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00:00On July 25th, 2001, more than three decades after his father's assassination,
00:05Robert F. Kennedy Jr. sat down with a diary he had kept for two years
00:09and wrote a single entry that would not become public for another quarter of a century.
00:15I knew Daddy was watching me and that he loved me,
00:18but I also felt I was disappointing him when I told a lie,
00:22had a sexual thought, got a bad grade.
00:27His father died in 1968.
00:28The entry read less as memory than as confession,
00:32a grown man in his late 40s still measuring himself against a ghost.
00:36And the diary it came from when it was finally published in full in 2026
00:40would reveal that the ghost had won.
00:44Ethel Skackle Kennedy died in Boston on October 10th, 2024, at the age of 96,
00:51having outlived her husband by more than 56 years
00:54and having buried four of her own children before the end.
00:57Her death and the emergence of her son's previously unpublished diaries
01:01reopened questions that the family had spent seven decades trying to seal shut.
01:07The marriage at the centre of those questions lasted 18 years,
01:11produced 11 children, survived two assassinations,
01:15and ended in a kitchen pantry in Los Angeles with a busboy cradling her husband's head
01:20and a rosary pressed into his hand.
01:23In today's episode of Old Money Allure,
01:26we examine the marriage of Robert and Ethel Kennedy
01:28from the coal fortune that funded it
01:31to the catalogue of tragedies that followed it,
01:33and we ask what the Camelot myth was built to hide.
01:37I knew Daddy was watching me.
01:47Ethel Skackle was born on April 11th, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois,
01:52the sixth of seven children of George Skackle and Anne Brannock Skackle.
01:57Her father had started as a railroad clerk, earning $8 a week,
02:00but he and several colleagues had noticed the volatile pricing of coal fines used to manufacture coke,
02:06and they built a company around buying and reselling the material at margins
02:10the market had not yet corrected.
02:13That company became the Great Lakes Carbon Corporation,
02:17one of the largest privately held companies in the United States
02:20by the middle of the 20th century.
02:23George Skackle was a Protestant of Dutch descent,
02:26and his wife Anne was of Irish Catholic ancestry.
02:30And the children were raised Catholic,
02:33a devotion Ethel would practice with unusual seriousness throughout her life,
02:37attending Mass regularly into old age.
02:41As the fortune grew, the Skackles relocated from the Midwest,
02:45living briefly in Larchment,
02:47before settling into a 16-acre estate
02:49in Greenwich, Connecticut's wealthy Belle Haven enclave.
02:54Anne Skackle presided over a household
02:56widely remembered by locals and biographers
02:58as loud, athletic and undisciplined.
03:02A house where the children were locally famous
03:04for reckless physical stunts,
03:06high-speed driving,
03:07and a general disregard for convention
03:09that would recur tragically two generations later.
03:14Contemporary Greenwich residents interviewed decades afterward
03:17recalled the family and its era
03:18as one where wealthy parents were, in their words,
03:22a little more free and easy,
03:23with unsupervised, high-risk behaviour among their children.
03:27The phrase is diplomatic,
03:29and it understates what the Skackle household
03:31actually looked like from the outside.
03:34A house full of money and energy
03:36and very little adult supervision,
03:38run by a mother whose world,
03:40by one contemporaneous account,
03:43revolved around her social activities
03:45and the Catholic Church.
03:47On October 3rd, 1955,
03:50several months after the birth of Ethel's fourth child,
03:53her parents were killed together
03:55when their private plane crashed
03:57near Union City, Oklahoma.
03:59It was the first of what would become a pattern.
04:02Eleven years later, in September 1966,
04:06Ethel's brother, George Skackle Jr.,
04:08who had taken over as head of Great Lakes Carbon,
04:11died in a separate single-engine plane crash in Idaho.
04:15Two Skackle Patriarchs, two plane crashes,
04:18within 11 years,
04:19and the person who connected both households
04:21to the most famous political family in America
04:24was Ethel,
04:25who had married Robert Kennedy
04:27five years before her parents died
04:29and would outlive nearly everyone in both families.
04:33Stories like the Kennedy-Skackle saga,
04:35where generational wealth collides
04:37with generational grief
04:39in ways that take decades to surface,
04:41get the fuller treatment they deserve
04:43in our free Substack newsletter,
04:46taken further than any documentary format allows.
04:49This one earns a place in that company
04:51as fully as any family we have covered.
04:54The parallel to the Kennedy family's own catalogue
04:57of aviation deaths,
04:58Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. in 1944
05:01and JFK Jr. in 1999,
05:04has made the so-called Kennedy Curse
05:07as much a Skackle story as a Kennedy one.
05:10Though serious historians caution
05:11that curse framing substitutes superstition
05:14for the more mundane explanations of wealth,
05:17risk tolerance,
05:18and private aviation
05:19common among families of that era,
05:21the coal fortune that paid for Ethel's childhood
05:24had already begun its collision
05:26with a political fortune
05:27that would consume her entire adult life.
05:30And the wreckage from that collision
05:32would take decades to fully catalogue.
05:41Ethel attended the All Girls Greenwich Academy,
05:44graduated from the Convent of the Sacred Heart
05:46in the Bronx in 1945,
05:48and entered Manhattanville College that September,
05:50where she became close friends
05:52with a classmate named Jean Kennedy,
05:54Robert Kennedy's younger sister.
05:55It was through this friendship,
05:57not a direct courtship,
05:59that Ethel entered the Kennedy orbit.
06:01She first met Robert Kennedy
06:03during a December 1945 ski trip
06:06to the Mont-Tremblant resort in Quebec,
06:08and the introduction carried a detail
06:10most biographers mention,
06:12and none dwells on long enough.
06:15Robert began the trip dating Ethel's older sister,
06:18Patricia Skakel,
06:19and began seeing Ethel
06:21only after that relationship ended.
06:24The sister-to-sister transfer
06:26is one of those biographical facts
06:28that reveals the texture of a world
06:30in which courtship among wealthy Catholic families
06:33operated less like romance
06:35and more like a placement process,
06:37and nobody involved
06:39seems to have found the arrangement unusual.
06:42Ethel was,
06:43by the near-universal consensus
06:44of the writers who knew the family,
06:46fiercely athletic,
06:48deeply Catholic,
06:49and far more comfortable
06:50in a campaign headquarters
06:51than in a seminar room.
06:53She had grown up in a household
06:55where physical stunts
06:56and competitive games
06:58were the dominant mode of family interaction,
07:00and the Kennedy household,
07:02with its football games
07:04on the Hyannis Port lawn
07:05and its compulsive scorekeeping,
07:07felt less like a foreign culture
07:09than a louder version of her own.
07:12Ethel campaigned for Robert's brother John
07:14during his 1946 congressional run
07:17and wrote her college senior thesis
07:19on John Kennedy's book
07:21Why England Slept,
07:23early evidence of how thoroughly
07:24she had absorbed the family's political project
07:27before she had married into it.
07:29Robert and Ethel became engaged
07:32in February 1950
07:33and married on June 17th, 1950,
07:37in a Catholic ceremony
07:38at St Mary's Church
07:39in Greenwich, Connecticut,
07:41a wedding attended
07:42by most of political
07:43and social Catholic Boston
07:45and a substantial portion
07:46of Greenwich's old money establishment.
07:49The Boston Globe noted at the time
07:52that the marriage united
07:53two large fortunes,
07:55the Kennedy political-industrial fortune
07:57and the Skakel carbon fortune
07:59and the reception was held
08:01at Rambleside,
08:02the Skakel family's Greenwich mansion.
08:05After Robert finished law school
08:07at the University of Virginia,
08:09the couple settled
08:10in the Washington area
08:11and in 1952,
08:13they moved to a Boston rooming house
08:14while Robert helped run
08:16his brother John's Senate campaign
08:18against the sitting Republican
08:19Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.
08:22During that campaign,
08:23Ethel organised tea parties
08:25to court female voters.
08:26Her first documented instance
08:28of political utility
08:29to the Kennedy machine
08:30and the tactic worked.
08:33Jack Kennedy won the Senate seat
08:35by a margin that surprised
08:37the national press
08:38and the family's women,
08:39Ethel among them,
08:40received a share of the credit.
08:43She was 22 years old
08:44when she married
08:45and she would spend
08:46the next 18 years
08:47producing children,
08:49organising campaigns
08:50and managing a household
08:52whose scale and velocity
08:53had no equivalent
08:54in American political life.
08:57The two large fortunes
08:59the Boston Globe had noted
09:00were about to merge
09:01their cultures
09:02as thoroughly
09:03as their bank accounts
09:04and the estate
09:05that would become
09:06the nerve centre
09:07of that merger
09:08was already changing hands
09:09within the Kennedy family itself.
09:11The estate that would become
09:13the nerve centre
09:14of that household
09:15had already changed hands
09:17once within the Kennedy family
09:19and it was headed
09:20for a second transfer.
09:27In 1956,
09:29Robert and Ethel
09:30purchased Hickory Hill,
09:31a six-acre,
09:3213-bedroom estate
09:33in McLean, Virginia,
09:35bought from Robert's brother
09:36John and Jacqueline Kennedy
09:37who had lived there first.
09:39The house became
09:40over the following decade
09:41the operational
09:42and social nerve centre
09:44of the new frontier
09:45political generation,
09:46hosting eclectic
09:47300-name guest lists
09:49that mixed cabinet secretaries,
09:51Supreme Court justices,
09:53foreign ambassadors
09:54and journalists
09:54at outdoor dances
09:55and evening dinners.
09:57The estate also hosted
09:59the so-called
09:59Hickory Hill Seminars,
10:01informal gatherings
10:03documented in the
10:03personal papers
10:04of the historian
10:05Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
10:07at the JFK Library
10:08that brought together
10:10administration insiders
10:11and leading intellectuals
10:12for discussion sessions
10:13between November 1962
10:15and February 1964.
10:18A 1969 Time magazine profile
10:22noted that Ethel herself
10:24was remembered
10:24by veteran New Frontiersmen
10:26as the champion asker
10:28of gauche questions
10:29at the Hickory Hill seminars.
10:31A detail recalled
10:33with mixed amusement
10:34and embarrassment
10:34and the description
10:36coming from a mainstream
10:37news magazine
10:38and not a hostile biographer
10:40suggests that Ethel's role
10:42at these gatherings
10:43was more social hostess
10:45than intellectual peer.
10:47The parties were legendary
10:49for physical chaos
10:50and the chaos ran central
10:52to the Kennedy Skakel culture,
10:53the defining feature,
10:55never a side effect.
10:57The pool-pushing tradition
10:59in which guests were thrown,
11:01sometimes forcefully,
11:02into the Hickory Hill swimming pool
11:04fully clothed
11:04as a form of rough
11:05Kennedy Skakel hospitality
11:07is documented
11:09across multiple
11:10contemporaneous
11:11society page accounts
11:12as a recurring feature
11:14of the households entertaining
11:15consistent with the same
11:17physically aggressive,
11:18competitive culture
11:19that had characterised
11:20both families
11:21since childhood.
11:23Ethel and Robert
11:24had 11 children
11:25in 18 years,
11:26an extraordinary pace
11:28even by the standards
11:29of a large Catholic family.
11:31The children arrived
11:32in near-annual succession,
11:34Kathleen in 1951,
11:36Joseph in 1952,
11:38Robert Jr. in 1954,
11:40David in 1955,
11:43Mary Courtney in 1956,
11:45Michael in 1958,
11:47Mary Kerry in 1959,
11:49Christopher in 1963,
11:51Maxwell in 1965,
11:53Douglas in 1967,
11:56and Rory,
11:57born six months
11:58after her father's assassination,
12:00in December 1968,
12:02the only one of the 11
12:04who never met her father.
12:06The household
12:07kept round-the-clock
12:08domestic staff,
12:09tutors,
12:10and a rotating
12:11cast of nannies
12:12caring for children
12:13spaced roughly
12:14every one to two years
12:15across nearly two decades,
12:17and it also maintained
12:18an extensive menagerie
12:20of dogs,
12:21ponies,
12:21and at various points
12:23more exotic animals.
12:24Neither parent,
12:25by any credible account,
12:27spent the kind
12:28of sustained
12:28one-on-one time
12:29with each child
12:30that even a moderately
12:31attentive household
12:32of that era
12:33might have provided,
12:34and the sheer arithmetic
12:36of the situation
12:37makes that claim
12:38easy to verify.
12:40Eleven children
12:41in 18 years
12:41with a father
12:42who was running
12:43a Senate committee,
12:44managing a presidential campaign,
12:46or serving as
12:47Attorney General
12:48during most of those births.
12:50The household
12:51was designed
12:51to function
12:52at institutional scale,
12:53and it produced
12:54institutional results,
12:56some of them impressive,
12:57and some of them
12:58catastrophic.
13:00Serious commentators,
13:01including some family
13:02members themselves,
13:04have connected
13:05the tragedies
13:05that followed
13:06to this specific
13:07parenting culture.
13:09Enormous unsupervised freedom,
13:12a normalised culture
13:13of physical risk-taking,
13:14inconsistent discipline,
13:16and, after 1968,
13:18a single grieving parent
13:20managing 11 children
13:22while also serving
13:23as a full-time
13:24public symbol
13:25of her murdered
13:25husband's legacy.
13:26The scale of the family
13:28was itself
13:29a structural fact,
13:30and everything
13:31that followed
13:32has to be read
13:33through it.
13:41Robert Kennedy's
13:42early career
13:43was defined
13:43by confrontation,
13:45and the confrontation
13:46left marks
13:47on the marriage
13:47that biographers
13:48have traced,
13:49but Ethel herself
13:50never publicly described.
13:52In December 1952,
13:54at his father's
13:55direct urging,
13:56he joined
13:57the Senate Permanent
13:58Subcommittee
13:58on Investigations
14:00under Senator
14:00Joseph McCarthy
14:01as one of 15
14:03assistant counsels.
14:04He grew disillusioned
14:06with McCarthy's methods
14:07and resigned
14:08in July 1953,
14:10a period he later
14:11called a personal
14:12and professional nadir.
14:14And the disillusionment
14:15itself revealed
14:16something about the man.
14:18He was capable
14:19of recognising
14:20a moral mistake
14:20and walking away from it,
14:22a quality his admirers
14:24would cite
14:24for the rest of his life
14:25and his critics
14:26would argue
14:27he applied selectively.
14:29He returned
14:30to the committee's staff
14:31in 1954
14:32as chief counsel
14:33for the Democratic minority,
14:35clashing with McCarthy's counsel,
14:37Roy Cohn,
14:38during the Annie Lee Moss affair.
14:40And by January,
14:411955 became chief counsel
14:44when Democrats
14:45took the Senate majority.
14:46From 1957 to 1959,
14:49he served as chief counsel
14:51to the Senate rackets committee
14:53where his aggressive pursuit
14:54of Teamsters president
14:55Dave Beck
14:56and then Jimmy Hoffer
14:58made him a national figure,
15:00profiled by life
15:01under the headline
15:01Young Man with Tough Questions.
15:04He left the committee
15:05in September 1959
15:07to manage his brother's
15:08presidential campaign,
15:10a role in which biographers
15:12and the historical record
15:13agree he pursued
15:14a strategy that prioritised
15:17winning above
15:17every other consideration.
15:18As Attorney General
15:20from 1961 to 1964,
15:23Kennedy expanded
15:24the Civil Rights Division
15:25by 60%,
15:26played an operational role
15:28in the Freedom Rides
15:29and the 1962 integration
15:31of the University of Mississippi,
15:33authorised FBI wiretapping
15:35of Martin Luther King Jr.
15:37under an October 1963
15:39written directive,
15:40and pursued an intense campaign
15:42against Hoffer
15:43that culminated in convictions
15:45in March and July 1964.
15:47He also played a documented,
15:50high-stakes role
15:51in the Cuban Missile Crisis
15:53back-channel
15:53with Soviet Ambassador
15:55Anatoly de Brynin
15:56in October 1962,
15:59work that placed him
16:00at the centre
16:01of the most dangerous
16:0213 days of the Cold War.
16:04The schedule demanded
16:05relentless hours.
16:07Robert was frequently travelling,
16:08testifying,
16:09or embedded in Justice Department
16:11crises that could last weeks
16:12at a time,
16:13while Ethel managed
16:15an expanding household
16:16of young children
16:17largely on her own
16:18with the aid of extensive staff
16:20but without the kind
16:21of daily co-parenting presence
16:23that even a less ambitious
16:25political household
16:26might have provided.
16:28Biographical consensus,
16:30drawing on historians
16:31including Schlesinger
16:32and Evan Thomas,
16:33describes Robert
16:35as developing a reputation
16:36as the family's attack dog,
16:38a hostile cross-examiner,
16:40a fixer during the 1960 campaign,
16:42and by his own admission
16:44a man who confessed
16:45to a bad temper
16:46that required constant self-control,
16:48saying he would boil inside
16:50when witnesses lied
16:51but had trained himself
16:53not to visibly lose composure.
16:54His father, Joseph Senior,
16:57reportedly once dismissed him
16:58as the family runt
16:59before later concluding
17:00he had become hard as nails,
17:03a trajectory that compressed
17:04the distance between contempt
17:06and respect
17:07into a single generation.
17:09Evan Thomas noted
17:10that Robert never abandoned
17:11his Catholic outlook
17:13and censorious moralism,
17:15a combination that made him
17:16capable of severe personal discipline
17:18in some domains
17:19and, according to later reporting,
17:22considerably less discipline
17:23in others.
17:24The tension between moral rigidity
17:27and ruthless political pragmatism
17:29defined both his public career
17:30and, by most credible accounts,
17:33his private conduct
17:34within the marriage.
17:35And the woman who managed
17:36the other side of that life
17:38would soon discover
17:39exactly what those allegations
17:41looked like from the inside.
17:45The rumour of a Robert Kennedy affair
17:48with Marilyn Monroe,
17:49sometimes escalated into a claim
17:51that Kennedy was present at
17:53or responsible for her August 1962 death,
17:56is the most famous
17:57and least supported
17:59of all Kennedy-adjacent affair allegations.
18:03Marilyn Monroe biographer
18:04Donald Spoto,
18:05writing on the rumour's anniversary,
18:07laid out documented alibide itineraries,
18:11contradicting four separately claimed
18:13secret rendezvous dates,
18:15showing Kennedy was verifiably elsewhere
18:17in New York, Germany, Washington,
18:18and at a family compound
18:20in Northern California, respectively,
18:22on each occasion,
18:23the last corroborated by the host family,
18:26their staff,
18:27and local press photographs.
18:30Spoto traced the rumour's origin
18:32to novelist Norman Mailer's 1973 book,
18:35in which Mailer speculated without evidence
18:37that intelligence agents
18:39might have killed Monroe
18:40to frame Kennedy.
18:42Mailer later admitted on 60 Minutes
18:44to Mike Wallace
18:45that the connection was highly unlikely,
18:48that he did not believe
18:49his own fantasies at all,
18:50and that he had written the theory
18:52because he needed money very badly.
18:54It is a rare case
18:56of an author of a famous revelation
18:57explicitly disavowing it on camera,
19:00and it should weigh heavily
19:02against any account
19:02that repeats the Monroe-Kennedy affair
19:04as established fact.
19:06The broader reputation
19:08for infidelity, however,
19:10rests on considerably firmer ground.
19:13Multiple credible biographers,
19:15including Evan Thomas
19:16in his well-regarded Robert Kennedy,
19:18His Life,
19:19describe a general pattern
19:20of extramarital conduct
19:22within the marriage
19:23without always naming
19:24verifiable individual partners
19:26with court-level corroboration.
19:28After JFK's assassination,
19:30Robert became extraordinarily close
19:32to his widowed sister-in-law, Jacqueline,
19:35functioning as her primary
19:36emotional support and protector,
19:38and various authors
19:40have speculated about a romantic dimension
19:42to that closeness,
19:43though no contemporaneous
19:45named witness account
19:47or corroborated document
19:48establishes a physical affair.
19:50The distinction matters
19:52for documentary purposes.
19:55The general reputation
19:56for infidelity
19:57is widely reported
19:59by serious historians
20:00and was reportedly a source
20:02of real pain in the marriage,
20:04while several widely repeated
20:05specific claims
20:06trace back to single,
20:08less rigorous sources,
20:10or to authors
20:11with documented credibility problems,
20:13including C. David Hayman,
20:15whose work has been repeatedly flagged
20:17by fact-checkers
20:18for fabricated or unverifiable quotes.
20:21Seymour Hersh's 1997 book
20:24The Dark Side of Camelot
20:25is taken seriously
20:26by historians on some fronts,
20:28including documented C.I.A. Mafia
20:31plotting against Castro,
20:33but was widely criticised
20:34for its reliance
20:35on anonymous sourcing
20:36for personal conduct allegations.
20:38And Hersh was separately embarrassed
20:40when documents he planned
20:42to include in the book
20:43turned out to be forgeries,
20:45a fiasco chronicled by Vanity Fair
20:48and later by Newsweek.
20:49The source ecosystem
20:51around the Kennedy marriages
20:52is itself a story
20:54about how myth and evidence
20:55compete for the same space
20:57and the myth usually wins.
20:59The marriage carried a strain
21:01that multiple credible historians
21:03attest to,
21:04and the woman on the other side of it
21:06never spoke publicly
21:07about what she knew or believed.
21:09Ethel Kennedy gave almost no
21:12candid, on-record interviews
21:14about the marriage's private texture
21:16during her lifetime.
21:17And the 2012 HBO documentary
21:20directed by her own daughter Rory,
21:23which premiered at Sundance
21:25and was nominated for five Emmy Awards,
21:27functioned as an authorised,
21:29affectionate portrait
21:30rather than an investigative one.
21:33One anecdote
21:34from the documentary's promotion
21:35captured Ethel's personality
21:37precisely.
21:39She reportedly found
21:40a suggestion box on set
21:42and slipped in a note reading
21:44Get a New Director.
21:46The campaign that would end everything
21:48was about to begin.
22:00Robert Kennedy announced his candidacy
22:02for the Democratic presidential nomination
22:04on March 16th, 1968,
22:06and the campaign that followed
22:08compressed an already exhausting career
22:11into a physically brutal schedule.
22:13He delivered the mindless menace
22:15of violence speech in Cleveland
22:16on April 5th,
22:17following the assassination
22:18of Martin Luther King Jr.,
22:21won primaries in Indiana
22:22on May 7th,
22:23and Nebraska on May 14th,
22:25lost Oregon on May 28th,
22:27and won California
22:29and South Dakota
22:29on June 4th,
22:31the night before he was shot.
22:33Ethel, eight months pregnant
22:34with their 11th child
22:35through much of this period,
22:37travelled with him extensively
22:38on the trail,
22:39a detailed biographer's sight
22:41as emblematic of both her devotion
22:43and the campaign's punishing pace.
22:45She was present
22:46for the primary victories
22:47and for the losses,
22:49for the speeches delivered
22:50to ecstatic crowds,
22:51and for the motorcades
22:53where her husband stood
22:54on the back seat of convertibles
22:55in a country
22:56that had already killed
22:57one Kennedy brother
22:58by gunfire
22:59less than five years earlier.
23:01The physical danger
23:03of the campaign
23:03was obvious to everyone around them,
23:05and neither Robert nor Ethel
23:07showed any public sign
23:08of slowing down because of it.
23:09Robert Kennedy was shot
23:12shortly after midnight
23:13on June 5th, 1968,
23:16in the kitchen pantry
23:17of the Ambassador Hotel
23:18in Los Angeles
23:19by Sirhan Sirhan,
23:21moments after declaring victory
23:23in the California primary.
23:25A busboy named Juan Romero
23:27cradled Kennedy's head
23:28and placed a rosary in his hand.
23:31Kennedy's reported last words
23:33after being told everyone was okay
23:35were that everything
23:36was going to be all right,
23:37followed later by the instruction
23:39not to lift him
23:40as he was placed on a stretcher.
23:42He died at 1.44am on June 6th,
23:45nearly 26 hours after the shooting,
23:47at Good Samaritan Hospital
23:49in Los Angeles,
23:50after extensive neurosurgery
23:52failed to save him.
23:54He was 42 years old
23:56and 11 children.
23:57The oldest, 17,
23:58and the youngest,
23:59not yet born,
24:00had just lost their father.
24:02Ethel was present
24:03at the Ambassador Hotel that night,
24:06three months pregnant with Rory,
24:07who was born that December
24:09and never met her father.
24:11Robert's body lay in repose
24:13at St. Patrick's Cathedral
24:14in Manhattan
24:15before a funeral train
24:16carried him to Washington,
24:18a journey that normally
24:20took four hours
24:21but lasted more than eight
24:22because of the crowds
24:24along the 225-mile route.
24:27Two spectators were killed
24:28when a passing train
24:29struck the crowd
24:30in Elizabeth, New Jersey,
24:32a death toll
24:33that added to the assassination's
24:35own body count
24:36in a way that seemed
24:37to the press covering it
24:38in real time
24:39almost too cruel
24:40to be accidental.
24:42He was buried
24:43at Arlington National Cemetery
24:44near his brother John,
24:45in what cemetery officials
24:47described as
24:48the only night burial
24:49ever conducted there
24:50with the folded flag
24:52passed from John Glenn
24:53to Ted Kennedy
24:54to eldest son Joe
24:56and finally to Ethel.
24:57She was 39 years old,
24:59a widow with 10 children
25:00and an 11th on the way
25:02and she publicly stated
25:03she would never remarry.
25:05She kept that promise
25:06for 56 years
25:08and the 56 years
25:09that followed the assassination
25:10would produce a catalogue
25:12of family tragedies
25:13that no single promise
25:15of loyalty,
25:16however sincerely made,
25:17could have prepared her for.
25:24Ethel Kennedy chose
25:25in the immediate aftermath
25:26of the assassination
25:27to preserve her husband's legacy
25:29instead of rebuilding
25:30a private life
25:31and the choice
25:32would define everything
25:33that followed.
25:35She founded what became
25:36the Robert F. Kennedy Center
25:38for Justice and Human Rights
25:39in 1968,
25:41an organisation she led
25:43for decades
25:43and which continues
25:45to operate today
25:46under the name
25:47Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights.
25:49For a period after the funeral,
25:51she was escorted
25:52to social events
25:53by family friend
25:54and singer Andy Williams,
25:56who had sung the battle hymn
25:57of the Republic
25:58at the funeral mass,
25:59but she never remarried
26:01and never publicly expressed interest
26:03in doing so.
26:04She raised 11 children,
26:07the youngest not yet born
26:08at her husband's death,
26:10largely as a single parent
26:11for the rest of her life.
26:13Both her supporters
26:14and her critics
26:15agree that the single parent years
26:17shaped the family's
26:18subsequent decades,
26:20though they draw
26:21very different conclusions
26:22about whether she managed
26:24the task well
26:25or whether the household's
26:26combination of enormous
26:27unsupervised freedom,
26:29normalised risk-taking,
26:31inconsistent discipline
26:32and minimal one-on-one
26:34parental attention,
26:35given the scale
26:36of the operation,
26:37created the conditions
26:39for the tragedies
26:40that followed.
26:41Gerry Oppenheimer's
26:421994 biography,
26:44The Other Mrs. Kennedy,
26:45described Ethel
26:46as an arrogant,
26:47abusive,
26:48highly erratic woman,
26:50drawing substantially
26:51on a single-named source,
26:53a former secretary
26:55called Noel,
26:56and the book's own publisher
26:57marketed it in language
26:58that signals a sensationalised framing.
27:01The claims should be understood
27:03as alleged by a single
27:05tabloid genre biographer,
27:06rather than as settled fact,
27:08though the detail
27:10of some named accounts
27:11gives them more weight
27:12than fully anonymous rumour.
27:15What is independently
27:16corroborated by mainstream press,
27:19including the 1969 Time Profile,
27:22is that Ethel was widely perceived
27:24by her husband's own political circle
27:26as socially unpolished
27:28and sometimes tone-deaf,
27:30even in friendly company.
27:32She was, in Time's own phrase,
27:34the champion asker
27:35of gauche questions
27:36in a room full of people
27:37trained never to ask one.
27:39And the description
27:40captures something real
27:42about a woman whose strengths
27:43were physical energy,
27:44Catholic conviction,
27:45and political loyalty,
27:47rather than the intellectual polish
27:49the Hickory Hill seminars
27:50demanded.
27:52In 2014,
27:54President Barack Obama
27:55awarded her
27:55the Presidential Medal of Freedom
27:57for advancing the cause
27:59of social justice,
28:00human rights,
28:01environmental protection,
28:03and poverty reduction,
28:04and a bridge over
28:05Washington's Anacostia River
28:07was renamed
28:08the Ethel Kennedy Bridge
28:09the same year.
28:10She sold Hickory Hill itself
28:13in December 2009
28:14for $8.25 million,
28:16ending the family's
28:1753-year ownership
28:19of the estate that had defined
28:21so much of the marriage's
28:22public story.
28:23She remained politically active
28:25into her late 80s and 90s,
28:27hosting a $6 million fundraiser
28:29for Barack Obama
28:30at Hickory Hill in 2008,
28:32and joining a march
28:34outside a corporate chairman's
28:35Palm Beach home
28:36as part of a farm worker
28:37wage campaign in 2016.
28:40The energy was real,
28:42and the devotion was genuine,
28:43and the woman who carried
28:45all of it had survived
28:46a murdered husband,
28:47two dead parents,
28:50a dead brother,
28:51and a public life
28:52conducted entirely
28:53under the scrutiny
28:54of a press corps
28:55that treated the Kennedy family
28:57as both royalty
28:58and reality television
28:59before reality television existed.
29:03The children she raised
29:05while carrying all of that
29:06would, one by one,
29:08provide the evidence
29:09that something inside the household
29:11had gone badly wrong.
29:18David Anthony Kennedy,
29:20the fourth child,
29:21was 12 years old
29:22on the night his father
29:23was shot at the Ambassador Hotel,
29:25and biographers consistently
29:27identify the trauma
29:28of that night
29:29as the origin point
29:30of his subsequent addiction.
29:32He reportedly learned
29:33of his father's death
29:34by watching television alone.
29:36He also suffered
29:38a fractured vertebra
29:39in the August 1973
29:41Nantucket Jeep accident
29:42that paralysed
29:44his brother's girlfriend,
29:45Pam Kelly,
29:46a crash
29:47whose full consequences
29:48are detailed
29:49in the following chapter.
29:50David died on April 25, 1984,
29:54in a hotel room
29:55in Palm Beach, Florida,
29:57aged 28.
29:58The official autopsy
30:00found his death
30:00was accidental,
30:02caused by intoxication
30:03from cocaine
30:04combined with
30:05two prescribed medications,
30:07and the medical examiner
30:08noted needle-mark puncture wounds
30:10on his body.
30:12Contemporaneous reporting
30:13described him
30:14as sobbing and depressed
30:15during an Easter family gathering
30:17shortly before his death,
30:20drinking vodka
30:20and using cocaine and pills,
30:23and two individuals
30:24were arrested
30:25in connection
30:26with the drugs
30:27that killed him.
30:28He was the first
30:29of Ethel's children to die,
30:30and the circumstances
30:31of his death,
30:32a 28-year-old alone
30:34in a Palm Beach hotel room
30:36with cocaine and pills,
30:37traced a line
30:38that ran directly back
30:40to the Ambassador Hotel
30:41and the 12-year-old boy
30:43who watched his father
30:44die on television.
30:46He would not be
30:47the last of Ethel's children
30:48to die young.
30:49Michael Lemoyne Kennedy,
30:51the sixth child,
30:52became a lawyer,
30:53businessman,
30:54and manager
30:55of the family's
30:56Citizens Energy non-profit
30:57before his own life
30:59unravelled in public.
31:01In April 1997,
31:04he was accused
31:04of having carried on
31:05an affair
31:06with his family's babysitter,
31:08Marisa Verrocci,
31:09beginning when she was
31:10reportedly 14 to 16 years old
31:13and continuing
31:14for roughly five years
31:15until she sought counselling
31:17and left for college.
31:18Prosecutors investigated
31:19potential statutory rape charges,
31:22though no criminal charges
31:24were ultimately filed.
31:26Verrocci later testified
31:28as a defence witness
31:29at Ethel's nephew,
31:30Michael Skakel's,
31:312002 murder trial,
31:33an odd historical intersection
31:35in which the babysitter scandal
31:37and the Moxley murder case
31:39collided in a Connecticut courtroom.
31:41On December 31st, 1997,
31:44eight months after
31:45the babysitter scandal
31:46became public,
31:48Michael Kennedy died
31:49in a skiing accident
31:50at Aspen Mountain, Colorado,
31:52when he skied headfirst
31:54into a tree
31:55while playing a family
31:56recreational game
31:57called ski football,
31:58a tradition ski patrol officials
32:01had specifically warned
32:02the family was too dangerous
32:04for the terrain.
32:05An autopsy found
32:06his injuries
32:07would have left him paralysed
32:09from the shoulders down
32:10even had he survived,
32:11and an eyewitness
32:12described the family's game playing
32:14on the slope
32:15as reckless.
32:16He was 39 years old,
32:18the same age his mother was
32:20when she became a widow,
32:21and the manner of his death,
32:23a high-speed collision
32:24with a tree during a game
32:25the family had been
32:26explicitly warned
32:27was too dangerous
32:29for the terrain,
32:30carried the same signature
32:31of normalised physical risk
32:33that had characterised
32:34both the Skakel
32:35and Kennedy households
32:37since childhood.
32:39Two of Ethel's 11 children
32:40were now dead
32:41before the age of 40.
32:43The crash that had fractured
32:44David's back
32:45five years before Michael
32:46was born
32:47had left its own
32:48permanent damage
32:49on a woman
32:50who was not a Kennedy
32:51at all,
32:51and her story
32:53waited in a wheelchair
32:54on Nantucket
32:55for a quarter of a century.
33:02On August 13th, 1973,
33:05Joseph P. Kennedy II,
33:08Ethel and Robert's eldest son,
33:10was driving a jeep
33:11recklessly on Nantucket
33:12when it overturned.
33:14The crash fractured a vertebra
33:16in his brother David's back
33:18and permanently paralysed
33:19his passenger,
33:20Pam Kelly,
33:21from the chest down.
33:23Kelly's sister said
33:25doctors told the family
33:26that Pam would never have children
33:27and would likely not live past 40.
33:30Joseph was cited
33:31for reckless driving
33:32and later found guilty
33:33of driving to endanger.
33:35The fine was $100.
33:37The judge urged him
33:39to use his illustrious name
33:40for better purposes,
33:41a piece of judicial advice
33:43that reads,
33:44in retrospect,
33:45less like a sentence
33:46than like a request.
33:48Pam Kelly did not sue
33:50the Kennedys directly,
33:51instead accepting
33:52an approximately $1 million
33:53insurance settlement
33:55and later,
33:56a separate settlement
33:57of roughly $668,000.
34:01She spent the rest of her life
34:02in a wheelchair
34:03and the life she lived in it
34:05was longer and harder
34:06than anyone had predicted.
34:09Joseph Kennedy II
34:10went on to serve
34:11in the United States House
34:12of Representatives
34:13from Massachusetts' 8th District
34:16from 1987 to 1999,
34:19a 12-year political career
34:21that proceeded as though
34:22the crash had never happened
34:23because in the world
34:24the Kennedys inhabited,
34:25it effectively had not.
34:28The press cycle had moved on,
34:30the settlement had been signed,
34:32and the paralysed woman
34:33in the wheelchair
34:34was no longer a story
34:36anyone was covering.
34:37But Pam Kelly's story
34:39did not end with the settlement.
34:41By 2005,
34:43more than three decades
34:44after the accident,
34:45she told a wire service
34:46on the record
34:47that Joseph Kennedy
34:48had simply stopped
34:49paying her ongoing medical bills,
34:51a documented,
34:52named-source claim
34:54from the injured party herself
34:56that speaks to a broader pattern
34:58reporters have noted
34:59across the extended Kennedy family.
35:01Financial obligations,
35:03once the initial press cycle passed,
35:05were not reliably honoured.
35:07The $100 fine,
35:09the illustrious name lecture
35:11from the judge,
35:12the 12-year congressional career,
35:14and the unpaid medical bills
35:16of a paralysed woman
35:17form a sequence
35:18that tells its own story
35:19about what the Kennedy name
35:21could absorb
35:22and what it chose to forget.
35:25No other American family
35:27of the 20th century
35:28accumulated this specific combination
35:30of public tragedy
35:31and private immunity
35:32with such consistency,
35:34and no other family's myth
35:36was built so deliberately
35:37to ensure that the immunity
35:39was never examined
35:40in the same sentence
35:41as the tragedy.
35:43Kelly died on November 20th, 2020,
35:46at the age of 65,
35:48having outlived
35:49the doctor's prediction
35:50by 25 years.
35:52She had spent 47 of those years
35:54in the wheelchair
35:55that a Kennedy put her in,
35:56and the family that put her there
35:58had spent those same 47 years
36:00building political careers,
36:02running non-profits,
36:03and accepting awards
36:05for social justice.
36:07The gap between those two timelines
36:09is the gap the Camelot myth
36:11was designed to fill.
36:13The family's capacity
36:14to survive its own damage
36:16without lasting public consequence
36:17had been tested by the crash
36:19and had held,
36:20because the settlement was private,
36:23the fine was nominal,
36:24and the paralysed woman
36:26was not a Kennedy,
36:27and therefore was not a story
36:28the press was inclined to follow
36:30for 47 years.
36:32The family's capacity
36:33to survive its own damage
36:35without lasting public consequence
36:37was about to be tested
36:38by a case that refused to go away.
36:46On October 30th, 1975,
36:4915-year-old Martha Moxley
36:50was murdered in Greenwich's
36:52Belhaven Enclave,
36:53bludgeoned and stabbed
36:54with a golf club,
36:56later traced to the Skakel household.
36:58The suspect was a Skakel,
37:00not a Kennedy,
37:01Michael Christopher Skakel,
37:02Ethel Kennedy's nephew,
37:04the son of her brother Rushton,
37:05and he was 15 years old
37:07on the night of the killing.
37:10Michael's older brother Thomas
37:11was the last person seen with Moxley
37:13and became the initial prime suspect,
37:16but Rushton Skakel
37:17forbade investigators' access
37:19to his son's school
37:21and mental health records,
37:22and the case went cold
37:24for more than two decades.
37:25Michael Skakel's early biography,
37:27as documented at trial,
37:29was itself marked by trauma.
37:32His mother died of brain cancer in 1973,
37:36after which he began abusing alcohol
37:38as a young teenager,
37:40was reportedly expelled
37:41from roughly a dozen schools
37:43and struggled for years
37:44with undiagnosed dyslexia.
37:47The case was reopened
37:49in the early 1990s
37:50after unfounded rumours
37:52during William Kennedy Smith's
37:531991 rape trial
37:55suggested a Kennedy connection
37:57to the Moxley case
37:58and a private investigation firm
38:00hired by Rushton Skakel
38:02found that both Thomas and Michael
38:04had changed their accounts
38:05of the murder night over time.
38:07A rare one-man grand jury
38:09convened in June 1998
38:11and after an 18-month investigation
38:13found sufficient evidence
38:15to charge Michael Skakel.
38:17He surrendered on January 9, 2000,
38:20was tried as an adult
38:21starting May 7, 2002
38:23and was convicted on June 7, 2002,
38:27sentenced to 20 years to life.
38:31Central trial evidence
38:32included a taped,
38:33unpublished book proposal recording
38:35in which Skakel described
38:37his movements near the Moxley property
38:39the night of the murder
38:40and testimony from two former schoolmates
38:42who claimed Skakel had confessed
38:44to the killing
38:45while institutionalised as a teenager,
38:48with one witness testifying
38:49that Skakel had bragged
38:50he was going to get away with murder
38:52because he was a Kennedy,
38:53despite not actually bearing
38:55the Kennedy surname.
38:57In January 2003,
38:59Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
39:00published a lengthy article
39:02in the Atlantic Monthly
39:03arguing his cousin
39:04had been wrongly convicted
39:05and pointing to the family's
39:07former live-in tutor,
39:09Kenneth Littleton,
39:10as a more plausible suspect.
39:11The conviction was affirmed on appeal
39:13and the Supreme Court
39:14declined to hear the case,
39:16but a long habeas corpus battle
39:18followed and in 2013
39:20a judge granted Skakel
39:22a new trial
39:23on grounds of inadequate
39:24defence counsel
39:25and released him on bond.
39:27The Connecticut Supreme Court
39:29reinstated the conviction in 2016,
39:33then reversed itself in 2018
39:35and vacated it again.
39:38And on October 30, 2020,
39:4145 years to the day
39:42after the murder,
39:44prosecutors announced
39:45Skakel would not be retried,
39:47concluding the state
39:48could no longer prove the case
39:50beyond a reasonable doubt.
39:52No one has ever been convicted
39:53in a conviction
39:54that survived final appeal
39:56for Martha Moxley's murder,
39:58and the case remains
40:00definitionally open.
40:02The Skakel family's control
40:04over its own records in 1975
40:06and rushed and Skakel's decision
40:08to commission a private investigation
40:10rather than cooperate fully
40:12with police
40:13delayed accountability
40:14for nearly 25 years,
40:16a documented instance
40:17of wealth and family privilege
40:19functioning as a shield
40:20against ordinary legal process,
40:22and the shield bore the same name
40:24as Ethel Kennedy's maiden one.
40:35The most revealing primary source
40:38to emerge from the Kennedy-Skakel world
40:40in decades
40:40came not from a hostile biographer
40:43or a tabloid reporter,
40:44but from a member
40:45of the family itself.
40:47Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
40:49kept detailed daily diaries
40:50between 1999 and 2001
40:53during his marriage
40:54to his second wife,
40:56Mary Richardson Kennedy,
40:57and in April 2026,
40:59journalist Isabel Vincent
41:01published a full biography
41:03built on more than 1,200 pages
41:05of those diaries,
41:06obtained through a source
41:08roughly a year
41:09after Mary Richardson Kennedy's
41:11May 2012 death.
41:13The diaries revealed Kennedy
41:15tracking his own infidelities
41:17on a numerical scale
41:18of 1 to 10,
41:19with 10 meaning intercourse,
41:21referring to his temptations
41:23as lust demons,
41:24and recording the entry
41:25about his dead father
41:26that opened this episode.
41:29Because Robert Kennedy Sr.
41:31had been dead
41:32for over three decades
41:33by 2001,
41:35the diary passage
41:36is understood
41:37by Vincent and reviewers
41:38as reflecting
41:39an internalised,
41:41almost religious,
41:42parental surveillance,
41:43a psychologically revealing
41:45artefact of how the son
41:46experienced his father's
41:47moral standards
41:48even in middle age.
41:50Mary Richardson Kennedy
41:52had married RFK Jr.
41:54on April 15, 1994,
41:57after becoming pregnant
41:58while he was still estranged
42:00from his first wife,
42:01and the marriage deteriorated
42:03over roughly two decades.
42:05On Mother's Day 2010,
42:08Kennedy told Mary
42:09he intended to file for divorce,
42:11and police were called
42:12to the home the following day
42:13for an intoxication-related
42:15domestic incident.
42:17He formally filed for divorce
42:19on May 12, 2010,
42:21and Mary was arrested
42:22for drunk driving
42:23three days later,
42:25an incident a source said
42:26Kennedy used against her
42:28in the ensuing custody fight.
42:30The divorce
42:32was never finalised.
42:34On May 16, 2012,
42:37Mary Richardson Kennedy
42:38was found dead
42:39by hanging in the barn
42:40one of the family's
42:41Bedford, New York property.
42:43She was 52 years old.
42:45The medical examiner's report
42:46noted her fingers were caught
42:48between her neck and the noose,
42:49consistent with a struggle
42:51in the final moments,
42:52and she left no publicly
42:54known suicide note.
42:56In the immediate aftermath,
42:58Mary's sister reportedly
42:59told the Kennedys
43:00that they had killed her sister,
43:01and Mary's family held
43:03a separate private memorial.
43:06The diaries are a first-person
43:07primary source
43:08of exceptional credibility
43:10as evidence of RFK Jr.'s
43:12own psychology and conduct.
43:14But they say very little directly
43:16about Robert and Ethel's
43:17marriage itself.
43:18What they reveal instead
43:20is something that may matter more.
43:22The psychological inheritance
43:24the marriage left
43:24in its children,
43:26a legacy of internalised surveillance,
43:28Catholic guilt,
43:29and a capacity
43:30for compartmentalisation
43:31that the father
43:32apparently modelled
43:33and the son
43:34demonstrably perfected.
43:37RFK Jr.'s own 1994 memoir,
43:40American Values,
43:41was reviewed at the time
43:42as being filled with generalities
43:44about his tumultuous relationship
43:46with his mother
43:46and leaving out important chapters,
43:49specifically his history
43:51of infidelity
43:51and its impact on Mary.
43:53The memoir is useful
43:55for understanding
43:56how the son wanted
43:57his parents' marriage
43:58to be remembered,
43:59and the gap
44:00between what the memoir says
44:02and what the diaries reveal
44:04is itself a measure
44:05of how deep
44:06the family's instinct
44:07for narrative control ran.
44:09The myth that contained
44:10all of it
44:11was not built by accident.
44:17The Camelot branding
44:19of the Kennedy era
44:20was not organic.
44:21It was substantially
44:22the product of deliberate
44:24narrative construction
44:25by insiders,
44:26most famously,
44:27the journalist Theodore White's
44:291963 Life magazine interview
44:31with the newly widowed
44:32Jacqueline Kennedy,
44:34in which she invoked
44:35the Lerner and Loewe musical
44:36Camelot
44:37as a framing device
44:38for her husband's presidency.
44:40The historian
44:41Arthur Schlesinger Jr.,
44:43who chronicled the administration
44:44in books that are still
44:45widely cited,
44:47was himself a participant
44:48in the government
44:49he was writing about,
44:50with direct personal loyalty
44:52to the family
44:53whose story he was shaping.
44:55Robert and Ethel Kennedy's
44:56own archive,
44:57the Hickory Hill Seminar records,
44:59correspondence
45:00and personal papers,
45:01sits substantially
45:03within the JFK
45:04Presidential Library,
45:06an institution
45:07legally and administratively
45:08tied to the family's
45:10own foundation,
45:11meaning the family had,
45:12and to a real degree
45:13still has,
45:14significant influence
45:16over what documentary material
45:17becomes accessible,
45:19when,
45:19and in what,
45:20curated form.
45:22This structural control
45:24helps explain
45:25the multi-decade lag
45:26between the marriage's
45:27occurrence and the emergence
45:29of more critical accounts.
45:31It was only once
45:32RFK Jr.
45:34became a national
45:34political figure
45:35in his own right,
45:36first as an anti-vaccine
45:38activist,
45:39then as a 2024
45:40presidential candidate,
45:42then as a cabinet secretary,
45:44that the broader
45:45publishing apparatus
45:46judged the diary material
45:48newsworthy enough
45:48to warrant full
45:49biographical treatment,
45:51and by then,
45:53Ethel herself had died,
45:54removing whatever
45:55informal restraint
45:57her living presence
45:58and moral authority
45:59within the family
46:00may have imposed
46:01on more critical coverage.
46:03At least 15
46:04Kennedy family members
46:05appeared with
46:06President Biden
46:07in April 2024
46:08to explicitly undercut
46:10RFK Jr.'s candidacy,
46:13including his own
46:14sister Kerry.
46:15When he suspended
46:16his campaign
46:17and endorsed Donald Trump
46:18in August 2024,
46:20five of his own siblings
46:22issued a joint statement
46:23calling it a sad ending
46:25to a sad story
46:26and a betrayal,
46:27and his sister Kerry
46:29wrote an opinion piece
46:30invoking the recently
46:31deceased Ethel's
46:32presumed political values
46:34directly against her own son.
46:36It was the first time
46:38in the family's
46:39modern history
46:39that the unified front
46:41public relations discipline
46:42had visibly broken down
46:44in public among
46:45Robert and Ethel's
46:46own children,
46:46and the breakdown
46:47was itself proof
46:48of how much strain
46:49the myth had been absorbing.
46:51The verified record
46:52supports a marriage
46:53of genuine intensity,
46:55shared political purpose,
46:57Catholic devotion,
46:58and enormous private strain
46:59produced by scale,
47:01by trauma,
47:02by a culture of privilege
47:04that normalised risk
47:05in ways that cost
47:06several of their own children
47:07their lives,
47:08their health,
47:09or their marriages.
47:12The most sensational
47:13specific claims,
47:14chiefly the Marilyn Monroe affair,
47:16do not survive scrutiny
47:18of the documentary record
47:19and should be retired
47:20from any serious account.
47:23The most credible
47:24recently surfaced material,
47:26the diaries themselves,
47:27says more about
47:28the psychological legacy
47:29the marriage left
47:30in its children
47:31than about the marriage's
47:32internal workings
47:33themselves.
47:35What remains
47:36when the tabloid material
47:38is stripped away
47:39and the verified record
47:40is allowed to stand
47:41on its own
47:42is not less disturbing
47:44than the myth suggested.
47:46It is differently disturbing,
47:47a story about scale,
47:49grief,
47:50and the corrosive effects
47:52of a family narrative
47:53maintained for 70 years
47:55by the very people
47:56with the most reason
47:57to control
47:58what the public
47:59was allowed to know.
48:04I'm not going to say
48:04because I'm not going to say
48:04and she's not going to say
48:04is to say.
48:05and I'm going to say
48:05is to go to
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