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The story, in colour, of how Hitler turned the 1936 Berlin Olympics into 16 days of Nazi propaganda; and how American sprinter Jesse Owens defied him.
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00:04August 1936, the Berlin Olympics.
00:08The world comes to Nazi Germany.
00:11You had 100,000 people in the stadium, standing up as one, shouting, Heil Hitler.
00:18These are the Olympics of record-breaking sprinter Jesse Owens.
00:23He said that you feel totally free when you can run and think about nothing,
00:28but the wind in your face and the speed of your feet.
00:34Of medal-winning amateurs.
00:37My memories of her were as a gran who baked for us and we played near garden
00:43and to see her as an athlete, it's fabulous.
00:47And of settling old scores.
00:50He'd been shot in the First World War by a German bullet
00:55and this perhaps was his revenge.
00:59For two weeks, cameras captured the world's greatest sporting spectacle.
01:05But things were not what they seemed.
01:09They saw a sanitized, idealized Germany.
01:13The truth was buried.
01:16Behind the scenes, a very different story was unfolding.
01:21There was a lot of propaganda done to make the concentration camp look like not what it really was.
01:30Using black and white archive, transformed by cutting-edge restoration and colorization,
01:36this is the story of 16 days that conned the world.
01:491st of August, 1936.
01:52Berlin.
01:54Today is the start of the Olympics.
01:57The 11th Games of the modern era.
02:02At the specially built stadium, the opening ceremony is about to begin.
02:11For Berliners, sitting in the stands here at the opening ceremony must have been incredibly impressive.
02:17Shouting, singing the same things.
02:27Overhead, a dramatic symbol of a revitalized Germany appears.
02:35The Hindenburg airship.
02:38The largest flying machine in the world.
02:41But what the crowd really want to see is the Führer.
02:46Adolf Hitler.
02:48There were Hitler youth lined up outside who were shouting Heil Hitler as he arrived.
02:54Those cheers were carried inside the stadium.
03:00Where 100,000 spectators rose at one doing the Hitler salute and shouting Heil Hitler.
03:08The Olympic bell tolls.
03:11And the flags of the 49 competing nations are raised.
03:17Then the athletes arrive, eager to compete on the world stage.
03:22But first, they must greet their host, Hitler.
03:28How do all these different nationalities behave?
03:31What do they do?
03:32He is not your typical world leader.
03:36So you have the Italians.
03:38They come in, they do the fascist salute.
03:40Obviously, it's a fascist nation.
03:43And then the French, they come in, they give the Olympic salute.
03:47Now, that looks really like the fascist salute.
03:49And so all the fans here are going wild.
03:52They think maybe the French are really supporting our new form of government.
03:56Following the French were the British, led out by 37-year-old rower Jack Beresford.
04:04As the winner of four Olympic medals, Jack was the obvious choice.
04:10There's Dad carrying the Union flag, leading the British team into the arena.
04:17And here's Hitler.
04:20Interestingly, the British team did not do the Nazi salute, but they did a sharp eyes right.
04:28Obviously, now knowing about Hitler, there's a certain revulsion there.
04:32But I feel immensely proud that Dad should have been carrying the flag.
04:38Marching behind the stars and stripes is the star of the USA team, 22-year-old athlete Jesse Owens.
04:49For my father, it must have been awe-inspiring to be a part of such a spectacular event
05:00and to be measured against the best athletes in the world.
05:08The Berlin Olympics came close to being cancelled.
05:12Jesse Owens and many other athletes had faced pressure not to come.
05:18In 1931, the International Olympic Committee had awarded the Games to the democratic Weimar Republic.
05:26But after Hitler came to power two years later, calls for a boycott began.
05:32Jewish competitors had been thrown off the German team.
05:35Then the Nuremberg Laws of September 1935 stripped all German Jews of their civil rights.
05:43The influential American Olympic Association, under the leadership of Avery Brundage,
05:48did all it could to oppose the boycott.
05:52Avery Brundage, in essence, felt that sport should stay out of politics, should remain apolitical.
05:59And he thought, why give up those fabulous games just for that small minority of Germans
06:05that were suffering under Nazi persecution.
06:09As the clamour for a boycott intensified, a solution was found.
06:14The Nazis cynically invited the half-Jewish fencer, Helena Meyer, to join their team.
06:20She was chosen as she looked Aryan and might bring the Reich success.
06:26She had been a two-time Olympian and a previous Olympic medalist, so she was a very good athlete.
06:33And therefore, she's a good chance of winning more medals.
06:38Although Meyer's selection was clearly political, it was enough for the Americans.
06:43They agreed to attend the Games, ending the boycott movement.
06:48With the United States participating, then, it was very hard for any other country around the world
06:53to really have a boycott movement take hold.
06:57But many of the Olympic athletes still had reservations about competing in Berlin.
07:0423-year-old Audrey Brown was representing Britain in the 4x100 metre relay.
07:11She definitely felt uneasy, and I think felt obvious to her that this was clearly Nazi propaganda.
07:19But the decision to go and the unease she had was outweighed by, one, her desire to represent Great Britain,
07:28and two, to represent female athletes as a whole.
07:35The spectacular opening ceremony was part of the Nazis' attempt to make their Olympics the biggest yet,
07:42and outdo the Games held in Los Angeles four years earlier.
07:48The Americans had laid on an impressive spectacle, but the venues were often almost empty.
07:55The Germans felt they could do better.
07:59For Hitler, a lot is riding on the next 16 days.
08:04Since he became Chancellor in 1933, he had crushed any opposition
08:08and dismantled many democratic institutions.
08:12But public opinion still mattered.
08:16Hitler was firmly in the saddle in 1936, so there weren't any opponents anymore that could have overthrown him.
08:24But nevertheless, showing to his own population
08:28that the country was being admired by putting on those Games
08:32clearly also had an effect on his support at home.
08:37Hitler was also keen to impress a wider audience,
08:40the international community.
08:43He threw the power of the Nazi state behind the Games.
08:48When Hitler visited the stadium in 1933,
08:50and it was just in the process of being built,
08:52he was actually quite disappointed with the scale and size of it,
08:55and he immediately said,
08:56no, we must demolish this and build a much bigger one,
08:59capable of seating 100,000 people,
09:02so that when the entire world comes to Germany,
09:04he can really showcase the resurgent strength and also the economic recovery of the country.
09:09For Hitler, the Olympics would be an elaborate, two-week confidence trick.
09:15What the Games did was to give an idealised,
09:19false vision of what Germany looked like.
09:22The truth was buried.
09:25Once all the athletes had lined up on the pitch,
09:28Hitler announced the official start of the Games.
09:32I will announce the Games of Berlin
09:36to celebrate the New Zeitrechnung of the 11th Olympiade.
09:42Once it is opened!
09:45Then, a first for the Olympics.
09:49An athlete named Fritz Schilgen, chosen for his graceful running style,
09:54brings in a flaming torch.
09:59The flame had been lit 12 days earlier at Olympia in Greece,
10:03using the rays of the sun.
10:07Its main purpose was to advertise the Games.
10:123,000 runners, 12 days,
10:16seven states through which the torch relay went,
10:19with torches made by Krupp, the German arms producer.
10:24But at the same time, there was a meaning behind it as well,
10:27whereby the Germans were the true inheritors of ancient Greece.
10:36It still works as a PR instrument.
10:39It advertises the Games in the most brilliant fashion.
10:44But nobody remembers that it was invented on occasion of the Nazi Games.
10:53There is one final ritual before the Games can begin.
10:57But it doesn't go to plan.
11:02A crucial part of the ceremony is for one of the athletes to take the Olympic oath.
11:07And to do so, they have to clutch the Olympic flag.
11:10It's almost like a religion, this.
11:12The job is given to the German weightlifter Rudolf Ismaier,
11:16and he clutches a flag.
11:18But not the Olympic flag, but the swastika flag.
11:25So, if you want a metaphor for how the Nazis are going to take over the Olympics,
11:29you've got it right there.
11:40On Sunday, the 2nd of August, the Olympic sporting events began.
11:46Out of almost 4,000 competitors, only 331 were women.
11:53Among the British female contingent was Tom Wenham's grandmother, Audrey,
11:58competing in one of the first events, the 4x100 metre relay.
12:03Before the Games, the British Olympic Association gave her this tracksuit top
12:08and the individual letters that make up the team name.
12:12I think the fact that they had to sew the letters on themselves
12:16is a clear indication of the nature of amateur sport at the time
12:21and the can-do, make-it-happen-yourself,
12:24get-stuck-in nature of what she was required to do.
12:28The most famous amateur in the world took the stage on that first day,
12:33competing in the heats of what was then known as the 100-metre dash.
12:38His name was Jesse Owens.
12:41He loved running, and even as a child, he ran through the cotton fields.
12:48He said that you feel totally free when you can run and think about nothing
12:53but the breeze and the wind in your face and the speed of your feet.
13:01Jesse reached the final with ease.
13:0563 competitors narrowed down to the six fastest men in the world.
13:10Hitler watched keenly from the stands.
13:13Four years earlier, in Los Angeles, Germany came ninth in the medal table.
13:17That humiliation must not be repeated.
13:22The final was about medals.
13:25But it was also about race.
13:28Hitler needed the German star, Erich Borgmeier, to win.
13:33We know that Hitler has no time for black people.
13:36In Mein Kampf, he talks about the Rhineland bastards,
13:39who are these 500 or so children born to white German women
13:44who have been fathered by French colonial soldiers.
13:47And, of course, he regards this sort of interbreeding
13:51as being very, very destructive to German society.
13:57To the Nazis' disgust, Jesse Owens had been a hit
14:00as soon as he arrived in Germany.
14:03He was loved by the Berlin public.
14:07So the Gestapo issued, I think, 52 warnings to German females
14:11not to approach black athletes in an unseemly manner
14:14because they feared racial mixing might result from it.
14:20At 5pm, the 100-metre athletes lined up at the start.
14:25Today, this track is blue.
14:26But back in 1936, it was a very deep red.
14:29It was known as a cinder track
14:31and it was made out of bits of crushed-up volcanic rock,
14:35crushed-up bricks and also ash.
14:37And the athletes didn't have starting blocks.
14:40Instead, they had trowels that they had to use
14:43to dig little holes into the ground
14:44and that's how they started.
14:46The stadium went silent.
14:49All eyes were on Jesse Owens.
14:52I'm right at the beginning of the 100 metres,
14:54exactly where Jesse was standing.
14:56And Hitler was just over there, no more than 60 metres away.
14:59I mean, these two men would have been able
15:01to see each other's expressions.
15:03And so you realise, when you're here in the stadium,
15:06just how connected these two men must have felt.
15:10Owens' trainer told him to run as if he was on hot coals.
15:16Jesse Owens starts so quickly out the block
15:19that actually the cameraman isn't sure
15:22whether to focus on him or the rest of the field.
15:32Jesse wins gold in 10.3 seconds,
15:36just outside the world record.
15:38His teammate, Ralph Metcalfe, is second.
15:42Look at the strain on the other athletes' faces
15:46and you look at Owens and he's in control,
15:49he's graceful, he's masterful.
15:54I think primarily it was God-given talent.
15:58He was a beautiful runner.
16:03Hitler didn't congratulate Jesse.
16:06The day before, he'd shaken the hands
16:08of German gold medalists but then snubbed
16:11the winner of the high jump,
16:13Owens' teammate Cornelius Johnson.
16:18He was then told by the IOC,
16:21if you shake hands with one athlete,
16:23you have to shake hands with every athlete.
16:26And he then decided not to shake hands with any athlete.
16:33The following day was the long jump competition.
16:36Hitler was hoping that the 23-year-old German star,
16:40Lutz Long, would be victorious.
16:42But Jesse Owens was also competing.
16:46It pitted the two best athletes in the world
16:51and the expectations were high for both of them.
16:55In their minds, it was athletic.
16:59But in the world's minds, it was political.
17:03Jesse Owens had a secret weapon Lutz Long didn't have.
17:08A few days earlier, in the Olympic village,
17:10an ambitious Bavarian shoemaker named Adi Dassler
17:14had given him a pair of handmade running shoes.
17:18Owens' endorsement transformed the fortunes of his company,
17:22now known as Adi Dass.
17:25Despite Owens' special shoes,
17:27there was little between him and Lutz Long.
17:31That long jump final is really nail-biting
17:34because Long and Owens are really evenly matched.
17:38And then eventually, Owens does this enormous jump.
17:41His speed alone makes him a brilliant long jumper.
17:48And he wins gold, yet another gold.
17:52And the first man to congratulate him, Lutz Long.
17:58This photograph went round the world.
18:01I think they had the same values.
18:06I guess that was the chemistry between them.
18:10They saw the world in the same kind of way.
18:14Why can't we just get along, you know?
18:22Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels was livid at Owens' victory.
18:27He writes in his diary,
18:29this is a disgrace.
18:30White humanity should be ashamed.
18:32The fact that fencer Helena Meyer,
18:35the token Jewish member of the German team,
18:38only won silver,
18:39didn't improve Goebbels' mood.
18:41To the surprise of many,
18:43Meyer gave the Nazi salute on the podium.
18:47She at the time argued that this was in order to protect her mother
18:51and her brothers and her brothers and her brothers.
18:53How credible that is, is questionable.
18:57She always wanted, I think, to be a part of Germany.
19:03Goebbels couldn't control the results, but he could control the propaganda.
19:10For the regime, the Olympics were about deception,
19:14creating a sanitized version of Germany,
19:16and in particular, what the 100,000 foreign tourists saw in Berlin.
19:24This photograph captures a moment where this street,
19:27Unter den Linden,
19:28would have been bustling, full of people,
19:30really cheerful atmosphere,
19:31thousands of men and women lining the streets.
19:35The regime encouraged Berliners
19:37to create a positive atmosphere for the tourists.
19:41They were really keen to make sure that this would be
19:43a week of laughter, as they put it.
19:46So there would be a lot of smiling,
19:48a lot of being really friendly towards the foreign visitors
19:50coming in towards the tourists.
19:57This was also supposed to be a land that was economically recovering,
20:01so there couldn't be any shortages or supply problems.
20:03So Berliners were even asked to eat fewer eggs than they would normally do,
20:07so that there would be enough for the visitors to have breakfast.
20:12Secret police patrolled the streets,
20:15looking out for any anti-Nazi protests.
20:17And away from the crowds,
20:19Nazi racial policies were ruthlessly enforced.
20:24Berlin's Sinti and Roma communities were arrested
20:27and taken to a camp outside the city.
20:30Over 600 men, women and children were rounded up.
20:35They wanted to present a society that was purely German and Aryan
20:39in the way that they imagined it would be in the future.
20:4620 miles away, in a forest near the town of Iranian Burg,
20:50that Nazi future was becoming reality.
20:55A group of prisoners were clearing trees,
20:58making space for a concentration camp
21:00to imprison the regime's political opponents.
21:05It would become known as Sachsenhausen.
21:12I guess the prisoners were, of course,
21:15aware of what was going on in Berlin,
21:17that they were doing hard physical labor
21:19while the regime was presenting itself
21:23as a very open-minded, friendly state
21:38It was a message directed to the people outside the camp,
21:42not to the prisoners inside,
21:44to tell them, work freely, work good,
21:47then you will be liberated.
21:49There was a lot of propaganda done
21:52to make the concentration camp look like
21:55a very hard but fair site
21:58where you could trust in rules and orders
22:03and not what it really was.
22:06One of the first buildings constructed
22:08shows the cruel reality of Sachsenhausen.
22:12A cell block, set apart from the rest of the camp,
22:15used as a Gestapo interrogation center.
22:20Always places, the more remote,
22:24the more isolated there are,
22:25the more sheltered condition
22:28they offer for extreme violence.
22:31And this cell block was one of them.
22:35The idea was to give the Gestapo
22:39a chance of interrogating these prisoners
22:42whenever they wanted.
22:46Sachsenhausen slowly expanded.
22:49In 1940, a track was built,
22:52a chilling echo of the Olympic athletic track.
22:56It was built to test artificial leather for shoes.
23:00The prisoners were the guinea pigs.
23:04For the shoe industry,
23:05it was a perfect chance
23:06to set up this shoe testing track here
23:08because outside in the free world
23:11you would not find a hundred persons
23:13who would be willing to walk all day long
23:17in circles in every weather.
23:21They were given different shoes
23:24made from the different materials
23:26and they had to wear it all day.
23:28and then the shoes were compared in the evening.
23:32They had to carry backpacks with stones on their backs
23:36in order to get a little bit of weight
23:38because these prisoners,
23:39they were not very well fed.
23:42Between the Olympic year of 1936
23:45and the end of the war nine years later,
23:49over 200,000 prisoners were held at Sachsenhausen.
23:53It's estimated that tens of thousands were murdered
23:57or died in the camp from disease or malnutrition.
24:02Just 20 miles from Sachsenhausen,
24:05the Games entered their final week.
24:08The Nazi Olympic deception
24:11was about to go even further.
24:22By Sunday the 9th of August,
24:24the eighth day of the competition,
24:26the Berlin Games were in full swing.
24:30For the Nazis,
24:32they were an opportunity
24:33to show the world
24:34a sanitized version of Germany.
24:37and it was going well.
24:39Crowds packed the specially built
24:41Olympic swimming pool
24:42and the gymnastics arena.
24:45In the stadium,
24:46it was the last day of the athletics.
24:48Jesse Owens won a fourth gold
24:50in the four by 100 meter relay,
24:53having won the 200 meters
24:55four days earlier.
24:56A plaque in the stadium
24:58records his triumphs.
25:02Jesse Owens' achievements here
25:03really meant something
25:05both for the people at the time
25:06but also throughout history.
25:07They transcended sports in many ways.
25:10Here was a black American
25:11stealing the show effectively
25:13and being not only victorious
25:15in the Games
25:16but also incredibly popular
25:17with the crowds here
25:18and across the world.
25:20British runner Audrey Brown
25:22was competing that day
25:23and could watch Owens in action.
25:26Grant's reflections on Jesse Owens
25:29were that he was something
25:30of a rock star.
25:34And I know she took great delight
25:37in seeing black athletes
25:39from every nation,
25:41but particularly Jesse Owens,
25:42being so impactful.
25:46when that was so clearly contrary
25:48to the Nazi world view
25:50and she took an almost delicious delight
25:52in seeing how that played out.
25:58Today is a big day for Audrey
26:00and her brother Godfrey.
26:03Both are competing in relay finals.
26:05Their brother Ralph is also a runner
26:08but missed the Olympics
26:10due to injury.
26:11Audrey's build-up to the Games
26:13was, by modern standards,
26:15rudimentary.
26:18Training is as simple
26:19as describing runs
26:20around the park
26:21with her brothers
26:22and really no more complex than that.
26:25I find that hard to believe.
26:26I feel there must have been
26:27more to it than that.
26:28But those were certainly
26:29the stories she told
26:30of just running in the park.
26:33Audrey's handmade running shoes
26:35have been repaired
26:36and look as they did
26:37in August 1936.
26:40These are obviously designed
26:43to be on your toes
26:44because the leather
26:45at the back and the heel
26:47is almost non-existent.
26:49Some fairly robust
26:50and significant spikes
26:52give you good grip
26:53running on a cinder track
26:54and designed to be
26:56as close-fitting as possible.
26:59I know that Grant taught
27:00to feel with the track
27:02and that real closeness.
27:05We're talking about
27:05a matter of millimetres
27:06between her bare feet
27:07and the running track.
27:10When we inherited them,
27:11they were small scraps of leather.
27:12So it's incredibly evocative,
27:15enormously meaningful
27:16to be able to see these
27:18in the condition
27:19that Graham would have run in them.
27:25Audrey was running
27:26the third leg for Britain
27:27in the 4x100 metre relay.
27:31Hitler assumed
27:32the home team would win
27:33and helped put Germany
27:35on top of the medal table.
27:37Grant felt that they were
27:39somehow an embodiment
27:40of the German regime
27:42at the time
27:43who, frankly,
27:45were expected to dominate
27:46from start to finish.
27:47It was a foregone conclusion.
27:50The Germans were soon in the lead.
27:52As Audrey waited for the baton,
27:55Hitler sensed victory.
27:57For me,
27:58seeing Hitler watching
28:00is a very jarring
28:03mixture of emotions.
28:05It's the normality
28:07of Hitler watching
28:09a sporting event.
28:12Audrey, in the inside lane,
28:15successfully passes the baton.
28:16But then a shock.
28:18The Germans drop theirs.
28:25American Helen Stephens
28:27storms to victory.
28:29The Brits win silver.
28:34In her copy
28:35of the official programme,
28:36Audrey recorded their triumph.
28:42My memories of her
28:43were as a gran
28:44who baked for us
28:46and we played in her garden
28:47and built bonfires
28:48and do all the things
28:49you do with a gran.
28:50To see her as an athlete,
28:53doing what she loved doing
28:55and obviously being
28:56very, very good at it
28:58is fabulous.
29:06All the drama on the track
29:07was captured by
29:08female film director
29:10Laini Riefenstahl,
29:11who had been commissioned
29:13by Hitler to make
29:14the official film
29:15of the Games.
29:16The Nazis wanted to show
29:18Berlin
29:19as the most impressive
29:20host city yet.
29:23After the war,
29:24she'd claimed that
29:25she was just an artist,
29:26but it was very clear
29:27that there was an inert
29:29drive within herself
29:30to try and produce
29:31the best propaganda results
29:33as well.
29:33There was certainly
29:34a conviction there
29:35in the work itself.
29:38No one was allowed
29:39to get in Riefenstahl's way
29:42and money was no object.
29:44She employed a crew
29:46of 200,
29:47including 45 cameramen.
29:51She had a clear sense
29:53of what she wanted
29:54to capture,
29:55and not just the sport
29:56and the excitement,
29:57but the grace
29:59and the beauty
30:00of the human body.
30:05She used completely
30:06new filming techniques.
30:08She put cameras
30:08on tracks.
30:09She had them
30:10hanging down
30:10from balloons.
30:12These kinds of things
30:13really made the film
30:14that she produced
30:15in the end
30:15unique and impressive.
30:23Riefenstahl's film crews
30:25competed with
30:25a new technology,
30:27television.
30:30Large cameras
30:31relayed pictures
30:32from the stadium
30:33to special viewing booths.
30:35Television was still
30:36very new technology
30:37in the 1930s.
30:38These weren't just
30:39TVs in people's homes.
30:41People would have seats
30:42and be lined up
30:43in rows
30:43to watch the games
30:45broadcast on TV.
30:46It was an exciting
30:48opportunity to be able
30:49to see what was
30:50happening live,
30:51not something that
30:53was being filmed
30:54from inside a studio.
30:59The 9th of August
31:00was a busy day
31:01for the British media.
31:04After Audrey Brown's
31:06success,
31:07Dorothy Odom
31:08won silver
31:08in the high jump.
31:12Then it was
31:13Audrey's brother
31:14Godfrey's turn
31:15in the men's
31:164x400 metre relay.
31:19Two days earlier
31:21he won silver
31:21in the 400 metres,
31:23narrowly beaten
31:24by American
31:25Archie Williams.
31:27Grann always spoke
31:29more openly
31:30and glowingly
31:32of Godfrey's
31:33achievements
31:33than she did
31:34of her own.
31:35She felt that
31:35he was the
31:37far more capable
31:38athlete.
31:41Hopes of a British
31:42win in the relay
31:43were high.
31:45The pressure was
31:46on Godfrey
31:46to bring the bat
31:47on over the line.
31:50It's an enormously
31:52exciting race,
31:53a really compelling
31:54sporting spectacle.
31:57We see
31:58rampling,
31:59being chased down,
32:00being challenged,
32:02holding off
32:03pressure from
32:03the American athlete.
32:06The handover
32:07to my great uncle
32:10and then him
32:11being able
32:11to come over
32:12the line
32:13and win that gold medal.
32:14It's fabulous to watch.
32:18Godfrey, having reached
32:20the pinnacle
32:21of his sporting career,
32:23celebrates with
32:24the smallest,
32:25most inconsequential
32:26little leap in the air.
32:28It's somehow very
32:29British.
32:30It's not about me.
32:31It's just this small
32:33little celebration
32:33of what
32:34must have been
32:35the biggest moment
32:36of his sporting life.
32:40to have brother
32:41and sister
32:42winning medals
32:43on the same day
32:44at the same Olympics
32:45I think is still
32:47unique in that regard
32:49and it still holds
32:50to this day.
32:53Soon after
32:54the British relay team
32:55was awarded
32:56their gold medals,
32:57there was another
32:58reminder that
32:59the Berlin Olympics
33:00were not all
33:01they seemed.
33:06The marathon
33:07was won
33:07in world record time
33:09by a runner
33:10from Korea
33:11named Son Ki-chung.
33:14Korea had been
33:15annexed
33:16by Japan
33:17in 1910
33:18and Son
33:19was forced
33:19to compete
33:20as a Japanese runner
33:21and with the Japanese
33:23spelling of his name.
33:26Son was a
33:27Korean nationalist
33:28who hated
33:29the idea
33:30that he was
33:31actually winning
33:32a medal
33:32for a country
33:34that had
33:35subjugated
33:36his own.
33:36He stood
33:37on the podium
33:39along with
33:39the third place
33:40runner
33:41who was also
33:41from Korea
33:42and they were
33:43looking down
33:44in defiance
33:45of Japan
33:46having occupied
33:48their country.
33:52In 1988
33:54when South Korea
33:55hosted the Olympics
33:56Son was able
33:58finally
33:58to celebrate.
34:01he was asked
34:02to bring
34:03the famous torch
34:04that had been
34:04part of the torch relay
34:06invented in 1936
34:08into the stadium.
34:09This is a wonderful
34:11way I think
34:12for him to conclude
34:13his career
34:14as an athlete.
34:20The Berlin Games
34:21were entering
34:22the final few days.
34:24Germany
34:25and the United States
34:27were tied
34:27at the top
34:28of the medal table.
34:29Hitler was determined
34:31to see
34:31a Nazi triumph.
34:40on the first day
34:42of the Berlin Olympics
34:43with the eyes
34:44of the world
34:45on the city
34:45this vast building
34:47was opened.
34:51The classic example
34:53in many ways
34:53of Nazi-era architecture
34:55is huge
34:56it's monumental
34:57in size
34:57it projects
34:58power, symmetry,
35:00order.
35:02It was part
35:03of a Nazi
35:04con-trick.
35:05During its
35:06two-year construction
35:07it was described
35:08as their new
35:09transport ministry.
35:11But when the building
35:12opened in August 36
35:13its true intention
35:15was revealed.
35:16It was the new
35:17air ministry
35:18the HQ
35:20for the Luftwaffe.
35:22Despite restrictions
35:23placed upon Germany
35:24after the first
35:25world war
35:26the Nazis
35:27were re-arming.
35:31in 1935
35:32Germany had already
35:33re-introduced conscription
35:34which was illegal
35:35under the terms.
35:36Hitler had begun
35:37to build up
35:38a Luftwaffe
35:38and air force again
35:39even though
35:40he wasn't supposed
35:41to have one.
35:41He had begun
35:42to rebuild
35:43a naval force.
35:45Britain agreed
35:45actually to Germany's
35:47navy to be
35:4735%
35:48of its own size.
35:51This new military
35:52was not just for show.
35:54Hitler was intent
35:55on expanding
35:55his territory
35:56first in his sights
35:58the Rhineland.
36:01Under the Versailles Treaty
36:02no military
36:03was allowed
36:04in this buffer zone
36:05between Germany
36:05and France.
36:06For the Führer
36:07this was intolerable.
36:10Five months
36:11before the Olympics
36:12on the 7th of March
36:131936
36:14the German army
36:15marched
36:16into the Rhineland.
36:20And what does
36:21the world do?
36:21What does France do?
36:22What does Britain do?
36:23Nothing.
36:26When the international
36:27community
36:27did not really respond
36:29or penalise him
36:31or try to impose
36:32any sanctions
36:32that gave him
36:34more confidence
36:34into perhaps
36:36being bolder
36:37in his endeavours
36:38later on.
36:40By the start
36:42of the Olympics
36:42it was becoming clear
36:43the Nazis wanted
36:45a larger Germany.
36:46but Hitler
36:47didn't want
36:48the Western powers
36:49to take fright
36:50and curb
36:51his ambitions.
36:53So the Olympics
36:54had a second part
36:55to play
36:56in his elaborate
36:57confidence trick
36:58not only to show
36:59Germany wasn't
37:00as repressive
37:01as many feared
37:02but also that
37:03despite rearming
37:05it was a peace
37:06loving nation.
37:07The new Luftwaffe HQ
37:09even held
37:10a garden party
37:11for Olympic tourists.
37:13The idea was
37:14that visitors
37:15would come away
37:15thinking
37:16we don't really care
37:17whether Germany
37:18goes back
37:18to having an air force
37:19or not
37:20because we now believe
37:21that this is a peace
37:22loving if stronger
37:23nation.
37:26By the 13th of August
37:27the Olympics
37:28were entering
37:29the final few days.
37:30At the top
37:31of the medals table
37:32it was neck and neck
37:33between the United States
37:35and Germany.
37:37Focus moved
37:38to the rowing events
37:39on the Langersee
37:40on the outskirts
37:41of the city
37:41where the Germans
37:43were prepared
37:43to do almost anything
37:45to win.
37:47Britain's hopes
37:48lay in the double skulls
37:50and teammates
37:5137 year old
37:52Jack Beresford
37:53who led the British
37:54at the opening ceremony
37:55and 29 year old
37:57Dick Southwood.
38:00Dad and Dick Southwood
38:01had been training
38:02pretty rigorously
38:04for 10 months
38:05which in those days
38:06was an unusually
38:07long period
38:08they were determined
38:10to win.
38:12Beresford and Southwood
38:13had a new
38:14lighter boat
38:15built especially
38:16for them
38:17but when they arrived
38:18in Berlin
38:19it had mysteriously
38:20disappeared.
38:22The boat was
38:23eventually found
38:24in a railway siding
38:25just in time
38:26for the regatta.
38:29The mischief
38:30continued after dark.
38:32The Germans
38:33tried to disturb
38:34the British rowers
38:35to sleep.
38:37Here's the police
38:38school
38:38that they stayed in.
38:41The Germans
38:43would carry out
38:44night manoeuvres
38:45marching up
38:46and down the road
38:47making a lot of noise
38:48and flashing lights.
38:52Many of the teams
38:53felt at the Olympic village
38:54that their military
38:55chaperones
38:56who seemed to be
38:57following them around
38:57all day
38:58were basically
38:59recording their
39:00training regimes
39:01their times
39:02and giving all this
39:03vital sporting
39:04intelligence
39:05back to the German
39:06Olympic committee.
39:07I bet there was
39:08some sneaky stuff
39:09going on.
39:11Beresford and Southwood
39:12made it to the final
39:13of the double skulls.
39:15Their big rivals
39:16were the Germans
39:17Keidel and Peirsch.
39:20The Nazis were so confident
39:22the pair would triumph
39:23they put them on a stamp
39:24even before the game
39:26started.
39:27The Führer came to watch
39:29the final.
39:30It could be
39:32Hitler witnessing
39:33Britain beating Germany.
39:34and so for the Brits
39:36it's an opportunity
39:37to stick one in the eye
39:38of Hitler.
39:40In the heats
39:41the British pair
39:42had spotted
39:43that once again
39:43the Germans
39:44weren't playing
39:45by the rules.
39:46But Beresford and Southwood
39:48reckoned they could
39:49use it to their advantage.
39:52They realised
39:53that the technique
39:54the Germans were using
39:55which was actually cheating
39:56was that they were
39:58starting
39:58before
39:59the go.
40:02Because the umpire
40:03had a big megaphone
40:05that came out
40:06in front of him
40:07which meant
40:08he couldn't actually
40:09see the crews
40:10particularly
40:11the Germans
40:12and Dad.
40:14So
40:15Dick Southwood
40:16said
40:17Jack
40:17the moment
40:19the Germans go
40:19we're going too.
40:22The Germans
40:23went before
40:24the umpire said
40:25go
40:27and
40:27Dad and Dick
40:28were with them.
40:30Despite the good start
40:32the Brits
40:33were soon trailing
40:34Keitel and Pisch
40:35but they'd been given
40:36some valuable intel.
40:38The Germans
40:39often tired
40:40towards the end
40:41of the 2000 metre course.
40:44They piled on the pressure
40:46and stroke by stroke
40:48they caught up
40:49the Germans.
40:52This was the 1900 metre
40:54and they were actually level
40:56and it was at this point
40:58that the Germans
41:00cracked.
41:01One of the men
41:03basically gave up rowing.
41:08Beresford and Southwood
41:10won
41:10by two and a half lengths.
41:16Dad commented
41:18that the air
41:19was electric
41:19and
41:21it
41:21was the sweetest race
41:22I'd ever rode.
41:25And
41:26you could argue
41:27that there was
41:29a certain irony
41:30about this
41:31that
41:31he'd been shot
41:33in the First World War
41:34by a German bullet
41:36and this
41:37perhaps
41:37was his revenge
41:38against the Germans.
41:41Jack's mother
41:42sent a brief
41:43congratulatory telegram.
41:48The Games
41:49had only
41:49a few days
41:50to go
41:51and the Germans
41:52were now trailing
41:53the United States
41:54in the medal table.
41:55They were desperate
41:56for gold.
41:58Then
41:58their horse riders
42:00came to the rescue.
42:04During all those
42:05equestrian events
42:06the Germans win
42:07every single
42:08individual event
42:09every single
42:10team event
42:10and it's thanks
42:11to their brilliant
42:12horse riding
42:13that they now
42:14top the medal
42:15table.
42:20By the 16th
42:21of August
42:22with all the events
42:23completed
42:23the British
42:24had only managed
42:2510th overall.
42:27They joined
42:28the triumphant
42:29Germans
42:30and the other
42:30teams in the
42:31Olympic Stadium
42:32for the closing
42:33ceremony.
42:34It was massively
42:36spectacular.
42:37You had
42:38not only the
42:39Olympic flame
42:39being extinguished
42:40but also
42:41dozens of
42:42searchlights
42:42creating the
42:43illusion of a
42:44light dome
42:44above the
42:45stadium.
42:47And this was
42:48something that
42:48people talked
42:49about afterwards
42:50for years
42:50and years to
42:51come.
42:56At the same
42:57time though
42:57there was
42:58already a
42:58hint of
42:59the fact that
43:00this wasn't
43:00an entirely
43:01peaceful nation
43:02anymore.
43:02Those were
43:03flak searchlights
43:04that were later
43:04used in war
43:05and so that
43:06technology was
43:07deployed still
43:08in a peaceful
43:08context but
43:10giving a little
43:10bit of a hint
43:11of the things
43:11to come.
43:16The star of the
43:17Games had been
43:18Jesse Owens
43:19who returned home
43:21a hero with his
43:22four gold medals.
43:24But he found that
43:25Olympic fame only
43:26went so far.
43:30when he came
43:32back and had
43:33such difficulty
43:35finding employment
43:37he discovered
43:39that you can't
43:41eat four gold
43:42medals.
43:43And so
43:44after many
43:45years he
43:46didn't talk
43:48much about the
43:48gold medals
43:49anymore.
43:50But what he did
43:52say when he
43:53would be making
43:54a presentation
43:55or something
43:56he would refer
43:57to his four
43:58gold medals
43:59but they were
44:00me and my
44:02sisters
44:02and my mother.
44:06The friendship
44:07between Jesse Owens
44:08and the German
44:09long jumper
44:10Lutz Long
44:10continued after
44:12the Olympics
44:12and into the
44:13Second World War.
44:15Lutz was sent
44:17to the front
44:18where he died
44:21but they had
44:22corresponded
44:24in one of
44:25those letters
44:26he had asked
44:26my father
44:27if I don't
44:29make it
44:30would you
44:31promise to
44:32go see my
44:33son
44:33because he
44:35had only seen
44:36him as an
44:36infant
44:37and tell him
44:39what kind
44:40of person
44:40I was.
44:44Years later
44:45my father
44:46did go back
44:47to Germany
44:47and found
44:48Kai Long
44:51who was
44:52Lutz's
44:53son
44:53and the
44:55families
44:56have had
44:57a relationship
44:57ever since.
45:09The Berlin Olympics
45:11were groundbreaking.
45:13Many innovations
45:14introduced in 1936
45:16became part of
45:18of every subsequent
45:18games.
45:22The media
45:23coverage
45:24the beginnings
45:26of commercialization
45:29and the torch
45:30relay
45:30it's an ingenious
45:33PR instrument
45:34which no other
45:35games afterwards
45:36wanted to do
45:37without.
45:39The fact
45:40that a government
45:41threw its support
45:42behind a game
45:44also for the
45:45very first time
45:47for Hitler
45:48the Olympics
45:49were a triumph.
45:51He had attempted
45:52an audacious
45:53deception
45:53to show the
45:55regime as
45:55benign
45:56and its
45:57military ambitions
45:58as modest
45:59and had
46:00succeeded.
46:01The 1936
46:02games were
46:03the showcase
46:05for the
46:05Nazi regime.
46:06In fact
46:07you could see
46:07what happened
46:08here in those
46:09two weeks
46:09as the high
46:10point of
46:11Nazism.
46:12These weren't
46:13the Olympic
46:14games.
46:14these were
46:15Hitler's games.
46:17The regime
46:18had completely
46:19fooled the
46:20world.
46:21This was a
46:22Germany
46:23preparing for
46:24another type
46:25of game
46:26and a far
46:27more deadly
46:28game at that.
46:28moment.
46:32The
46:32...
46:32...
46:56...
46:58Tchau, tchau.
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