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Ready to discover the wild, colorful, and sometimes downright bizarre history of tattoos? From ancient Egyptian mummies to Yakuza warriors and rock-n-roll rebels, we’ve got it all inked in this video! Dive in for epic stories and jaw-dropping facts. Don’t forget to subscribe for more awesome content, and drop a comment telling us your favorite tattoo tidbit! #history #tattoos #culture #art #traditions
👉 This channel was created in collaboration with @kramola_online
00:00:00 - Introduction and Evolution of Tattoos
00:01:13 - Tattoo Origins and World Traditions
00:04:43 - Ancient Tattoos in Egypt and Beyond
00:08:00 - Global Tattoo Discoveries and Symbolism
00:11:24 - Tattoo Cultures in Europe, Polynesia, and Asia
00:16:55 - Tattoo Traditions in Africa and India
00:21:07 - Modern Tattoo History in Europe and Russia
00:24:55 - Tattoo Culture in the 20th Century and Conclusion
👉 This channel was created in collaboration with @kramola_online
00:00:00 - Introduction and Evolution of Tattoos
00:01:13 - Tattoo Origins and World Traditions
00:04:43 - Ancient Tattoos in Egypt and Beyond
00:08:00 - Global Tattoo Discoveries and Symbolism
00:11:24 - Tattoo Cultures in Europe, Polynesia, and Asia
00:16:55 - Tattoo Traditions in Africa and India
00:21:07 - Modern Tattoo History in Europe and Russia
00:24:55 - Tattoo Culture in the 20th Century and Conclusion
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📺
TVTranscript
00:00With the advancement of technology, tattoos have long reached a new level.
00:04You can get any favorite superhero or character tattooed on you in high-definition quality.
00:09And soon, 4K quality will be available too.
00:12There are these, and these, and even these.
00:1615% of the entire adult population of the planet has at least one tattoo on their body.
00:22But nowadays, people get Captain America, Batman, or Deadpool tattooed on their bodies.
00:28What did people in ancient times get tattooed?
00:31After all, as not everyone's favorite Charles Darwin wrote in his book,
00:35The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex,
00:39there is not a single country, from the polar regions in the far north to New Zealand in the south,
00:44whose indigenous people did not decorate their bodies with tattoos.
00:48Despite all this, tattoos are an exclusively human invention.
00:52No animal species has ever used self-inflicted harm as a way to decorate their bodies.
00:59If you're interested in which part of the world, in which historical era,
01:03and for what reasons people from different cultures put images on their bodies,
01:08then this film is exactly what you need to watch until the very end.
01:13Let's go!
01:14To begin with, what are the roots of the word tattoo?
01:17It comes from the Tahitian word tatao.
01:21Polynesians are considered one of the oldest peoples who use tattoos in their daily lives.
01:26This word became widely known in 1773, thanks to the English traveler James Cook.
01:33He used it in his reports about his journeys around the world.
01:37James Cook described the tattoos of the Tahitians like this.
01:41Both men and women here cover their bodies with designs, which they call tatao.
01:46This is done by applying paint under the skin in such a way that it stays there forever.
01:52Apparently, this procedure is quite painful, especially when they decorate their buttocks.
01:57Even though the process of getting a tattoo seemed quite painful to the traveler,
02:02several members of his ship's crew became interested in this form of art
02:06and got themselves a couple of permanent designs.
02:09These people are considered the founders of the tattoo trend in European society.
02:15Interestingly, a person of the same profession was the first to talk about tattoos in Russia.
02:21It was none other than Captain Ivan Fyodorovich Krusenstern.
02:25After all, history does not thoroughly reflect the fact that our ancient ancestors used tattoos.
02:31Although the Arab traveler and writer Ibn Fadlan noted in his work,
02:35notes on a journey to the Volga that the ancient Rus used drawings on their bodies depicting various pagan symbols.
02:44The modern perception of tattoos is very different from what people did in ancient times.
02:49If today we imagine a clean, beautiful studio where a special machine quickly and not too painfully applies a design,
02:57then, in ancient times, tattoos referred to patterns made from scars,
03:02where various crushed and traditional chemical elements, what could be called paints back then, were placed into fresh wounds.
03:09Or sometimes nothing was put in at all, and the skin was simply covered with scars in the form of
03:16certain patterns.
03:19However, this does not prevent some African tribes from still using such methods as a tribute to tradition.
03:31For quite obvious reasons, the application of dark or colorful patterns was more common among light-skinned peoples,
03:37while dark-skinned peoples used scarification, that is, creating scars on the body.
03:43So, scenes like these from the movie about Black Panther are not far from historical accuracy.
03:50After all, everything could have looked even more striking.
03:53For example, like this or like this.
03:57Just look at how many amazing photographs have survived to this day.
04:02However, nothing stops you from combining them as well.
04:06In the Republic of Benin, a small West African country, indigenous peoples decorate their faces with tattoos and scarification.
04:15However, this is banned by law in the country's big cities.
04:19So, the tradition survives only in rural areas far from the big cities.
04:24But it's not just about the law.
04:26People themselves are already moving away from this tradition.
04:29Young people don't want to have noticeable scars on their faces like their mothers and fathers.
04:34And parents who have received a modern education understand that scarification is a cruel and painful procedure.
04:40And they don't want to subject their children to it.
04:43In some traditions, these scars are inflicted as early as age two.
04:47How did humans invent something no other species ever conceived?
04:52Well, the most logical thing is to assume the following sequence.
04:56Ancient men often got injuries while hunting, which over time turned into scars.
05:01The more scars a man had, the braver and stronger he seemed to everyone around him.
05:08Even today, you can still hear that scars make a man look better.
05:11Over time, people began to inflict such injuries on themselves.
05:15And it was no longer just men, but also women who did this.
05:18The first records of body markings appeared as early as 4,000 before Christ.
05:24This information was confirmed by archaeologists who found figurines covered with body markings during excavations in Egypt.
05:31The ancient origin of tattoos is also confirmed by carbon analysis of ancient human remains.
05:37Moreover, the markings could be found exclusively on the bodies of pharaohs and wealthy Egyptians,
05:43which suggests that tattoos were a symbol of privilege in those times.
05:47Here, for example, is a tattoo on the skin of an Egyptian mummy named Priestess of the goddess Hathor.
05:53She had lotuses depicted on her thighs, cows on her arms, monkeys on her forearms,
05:59and on her neck, shoulders, and back was the image of the sacred eye of the goddess Hathor.
06:05Scientists found out that these were not applied during the Egyptian embalming ritual,
06:09as was sometimes done, and that the owner wore all these drawings during her lifetime.
06:14Tattoos were also found on mummies outside Egypt.
06:18According to the Guinness Book of Records,
06:20the oldest known person with tattoos today is the Iceman Otsi.
06:25His tattoos are groups of dots and lines,
06:28most of which are concentrated in acupuncture zones.
06:33Researchers agree that these tattoos had a therapeutic purpose.
06:37It is believed that in this way, the Iceman Otsi tried to get rid of arthritic pain.
06:43Currently, a total of 61 markings have been counted on Otsi's body.
06:48Another tattooed mummy is Princess Ukok.
06:51Another name for this find is the Altai Princess,
06:54and foreign sources often refer to her as the Siberian Princess.
06:58By the way, some historians say she wasn't a princess or part of any ruling dynasty.
07:03Indeed, her grave was so rich that the conclusion about her exceptional social status was obvious.
07:11However, experts claim that she was just a wealthy representative of the middle class
07:16during the heyday of the Pazarik culture.
07:18Along with the princess, who died at the age of 25,
07:22six horses were buried with harnesses and saddles,
07:25ready at any moment to set off on a journey through the world of the dead.
07:29The princess's body was dressed in expensive clothes,
07:33and the horses' harnesses and saddles are unique works of craftsmanship from that time.
07:39The princess's skin is adorned with well-made drawings of various fantastic animals.
07:44For example, on her left shoulder, there is a beautifully preserved tattoo
07:48depicting a deer with a bird's beak.
07:51Historians claim that this is the first example of tattoos depicting animals.
07:55Earlier tattoos were exclusively ornamental.
08:00Let's move to South America, Peru.
08:02The mummy found there in 2006
08:05caused a real sensation among those who study pre-Columbian Indians.
08:10It was a woman, identified as a ruler of the Moche people
08:14who inhabited the western coast of the Pacific Ocean.
08:17The Moche civilization was advanced, but their culture widely practiced bloody rituals
08:24that included human sacrifices to the gods.
08:27There is a theory that the decline of the Moche civilization in the 13th century AD
08:33is directly related to their religious history, which had become all-encompassing.
08:39The Moche Indians decided to solve their problems by appeasing the gods.
08:44Huge resources were invested in temple rituals,
08:47resources that could have been put to better use,
08:50and more and more young people were being sacrificed.
08:53The arms of the ancient ruler were decorated with sleeve tattoos,
08:57which depicted snakes, spiders,
09:00and other traditional ornamental elements of South American Indians.
09:04Lady Cow's feet were also covered with tattoos.
09:08Another South American discovery is the Inca Ice Maiden.
09:12She was found in 1999 frozen in ice on the slope of the Sabancaya volcano in Peru.
09:19Several other children's bodies were found along with her.
09:23Gold figurines and various ritual clothing were found next to the bodies.
09:28It is believed that the large ornamental tattoo covering almost the entire body of the girl
09:33was part of the preparation for the sacrificial ritual.
09:38Tattoos were also found on the so-called Tarim mummies.
09:42These are representatives of the Caucasoid race,
09:45who several thousand years ago were the indigenous population of western China.
09:49The clothes in which the deceased were dressed are identical to those worn by members of the tribes of central
09:55Russia.
09:55And these are not just isolated, wandering representatives of northern tribes.
10:00The nature, number, and wide distribution of European burials in China
10:05suggest these people lived settled lives there.
10:09And early Chinese chronicles also mention white people with long white hair.
10:15The most interesting is the family burial mound,
10:17where the bodies of a man, three women, and a very small child were found.
10:22They are believed to have been family members who died from the same cause.
10:26An infection.
10:27The man's and one woman's faces were covered with tattoos.
10:31During the autopsy of another rich princely burial,
10:34the body of a man was found, with a tattoo on his face.
10:38An image of outstretched falcon wings on both cheeks.
10:43Now let's go north, past the Arctic Circle to Greenland's west coast.
10:48In 1972, local hunters found a grave here,
10:52in which eight human bodies were buried.
10:55The faces of the dead women were adorned with traditional Inuit tattoos,
11:00which today, an initiative group from Canada is trying to revive.
11:04These examples are interesting because they highlight the differences
11:08between ancient and modern tattoos.
11:11Nowadays, people use tattoos exclusively as a form of decoration,
11:15and the meaning of the image on the body depends on what's in the mind of the person who put
11:20it there,
11:20meaning the person themselves gives meaning to the tattoo.
11:23Ancient people, on the other hand, usually used tattoos to indicate their belonging to a certain clan,
11:30tribe, or profession, meaning they marked their bodies to show their social affiliation.
11:35Well, or in other cases, they believed the images on their bodies would protect them from evil spirits
11:41and bring them closer to their gods.
11:44And, this aspect was important in the war paints of different peoples.
11:48For example, the Greeks called all the inhabitants of the northern lands,
11:52celts, meaning hundreds of different tribes.
11:55The Roman poet Claudian wrote,
11:57The legion tamed the wild cattle and studied the steel-colored patterns on the faces of the slain.
12:02The writer Tertullian also mentions the bluish-gray patterns on the bodies of the barbarians.
12:07Even after the fall of the so-called Roman Empire,
12:10Isidore of Seville wrote about the peculiarities of the technique used to apply markings to the skin,
12:16which was used by the Britons and the Picts.
12:19The Pict tribe got its name because of their bodies.
12:22They used needles to make punctures, into which they rubbed the juice of a local plant.
12:27As a result, marks remain on the skin, indicating a person's status.
12:32On the limbs, the design is made to show noble origin.
12:36The most popular tattoo designs among the Picts and Britons were various animals and birds.
12:42Images of bulls were especially common, symbolizing strength, drive, wild energy, and bravery.
12:50The plant woad was used for tattooing, which provided a blue-green pigment for the ink.
12:56But in the case of Lindoman, a well-preserved bog mummy of a man,
13:00the tattoo was made with clay, containing high amounts of copper, malachite, and azurite.
13:06The Roman publicist Herodian writes that all the Caledonians loved to paint their bodies in intricate colors.
13:13Blue, green, and blue were probably not the only colors used for body art.
13:18There is also a completely wild tradition, from a modern point of view, associated with tattoos.
13:24The dried heads of Mokomokai.
13:26In the culture of the Maori tribes, everyone, without exception, wore tattoos.
13:32Only slaves were forbidden to have body art.
13:34A person without a tattoo in the culture of the indigenous tribes of New Zealand was worth nothing.
13:40They were referred to as Moko or Tamoko.
13:43And there is also a word in the Maori language, Mokomokai.
13:48It refers to the tradition of cutting off the head of a deceased person who had a facial tattoo, drying
13:53it, and then burying it as a family heirloom.
13:57Many people today keep their grandfather's ashes in an urn on the mantelpiece.
14:01From the very first days when Europeans invaded the lands that had belonged to the Maori tribes for thousands of
14:07years,
14:08dried Mokomokai heads became almost the main item of trade in New Zealand.
14:13The natives gladly traded family heirlooms for firearms, which they then used in intertribal wars.
14:20In the 1860s, there was an officer serving in the English colonial army.
14:25His name was Horatio Gordon Robley.
14:28After arriving in New Zealand, he fell in love with the country.
14:32He was a very talented illustrator.
14:35And one of his passions, which completely absorbed him, was studying the tattoo culture of the local people.
14:42To this day, it is believed that the book Moko Mari Tattooing, first published in 1896, is one of the
14:50best works in this field.
14:52Despite the ban on trading dried heads, Horatio Gordon Robley managed to assemble an impressive collection of Mokomokai,
15:01which included more than 40 items.
15:04And of course, China.
15:06Tattoos have been used there since ancient times.
15:10In ancient times, only criminals and slaves were marked with indelible hieroglyphs,
15:15so their shame was visible from afar.
15:17But later, people started using these designs to indicate their social status or place of origin.
15:24Then tattoos spread from China to Japan.
15:27The profession of tattoo artist was very prestigious and quite difficult to learn,
15:32because the master had to be able not only to apply designs to the body correctly,
15:36but also to mix paints, draw, and even know the history of his homeland.
15:41They studied this craft for a full five years.
15:44This training also included some very interesting exams,
15:48where future tattoo artists first had to tattoo their master's leg, and then their own leg.
15:55And only after all these difficult tests did the students become apprentices,
15:59and were allowed to work with clients.
16:01Because of these difficulties in training tattoo artists,
16:05tattoos themselves became an ultra-privileged way of decorating the body,
16:09which only emperors and those especially close to them could afford.
16:13Over time, tattoos' meaning shifted as the nobility began using them,
16:18since the process remained costly.
16:21And women, who showed their endurance and fertility by the number of tattoos on their own bodies.
16:26Samurai would get tattoos in the form of cherry blossoms,
16:29showing that they were ready to die right on the battlefield,
16:33since the life of a flower is as fleeting as the life of a samurai.
16:37Later, a certain tattoo became a mark for criminals.
16:41They drew the kanji for dog, made of three lines on a person's forehead.
16:46Each line was drawn after one violation of the law.
16:49And it turned out that after three violations, all three lines formed the kanji for dog.
16:55Back then, this word was the worst insult someone could receive.
16:59In addition, the tools used to make tattoos were also improving.
17:03It was in Japan that they started using metal needles instead of chisels, branches, and animal teeth.
17:10Well, and then tattoos became an integral symbol of the Yakuza.
17:14Seventy percent of any Yakuza member's body was covered in designs.
17:18And since getting tattoos was far from the most pleasant or simple process,
17:22taking dozens of hours, it was believed that the more of the body was covered in designs,
17:28the stronger, more resilient, and more ruthless the Yakuza warrior was.
17:33And these are traditional Berber tattoos on women's faces.
17:37Morocco's population consists equally of Berbers and Arabs.
17:43Look at these patterns.
17:44The symbols are very similar to what Craftswomen depicted on Slavic towels.
17:49Since ancient times, Berber women have decorated their faces with sacred geometric symbols.
17:55It was believed that these signs protected women from evil spirits,
17:59as Berbers were pagans before the arrival of Islam.
18:02Also, facial tattoos were considered a sign of beauty.
18:05The more tattoos a woman had, the more beautiful she was.
18:08That's why tattoos were typically given at age 12 or 13.
18:13With the arrival of the Arabs in North Africa and the establishment of their rule,
18:17it became forbidden to get facial tattoos, as this goes against the rules of Islam and is considered a sin.
18:24But recently, the cult of Berber tattoos has gained new strength in a milder form, as temporary makeup.
18:31Well, the traditional tattoo of this people, who live in the mountainous region in central India,
18:36has existed for more than 2,000 years.
18:40Girls get tattoos on their faces, arms, legs, stomachs, and backs.
18:46Tattoo artists are also women, who learn this craft from their mothers.
18:51Thus, the tattoo profession in the Baiga tribe is inherited.
18:55Girls usually get tattoos at the age of 10 to 12.
18:59It is believed that the pain they have to endure during the process,
19:03is a kind of training for what they will have to go through during childbirth.
19:08And the unique type of Baiga ornaments is necessary so that after death, in the realm of the dead,
19:14it is easier for tribe members to find each other.
19:16And, as in many previous examples, today parents in the Baiga tribe do not give their children tattoos,
19:23explaining that they do not want their offspring to spend their whole lives in the village, working as farmers.
19:28They want their children to get higher education, but tattoos would make it harder for them to live in the
19:34city and attend schools.
19:35The Baiga tribe is not the only greeting from India's past.
19:39In the western part of the Indochina Peninsula, the country of Myanmar is also known as Burma.
19:45Even today, you can meet women who wear traditional tribal tattoos on their faces.
19:50Various patterns cover their faces, but they are all referred to by one word, which translates as web.
19:57The center of the web is usually located in the middle of the forehead and symbolizes the sun,
20:02while the lines radiating from the eyes represent the pattern on a tiger's face.
20:07There is another type of tattoo as well. It is worn by women of the Moon tribe.
20:12Usually, it is a composition of dots, lines, and sometimes circles.
20:16The Moon tribe is associated with many unusual things.
20:20For example, their jewelry includes huge earrings made of beads.
20:24And look, they play the flute not with their mouth, but with their nose.
20:28And the most memorable type of tattoo among women in Myanmar is a face completely covered with coloring pigment.
20:35This is a distinctive feature of the women of the Yupu tribe.
20:38The traditional tool for applying tattoos among the tribes living in Myanmar is a bundle of three needles made from
20:45bamboo or a thorn from a prickly bush.
20:47As a coloring pigment, a mixture of cow bile, soot, juice from various plants, and pork fat is used.
20:55Beans were used as a gel for healing tattoos.
20:59But even here, the tradition of getting facial tattoos is fading into the past.
21:03Now, only a few remain loyal to this ancient fashion.
21:07But it's time to move to Europe.
21:09Because of Christianity, tattoos were banned here.
21:13They were considered devilish symbols, and a person could even be burned at the stake for them.
21:18It was like that up until the 18th century.
21:20Until James Cook arrived from Polynesia with new insights into the meaning of tattoos.
21:26By the way, for better clarity, Cook also brought one of the local aborigines with him to the mainland,
21:32who was covered in tattoos from head to toe.
21:34And over time, Europeans liked this show so much,
21:38that every self-respecting circus had to have its own tattooed aborigine in the troupe.
21:43Centuries later, these aborigines were already Europeans themselves,
21:47who covered their bodies with tattoos and became circus performers.
21:51Well, then one significant event happened.
21:54In 1891, the first tattoo machine appeared, invented by the American O'Reilly.
22:01And, as they say, that's when it all took off.
22:05When tattoos became easier to make, a lot of tattoo parlors opened up,
22:09where anyone who wanted could get a design on their body.
22:12One of the most famous tattoo artists in America at that time was Sailor Jerry.
22:17He greatly influenced 20th century tattoo art, and is seen as the founding father of the old school style.
22:25Thanks to him, in the 1950s and 1960s tattoo art gained huge popularity in America,
22:32both by copying old styles invented by Polynesian natives, and by creating a huge number of new directions.
22:39But all this was in America.
22:41What was the situation like in Russia?
22:43As you recall, little is known about tattoos on ancient Slavs, aside from an Arab traveler's account,
22:50describing green patterns on the Russ, shaped like trees and animals.
22:54The northern Russian peoples, Chukchi, Mansi, Koryaks, used tattoos for protection from evil spirits since ancient times.
23:03Southern Slavs in the Balkans also adorned themselves with tattoos.
23:08Tattoos marked young girls as members of their tribe.
23:12And when she was married, new tattoos were added to the old ones.
23:16And to continue our review, it's time to return to Krusenstern, who, after his circumnavigation, prepared many books for publication.
23:24The most famous one is Krusenstern's Atlas.
23:28It was first published in 1809, even though the book is named after Krusenstern.
23:33It would not exist without the involvement of Russian researcher and ethnographer Grigory Ivanovich Langsdorff.
23:40Most of the illustrative material in the Atlas belongs to him, including the depiction of tattooed local residents of Nukahiva
23:48Island,
23:48which is located right in the center of the southern part of the Pacific Ocean.
23:52Some sailors from Krusenstern's crew returned with these exotic patterns on their bodies.
23:57Nikolai II, the last Russian emperor, also had a tattoo.
24:02During his journey through Japan, he was so inspired by the work of tattoo masters that he got himself a
24:08dragon tattoo.
24:10The 23-year-old Nikolai described this in a letter to his sister, Grand Duchess Xenia.
24:16We all got tattoos in Nagasaki, as is always done in Japan.
24:20I chose an excellent dragon for myself, which was really done magnificently, but it took a long time to get
24:27it done.
24:27They tattooed me for seven hours straight.
24:29From nine in the evening until four in the morning, my arm just got a little swollen.
24:34And for some people, it not only hurt, but they even got a fever.
24:38In 1907, 15 years after Nikolai Romanov got his dragon, the first artistic tattoo salon opened its doors in St.
24:47Petersburg.
24:48However, this procedure remained a rare and exotic practice among sailors and the flamboyant aristocratic bohemia.
24:55However, at the same time, criminal tattoos were also developing, with their own history worthy of a separate episode.
25:04In short, here's what happened.
25:06Thief's tattoos evolved from brands once burned onto criminals' bodies.
25:11So, in Russia, since 1691 branding became mandatory for everyone who was sent into exile, instead of being sentenced to
25:20death, on the forehead of a Russian convict.
25:22The word thief was first burned with a hot iron, and later with a special plate with needles that were
25:28struck.
25:29And then gunpowder was rubbed into the punctured area.
25:32Soon after, they replaced gunpowder with a mix of ochre and ink.
25:36By the early 1900s, thief tattoos were already common among convicts in Sakhalin, and in the criminal circles of St.
25:44Petersburg and Moscow.
25:45Well, after the October Revolution, when non-criminal tattoos were banned as a bourgeois relic of the Tsarist regime,
25:53tattoos became mandatory, distinguishing marks in the thieves' hierarchy.
25:58Of course, this doesn't mean that only criminal tattoos existed at that time.
26:03There were many kinds—naval and fleet tattoos, military, propaganda, or political tattoos, and the so-called street tattoos.
26:13Director Georgi Danelia wrote about it like this.
26:16In summer 41, I swam at the bathhouse in Tbilisi.
26:21Back then, just like now, tattoos were in fashion.
26:24I tattooed a small anchor on my own hand.
26:26Then I did the same anchor for my friend Shurek Moratov, and then for another boy from 6th grade class
26:32B.
26:32A heart pierced by an arrow.
26:35And I became a trendy tattoo artist, tattooing anchors, hearts, and daggers.
26:40For A. Hamlet, the policeman's son, I tattooed an eagle carrying a woman's head on his chest.
26:46The eagle resembled a chicken, but everyone liked it.
26:49During the Khrushchev thaw, tattoos began to take on a romantic image thanks to the songs of bards, including Vladimir
26:56Wisotsky.
26:57This laid the groundwork for tattoos to become symbols of freedom, sex, and rock and roll.
27:03And already in the 1980s, the first colorful rock tattoos appeared.
27:08And more and more people from the rock underground started getting tattoos, thus popularizing them in Russia.
27:14The center of this whole process first became Leningrad, and a little later, Moscow.
27:20Well, after that, judging by the age of most of our viewers, there's no point in telling the rest.
27:26After all, the recent history of tattoos has happened, or is happening, right before our eyes to a greater or
27:32lesser extent.
27:33That's the brief dive into the history of tattoos we've prepared for you.
27:37Thank you for watching, and for your feedback, ratings, and comments.
27:41Your response inspires us to create new topics.
27:44Thanks.
27:44Thanks.
27:45Thanks.
27:46You