:13And those individuals
33:15who normally,
33:16when killing a bill,
33:17would take credit for it
33:18in daylight,
33:19sort of walked out
33:21with bemused looks
33:23on their face
33:23as if they didn't know
33:24what happened.
33:26The funny thing is,
33:27it worked.
33:28It did work.
33:29One man kills
33:31Senator Lockyer's bill.
33:33Senator Lockyer.
33:34The bill was,
33:36passed the Assembly
33:36in that forum
33:37on the last night,
33:38went over to the Senate,
33:39needed one more floor vote
33:40in the Senate
33:41to go to the governor.
33:43And Bill Lockyer
33:44basically adjourned
33:45the Senate
33:45in a few minutes
33:48before that bill
33:49actually physically
33:50reached the floor
33:51and left no doubt about it.
33:53It doesn't leave
33:54any doubt about it
33:54that he did it
33:55to kill that bill.
33:56There were a lot
33:58of discussions
33:58from which I was excluded,
34:01culminating in
34:03some agreement
34:04below the...
34:05Senator Lockyer
34:06claims he killed
34:07the bill
34:07because it was
34:08full of amendments
34:09he had not approved.
34:10Well,
34:11the ostensible
34:12reason
34:15by Senator Lockyer
34:16was that
34:18there had been
34:18a number of add-ons
34:19put into the bill
34:20and that there had been
34:22a lot of amendments
34:23in the last days
34:23without his consultation.
34:24The only problem
34:25with that is
34:26we had managed
34:27to strip out
34:28all of those amendments.
34:29There's a lot
34:30of bad blood
34:31between Dan Lundgren
34:32and Bill Lockyer.
34:32I mean,
34:33it's personal.
34:34It's ego
34:35and party.
34:36The Attorney General
34:37apparently promised
34:38lots of the groups,
34:40the horse tracks,
34:41the card rooms,
34:43the Indian tribes,
34:44that all those things
34:45they had tried
34:46to add into this bill
34:47he could do
34:48for them administratively.
34:50So I found myself
34:51in the uncomfortable
34:52position of facilitating
34:55all these backroom deals
34:57that the Attorney General
34:58was trying to make
34:59just because I had a bill.
35:01That just shows you
35:02how convoluted
35:03this can be.
35:04There's no good reason.
35:06There's no good justification
35:07for it.
35:11One result
35:12of Senator Lockyer
35:13killing his own bill
35:14was that the issue
35:15of gambling regulation
35:16remained alive
35:17for yet another year.
35:19To ensure access
35:20to the leadership,
35:22the industry
35:22had to give generously
35:23one more time.
35:26Senator Lockyer
35:27and the state
35:27Democratic Party
35:28were showered
35:29with gambling industry money.
35:31In just four months,
35:32contributions totaled
35:34more than
35:34a half million dollars.
35:36As the leader
35:37of the Democrats
35:38in the Senate,
35:39I have an obligation
35:40to help finance
35:41all of the expensive campaigns.
35:43We now spend
35:44two million dollars
35:47on each side
35:49of a state Senate election.
35:51It's just horrible
35:51and we need to change that.
35:54But that's one of my tasks
35:56and responsibilities.
36:02Meet George Hardy,
36:04the man whose influence
36:06with California politicians,
36:08including Senator Lockyer,
36:09helped stop gambling regulation.
36:12Hardy is a founding partner
36:14of the Bicycle Club,
36:15one of California's
36:16biggest card rooms.
36:18The secret
36:18to his political success,
36:20Hardy admits,
36:21was money.
36:22You know,
36:23it does enter
36:23a politician's mind
36:25who his supporters are
36:26and if he can try
36:27to justify
36:29or maybe that's
36:30the wrong word
36:30or rationalize
36:31or feel
36:33that supporting
36:34that individual
36:35is important,
36:36then he's going
36:36to do that.
36:37The card club industry
36:38had not had much
36:39of a presence
36:39in Sacramento
36:40until the Bicycle Club
36:42and myself suddenly realized
36:44we better,
36:44if we were going
36:45to be competitive
36:45in the ball game,
36:46that we better get in there
36:47and make our presence known
36:49and try to make some friends.
36:51George Hardy
36:52made lots of friends
36:54all the way
36:55to the White House.
36:56This photo op
36:57on Air Force One
36:58cost Hardy
36:59a $20,000 contribution.
37:02Everyone important
37:03in California
37:04knew George Hardy.
37:05His bicycle club
37:06gave more than
37:07a million and a half dollars
37:08in political contributions
37:10in just the past five years.
37:12We gave substantial sums.
37:14Yes, it's a lot of money,
37:15but it's in relationship
37:16to the business.
37:17When you have
37:17a $100 million a year business
37:19and it was growing
37:20at the time,
37:21then you need to protect
37:22that industry
37:23and protect your business.
37:24He's one of the colorful,
37:27fascinating rascals
37:29of California business.
37:31I found him
37:33to be very interesting
37:34just as a character.
37:37He seems to have
37:40very complete
37:41and credible explanations
37:44about his own business
37:47and background
37:49that defend himself
37:53and his activities.
37:56Beyond that,
37:57he certainly is a matter,
37:59a person that
38:00is controversial.
38:02The attorney general
38:03remembers George Hardy, too.
38:05Well, he was up here
38:06quite a bit.
38:07He was one of those
38:09who came up
38:11and testified against it.
38:13He was one of those
38:13who basically said
38:14he was going to kill it.
38:14He was one of those
38:15who worked as hard
38:15as he could to kill it.
38:18One of those
38:18who said it wasn't needed.
38:21And he was talking
38:22with the authority
38:23of the bicycle club
38:24and the federal government
38:25behind him.
38:26The federal government
38:28behind him?
38:28That's right.
38:30The controlling partner
38:31in Hardy's bicycle club
38:33is none other
38:34than the U.S. Department
38:35of Justice.
38:36One of Hardy's
38:37original partners
38:38was convicted
38:38of drug smuggling,
38:40so his share
38:40of the club
38:41was turned over
38:42to the U.S. Marshals.
38:43We wanted to show you
38:45the inside
38:45of the taxpayers'
38:46gambling hall.
38:47But the Department
38:48of Justice
38:49would not let
38:49our cameras in.
38:51They were concerned
38:52our cameras would
38:53disturb the gamblers.
38:54The clients don't like it.
38:56It's an invasion
38:56of their privacy.
38:57They're not consenting
38:59to be filmed
39:00and broadcast,
39:01so they were very much
39:02against it
39:03and didn't like it.
39:04And the word I had
39:04from everyone
39:05was that it would be
39:06bad for business
39:07to have any kind
39:09of cameras in there.
39:10The bicycle club
39:11was the largest asset
39:12ever seized
39:13by the federal government.
39:15And that was
39:16seven years ago.
39:18Well, I don't know
39:18what it's made,
39:19but what I hear from them
39:20is they'd have to sell
39:21it at a fire sale.
39:22They wouldn't get
39:23enough money for it.
39:24And that was never
39:25the intent
39:26of asset forfeiture law.
39:28They were to get in,
39:28they were to get out.
39:30Seven years is a long time.
39:31I don't think
39:32they ever seriously
39:33for years wanted to sell
39:34because they were making
39:35$5 million a year
39:36from the asset.
39:38So even though
39:39the guidelines
39:40under seized assets
39:41say sell promptly,
39:43they had no intention
39:43of selling promptly.
39:45The federal government
39:46has turned a tidy profit
39:47from its car club,
39:49at least $35 million.
39:52When you have
39:53what was a golden goose,
39:55everybody thinks,
39:56you know,
39:56they want to get
39:56a piece of it,
39:57whether they're qualified
39:58in any way
39:59or entitled
39:59or competent.
40:01And that's what's
40:01hurt the bicycle club.
40:02You know,
40:02the government
40:03saw a great opportunity.
40:04If this had just been
40:05a machine shop
40:06that was breaking even,
40:07I mean,
40:08they would have never
40:08bothered with it
40:09at all.
40:10You know,
40:11money,
40:11it's like honey,
40:12you know,
40:12attracts the flies.
40:14And card rooms
40:15attract criminal activity,
40:17too,
40:18even one run
40:19by the U.S.
40:19Department of Justice.
40:22We've seen
40:22drug deals go down
40:24at the bicycle club.
40:26We know money laundering,
40:27large-scale money laundering
40:29that took place there.
40:30We have it on film,
40:31for God's sake.
40:32We have film
40:33of people bringing in
40:34bags of money,
40:35tens of thousands
40:35of dollars worth of money.
40:36and over a period
40:38of hours
40:39being able
40:40to launder it.
40:42The U.S.
40:42marshals insist
40:43they don't have
40:44sufficient evidence
40:45of criminal activity.
40:47At this point,
40:47there hasn't been
40:48a single case
40:49brought to the attention
40:50of the U.S.
40:51Attorney's Office
40:52which is prosecutable.
40:53And we don't know
40:54of any law enforcement
40:55agency today
40:56who would say
40:57that there are cases
40:58that we could prosecute
40:59that are federal offenses
41:00that aren't being pursued.
41:02Surprised the government
41:04runs a gambling hall
41:05suspected of criminal activity?
41:08Well, that's not all.
41:10Some of its gambling profits
41:11went to promote
41:12the card room industry.
41:14Remember all those
41:15political contributions
41:16that George Hardy made?
41:18All of it was approved
41:20by the U.S. Department of Justice.
41:23Under the terms
41:24that I operated
41:25as the general manager,
41:26anything over $25,000
41:28they had to approve.
41:29I mean, they were well apprised.
41:30I felt it was my responsibility
41:32to keep them apprised
41:33of all the activities
41:33at the club.
41:35Including political contributions?
41:37Oh, absolutely.
41:38But it was a business.
41:39And in running business,
41:40you contribute
41:41to political campaigns
41:42to protect your business.
41:44Even if you're
41:44the federal government?
41:46Well, don't say that
41:48because they don't like it.
41:49It's obvious
41:49that when you have
41:50a political contribution
41:53made by a business entity
41:55under the control
41:56of the United States,
41:57there's a clear
41:58perception problem
41:59even if the contribution
42:00is otherwise legal
42:01under the appropriate laws.
42:02And it should stop.
42:04And it did.
42:04But it went on
42:04for five years.
42:08I really wish
42:09that it had stopped
42:10earlier than that.
42:11I'm not going to say
42:12that we don't feel otherwise.
42:15All I can tell you
42:16is that when we became aware
42:17of the extent of it,
42:18we stopped it.
42:19It's against policy.
42:20It won't happen again.
42:22Think about this.
42:24On behalf of the Bicycle Club,
42:25contributions were being made
42:27to influence elections
42:29in California,
42:30local as well as,
42:32I believe, state,
42:32but certainly local.
42:34And they were paying
42:36lobbyists to come up here.
42:38Some lobbyists,
42:39I believe,
42:39were lobbying against my bill.
42:41That was the Bicycle Club,
42:42which has a controlling
42:44ownership interest
42:44by the United States
42:46Department of Justice.
42:47Last time I looked,
42:48we're not a banana republic.
42:50California shouldn't have
42:51to worry about
42:52the federal government
42:52coming in like a rogue CIA
42:54and trying to overturn
42:56our elections.
42:57I resent that tremendously.
42:59I think it's an embarrassment.
43:00They're using gambling money
43:02to influence legislation
43:04in American government,
43:06but the gambling money
43:07is being used by the government
43:09to influence the government,
43:11and the influence
43:12is a negative one.
43:13The influence is one
43:14not to have regulation.
43:16It's just incredible.
43:18It's just incredible.
43:19These are not the guys
43:20to run a joint.
43:22They would blow it all, man.
43:24Those guys don't run a joint.
43:26They're bureaucrats.
43:27Why is the government
43:28even in the business
43:29of gambling?
43:30You know,
43:31there are prohibitions
43:31about advertising gambling
43:33for private individuals,
43:34and yet the state's out
43:35telling you how wonderful
43:36it is to come down
43:37and spend part of your paycheck
43:38and try to hit the lottery,
43:40which is the worst gamble
43:41in the country.
43:42Going in good style
43:43Morning to good night
43:46Spreading the good news
43:49Living the good life
43:52The state is asking you
43:53in a very discreet manner
43:56to take some money
43:58and try to become
43:59a millionaire.
44:00This could be your ticket
44:02To the good life
44:05The state is encouraging,
44:08the state is an advocate,
44:09and the state is creating
44:12the interest
44:13by advertising to the public.
44:16Gamble, make a bet.
44:17You can win.
44:18You can be a millionaire.
44:19Are we hitting?
44:22We're almost down.
44:23This is my last game on this.
44:25I got nine.
44:26I just missed three,
44:27four out of four,
44:28three times on that.
44:28That could have been
44:29maybe two, three hundred dollars there.
44:32I got back,
44:32I got back the money I played,
44:34so it's worth playing it again.
44:35Oh, our numbers are coming out.
44:38Our numbers are coming out.
44:40See, I got two numbers there again.
44:41Gambling today is
44:42within range of almost
44:45any citizen in this country,
44:46whether it be lottery,
44:48poker,
44:49Las Vegas, Nevada,
44:50Atlantic City,
44:51floating casinos,
44:54open air casinos,
44:55dog tracks,
44:56you name it,
44:57highlight frontons,
44:58it's there.
44:59When the public
45:00has a chance to decide,
45:01they tend to say no to gambling.
45:04The people of Pittsburgh, California,
45:06ended up rejecting
45:07the casino in their town.
45:09But such small victories
45:10have not slowed
45:11the growth of gambling.
45:14I don't think we recognize,
45:16any of us,
45:19how dangerous
45:21the growth and expansion
45:23of gambling is.
45:2599 to 9 tenths percent
45:27of the public,
45:29including myself,
45:30have two chances.
45:32One is slim,
45:33the other is none,
45:34and Slim's out of town.
45:37Years ago,
45:38we found out
45:39that you make more money
45:40with square dice,
45:44meaning legitimate dice,
45:46than you do with baloney's
45:47I&E phony dice.
45:51Lefty Rosenthal
45:52isn't in the gambling
45:53business anymore.
45:55He has a slot machine
45:56at his club,
45:57but it's only for show.
45:59Nevada regulators
46:00have banned Rosenthal
46:01from Las Vegas casinos.
46:03He says most gamblers
46:05don't really know
46:05what they're getting into.
46:08The public,
46:10being so uneducated,
46:14doesn't realize
46:15how vulnerable
46:17they really are
46:18to the,
46:21what we call the heat.
46:22the heat being,
46:26you start out
46:28very lightly,
46:29very small,
46:30very conservatively,
46:31and then you lose
46:33your control.
46:35And when you work
46:36in the industry,
46:37and you work
46:37behind the counter,
46:39and you watch their eyes,
46:41and you watch their habits,
46:43and you see someone
46:44with an extremely high IQ
46:47go down the tubes,
46:50you recognize
46:50that we all have
46:51an Achilles heel.
46:53And I've witnessed it
46:54on thousands of occasions.
46:57I was down $3,000
46:59in, what,
47:00eight months
47:00since it's back?
47:01Yeah.
47:01In eight months,
47:02I lost $3,000.
47:03But it's bound to come out
47:04in a hundred games.
47:05That's the true way
47:06if you want to.
47:07But see,
47:07I enjoy watching it.
47:09I got two out of three.
47:11All right,
47:12what do we got?
47:12Last game?
47:13We got one more game.
47:14We're not doing good.
47:18But we hit one hit,
47:20and it could be $380.
47:23So then the hundred,
47:24we got $280 to split.
47:25You see what I'm saying?
47:26The last game,
47:27the last number,
47:28we hit a couple times.
47:30And of course,
47:30we were screaming.
47:31But we got excited.
47:34People,
47:35walk down
47:36to your grocery store
47:37on Saturday night
47:38when the jackpot
47:39is $30, $40 million,
47:41and look who's
47:42standing in line.
47:43James Bond's
47:43not standing in line
47:45with a blonde on his arm
47:46waiting to buy
47:47his Quick Pick ticket.
47:49Understand,
47:50this is preying
47:51on those people
47:52that can least afford it.
48:13lotteries,
48:15riverboats,
48:17Indian casinos,
48:19racetracks.
48:22America is obsessed
48:23with gambling.
48:25No matter how many
48:27casinos are built,
48:28there are always enough
48:30gamblers to fill them.
48:31one just need walk
48:35or drive through
48:36Las Vegas, Nevada
48:38and ask themselves,
48:40how could so-and-so
48:43build a casino
48:45for $1.5 billion?
48:48Where is he getting
48:48the money?
48:49Who's supplying the funds?
48:50it's you.
48:53This is my wife,
48:54Debbie.
48:55Hi.
48:56And very exciting
48:57opportunity.
48:57We're now opening,
48:58we're going to push
48:58number one here
48:59because we're going
49:00down to the ground
49:01floor from the
49:0238th floor penthouse
49:03here at the new
49:04New York Hotel Casino.
49:06Hello, honey.
49:07We have a special party
49:08for 3,500 of our
49:10nearest and dearest friends.
49:12Thank you, my dear.
49:13How are you?
49:13Happy New Year.
49:14MGM's New York, New York
49:17has been phenomenally
49:19successful.
49:31Gamblers are visiting
49:32the new casino
49:32at the rate of
49:33a half million a week.
49:35And investors are betting
49:37that the crowds
49:37will keep on growing.
49:39Some of the new casinos
49:41will cost well over
49:42a billion dollars.
49:44We're going to do
49:53a lot more hotels,
49:55so we have a lot more
49:56openings for people
49:56to come to.
49:57That's wonderful.
50:02In just the first
50:03three months,
50:04New York, New York
50:05has earned a profit
50:06of $31,000 an hour,
50:0924 hours a day,
50:11seven days a week.
50:14And this is a man
50:17who taught all our people
50:18to be the dealers here.
50:19He trained every single
50:20dealer in the table games
50:21here at New York, New York.
50:22So you've got to be
50:23very careful
50:23when you're playing here.
50:25It would be very difficult
50:25to get a 21
50:26against this fellow
50:27on blackjack.
50:30Hey, how are you doing, buddy?
50:32We're pretty excited
50:33with this.
50:33I would be, too.
50:33It's going to be
50:34a great, great facility.
50:35What do you think of it?
50:36What do you think of it?
50:37Honestly, interior.
50:38Having grown up in New York,
50:39I feel like New York
50:40has been brought inside.
50:41It's better than the outside
50:43is the inside.
50:44Yeah, we kind of feel
50:45that way, too.
50:45If casinos are an integral part
50:47of what people want to do
50:49as a form of entertainment,
50:51why couldn't it be
50:51one-stop shopping?
50:53It's almost really
50:54like your mall.
50:55It's the old shopping mall,
50:57if you will.
50:57I think there'll be
50:58little difference
50:59between a major motion picture,
51:01studio,
51:02a hotel casino,
51:03entertainment casino,
51:04a non-gaming entertainment resort.
51:08I think they'll be
51:08very, very similar.
51:10I think it's going to be
51:11much more acceptable
51:12on that basis.
51:13Ten years from now,
51:14the issue of gaming
51:15won't be an issue.
51:30Ali, before you close,
51:32I'm going to play this again.
51:33The question of whether
51:35Americans should gamble
51:37doesn't seem to matter
51:38much anymore.
51:40Americans will gamble,
51:42and with the enthusiastic
51:44approval of their government.
51:46Tonight, Ali.
51:48I'll be back, Ali.
51:49Both lured by visions
51:51of easy money.
51:53This could be your ticket
51:57to the good life.
52:03Check out Frontline's website
52:11at www.pbs.org
52:14for more persuasive arguments
52:16on gambling's impact.
52:18Learn what the odds are
52:19against the player
52:20in casino and sports betting.
52:23Study our timeline
52:24of the spread of gambling.
52:27Join our discussion
52:28and much more.
52:29explore Frontline online
52:32at www.pbs.org.
52:39Next time on Frontline,
52:40it's the final chapter
52:42of the Holocaust.
52:43They were just interested
52:44in making money.
52:45How Swiss banks
52:46hit a fortune
52:47in blood money.
52:48The vastest killing machine
52:49in history,
52:50fueled by one of the most
52:52efficient banking systems
52:53in history.
52:54And how a country
52:54that claimed neutrality
52:55secretly financed
52:57Hitler's war machine.
52:58A very willing ally.
53:01Nazi gold.
53:02Next time on Frontline.
53:03Now, your letters.
53:13Innocence Lost the Plea,
53:15the story of alleged
53:16daycare abuse
53:17in Edenton, North Carolina,
53:18brought an outpouring
53:19of opinion
53:20about the investigation
53:21and prosecution
53:21of this case.
53:23Dear Frontline,
53:24what I see in the
53:24Edenton, North Carolina
53:26child sex scandal
53:26is prosecutorial terrorism.
53:28Pure and simple.
53:29Constitutional rights
53:30were literally stolen
53:31and then resold
53:32for shorter prison terms
53:33than plea bargains.
53:34The basic concept
53:35of any criminal law
53:36in this country
53:36is that it is better
53:381,000 guilty go free
53:39than one innocent
53:40be imprisoned.
53:41Mark Mendelsohn.
53:41Dear Frontline,
53:43never in my limited
53:44experience with legal issues
53:46have I ever considered
53:47that in America
53:48you might very well
53:49have to say you're guilty
53:51and cop a plea
53:52rather than attempt
53:53to prove your innocence
53:55in a court of law.
53:56North Carolina
53:57has suffered.
53:58The accused
53:59have suffered.
54:00And certainly
54:01justice has suffered.
54:02Robert Hannigan,
54:04Godfield, New Jersey.
54:05The whole Little Rascals case
54:07is a tragic travesty
54:08of justice.
54:09Nothing can give
54:10these defendants back
54:11the time and grief
54:12they have already
54:12expended.
54:14However,
54:14it is my sincere hope
54:15that the judge
54:16will see fit
54:16to recognize
54:17Ms. Lamb's vendetta
54:18for what it is
54:19and in the interest
54:20of justice
54:21throw the case out.
54:23Nancy Dooley,
54:24I.
54:24Dear Frontline,
54:25after following
54:25the McMartin
54:26and Little Rascals cases
54:27I wondered why
54:28the government
54:28wouldn't protect
54:29all parties
54:29by videotaping
54:30any investigative
54:31interview with the child.
54:33The tragedy in this case
54:34is that the children
54:34are left with false memories
54:36while the accused lives
54:37are forever altered
54:38by an overzealous
54:38prosecution and investigators
54:40of the state
54:41of North Carolina.
54:42Where's the justice here?
54:43John Chowning,
54:44Seattle, Washington.
54:45Let us know
54:46what you thought
54:47about tonight's program.
56:18Frontline is produced
56:19for the Documentary Consortium
56:20by WGBH Boston
56:22which is solely responsible
56:24for its content.
56:29For videocassette information
56:31about this program
56:32please call this toll-free number
56:341-800-328-PBS1
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