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Short filmTranscript
00:01It might be the most sought-after cult object in history.
00:05The Holy Grail.
00:07Christians, Crusaders and Nazis have all tried to find it.
00:12The Grail promises power, influence and eternal life.
00:17I certainly believe that the Holy Grail could exist.
00:21Which cup is the real Grail?
00:24Will the lead take us to King Arthur?
00:27Or is the crucial clue hidden in Da Vinci's masterpiece?
00:33Researchers are trying to solve this millennia-old myth.
00:49The Great Myths of Mankind.
00:52Mysteries passed on over thousands of years.
00:57Inexplicable events, places shrouded in legend and superhuman heroes.
01:03Even scientists are fascinated.
01:07Is there any truth to these ancient legends?
01:11Researchers across the globe are working hard to solve the greatest mysteries of our time.
01:16To Spaniards, this is the Santo Calis, the Holy Grail.
01:26Valencia Cathedral has been its home for centuries.
01:29Believers think this sparkling vessel is the cup Jesus Christ handed his disciples at the Last Supper.
01:49But is this truly the real Holy Grail?
01:52Art historian Ana Marfa Garcia is trying to get to the bottom of this.
02:03I am convinced this is the chalice of Jesus.
02:06It is the Holy Grail.
02:08She is the newcomer in the quest for the real Grail.
02:12Adopting new approaches, like using images of the Grail.
02:16They inspired me to look for the Holy Grail in art history.
02:25In her search, she paws over all paintings featuring the Grail.
02:33Paintings of the Last Supper, the origin of all stories linked to the Holy Grail.
02:42The Bible describes the eve of the crucifixion, when Jesus asked his disciples to drink from a cup of wine.
02:49Saying this was his blood that will be shed for everyone.
02:54A key moment for Christianity.
02:58Jesus promises to remain present in bread and wine.
03:01The supper stands for community.
03:04Those who drink from the cup are part of this community and can hope for life after death.
03:10The Holy Grail is like a condensed conduit for the power of creation.
03:16Which can be used to heal, to restore sanity.
03:18It comes in the form of a cornucopia, which delivers the sustenance of life and the womb from which life comes.
03:25You name it. The Grail in its essence represents the source of creation itself.
03:32The chalice disappeared over the centuries.
03:36In medieval times, the Crusaders revived the legend.
03:39They want to conquer the Holy Land and bring relics to Europe.
03:52The myth of the Holy Grail is born in this era.
03:54Christian orders of knights traveled to Constantinople and Jerusalem to free the Holy City from Islamic rule.
04:03On their way, they pillaged cities and temples.
04:07At the time, relics purportedly sacred objects were highly sought after items.
04:12Like wood splinters or nails said to come from Jesus' cross, bones of saints.
04:19One object is particularly coveted, the Grail, the Lord's chalice.
04:24I certainly believe that the Holy Grail could exist.
04:27So much associated with Christ was preserved and carefully looked after at the time.
04:32And the idea that the cup from the Last Supper is still there is, to my mind, perfectly believable.
04:39But the real question is whether it still actually exists in a private collection, perhaps even in a museum, and no one knows what it is.
04:49Vessels that prompt speculation surface time and time again.
04:53Which goblet is the real Grail?
04:56Bowls made of wood or of precious stone?
05:01Celtic cups which allegedly can feed thousands of men or raise the dead.
05:06Elaborately decorated vessels laden with ritual significance.
05:16What's fascinating about all of the different cups that survive, that claim to be the Holy Grail,
05:21is that they're all completely different.
05:23They look different, they're made out of different materials.
05:26And it makes you wonder what actually you need to have, what properties you need to have to be the Holy Grail.
05:33Today we know that the object known as Nantia's cup from England,
05:37is actually a fruit bowl, which dates back no more than 600 years.
05:42The Sacro Cartino, made from emerald, is a medieval Islamic bowl.
05:47Valencia, perhaps this is where the real Grail can be found.
05:54This Spanish seaport was an important trading hub in the Middle Ages.
05:59Could the Holy Grail have ended up here?
06:02July 2006, Pope Benedict XVI presents the mysterious cup to more than one million worshippers in Valencia.
06:13It is a special moment for Christians from all four corners of the world.
06:24But to this very day, there is no scientific evidence that the Valencian Chalice is the real Holy Grail.
06:31This is where the Santo Caliz has been preserved for the past 600 years, the Valencia Cathedral.
06:47Closely guarded in a side chapel, behind glass and secured with alarms.
06:52Anna Marfa Garcia and German historian Michael Hezeman have the chance to look at the cup up close.
07:01Up until now, both have only studied the Grail in theory.
07:05They know how charged the debate is regarding the authenticity of the vessel.
07:09Finding and, in fact, proving that the Holy Grail is real is important because it's evidence.
07:21If we find the Holy Grail, then it tells us definitely that Jesus was real, that the stories about him are real,
07:27and that the religions that rely on these stories are not just symbolic but can be taken literally.
07:32The Valencian cup can only be observed under strict security measures.
07:39Garcia and Hezeman are looking for clues that previously have been overlooked.
07:47The cup is definitely old enough.
07:50It was probably made about 2,000 years ago by Middle Eastern craftspeople.
07:54The researchers gather insights and facts to solve the mystery of the Holy Grail.
08:13The Santo Caliz from Valencia.
08:16Could it really be the cup from the Last Supper?
08:18Anna Marfa Garcia needs more evidence.
08:30She meets Daniel Benito, an art historian.
08:34He takes her to the Collegio del Patriarca, a seminary founded hundreds of years ago.
08:41Garcia is looking for representations of the Holy Grail in art.
08:45She wants to trace it back to the artists who saw it.
08:50What did they know about it?
08:54The refectory is decorated with a 1599 depiction of the Last Supper.
08:59It shows a chalice bearing a striking resemblance to the Santo Caliz.
09:03What we see here is a conventional or even ordinary depiction of the refectory.
09:16It's the Last Supper of Jesus and his disciples before the Passion.
09:21It is usually portrayed from a theological perspective, focusing on the Eucharist.
09:25This is an archaeological and not theological reconstruction of how this supper might really have happened.
09:34The most interesting part to me is that the Valencian chalice has a central position in this image.
09:40No matter which painting Garcia examines, if there is a cup on the table, artists seem to agree as to what the real cup looked like.
09:50500 years ago, there was broad consensus in Christianity regarding the appearance of the Grail.
09:56From the 16th century onwards, in the world of art history, just one single relic is depicted in the paintings.
10:08It is the Holy Chalice of Valencia Cathedral.
10:11But how did the Grail travel from Jerusalem to Spain, across the entire Roman Empire?
10:29Garcia's hypothesis is that the cup came to Rome at some point during the first century.
10:34There, an early and persecuted Christian community hides it.
10:47Maybe in the catacombs beneath the metropolis.
10:51We can still see images of Christian ceremonies on the walls to this day.
10:55And indeed, the catacombs of Rome show a cup that at least bears some resemblance to the Valencian chalice.
11:18When research into the Holy Grail began, it was fascinating to learn that there really was
11:23a primitive representation of the upper part of the Holy Chalice in the catacombs of Rome.
11:33Garcia corroborates her theory that the Grail must have been in Rome with yet another piece of evidence.
11:40The first popes used this cup to celebrate Holy Mass in the underground.
11:45It's the era of the persecution of Christians.
11:48An old Latin text bears witness to how Christians used the cup for Holy Communion.
11:54In this text, the early Christians refer to the cup literally.
12:00During the ceremony, they say that Jesus used hunk preclarum calicem, this precious chalice.
12:07They mean the Santo Calis.
12:10Could the upper part of the Valencian chalice be the original, with the lower part being added at a later date?
12:25And if this is true, how did the cup travel from Rome to Spain?
12:29For 20 years, Michael Hessemann has been looking for evidence.
12:36He believes he is close to a breakthrough.
12:39His key to the Grail, a medieval verse romance, Percival.
12:45Written in the 12th and 13th century by Chrétien de Troyes in France and Wolfram von Eschenbach in Germany.
12:52Hessemann is certain that these ancient texts will provide crucial clues in the search of the real Grail.
13:03Percival is a real treasure map. You just have to follow it and you will find the Grail.
13:08Percival's story is unique in Europe. To fulfill his dream of becoming a knight, the young hero has to pass countless tests.
13:23One of them is to find the Grail.
13:29Percival arrives at the castle of the Grail.
13:32A mysterious place inhabited by the terminally ill Fisher King, who can only be kept alive by the Grail.
13:43The King invites Percival to his castle.
13:45The young hero witnesses miraculous events.
14:01Food and drinks galore.
14:04The young hero witnesses miraculous events.
14:08Food and drinks galore.
14:10said to be provided by the Grail.
14:14Eventually, he sees the chalice being carried through the room.
14:19The text describes it as a shining star from the heavens.
14:23Is this merely medieval fiction?
14:26Hessemann is convinced there's more to this story.
14:31Reading Percival, you will find the story of the Grail.
14:34where the Grail was hidden in the eleventh or twelfth century.
14:47Hessemann has found a suspicious location in the text.
14:51Young Percival receives a description of the castle where he will meet both the king and the Grail.
14:56It's called Mont Salvage.
14:59Michael Hessemann seeks to find this legendary castle in Spain.
15:07His quest for the Grail takes him to the Spanish Pyrenees, where the castle Mont Salvage could be located.
15:18Hessemann wants to retrace the path the Grail has taken.
15:23He thinks that after Jesus died, the Grail was taken from Jerusalem to Rome,
15:30and later St. Lawrence, a third-century deacon, brought it to Spain.
15:44Hessemann drives to an old country house where the family of St. Lawrence lived.
15:48St. Lawrence tried to save the church possessions from Rome during the persecution of the Christians.
15:57When the Roman Emperor persecuted the Christians and seized all treasures of the church,
16:02Lawrence managed to entrust the Grail to a Spanish legionnaire,
16:06who brought it safely to this place, Lawrence's parents' manor.
16:10The Grail remains hidden in the Pyrenees for centuries.
16:16Nobody knows its exact location.
16:19But Hessemann believes the guardians of the Grail used landmarks for guidance.
16:23Behind those clouds lies the Pico de Gratale, the mountain of the Grail, 1563 meters high.
16:34This was their marker. Behind it, the land of the Grail began.
16:39This is where we begin our search.
16:40Hessemann believes the Montsalveig castle from the Percival poem lies behind those mountains.
16:48The narrow serpentines take him deep into the Pyrenees.
16:52Hessemann thinks the Percival epos is like a treasure map that just needs to be interpreted properly.
16:57Percival's first stop in the romance, a river where he meets the Fisher King.
17:12Hessemann thinks he has located the exact place of the encounter.
17:17We can see the Rio Aragon here. Percival rode along its shores.
17:23And in the background, there is the Mont Salvatoris, the Pico de San Salvador.
17:29In the local Occitan language spoken in Aragon at the time, it was called Mont Salvage.
17:35And later, this became the name of the Castle of the Grail in Percival.
17:44The Castle of the Grail.
17:47Does it really exist outside the realm of imagination?
17:53This is the historical path Percival took on his horse.
17:59Of course, you can't use today's roads, but have to investigate historical roads and trails.
18:07Percival and the Castle of the Grail in northeastern Spain?
18:13The text comes with directions.
18:15At the foot of that mountain, turn right.
18:25At the end of the path lies an ancient building hidden below a ledge.
18:30The Monastery of San Juan de la Peña.
18:33It was built in the 10th century long before Percival was written.
18:37Today, the monastery is a Spanish national monument.
18:42Michael Hessemann finds depictions of the Last Supper everywhere.
18:47Which isn't necessarily unusual for a monastery.
18:50But is this really the place the Grail was hidden?
18:53Hessemann is not the first to follow the clues in Percival and to end up in the Pyrenees.
19:09Around the year 1930, German author Otto Rahn takes the ancient text literally.
19:15His search takes him to the other side of the mountain range, to France.
19:19Rahn believes the Chateau de Montségur is the castle of the Grail.
19:24Later, he looks for the Grail on behalf of the Nazis.
19:31All sorts of people throughout history have been hunting for the Grail because it's such a mysterious object.
19:38If you were the people who could actually find it after centuries of being lost,
19:42then you prove that you've got the power, you've got the legitimacy, that you were destined to own it.
19:47And that's exactly why Hitler and why Himmler searched for the Grail during the Second World War.
19:54It would prove that they had a right to be doing what they were doing.
19:59Hitler remains skeptical, but Himmler, head of the SS, is obsessed with occult Germanic rights.
20:06The mass murderer firmly believes that he who has the Grail will be invincible.
20:11Heimlich Himmler sincerely believed in the occult, which didn't just mean that he wanted to find occult objects.
20:23He wanted to make a mythic reality.
20:25He wanted there to be Nazi knights of a kind of new Arthurian order.
20:29Himmler wants the Grail to be at the center of a new Germanic cult.
20:35He invests means and men in the search for the Grail, but to no avail.
20:39Otto Rahn commits suicide.
20:50The SS largely disregards the monastery San Juan de la Peña.
20:55The Nazis don't want to share the Grail with the church.
20:58Are they missing out on the most promising lead?
21:00If the Grail used to be here, there could still be traces of it today.
21:15Michael Hezeman wants to take a closer look at the basement.
21:22A local guide takes him through the monastic maze.
21:30The heroic epic provides an exact account of the rooms where Percival sees the Grail.
21:43In the middle, he saw four pillars, and in between, a giant fire was ablaze.
21:49And here, he met the king of the Grail and spoke with him.
21:56And then he saw how a procession entered through the door on the other side of the hall,
22:05carried the Grail, carried it through the hall,
22:09and disappeared through another door on the other side of the room.
22:18Percival witnesses an Easter procession, a mysterious ritual to him.
22:23Hezeman is certain this is the right place.
22:29We can see one, two, three, four large pillars here,
22:33and one, two, three spaces in between where the braziers were placed,
22:38because it was cold down here in April.
22:43The Percival text also describes how the Grail is retrieved from a chamber.
22:47Hezeman believes he sees evidence pointing to this romance verse, too.
22:52He finds a small side room.
22:58This niche, this chapel, is where the Grail was stored for more than 300 years.
23:04The text contains another important detail.
23:18It references a baptism.
23:21What looks like water turned into stone today
23:24are actually calcium deposits of an old spring.
23:27This place was really used for baptisms.
23:29In the epic, the Grail is carried up a flight of stairs.
23:38From there, the stairs led up to the church of San Juan de la Peña.
23:46Hezeman climbs to the church of the monastery.
23:50If there is truth to the Percival story,
23:53this is where the monks must have worshipped the Holy Grail.
24:02Looks like the entire description of the castle of the Grail in the poem
24:07matches San Juan de la Peña.
24:10All the places, all the rooms are here, exactly as the text says.
24:13There is some evidence that Michael Hezeman is right,
24:27and that there was a cup that was worshipped here in the Middle Ages.
24:31Is it the one that's in Valencia today?
24:34Could it be the real Grail?
24:35It will probably be impossible to prove once and for all that Jesus used this exact chalice.
24:43Truth is, the Valencian chalice doesn't look anything like the Grail described in Percival.
24:50It is described as a shining stone from the heavens.
24:54How does this relate to the Santo Calis?
24:57At the Department of Art History of the University of Valencia,
25:03Maria Gomez, expert for ancient artwork, is preparing an experiment.
25:13Ana Marfa Garcia wants to know if anything about the Santo Calis
25:18could in fact point to a shining star from the heavens.
25:21All literary descriptions of the Holy Chalice, or Holy Grail, agree on the upper bowl, the chalice, which is in Valencia.
25:38I hope exposing the egg to light will show us whether it really shines the way it's been described in the medieval texts.
25:51At certain light temperatures, gemstones begin to glow in different colours.
26:00The colours can vary greatly depending on the light.
26:07Light has a colour. Kelvin, degrees Kelvin.
26:12Let me give you an example.
26:14A painting made outside, like the picture Sorolla painted on the beach, was painted in daylight.
26:21If we expose this painting to warm light, that is 3200 degrees Kelvin, it loses its blue colour.
26:29The colour spectrum of the colour blue, the rise, and changes.
26:33Look here. The stone has a red shade. We'll increase the temperature. We're increasing. And it seems like it's losing its colour. Like it's getting more yellow. Opaque.
26:55Browner. Even browner. Even browner.
27:01Is there a stone that shines like the gem mentioned in the medieval texts?
27:05The stone on the light table is an agate. It glows red like fire. The women are certain.
27:16Maria. Maria, yes. We've discovered the holy chalice in the stone. Look. That's it. Look. I can see it.
27:24That's incredible.
27:26Eureka. Eureka. Yes.
27:28Eureka. Yes.
27:29Eureka. Yes.
27:30Eureka.
27:31Eureka.
27:32Eureka.
27:33Eureka.
27:34The santo calis. A chalice made of agate.
27:37Eureka.
27:42Eureka.
27:43In Parzical, the grail's actually a stone brought down from the heavens by neutral angels. And the only stone
27:47I know of that comes from the heavens is a meteorite. So if it is a meteorite, then it would be the common denom
27:59Thurian tradition. And both are divine right to rule, and that relates to the meteor, which of
28:06course comes as a light from the heavens, anointing the finder. Spain isn't the only place where
28:14legends about the grail flourish. Glastonbury, in the southwest of England. With numerous myths
28:22attached to this region, many believe the grail was hidden here in the first century.
28:29After Jesus died at the cross, the other legend of the grail suggests Joseph of Arimathea collected
28:40his blood in a cup and brought it to England. He's said to have eventually hidden this grail
28:51in Glastonbury. It is the exact same place where one of the most influential monasteries
28:57of the Middle Ages emerges, Glastonbury Abbey. The magical ruins still attract tourists and
29:04esoterics alike. A magnet for myths, legendary King Arthur is said to be buried here.
29:14Archaeologist Roberta Gilchrist tries to find out how much truth there is to the myths linked
29:19to Glastonbury. Glastonbury Abbey is a famous medieval monastery, and one of the reasons is
29:27that it's associated with two key legends. One of them is King Arthur, and the other one
29:32is Joseph of Arimathea. And both of them provide a kind of origin story for the Abbey. And this
29:38isn't a new story. These things have been connected with Glastonbury for about 800 years, so it's a huge
29:45part of the Abbey's heritage. A painting in the chapel of the Abbey commemorates
29:50Joseph of Arimathea. It shows how he travelled to England with the Grail.
30:02After arriving in Glastonbury, he sticks his walking staff into the ground, and it turns into a
30:08magnificent hawthorn. To this day, it is a landmark of Glastonbury and blooms twice a year, once at
30:16Christmas, a divine symbol of the birth of Christ. There are several of these trees around Glastonbury.
30:25Joseph is said to have buried the Grail somewhere here, but it has never been found.
30:30The second big story of Glastonbury Abbey revolves around legendary King Arthur. The myth says he's
30:43buried on an island named Avalon. Some believe Avalon and Glastonbury are the same place.
30:50The legends of King Arthur and his round table are inextricably linked to the Holy Grail. Finding it
30:57is the primary duty of the noble order of knights.
31:05The myth of Arthur being linked with the Holy Grail is a very important part of the Arthur story,
31:10because it makes him more powerful. It gives him the divine anointment he needs to make him into a
31:16true legend which can withstand the years. In Glastonbury, ancient legends take shape.
31:27In the 12th century, there are a lot of stories circulating about King Arthur and the monks of
31:35Glastonbury connected the Arthur story with Avalon. In their chronicles, the monks documented how they
31:44come across a tomb during renovation works. Inside, they find two skeletons, a very tall man with strong
31:52bones and a woman, King Arthur and his wife, Guinevere. With this, they found a small cross with the name Arthur
32:01and make their abbey a place of pilgrimage.
32:04We suspect that that was a forgery, something that they copied from material culture of about
32:18a century earlier. But that gave them a kind of relic, if you like, of Arthur that people could come
32:26and look at on the site. Roberta Gilchrist knows that after a fire in the abbey, the monks were
32:33in desperate need for money. Since then, the story of Arthur's grave has turned Glastonbury into a
32:40tourist magnet, which it remains to this very day.
32:47It would appear that once one myth has become attached to an area, then other myths start to be
32:51attached to it too. This is partly due to a coincidence of events. For example, at Glastonbury,
32:56we have the meeting of ley lines, we have the ancient church on top of the hill, and we have the
33:00burial of the Holy Grail and King Arthur. And because of this, these places become a place of pilgrimage.
33:08Glastonbury is an Eldorado for all those on the search for life's deeper meaning.
33:13The priestesses of the goddess movement follow ancient traditions which believe in the maternal
33:18essence of life and earth. People come here and search for the Holy Grail. But in my tradition,
33:27in the goddess tradition, the Holy Grail is far more intimate. It is really the sacred part in yourself.
33:34It's the creation. So it's really finding that sacred part in ourselves that we all search for.
33:41The Holy Grail. Some believe it's an inner state of mind, but most think it's a real cup,
33:49a cup that has forged legends.
33:56But if King Arthur's tomb is just fictional,
33:59is it possible that the king and his quest for the Grail were never real either?
34:04Is the English lead misleading us after all?
34:12Many find this hard to believe. The search continues, like in Tintagel on the western Atlantic coast,
34:19where Arthur was purportedly conceived.
34:35Archaeologist Wynne Scott wants to go over to the peninsula.
34:41The bridge remains closed if the winds are too strong.
34:51What does the wind gauge say?
34:55It's between two and three at the moment, so trying to go over.
35:02According to the legend, this is where King Arthur's castle is located.
35:06It could be true, since the oldest remnants date back to the early Middle Ages.
35:14So we're now crossing the bridge, across to the main part of the castle,
35:18where Richard, Earl of Cornwall, would have had his feasts.
35:21This was his great feasting hall.
35:26The problem is, the cliff was falling down already in the 13th and 14th century.
35:32So soon after he built this great hall,
35:35it started to fall down the cliff.
35:37So the outer building in front of us here is the first one he built.
35:42Part of it fell down the cliff.
35:44And then he built a smaller building.
35:46And that started to fall down the cliff.
35:49And then he built a smaller building.
35:50And that survived.
35:52The hall falls into the sea repeatedly.
35:58Every time, it has to be rebuilt.
36:00So the medieval people see ruins constantly,
36:03and believe they are looking at the ruins of Arthur's castle.
36:13But on the island, there really are clues pointing to the ancient royal site.
36:23So once you get outside Richard's castle, and you go out onto the island,
36:27you'll find lots of buildings that have been excavated in the 1930s.
36:31But that's just some of them.
36:33We now know there's roughly 100 buildings across the island.
36:38It's in fact bigger than London was at the time.
36:41We don't have a site as big as this for the post-Roman period.
36:45Three of those houses were excavated in 2017,
36:48and we found large amounts of pottery there.
36:51And a lot of this pottery is from the Mediterranean,
36:54from Greece, from Tunisia, North Africa,
37:00and also glassware from Spain and France.
37:04What it's indicating is that this site was very prestigious.
37:08It was a very high-status site, and really important.
37:12We think it's probably a royal site.
37:15Tintagil was once ruled by a powerful man, possibly a king.
37:23Perhaps it was Arthur after all.
37:28Well, the first reference of Tintagil in the legend of King Arthur is when Geoffrey of Monmouth,
37:34in the 12th century, said that Arthur had been conceived here.
37:39This may be entire fiction made up in the later medieval period,
37:43in the 12th century or round about then,
37:45because they knew of this being an important ancient site.
37:49They must have been able to see the ruins right across the island.
37:52But maybe there was real folklore that associated King Arthur with this site.
37:58So it is possible, if King Arthur was a real person and lived in the post-Roman period,
38:05it's quite possible, since this is such an important perhaps royal site,
38:10that King Arthur was very closely associated with this.
38:13So the legend might well be true.
38:17King Arthur might have been a Roman commander,
38:20or the chief of a Celtic-Germanic tribe.
38:23But there is no hard evidence confirming his existence or that of the Grail.
38:29Have people been looking for the wrong thing?
38:37What if the Grail is not a chalice, but something completely different?
38:44Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper is said to contain explosive information.
38:56Visitors marvel at the mural in the Church Santa Maria della Grazia in Milan.
39:01It depicts Jesus and his disciples on the eve of the crucifixion.
39:05Da Vinci lived in Milan at the end of the 15th century.
39:17A universal genius who allegedly put encrypted messages in his artwork.
39:26Da Vinci is known for hiding secret messages in his works,
39:29and this is because he was much more than an artist.
39:31He was a visionary and an inventor and an intellectual.
39:35But in doing this, da Vinci is actually operating a lot like myths.
39:38Myths are not supposed to be read literally.
39:40They are supposed to be symbolic.
39:42So in the same way we have to decipher the meaning behind a myth,
39:45we also have to decipher the message that da Vinci is putting in his paintings.
39:50What secret does da Vinci's Last Supper hold?
39:53It shows bread and wine, there is no chalice.
39:59The grail should be right in front of Jesus, but it isn't.
40:03Instead, Jesus and his disciples all have their own glasses.
40:07Author Dan Brown puts forward a spectacular theory in his book, The Da Vinci Code.
40:13He states that the painting depicts the Holy Grail, but it isn't a cup.
40:24He points to the strikingly female features and the posture of the disciple next to Jesus.
40:30Could this be someone else other than John the Apostle?
40:34And there's more.
40:36Jesus and the person next to him form a V, the symbol of femininity and fertility.
40:43Dan Brown concludes that the disciple is, in fact, a woman, Mary Magdalene.
40:48She is said to be close to Jesus.
40:50They even have children.
40:52Is she the grail?
40:54A scandalous thought for the church.
40:59If Mary Magdalene is really the mother of Jesus' child, then the Catholic Church
41:03shouldn't just be afraid of the authority that that lineage might have in competition with their own.
41:09The bigger threat is that it introduces a different path to the heart,
41:15to the divine, than is offered by the Catholics.
41:18It's a path of romantic love.
41:21Dan Brown's theories are based on pure fiction, but he's sold millions of copies.
41:27Mary Magdalene's role, however, is also contested by scientists.
41:35Is it possible to solve the mystery of the Holy Grail?
41:38Many Valencians believe there's no need to, since the Santo Caliz is the grail.
41:44Historian Michael Hezeman's findings also support this.
41:49He believes he has proven the chalice was kept in the mountain monastery San Juan de la Peña.
41:54But Hezeman can't provide more than clues.
42:10The historian returns to Valencia to meet Gabriel Songell.
42:15The professor of design has discovered something that could corroborate the legend of the grail with new facts.
42:20An 11th century list of all the properties of the monastery.
42:32Everybody has already read about it.
42:35What I want to see is what people hasn't seen.
42:38That is the design that is inside.
42:41People have known about the list for a long time.
42:44At first glance, it doesn't make mention of the Santo Caliz, but Songell has a theory.
42:50A secret encryption code could reveal hidden information.
42:55The Benevalete was one of the signals of the post.
42:58It's a very interesting graphic design based on the big N.
43:03Benevalete, farewell, is a seal of medieval popes.
43:07A capital N forms the basis.
43:10The other letters are ornately arranged in the N.
43:14How can this key help us find the grail?
43:17Songell places it on the text.
43:20This is a very important background to understand how they build this acrostic.
43:25Okay, you will see the big N, especially the letters L, I, S are separated.
43:32Yeah.
43:32And what we see here is the C from the letter C on the Glossarium.
43:39Calis.
43:40Calis.
43:40Calis.
43:41Now, we build this vertical line towards Jerusalem.
43:46And then we find lapis exilis.
43:51These are the exact words Wolfram von Eschenbach uses to describe the Holy Grail in Percival.
43:57So, altogether, we're talking about calis lapis exilis domini.
44:04That means a calis of precious stone from the Lord.
44:12The medieval poet describes a stone from the heavens, bright like fire.
44:16It's a sensational find.
44:26Dating back to the 11th century, this is not only the earliest document mentioning how the
44:31chalice of the Lord was taken from Jerusalem to San Juan de la Peña, it also features the
44:37term lapis exilis, which Wolfram von Eschenbach used in Percival, originally a chalice made of
44:43precious stone. But Wolfram continued his poem, saying that this could also mean a stone from
44:49the stars, from the heavens. This is his interpretation, but this document is 150 years
44:56older than the Percival romance, and it contains this term.
45:03The raw material used and its age could indicate that the upper part of the Santo Calis
45:08actually comes from Jerusalem. But is it really the cup Jesus held? A chalice made of precious stone?
45:23Very few people know as much about the Santo Calis as Antonio Piro.
45:31Decades ago, the goldsmith measured the chalice with his own hands.
45:35Since then, he and his sons have been making handmade replicas of the relic.
45:41Now, Ana Mafra Garcia wants him to make an exact copy.
45:44Well, this is very emotional for me. As a choir boy, I spent a lot of time in the cathedral,
46:07and we would also sing in the chapel. And that's how it was brought to my attention.
46:13My dad got married in this cathedral, and so did I, which is why I have always felt
46:20a special affection for the chalice.
46:22The art historian knows exactly what she wants. To her, only the upper part of the grail is relevant.
46:42So this upper part would be the sacred part of the relict.
46:51This here, this is the holy chalice. Without this part, I have already inserted this to adjust it.
46:58Fascinating.
46:59The chalice the Lord blessed at the Last Supper is this here.
47:07Making the replicas just like the exact model of the original poses a challenge.
47:11There are two main problems, the material and the measurements.
47:23These are the first sketches, the drawings from the time when we first started.
47:27Pierrot wasn't allowed to touch the Santo Caliz when he measured it. He uses simple tools.
47:35That's the stencil that allows you to see the shape of the bowl perfectly.
47:47Very interesting. Of course, it's the best way to see if the size is right.
47:56For Anna, it's the volume of the chalice that counts most because it sheds a lot of light on its origins.
48:02The material is also key. To comply with Jewish purity laws, the cup has to be made of stone.
48:10Wood is too porous, making it hard to clean, and therefore unsuitable as a ritual vessel.
48:16The question of the properties of the Holy Grail are very interesting.
48:19Especially the fact that if it was a chalice or a cup that were used at the Last Supper,
48:25then it would have to be kosher.
48:28Jesus Christ is Jewish. He and his apostles follow Jewish laws and rituals.
48:40When Jesus arrives in Jerusalem, he is sentenced to death and invites his disciples for one last meal,
48:46the Last Supper.
48:47The vessels used for this event are ritual objects and have to meet certain criteria.
49:01Anna Marfa Garcia checks the volume of the chalice.
49:06Its capacity can tell her whether it was used as a ritual cup.
49:10The chalice of the Holy Grail represents a Jewish supper, a Passover meal.
49:22Two thousand years ago, Jews had a family chalice that had to be filled with a minimum amount of wine
49:28to allow them to celebrate the rite of Passover, just like they do to this very day.
49:36This cup holds four fingers, which is half a span, and these are Jewish units, 2.5 Revit.
49:44That's about this much.
49:48The minimum they have to drink is one Revit, 86 milliliters.
49:53Another Revit is for the family.
49:55According to Garcia's calculations, the chalice can hold 2.5 Revit.
50:02So it's possible that the Santo Calis was really used as a ritual cup.
50:11Another part of the puzzle, a valuable ritual cup dating back to antiquity.
50:17Whether Jesus held it remains unknown.
50:19The Lion for the Grail has left its mark on Christian Europe.
50:27It's reflected in myths and legends, in poems and songs.
50:32Is there at least some truth to all this fiction?
50:34In Valencia, people commemorate the festival of the Santo Calis every year.
50:47To many Christians, this stone bowl is nothing less than the cup of the Last Supper.
50:52Michael Hesemann and Anna Marfa Garcia are convinced of this too.
50:58The Santo Calis is the real chalice used during the Last Supper.
51:03The Holy Grail is here in Valencia.
51:20The message of the Holy Chalice is universal.
51:22It has to be understood by everyone with their hearts.
51:25The yearning for salvation and an ancient myth.
51:31From a scientific point of view, there's still no evidence.
51:35The search for the Grail will most likely continue.
51:55The Man This Tomorrow
51:56This � sao
52:16Here's why we what we call this door.
52:18I know it.
52:19It's the پas muchas players.
52:19It's the magic of thevable wooden UP.
52:21It's the magic of the建 your mind.
52:22It's the magic of the laoline who read it.
52:23It's the magic of the hell.
52:24It's the magic of the prince in the kannicano.
52:17
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