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00:00:00La roqueta.
00:00:02No, no te pierdas.
00:00:04¿Qué?
00:00:06Tristan, ¿dónde están los rockets?
00:00:08¿Dónde están los rockets?
00:00:10¿Dónde están los rockets?
00:00:12Los rockets.
00:00:16¿Dónde están los rockets?
00:00:18¿Dónde están los rockets?
00:00:20Estaba 5 minutos de la Junta de Space Center
00:00:22en Clearlake, Texas.
00:00:24¿Dónde está?
00:00:26Es un medio medioambiente.
00:00:30No hay nada tan tan fancy
00:00:32en Clearlake.
00:00:34Pero todos los padres
00:00:36trabajaron para NASA
00:00:38en alguna forma.
00:00:42Mi primera palabra era
00:00:44JET.
00:00:46Mama y Dada, era JET.
00:00:50¿Qué son?
00:00:52Oh, un montón de JETs, ¿eh?
00:00:54Un montón de JETs, ¿eh?
00:00:56Un montón de JETs, ¿eh?
00:00:58Mi mamá
00:00:59used to wake
00:01:00my sister and I up
00:01:02every time there was a launch.
00:01:04Un montón de JETs, ¿eh?
00:01:06Un montón de JETs, ¿eh?
00:01:08And she does this,
00:01:09ridiculous,
00:01:10like,
00:01:11woohoo,
00:01:12Godspeed,
00:01:13go, go, go,
00:01:14and she's, like, screaming.
00:01:16Un montón de JETs, ¿eh?
00:01:18Un montón de JETs, ¿eh?
00:01:20Un montón de JETs.
00:01:22It was just something that,
00:01:24was very normal, natural.
00:01:26Excellent job, thank you.
00:01:28It was all, very routine.
00:01:30Some might say, boring even.
00:01:36Give daddy a kiss.
00:01:37It wasn't until I went away to college
00:01:41that I realized how special and unique my childhood had been.
00:01:48And I remember the moment.
00:01:51It was the first few weeks of my freshman year of college,
00:01:55and I'm in my dorm room,
00:01:57and I decided to take some psychedelics for the very first time.
00:02:02Magic mushrooms, to be specific.
00:02:04And I had this moment, like a full psychedelic moment,
00:02:10where I was like, holy shit, my parents are astronauts.
00:02:16I call my dad. It's like midnight.
00:02:20And I'm like, Dad, oh, my God, you went to space.
00:02:24You did a spacewalk.
00:02:27What was that like?
00:02:28And he kind of laughed, and he was like, Kristen, go to bed.
00:02:36Call me in the morning, and we'll talk about it.
00:02:39But that night completely changed
00:02:43how I view space and spaceflight and my parents.
00:02:52There's this whole universe out there,
00:02:54and I don't know what my place in it is,
00:02:59but I want to find out what all of humanity is doing here
00:03:03and how far we can go.
00:03:16T-minus ten.
00:03:18Nine.
00:03:19Eight.
00:03:19Seven.
00:03:20Six.
00:03:20She's done.
00:03:21Die.
00:03:22I'm in.
00:03:24You're welcome.
00:03:25And liftoff.
00:03:26Thank you.
00:03:46Beautiful.
00:03:47Just beautiful.
00:03:49People use the term
00:03:50the space becoming a warfighting domain.
00:03:53Y mi respuesta a eso es que la primera vez que un ser humano entró en el espacio, se convirtió en un domínio de la guerra.
00:04:00Los seres humanos no saben cómo se comportan.
00:04:11Creo que la historia va a judirnos bastante bien.
00:04:14Se va a decir que las personas tenían la corrupción y ellos nos hicieron hasta el punto de que nos podamos tomar y convertirnos a la nación de espacio espacio.
00:04:24En el cosmos todos los seres humanos iguales.
00:04:30Ellos son planetas.
00:04:49Hola a todos.
00:04:53Hola a todos los hijos de Santa Cruz.
00:05:05En Albuquerque, New Mexico, en los early 1960s, en un short drive de mi casa, estaba en el medio de la deserta.
00:05:14Este es un rocetero que he construido cuando era un adolescente.
00:05:24Estaba en el medio de mi rocetero.
00:05:26Estaba en el medio de mi rocetero.
00:05:27Estaba en el medio de mi rocetero.
00:05:28Estaba en el medio de mi rocetero.
00:05:30Estaba en el medio de mi rocetero.
00:05:31Estaba en el medio de mi rocetero.
00:05:33Estaba en el medio de mi rocetero.
00:05:35Estaba en el medio de mi rocetero.
00:05:36Estaba en el medio de mi rocetero.
00:05:39Estaba en el medio de mi rocetero.
00:05:40Estaba en el medio de mi rocetero.
00:05:41Estaba a trabajar sola.
00:05:45Es
00:06:00Esto se acabó de tener fins en el fondo.
00:06:05Tenía un club de roca en la escuela en la escuela
00:06:08donde el profesor de la quimiotera, y esto es increíble,
00:06:11cuando te dice, dijo cómo hacer un roca de roca de roca,
00:06:15que era maldito, era peligroso, era explosivo.
00:06:18Pero aún así, como un niño niño,
00:06:20no tienes un cerebro en tu cabeza.
00:06:22Y nunca me creó que podía ser matado, o maimed, o injurado haciendo eso.
00:06:26I just ran faster after I lit the fuse.
00:06:32My parents were complicit in this.
00:06:34They were helping me.
00:06:36I'd mix up some propellant that had to be baked in the oven.
00:06:39My mom was helping me do that.
00:06:43Where did this fascination with rockets come from?
00:06:45Where did it begin for you?
00:06:47From my dimmest memories.
00:06:49I was always interested in the sky,
00:06:51everything associated with the sky.
00:06:53My dad, he was a World War II aviator.
00:06:56And Hollywood turned out a lot of movies about,
00:06:59you know, the heroics of our airmen.
00:07:05Going in low and fast.
00:07:06Is that the way you want to crash?
00:07:08Launcher.
00:07:10So here I was, five, six years old.
00:07:13And I had visions of my father, you know,
00:07:16shooting down Japanese airplanes in his bomber.
00:07:20And I wanted to be one of those pilots.
00:07:23I wanted to be a fighter pilot.
00:07:25And then October 4th, 1957, was when Sputnik launched.
00:07:34And I was reborn then.
00:07:35I was reborn as a child of the space race.
00:07:38Soviet scientists had made a major breakthrough.
00:07:42A man-made celestial body for the first time in history
00:07:45flew into space.
00:07:47After jettisoning the nose-faring,
00:07:50the Sputnik started circling the Earth
00:07:53in a pre-calculated orbit.
00:08:00My dad was reading the paper mad as hell.
00:08:04He had no idea what a satellite was.
00:08:07He had no idea what that newspaper was talking about.
00:08:10But all he knew is the Russians did it and we didn't.
00:08:13And he was so angry at Eisenhower for being asleep at the switch,
00:08:18for not having done it first.
00:08:20You know, whatever it was.
00:08:23This is in the deepest, darkest days of the Cold War.
00:08:27And Russia was our dreaded enemy.
00:08:29And now, here they had launched this satellite.
00:08:33And it could have a bomb in it
00:08:34and everybody is fearful about that.
00:08:37Sir, what do you think about this achievement of the Russians?
00:08:40It's frightening.
00:08:42We should find out what they're doing that we're not doing.
00:08:47At seven minutes past one this morning,
00:08:50a man went around the world.
00:08:53The spaceship was built in Russia.
00:08:56The name of the man?
00:08:57Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin.
00:09:01Khrushchev greeted the hero saying,
00:09:03now let the capitalist countries try to catch up.
00:09:06We were embarrassed by them on the world stage,
00:09:10because our failures were so public.
00:09:15They were running away with it.
00:09:17They were running away with it.
00:09:18The world's first woman astronaut, Valentina Tereshkova.
00:09:24The American public were clamoring, you know,
00:09:28you've got to beat the Russians.
00:09:34The exploration of space will go ahead,
00:09:37whether we join in it or not.
00:09:39And no nation, which expects to be the leader of other nations,
00:09:44can expect to stay behind in this race for space.
00:09:49We mean to be a part of it. We mean to lead it.
00:09:58Liftoff. We have a liftoff.
00:10:0132 minutes past the hour.
00:10:04Liftoff on Apollo 11.
00:10:05As a kid, I soaked up this patriotism.
00:10:16You know, we wanted nothing but evil to befall communism,
00:10:20and we wanted America to be first.
00:10:25Still amazing when you think about it.
00:10:27Twelve years after Sputnik, we had men on the moon.
00:10:30It is said that 500 million people gathered at TV sets around the world
00:10:44to wait for the first earthling to set foot on the moon.
00:10:48Never before had so many people been attuned to one event at one time.
00:10:53Here, go for landing, over.
00:10:55Go for landing.
00:10:56We are looking at the first time in the moon.
00:11:00We are picking up some dust.
00:11:02Three feet. Two and a half down.
00:11:05Four forward.
00:11:06Four forward, drifting to the right level.
00:11:16I believe they are setting up the flag now.
00:11:19You can see the stars and stripes on the limit.
00:11:22Beautiful, just beautiful.
00:11:24Neil and Buzz, the President of the United States would like to say a few words to you.
00:11:31Over.
00:11:33That would be an honor.
00:11:36For every American, this has to be the proudest thing of our lives.
00:11:41For one priceless moment, in the whole history of man,
00:11:45all the people on this earth are truly one.
00:11:46All the people on this earth are truly one.
00:11:50There was no black people doing that.
00:11:51So that wasn't our world.
00:11:52There was no black people doing that.
00:11:53So that wasn't our world.
00:11:54But we knew that we had to live here.
00:11:56Thank you, Dr.
00:11:59No hay personas blancas haciendo eso, así que no era nuestro mundo.
00:12:19Pero we knew that we had friends, who were going to Vietnam, and didn't come back.
00:12:31We understood war.
00:12:39Not only that...
00:12:41In 69 we're still segregated out here.
00:12:48Lake City was a typical small town in South Carolina.
00:12:52We knew our place as black people.
00:12:56Growing up during the 60s, it felt normal because that's the way it was.
00:13:06We had our own black schools by law.
00:13:10You had white water fountains and you had colored water fountains.
00:13:21And we thought there were always something special about the white water fountain because why do we have two?
00:13:27Is that water better than our water?
00:13:30Some of us got the courage.
00:13:32I was one of them.
00:13:33I would look around and I would go and take a sip.
00:13:37It was just water.
00:13:40The house that we lived in for most of our young lives, it was quite dilapidated.
00:13:47And Ron and I lived in the same bedroom, slept in the same bed.
00:13:51My brother Eric slept in the same bedroom on a fold-down couch.
00:13:56We fought like dogs all the time, like brothers would.
00:14:01Well, that's Ron.
00:14:03And that's my dad.
00:14:05And that's me.
00:14:06And I still got that body in here somewhere.
00:14:10The only connection we had with space was Star Trek.
00:14:13That was it.
00:14:14We saw ourselves there.
00:14:16There was one person in particular.
00:14:19Lieutenant Uhura, take over navigation.
00:14:22From the first time that we saw her on screen, we were absolutely smitten.
00:14:26Oh, she just took our hearts.
00:14:32We've never seen a black woman on television that not only was a black woman, but she was
00:14:39an officer.
00:14:40For what I understand, fourth in command of a starship.
00:14:43So that told us that there is a possibility for us to have a future in space.
00:14:51And I think Ron and I both saw that.
00:14:54Though Ron took it a little more serious, a lot more serious than many of us.
00:14:58Flying in space was a fantasy that everybody had.
00:15:02Most kids wanted to see themselves fooling around on the moon and doing the type of things
00:15:06you saw on TV.
00:15:07And so did I.
00:15:09But it was only a fantasy.
00:15:11He went to MIT to earn a PhD in physics.
00:15:16And he did that by the time he was 26.
00:15:23However, there were some challenges between him and space.
00:15:28How's he going to get there?
00:15:29First of all, most astronauts were military.
00:15:35They're all pilots.
00:15:37The old were white men.
00:15:40Just a minor detail.
00:15:43The probability of him becoming an astronaut, it wasn't there.
00:15:47It wasn't there.
00:15:48Now you don't really have to be an astronaut.
00:15:50Have a billion dollars, they'll get you in space somehow, right?
00:15:54Right.
00:15:55So that was not an option.
00:15:59Is the orbiter ready to be rolled out?
00:16:07Yes, sir.
00:16:07The orbiter is ready.
00:16:17As we witness today the rollout of the space shuttle, we are on the verge of a new era.
00:16:24Not only in space flight, but in the lives of men and women and children all across this earth.
00:16:31The space shuttle is designed to carry satellites and scientists into and out of orbit for the next several decades.
00:16:47It's as large as a medium-sized airliner and designed to be used over and over again like an airliner.
00:16:53The key word is reusability to lower the cost of space flight.
00:16:59The space agency has begun accepting applications for would-be astronauts who want to take part in the space shuttle program.
00:17:05And the agency says it is committed to give women and members of minority groups a chance to participate.
00:17:11Each candidate will undergo a week of interviews, psychological tests, and medical exams.
00:17:16Twenty will be selected as pilots.
00:17:18Twenty will be chosen as mission specialists, crew members who perform scientific and medical experiments in space.
00:17:24This was the first selection that they didn't require you to be a pilot.
00:17:31Now they were going to take scientists because space shuttle was going to be a vehicle to do science with.
00:17:36I was also told the plan at that time was to go to Mars and they needed physicians on board.
00:17:42What better physician than an emergency physician?
00:17:45I mean, come on, we're the guys.
00:17:48We were so stoked.
00:17:49I mean, that's all we could think about from that moment.
00:17:54Tell me about meeting Bill.
00:17:57So I was a third-year medical student.
00:18:01He was a year ahead of me.
00:18:04We became interested in each other and then we lived together, got engaged, and got married.
00:18:11What was it that you liked about Bill?
00:18:14Well, one of the first things we talked about was space.
00:18:18He'd wanted to be an astronaut since he was six years old.
00:18:21This is from, I think it's October 1952.
00:18:27And the teacher says,
00:18:30When we can keep Billy down to earth and not let his mind wander to the clouds and rockets,
00:18:36he is so much more willing to do his best.
00:18:39So my mother writes back,
00:18:41We have the same problem at home.
00:18:44He is still extremely rocket conscious.
00:18:47Yeah, I was very rocket conscious, you bet, and still am.
00:18:53Rocket conscious, that's the way to be.
00:18:56You know, it was neat.
00:18:57I just felt incredibly lucky that I met someone who felt the same way I did about everything.
00:19:04I really believe that space exploration is man's ultimate destiny.
00:19:10And I think the next new frontier is space, and I want to be part of that pioneering effort.
00:19:16Basically, at the time I was growing up, your options were to be a nurse, a teacher, or a secretary.
00:19:25And none of those interested me.
00:19:34Roger, liftoff, and the clock is starting.
00:19:38Freedom 7 is going.
00:19:41It was really Alan Shepard's flight that motivated me.
00:19:47He was the first American to go into space.
00:19:50Oxygen go!
00:19:52All systems are gone!
00:19:56What a beautiful view!
00:20:00So at that moment, I decided I wanted to be an astronaut.
00:20:04But I never towed anybody because I was afraid people would laugh at me.
00:20:09Here it is.
00:20:10Medicine seemed to me like the best potential option.
00:20:15Because in the back of my mind, I thought,
00:20:17And maybe if I don't get to be an astronaut, I could be a doctor on a space station.
00:20:22But that Belgian concrete's hard, harder than my head is.
00:20:26This is going to hurt a bit, okay?
00:20:28Ron gave me a call one day, and he said,
00:20:33Hey man, I don't know if I should tell you this, but I'm going to be an astronaut.
00:20:40So I'm looking at the phone, and I said, You're going to be a what?
00:20:44What makes you think you're going to be an astronaut?
00:20:47And he said, Because I applied.
00:20:51I said, Well, how many people applied?
00:20:53He said, I don't know, 9,000, 10,000.
00:20:58I said, Well, how many astronauts are they looking for?
00:21:02They're looking for 35.
00:21:05At this time, I knew my brother had lost it.
00:21:08I'm thinking, Well, I'm going to be the Pope.
00:21:10So, I mean, we can play this all day, you know?
00:21:17The National Aeronautics and Space Administration today chose the 35 persons who arrived the space shuttle into orbit and back in the 1980s.
00:21:27Among the women selected, four are single, two are married, one with three children.
00:21:32I'm just hoping that I can do a good job and repay the confidence that NASA and all of these other people have in me.
00:21:40Another of the new astronauts is Dr. Ronald McNair.
00:21:43It wasn't until recently that I saw a break to make a dream, you know, come true.
00:21:47I rushed through the phone.
00:21:49I said, Congratulations, man, you did it!
00:21:52He actually did it.
00:21:56I mean, could this be happening?
00:21:58He's about to take his own Starship Enterprise.
00:22:01Into space.
00:22:04One of the six women chosen as astronauts is a medical doctor.
00:22:08Anna Fisher learned of her appointment when a NASA official called to ask if she was still interested in the job.
00:22:15You know I am.
00:22:19I can't believe it.
00:22:21Oh.
00:22:22I...
00:22:24Okay, I don't know what to say except thanks so much.
00:22:29Dr. Fisher's husband also was considered for the job of astronaut.
00:22:33But William Fisher was not chosen.
00:22:35Instead, he'll move to Houston with his wife.
00:22:38You know, I wasn't feeling bad at all.
00:22:42I was happy for her.
00:22:44I thought she was perfect for the job.
00:22:46There wasn't one iota of resentment or of disappointment.
00:22:51You know, it was just yes for her, no for me.
00:22:54The 35 candidates begin two years of unisex interracial training at the Johnson Space Center.
00:23:01Those who pass will become astronauts.
00:23:04My friends said, what?
00:23:07You know, like, shy, studious Anna is going to be an astronaut.
00:23:13Nobody still quite believed it.
00:23:15And I have to say that I almost didn't believe it myself still.
00:23:19It just seemed so surreal.
00:23:21And I realized it was, you know, historically significant.
00:23:26Shannon Lucid.
00:23:28She's a postdoctoral fellow at the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation in Oklahoma City.
00:23:32But I didn't spend a lot of time thinking about it.
00:23:36Judith Resnick, product development with the Xerox Corporation.
00:23:40Other than being very happy that women were now being given the chance.
00:23:45Next is Sally Ride.
00:23:47And thinking to myself, now don't screw up.
00:23:51We've got to make sure that all of us succeed so that the women that come after us will have the same opportunities.
00:23:59Catherine Sullivan.
00:24:02Ronald McNair, a mission specialist.
00:24:05Captain Richard Mullane.
00:24:08Oh God, look how young.
00:24:11Oh my God.
00:24:12Look like a child.
00:24:14Okay, one thing I learned rapidly there, that white males were invisible to the press.
00:24:19I could have walked naked across that stage at that point.
00:24:22Nobody would have seen it.
00:24:23Because they were all focused on those women and African-American astronauts.
00:24:27And mostly the women.
00:24:29I certainly harbored my suspicions about the civilians and the women.
00:24:36Because I had never worked with civilians or women.
00:24:39So I was suspicious of them.
00:24:42Whether they were going to be able to really fill the role of an astronaut.
00:24:47For 20 years in this country, the word astronaut automatically meant a man.
00:24:52But that's changed.
00:24:53What happens when you meet a man and you say, I'm an astronaut.
00:24:57Does he say, you're too cute to be an astronaut.
00:24:59Come on, little lady, you can't be an astronaut.
00:25:01I just tell him I'm an engineer.
00:25:03You don't tell him you're an astronaut?
00:25:05Not unless he asks.
00:25:07I had been in combat.
00:25:09And these people had done nothing but studied.
00:25:13And been in laboratories and stuff like that.
00:25:18I was in Vietnam in 69.
00:25:21And 30 of my classmates out of the Army Academy died over there.
00:25:26So it was a grim time.
00:25:33This was a war against communism, which we had all been taught was the greatest evil that existed.
00:25:38So I wanted to be there.
00:25:39I wanted to go do what I saw those heroic airmen do in World War II.
00:25:43Fight the enemy.
00:25:44There's no way that a civilian, I don't care who they are, male, female, that a civilian is going to be able to equal that flying experience.
00:25:59On the edge of a mangrove swamp south of Miami, the six women who want to be America's first female astronauts began their training, survival training.
00:26:12Excellent.
00:26:13A few had difficulty muscling themselves into life rafts, but so did some of the men.
00:26:19The only special consideration for the women was protection from photographers, which they needed.
00:26:28It was such a sense of belonging and such a sense of finally being where I wanted to be.
00:26:34I guess because I studied so hard, it was like the first time ever in my life I was ever able to just like really have fun.
00:26:42As a little girl, did you mostly want to grow up and be an astronaut, a doctor, or a wife and mother?
00:26:47All of the above.
00:26:50You know, it was hard because, you know, I wanted to be real excited, but I didn't want to, you know, make Bill feel bad.
00:27:09What was the motivation that kept you going? Because that must have been tough.
00:27:12Well, you know the answer to that. They hadn't told me no. They hadn't told me no. They said, go ahead and get another degree, get more experience and come back when we have our next selection.
00:27:22The space agency today selected 19 new candidates to be astronauts. This is the second group of pilots and scientists to be selected specifically for the space shuttle program.
00:27:32NASA space shuttle program.
00:27:34NASA space shuttle program does not lift off until next year, but it is getting a little pre-flight publicity with the announcement of a husband and wife astronaut team.
00:27:42They are Bill and Anna Fisher.
00:27:44Did it change things between you both?
00:27:47No, it was much easier after that because I didn't feel guilty about being selected and him not being selected.
00:27:54Besides, I had seniority.
00:27:58My fellow citizens of this great nation, I accept your nomination for the presidency of the United States.
00:28:14For those who have abandoned hope, we'll restore hope and we'll welcome them into a great national crusade to make America great again.
00:28:27T minus 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4. We've gone for main engine start. We have main engine start.
00:28:42The very first shuttle launch was a very, very big deal. Not just to NASA, but to all us new astronauts, because we didn't know we had a career yet.
00:28:50To that point, it was theoretical.
00:28:52America's first space shuttle.
00:28:55You see everybody getting a bigger and bigger smile as we got further and further into the launch.
00:29:04And then finally, when we heard main engine cutoff, meaning now you're safely in orbit, we all just jumped up and cheered.
00:29:10It was like, oh my God, this thing is working. It was like, it is going to work.
00:29:16It's nearly six years since the Americans had a man in space, and in that time the Russians have had dozens.
00:29:21So on Florida's space coast where the flight began, there is a feeling, expressed here with more gusto than grammar, of an overdue triumph and of having got one back.
00:29:31This put America firmly in the lead in space. One of those moments where you just said, proud to be an American, you know, we were able to pull this off.
00:29:40Today, many people found themselves glued to TV sets so they could share a piece of history in the making.
00:29:49The re-entry and landing were seen on television throughout virtually all of Western Europe.
00:29:59The popular notion is that America needed a success.
00:30:03Columbia was seen to be it.
00:30:05You said you'd do it and you beat the Russians, you beat everyone.
00:30:08You spent a lot of money and you got troops in your country, you deserve success.
00:30:12Once again, the Soviets made only brief reference, and as they have since the mission began, concentrated on the shuttle's military potential.
00:30:21And many people are concerned that the arms race will be extended to space.
00:30:26The military was a big partner. In fact, the military drove some of the specifications for the size of the cargo bay.
00:30:33You know, they said, hey, we need a vehicle that can carry this type of weight into orbit.
00:30:37So the military had a lot to say about the design of the shuttle.
00:30:42And when you say military, what does that mean?
00:30:44We carry secret satellites, you know.
00:30:47And can you say what those payloads were?
00:30:49No, I can't talk about those.
00:30:50That's still classified.
00:30:51Oh yeah, still classified, yeah.
00:30:52Right.
00:30:53Yeah.
00:30:54You know, these are, you know, national secrets, you know.
00:30:57You're sworn to secrecy on these things. You don't talk about them.
00:31:00The space program in general, and the shuttle program in particular, going a long way to help our country recapture its spirit of vitality and confidence.
00:31:13We must never forget that as long as there are frontiers to be explored and conquered, Americans will lead the way.
00:31:21Jet magazine, yeah.
00:31:22Have a look.
00:31:23Yeah, I have this. This is the epitome of rock star right here. I got this thing blowing up like this at my house to this day. There's my brother. There's my brother. Three black men in a space suit. That was special. That got me. I was, I was impressed.
00:31:50I was at the Navy's test pilot school. You're flying an airplane in a place that's never been flown. Either you're flying a speed that's never been flown, an altitude that's never been flown. So you're just trying to make sure that it didn't tumble or do something bad.
00:32:15Every once in a while, they'd come apart and you lose the airplane. And the guy flying it ends up bailing out.
00:32:22And this was something you enjoyed doing?
00:32:29Mm-hmm. Loved it.
00:32:36We had gotten word that there were three or four NASA T-38s coming in. And so I went out to the flight line like a lot of us to greet them. And then I saw this black guy get out. And I went, wow. So I rushed out to meet him and introduce myself. And when we had an opportunity, I took him home to meet Jackie, meet my wife and kids.
00:32:57I was mesmerized talking to him. And as he left to go back to Houston, he asked me if I was going to apply for the space program. I said, not on your life.
00:33:04And he looked at me real strange. He said, why not? I said, they never picked me. And he paused for a moment and then he said, that is the dumbest thing I ever heard. How do you know if you don't ask? And I felt like that'd be it. I said, holy jeez.
00:33:22That's why I say Ron McNair is my idol and my role model, because he painfully reminded me that I had forgotten what my mom and dad taught me growing up, that I could do anything I wanted to do.
00:33:38But anyway, I ended up being selected in the second group of spaceships last month.
00:33:50That's the dumbest thing I ever heard. And he was right.
00:34:06Dr. Ron McNair is 33 and becomes the second black American in space. He's considered an authority in some types of laser physics, but he's also an accomplished musician and an award-winning black belt karate instructor.
00:34:19When Will was selected for his first flight, how did your mom and dad react?
00:34:31Well, my mother got real nervous about that. I mean, her baby's going to go into space.
00:34:38But my dad, he's ready to pass out cigars. I mean, my boy, the astronaut, I mean, it's different for guys.
00:34:45We got down to about four seconds prior to liftoff, when the main engines began to throttle up to 100%. All of a sudden, the vibration set in like I've never seen before.
00:34:57The countdown continued. Three, two, one, a T minus zero. I got a boop like I've never felt.
00:35:05And that 404 million pound vehicle literally leaped off of the launch pad. We're on our way.
00:35:15The engine. Challenger Houston. Your goal is on a lot. Go and throttle up.
00:35:22Go and throttle up.
00:35:24Ron McNair may be in space, but his father's in heaven, thrilled to death that his son is in space.
00:35:30¡Oh, Dios mío!
00:35:40Ron McNair puede estar en el espacio, pero su padre está en el cielo,
00:35:44que su hijo está en el cielo.
00:35:46¡Oh, wow!
00:35:47Carl McNair ha estado monitoreando el avión en el oficinario de su auto body shop en Harlem.
00:35:52Ron fue solo un niño model.
00:35:55¡He fue perfecto!
00:35:56Y cuando Ron McNair comes back to Earth,
00:35:59es un seguro que su padre va a estar en Cloud 9.
00:36:02¡I just wish every father could have a son like I have!
00:36:08¡I need that!
00:36:10¡I've never seen that!
00:36:13¡Oh, wow!
00:36:15¡That's a...
00:36:16¡That's an incredible piece!
00:36:19¡Because I haven't heard him say that much about it!
00:36:26¡Yeah, give me a moment!
00:36:52¡Ok!
00:36:53¿You ok?
00:36:54¡Yeah!
00:36:54I was thinking of my dad.
00:37:02I can't imagine what went through his head as an eighth grade dropout.
00:37:07Being the father of one of the first African American astronauts.
00:37:12I can't imagine what he must have felt like.
00:37:20An astronaut, at that time, the only thing that could be greater than that is perhaps to be the president of the United States.
00:37:32How about let's giving a standing ovation to this wonderful crew.
00:37:47Thank you very much.
00:37:49Would all my family members please stand?
00:37:50Let me see who's here.
00:37:52All of them.
00:37:52I want to see who's here.
00:37:53All right.
00:37:55Great, great, great, great, great, great, great, great.
00:37:58Thank you very much.
00:37:59Thank you.
00:38:00Thank you.
00:38:01Thank you.
00:38:02It's incredible, from slavery to space in four generations.
00:38:08Thanks a lot.
00:38:10NASA officials hope that today's successful launch will get them back on schedule for what should be a very busy year, critical to the space agency's future.
00:38:23The shuttle was not going to make any economic sense if it wasn't flying and flying off.
00:38:33And in fact, the plan was 24 missions a year, a mission every two weeks.
00:38:38And so that translated into pressure on the agency to rapidly expand the shuttle flight rate.
00:38:47I remember sitting in meetings where some issue was being discussed.
00:38:53And one of the first things out of my mouth or other astronauts that might be in a meeting would be, what's this going to do to the schedule?
00:39:02In other words, how many weeks are we going to slip to fix this problem?
00:39:06So in a way, we were projecting the same sense of urgency.
00:39:11Hey, we got to get going.
00:39:12We wanted to fly and we wanted to fly often.
00:39:16And that trumped everything else.
00:39:23Every so often, I would just have to pinch myself and say, I'm just so lucky to be here.
00:39:34But of course, you're not a real astronaut until you've flown in space.
00:39:39So...
00:39:40Anna was pregnant.
00:39:43And there was some concern to how that would affect her flight status.
00:39:47No one else had gotten pregnant as an astronaut before.
00:39:52I am told, Anna, that you gave birth on Friday and you were back to work on Monday.
00:39:58Is that so?
00:39:59And if so, how did you do that?
00:40:01I just was very fortunate.
00:40:03Had an easy delivery and a very good baby.
00:40:05And I was feeling fine and very excited.
00:40:08I love my baby and I love work and I wanted to go back.
00:40:11At pilot's meeting early, before the first shuttle flight, they told us, we expect to lose one in 25 shuttle flights.
00:40:21Four percent.
00:40:22John Young stood up.
00:40:25The astronaut who was chief of the office, he said, now I want to say something to you.
00:40:28If that four percent bothers you, if you're concerned, he said, leave.
00:40:32Because there's a thousand people waiting behind you to take your place.
00:40:36You know, occasionally I would think, is it really going to be worth the risk?
00:40:54You know, something could go wrong and this might be all the time that I ever am going to get with Kristen.
00:41:00So, since I knew that she would not actually remember me, we just took lots of videos.
00:41:12Who's that?
00:41:14Tell us who that is.
00:41:16Come down.
00:41:17Who's that?
00:41:18I know there were some people who thought that what I was doing was wrong.
00:41:24Anna Fisher is a good astronaut.
00:41:26She's a good doctor.
00:41:27She's a good citizen.
00:41:28But is she a good mother?
00:41:30That will be the question on millions of minds when the first astronaut mother goes up, leaving a year-old daughter behind.
00:41:41I would say it was probably two-thirds like this and one-third supportive, you know.
00:41:51It probably wasn't 50-50.
00:41:54What's that?
00:41:55What's that?
00:41:56What's that?
00:41:57No.
00:41:57Oh, that's a space shuttle.
00:42:01Space shuttle discovery.
00:42:03Mommy's going to find a discovery in six weeks.
00:42:07Man, I mean, I watched that and I think, thank God I wasn't older.
00:42:16Thank God I couldn't understand what was going on.
00:42:19I would have been so scared and so upset.
00:42:24I mean, it was a blessing that I was as little as I was.
00:42:27Kristen's too little to know it, but this is going to be my last night long.
00:42:34And I want to have a few minutes before she gets tired.
00:42:39Oh!
00:42:41Let's wave to daddy.
00:42:43I love you, baby.
00:42:45Let's wave.
00:42:46Can we wave?
00:42:47Oh!
00:42:50Bye, guys!
00:42:50I'm so torn on it, actually.
00:42:56Like, even as I sit here now, part of me is like, fuck yeah, go.
00:43:02Like, go to space, achieve your dream.
00:43:05It's incredible.
00:43:06And then there is another part that's like, oh, man, like, don't go.
00:43:13Don't go.
00:43:19But I look at those videos and it was such a sweet year.
00:43:26And I think in some ways it made her, you know, really treasure and savor those moments all the more
00:43:32because you know there's a chance that you're going to die.
00:43:44At T-minus 2 hours, 28 minutes, 6 seconds and counting, 51A crew is on their way.
00:43:54Even when you're going to war, you know there's a good chance that you might die.
00:43:59But how many other professions have an actual countdown clock to the moment when you might perish?
00:44:05Like, literally, to the second.
00:44:1011, 10, we're go for main engine start.
00:44:147, 6, we have main engine start.
00:44:173, 2, 1, and liftoff.
00:44:22Liftoff of Discovery's and the shuttle has cleared the tower.
00:44:25She was the first mother in space.
00:44:34She was the first person who ever had to deal with this kind of scrutiny and decision.
00:44:39I mean, that took such discipline and strength to be able to do because I know she...
00:44:57I know how much she loved me.
00:45:02Is this Rick?
00:45:16Yes, sir. How are you doing, Mr. President?
00:45:18Well, just fine. And you? It's good to hear your voice.
00:45:22Anna, I couldn't help but wonder if you'd recommend a career as an astronaut to your daughter, Kristen.
00:45:28Oh, that I would, Mr. President. It's a truly incredible experience, and I'm going to recommend it to her highly.
00:45:37Oh, that's wonderful.
00:45:38All right. Bye-bye.
00:45:40People have asked me, do you think your mom was selfish for going to space?
00:45:55It's a fair question, but it's also a question that people aren't asking the men.
00:46:03We are about to.
00:46:04You could ask any astronaut that question.
00:46:09I'd venture to say a lot of them were being a bit selfish.
00:46:19Maybe my mom was, too.
00:46:22Hey, Kristen. Look at my caterpillar.
00:46:25This is grandma's wine.
00:46:26That's right.
00:46:29Kristen, let's drink it.
00:46:31Anytime you're on a crew, you're together for so long, probably the better part of two years,
00:46:57it's like a combat team almost.
00:47:00You know, the enemy of space out there, ready to exploit any mistake you might make.
00:47:05A good astronaut is a very difficult thing to...
00:47:09And I didn't realize until years later the history I was surrounded with.
00:47:13Here was Sally Ride, the first American woman in space.
00:47:17I flew with Judy, second American woman in space.
00:47:19I was going to parties and palling around with, you know, Ron McNair and the other African-American astronauts who were making history.
00:47:30Looking back on it, I can see the ridiculousness of me thinking, you know, that I'm better than them just because I'd had this flying experience.
00:47:38They were incredibly smart people, very talented.
00:47:44And I feel privileged that I was around people like that.
00:47:48I was arrogant.
00:47:50That's the word.
00:47:51I was arrogant.
00:47:54I look back on it and I've got this sense of shame.
00:47:59How could I have ever, ever had that attitude?
00:48:04You know, and at any rate, yeah, I'm glad I changed.
00:48:08You know, we were eager to get into space.
00:48:26We had the right stuff, I guess.
00:48:30And it appeared that we were doing exactly what had been planned.
00:48:38We were going to be operating a spacecraft at airline levels of reliability and safety and, hey, we've done it.
00:48:46You know, there was a feeling that we really had gotten there.
00:48:50And the Garden of Dreams was in full blossom.
00:48:54That's what it was, that feeling.
00:48:55Exciting, exciting times.
00:49:03The countdown clock is ticking for the Space Shuttle Challenger.
00:49:07The flight's seven-member crew arrived at the Kennedy Space Center late this afternoon.
00:49:11And if all goes well, Christa McAuliffe will become the first school teacher in space.
00:49:16Also making this journey into space aboard the Challenger will be Lake City, South Carolina native Ron McNair.
00:49:21Ron came to my apartment and he had this VHS cassette tape, part of the footage that he'd taken in space.
00:49:33But he only was interested in one specific part of the tape.
00:49:38He was always fascinated with the launch itself.
00:49:50And he played that up until it entered orbit.
00:49:56Then he rewinded and he started over again.
00:49:58I had to buy new speakers on and he kept turning the volume up.
00:50:06Blew out one of my speakers and all.
00:50:08Because the roar he felt.
00:50:10He wanted to feel it.
00:50:11The same kind of power and the sensation that he felt when he was lifting off the launch pad.
00:50:18Because that's all he played, just that part, over and over again.
00:50:21He shared with me that he was planning to leave the space program.
00:50:38He'd gotten an offer to become a professor at the University of South Carolina.
00:50:44One of the schools that would not have allowed us in there back when we graduated.
00:50:50So he was planning on leaving NASA.
00:50:52That's right.
00:50:53He wanted one more flight.
00:50:55One more flight.
00:50:56And that was going to be it.
00:50:57One more flight.
00:50:58One more flight.
00:50:59One more flight.
00:51:00One more flight.
00:51:01One more flight.
00:51:02One more flight.
00:51:03One more flight.
00:51:04One more flight.
00:51:05One more flight.
00:51:06One more flight.
00:51:07One more flight.
00:51:08One more flight.
00:51:09One more flight.
00:51:10One more flight.
00:51:11One more flight.
00:51:12One more flight.
00:51:13One more flight.
00:51:14One more flight.
00:51:15One more flight.
00:51:16One more flight.
00:51:17One more flight.
00:51:18One more flight.
00:51:19One more flight.
00:51:20One more flight.
00:51:21One more flight.
00:51:22One more flight.
00:51:23One more flight.
00:51:24One more flight.
00:51:25Anybody see the shuttle?
00:51:31My controller's here looking very carefully at the situation.
00:51:35Obviously a major malfunction.
00:51:45Reports from the flight dynamics officer indicate that the vehicle apparently exploded.
00:51:55Tonight on Nightline, there is only one story today, the deaths of the Space Shuttle Challenger and of seven American pioneers.
00:52:06There are no firm answers this morning to the question of why the Space Shuttle Challenger blew up a little more than a minute after it was launched from Cape Canaveral.
00:52:13NASA has created an interim review board to investigate this morning's catastrophic explosion.
00:52:18In the meantime, all future shuttle flights have been temporarily placed on...
00:52:21I woke up that morning to turn on the television and I can't tell you everything that the newscaster was saying.
00:52:34All I know is that they just kept playing it over and over again.
00:52:37NASA says nothing seemed to be wrong right up to the time the explosion...
00:52:41It was all over every news station...
00:52:44...like slow motion video shows what appeared to be fuel or vapor...
00:52:48...over and over and over again...
00:52:53...and then the fireball began...
00:52:58...my brother dying.
00:53:00My first thought was, um, jeez, please, you know, find a way to make this come out right.
00:53:21Yeah.
00:53:21You know, you were hoping against hope that some miracle would take place, and, um...
00:53:34It was personal to almost everybody in the office.
00:53:37For some reason, I just really wanted to see Kristen.
00:53:49You know, probably realizing how, um, how that could have been, you know, me, and I wouldn't be coming back to her.
00:54:01Suddenly, the things that we had all worried about, but not really talked about, were, were real.
00:54:22These are my friends.
00:54:24Judy, I flew with her.
00:54:26You know, that, that really was very, very painful.
00:54:32And will be forever.
00:54:42For probably more than a year, I thought maybe they'll find a maroon on an island someplace, you know.
00:54:47But, uh, I knew, really, I was just trying to, uh, keep hope.
00:55:03Just keep hope.
00:55:06Even if it didn't make sense.
00:55:08Right after his first flight, we threw a couple of parties for Ron.
00:55:27The best, by far, is in one of my hometown.
00:55:30He was in a convertible with his son.
00:55:35That same day, they named the main boulevard after him.
00:55:42Never thought I would see that in my life.
00:55:44Not the fact that he was an astronaut, but there was as many white people as they were black people.
00:55:56And they were celebrating their hometown hero.
00:55:59I don't think it's ever been that way since.
00:56:03We never had another astronaut.
00:56:05So, you know, that was amazing.
00:56:10Absolutely amazing.
00:56:16How did Challenger leave Nasser in the immediate aftermath?
00:56:20Ooh!
00:56:22Devastated, demoralized.
00:56:24Where do we go from here?
00:56:25What are we going to do next?
00:56:27We didn't even have any clue as to where we were going to pick up, how we were going to pick up.
00:56:31The first thing they did was cancel the rest of the schedule.
00:56:35Shuttle was grounded for nearly three years.
00:56:47We predicted one out of 25 will get lost.
00:56:50Then one in 25 gets lost.
00:56:52That's it?
00:56:54It's done?
00:56:55No.
00:56:56You honor their death by fixing the problem and proceeding.
00:57:02I was so disappointed with the way that was handled.
00:57:08I just loathe quitting and giving up.
00:57:11And I still don't understand to this day.
00:57:17It's like Rocky got knocked down and didn't get up for three years.
00:57:21Instead of showing you got fight in you and you're going to fix it.
00:57:23Rocky Balboa trying to stay in the middle of the ring against the big Russian.
00:57:30He's caught and he's bleeding, but he's on his feet.
00:57:36While our space program remains on hold, the Russians are moving theirs into high gear.
00:57:41Today the Soviets launched a sophisticated space station.
00:57:44They said that it will serve as a permanently manned base in the years to come.
00:57:47The Americans too are planning a space station, but theirs won't be ready until the mid-90s.
00:57:52If we look at the cosmic race in Russia and the United States,
00:58:00then let's set a chronological set of events.
00:58:04The first ship who launched?
00:58:08The Russian side.
00:58:10The first flight of a person in the cosmos.
00:58:15The Russian side.
00:58:16The first woman in two years.
00:58:19Who did it?
00:58:20The Russian side.
00:58:21Who did it?
00:58:22The Russian side.
00:58:23The Russian side.
00:58:24The Russian side.
00:58:25Who did it?
00:58:26The first one.
00:58:27One.
00:58:28Who did it?
00:58:29All.
00:58:30What was it!
00:58:31The USA.
00:58:32The French side.
00:58:33The US did an attention to low power тан皇ами.
00:58:34The Russia.
00:58:35The oldu.
00:58:36The Russian side.
00:58:37The long-term orbital station.
00:58:38And we built the World Station Station.
00:58:40se hizo acceder en una orbitación larga y construyó la estación del MIR.
00:58:47Esto es nuestra, en general, cosmética y todo.
00:58:50Este es nuestro día de mañana.
00:59:10a long-duration spaceflight,
00:59:12how do we prepare to send somebody to Mars,
00:59:15how do we prepare to send somebody to the moon
00:59:17for a long period of time?
00:59:21I thought it was a masterful switch in strategy.
00:59:27So again, the Russians were years ahead of us.
00:59:40The Russians were years ahead of us.
00:59:43And suddenly, the Russians was ringing.
00:59:46I just heard in the depths of the news,
00:59:48that the news was on the border of the станции
00:59:52and there was a fire.
00:59:54And then we move on to the other news.
00:59:58I remember that it was a physical pain
01:00:01to be able to get together.
01:00:10The Open University has produced an interactive flipbook
01:00:16offering extraordinary insights into the human exploration of space.
01:00:20To discover more, scan the QR code
01:00:23or visit connect.open.ac.uk forward slash once upon a time in space.
01:00:40That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.
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