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00:09The word barbarian is a misleading expression,
00:13and the art that goes with it is misleading too.
00:20This picture was painted in 1890 by an arrogant French painter
00:27called Joseph Noel Sylvester.
00:30It shows the sack of Rome in 410 AD by the Visigoths.
00:39The Visigoths were a so-called barbarian tribe.
00:44You can't miss them.
00:45They're the ones without any clothes on.
00:49It's such nonsense.
00:51The Visigoths were never naked savages
00:53clambering about Rome, destroying civilisation.
00:58They were pioneering Europeans
01:00who produced beautiful art
01:03and who achieved important things.
01:06It was actually these so-called barbarians
01:10who invented trousers.
01:12Riding a horse was much easier in trousers.
01:17So if it wasn't for the barbarians,
01:19we'd all be wearing togas.
01:24So this is a film about misunderstood peoples
01:28and their misunderstood achievements.
01:32About how we've got the Dark Ages wrong again.
01:37And about a word whose meaning has been warped by time.
01:43It's this word here.
01:45Barbarian.
01:50By her love.
02:04Bayside.
02:05Bayside.
02:06Bayside.
02:10Bayside.
02:10Bayside.
02:11Bayside.
02:27The Dark Ages go roughly from the 4th century to roughly the 11th.
02:34And I've been looking at the art made in these years,
02:37trying to convince you that it wasn't dark at all.
02:43In this film, I'll be leaping to the defence of the so-called barbarians.
02:54The word barbarian actually comes from the ancient Greek.
02:59Its original meaning was someone whose language you can't understand, a foreigner.
03:04You know, like we say, it all sounds like Greek to me when we can't understand something.
03:10Well, the Greeks said, it all sounds like bar, bar, bar.
03:17So it was an onomatopoeic word.
03:20Anyone who spoke a funny foreign language was a barbarian.
03:26The same word, barbara, can be found in Sanskrit, the ancient language of India,
03:31where it means gibberish or stammering.
03:35And if you're actually called Barbara, like Barbara Windsor or Barbara Streisand,
03:41then I'm afraid your name means barbarian woman.
03:46And you, madame, are particularly in touch with your barbarian self.
03:54When the Romans took over the word, it came to mean anybody, anywhere who wasn't a Roman.
04:02So, the Persians were barbarians, the Indians, the Chinese.
04:07Chinese, the entire non-Roman world.
04:16It isn't just this word barbarian that's been demonised and distorted.
04:22If you open your dictionary and start looking for words with bad, dark ages connotations,
04:28you'll find lots of them.
04:31Take this word here, vandal.
04:36Well, the Vandals were actually another fascinating and creative ancient peoples
04:41who made things like this.
04:44But their name's been stolen from them and turned into something dark.
04:50Well, what about the Goths?
04:52Today, Goths are oily punks with dyed black hair who worship the devil.
04:58But in real life, in Roman times, the Goths were fabulous international creatives
05:05who made the most beautiful Bible I've ever seen.
05:12But the worst of these so-called barbarians, these forgotten ancient peoples,
05:18whose reputation has been trashed by the Romans,
05:21the very worst of them were the Huns.
05:33Poor Huns.
05:35If anyone in ancient history deserves some rebranding,
05:40it's this notorious nation of energetic invaders.
05:48No one had a good word to say about them.
05:52The Goth historian Jordanus tells us they were scarcely human,
05:56a stunted, puny and faithless tribe.
06:01Christian writers were even harsher.
06:04According to a Christian cleric writing in Syria,
06:08the Huns eat the flesh of children and drink the blood of women.
06:19It's like reading a bad airport paperback.
06:23The Christians were determined to demonise all pagans.
06:27And they were particularly determined to demonise the Huns.
06:33So we can't trust the Christian clerics.
06:37We need to trust the art.
06:40And that tells a different story.
06:58In the First World War, the British began calling the Germans Huns.
07:04It was the worst insult they could think of.
07:07But also, very bad geography.
07:11Because the Huns were not from Germany.
07:18Exactly where they came from
07:20is one of the big mysteries of the Dark Ages.
07:23Nobody knows for sure.
07:26But it was somewhere out here in the Euro-Asian steppe.
07:32Somewhere far away and different.
07:39The first record of the Huns in Europe
07:42dates from around 376 AD,
07:45when a group of retreating Goths
07:47turned up here on the banks of the Danube
07:50and begged the Romans to take them in.
07:55The fleeing Goths had been pushed out of their lands
07:58by a nation of nomads coming in from the east.
08:03A fighting tribe of whom everyone was scared.
08:11Huns were fierce warriors, there's no denying that.
08:15But not all the time.
08:16Like all nomads,
08:18they lived a precarious travelling existence
08:21and moved around in small family groups
08:24of men, folk, women and goats.
08:31The default lifestyle of the Huns
08:35was a tinkerish domesticity.
08:37And among the splendid Hunnic objects
08:41they've left behind,
08:42the defining ones
08:44are these battered Hunnic cauldrons
08:46preserved in the museum in Budapest.
08:51In these robust vessels,
08:54the Huns cooked their goats
08:55and boiled their water.
08:58A man can live to 50,
09:01is an old Kazakh saying
09:03that still circulates.
09:04But a cauldron will live to 100.
09:12Something else we know about the Huns
09:15is that they loved gold.
09:17Oh, how the Huns loved gold.
09:20The Hunnic graves that have been dug up,
09:23the buried caches of treasure and valuables,
09:26reveal such a deep and instinctive passion
09:30for treasure.
09:34These days,
09:35we've lost sight of gold's crazy hypnotic power
09:39and that special relationship it enjoys with the sun.
09:45The Incas called it the sweat of the gods.
09:49And in the Dark Ages,
09:51gold was a substance with a magical presence.
09:56And the Huns loved it
09:58in a visceral and unbalanced way.
10:02In my book,
10:03that's a good reason
10:05to love them back.
10:21Because they spent so much of their life
10:23on the move,
10:24travelling from pasture to pasture,
10:26the Huns had a particularly creative relationship
10:31with the natural world.
10:33Hun treasure is dominated
10:36by exquisite animal forms.
10:43In the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg,
10:47there's a wonderful piece of jewellery.
10:50It's a golden bit of a bangle
10:53or a neck talk like one of these.
10:55And it's this piece here at the end,
10:58shaped so atmospherically
11:00like the head of a creeping wolf.
11:08This is gold that nurses
11:10an intense symbolic ambition
11:12to commune with the natural world,
11:15to speak to it
11:17and steal some of its power,
11:20to steal the power of the wolf.
11:35Another animal that was dear to them
11:38was the eagle.
11:40They probably used eagles to hunt with,
11:42as nomads of the steppe still do.
11:44And the great bird in the sky
11:46inspired such beautiful Hun bling.
11:55Eagles have a special significance for the Hun.
11:59They were ready-made symbols
12:01of power and beauty combined.
12:05And right across the barbarian world,
12:07these garnet-studded eagle brooches
12:11became noticeably popular.
12:17This powerful new relationship
12:20to the natural world
12:21was one of the great
12:23barbarian contributions
12:25to civilization.
12:29And then, of course,
12:31there was the magnificent
12:32Hunnic horse art.
12:34The Hun depended on their horses totally
12:37and they loved them deeply.
12:39So, of course,
12:40they made sure their horses
12:41looked suitably splendid too.
12:49These are the remains
12:51of a full-length Hunnic horse ornament,
12:55fashioned delicately from gold
12:57and studded so generously
13:00with precious stones.
13:02Lucky is the horse
13:05who got to wear this.
13:09The Huns would ride into battle
13:12with wolf skins
13:13pulled down on their faces,
13:15screaming demonically
13:17in a deliberate effort
13:19to get inside
13:20their enemies' heads.
13:22Now, this was dark
13:24psychological warfare,
13:26very sophisticated.
13:27One of the reasons
13:29the Huns were so easy
13:31to demonize
13:32is because they looked
13:33so strange.
13:38They practiced ritual deformation
13:41and their skulls
13:43were deliberately
13:44misshapen at birth.
13:47Infant Huns
13:48would have their heads
13:49tightly bound
13:50so they grew
13:51into these uncanny
13:53and elongated
13:54Mekon shapes.
13:57And on these deformed heads
14:00of theirs
14:00the Huns would balance
14:02spectacular crowns
14:05of unimaginable preciousness.
14:12So the big question is
14:14where did the Huns
14:16get their gold?
14:17They were nomads,
14:19not miners.
14:20And although they were
14:21busy tradesmen,
14:23you'd need to trade
14:24an awful lot
14:25of goat skins
14:26for the amount of gold
14:27left behind
14:28by the Huns.
14:32They didn't trade for it.
14:35The Huns got their gold
14:37more directly,
14:38straight from the Romans.
14:45Because their bows
14:46were so lethal
14:47and their horsemen
14:48so skilled,
14:49the Huns
14:50were soon operating
14:51a protection racket
14:52across most
14:53of the Roman Empire.
14:55What they'd do
14:56is invade somewhere
14:58or threaten
14:58to invade somewhere
15:00and then demand
15:01large quantities
15:03of gold
15:04to go away again.
15:07The Romans,
15:09cowardly diplomats
15:10that they were,
15:11preferred to pay them
15:13than to fight them.
15:15And by the time
15:15the Hunnic Empire
15:16was at its largest extent,
15:18the Huns were receiving
15:20two and a half thousand
15:22pounds of gold coins
15:24from the Romans
15:25every year.
15:27Two and a half thousand
15:30pounds of gold
15:32every year
15:33to melt down
15:35and turn into art.
15:39A few tribes
15:41of nomads
15:42raiding along
15:43these Roman borders
15:44could never have
15:45pressurised the Romans
15:46into giving up
15:47these enormous quantities
15:49of gold.
15:50So we need to forget
15:52this image of the Huns
15:53as a tribal horde
15:55sweeping across Europe
15:56because they were something
15:58much more sophisticated
15:59than that.
16:00This is a map
16:02of the Hunnic Empire
16:03under Attila.
16:05It's the bits in orange.
16:07And just look
16:07at the size of it.
16:10All this
16:11was Hunnic.
16:14This wasn't a bunch
16:15of nomads
16:16on the make.
16:16This was a rival empire.
16:19A new superpower
16:21of the Dark Ages
16:23turned up
16:23to take on
16:24the Romans.
16:29I've kept Attila
16:31back
16:32because the moment
16:34you mention him
16:35the story of the Huns
16:36takes on
16:37a satanic glint.
16:40All the Huns
16:42were demonised
16:43by history
16:44but Attila
16:45was demonised
16:47most of all.
16:51The exciting thing
16:52is we actually
16:53know a lot about him.
16:55A Roman diplomat
16:57called Priscus
16:57was sent
16:58on one of these
16:59diplomatic missions
17:00to negotiate
17:01with the Huns
17:02and he's left behind
17:04a vivid account
17:05of his journey.
17:07And this gentleman
17:08here
17:08is building
17:10a replica
17:12of Attila's palace
17:13on the actual site
17:14on which he thinks
17:15it actually stood.
17:18So, Janos,
17:19when did you first
17:20become interested
17:20in Attila?
17:24I bought this land
17:2520 years ago
17:26to breed horses.
17:28That was when
17:29we came across
17:29the history
17:30of this site.
17:33Priscus,
17:34the Byzantine
17:35ambassador,
17:36visited Attila
17:37in 450 AD
17:38and describes
17:40how he found
17:40his way here.
17:42And he definitely
17:43identified this place
17:45as the site
17:46of Attila's palace.
17:51That's why we'd like
17:53to erect a memorial
17:54to him here
17:55by constructing
17:56a wooden palace.
18:00Janos's palace
18:01will be created
18:02in timber
18:03exactly as Priscus
18:05describes.
18:06It's shaped
18:08like a giant
18:09nomad's tent,
18:11a kind of glorified
18:12yurt
18:13with two wooden
18:14towers
18:15rising cockily
18:16at the front.
18:20Priscus tells us
18:21that when he arrived
18:22he was treated
18:23to an enormous
18:25banquet
18:25served
18:26on silver plates.
18:29And a procession
18:30of young women
18:31dressed in
18:32white veils
18:33came out
18:34to sing for him.
18:38Attila himself
18:39was simply
18:40dressed
18:41and ate
18:42nothing but
18:42meat
18:43on a wooden
18:44platter
18:44while the guests
18:47were given
18:48goblets
18:48of gold
18:49and silver.
18:54What does
18:55Attila mean
18:57to the Hungarian
18:58people?
18:59Because
18:59for a lot
19:00of people
19:00in Europe
19:01he has a very
19:02bad reputation
19:03but not here.
19:04In Hungary
19:05he seems
19:05to be
19:06thought of
19:06more as a hero.
19:10When people
19:11say Attila
19:11was a barbarian
19:12that's something
19:13I reject.
19:15It's not
19:15something
19:16I believe.
19:18He spoke
19:19eight languages
19:19by the age
19:20of 15
19:21and laid
19:22Europe
19:22at his feet.
19:24Someone
19:24unintelligent
19:25a barbarian
19:27could not
19:27have done
19:28the things
19:28that Attila
19:29did.
19:30Only someone
19:31blessed
19:31with special
19:32talents.
19:36Did Attila's
19:38palace
19:38really look
19:39like this?
19:41I very much
19:43doubt it.
19:44But neither
19:45do I think
19:45Janos' fantasy
19:47is more
19:47misleading
19:48than all
19:49the other
19:50Hun fantasies
19:51about
19:52satanic
19:52hordes
19:53sweeping
19:54through
19:54Europe.
20:03by the time
20:04Attila
20:05became their
20:06ruler
20:06the Huns
20:07had created
20:08a complex
20:09political
20:10system.
20:11Their huge
20:12empire
20:13was actually
20:14a federation
20:16of many
20:17nations.
20:18A kind
20:19barbarian
20:20EU
20:21opposed
20:22to the
20:22Romans
20:23with
20:23Goths
20:24Burgundians
20:25Alans
20:26even a few
20:27Greeks
20:28all linked
20:30together
20:30and ruled
20:31by Attila.
20:35So here
20:37at the
20:37Kunsthistorische
20:38Museum in
20:39Vienna
20:39there's
20:40something
20:40really
20:42spectacular
20:42I just
20:43have to
20:44show you.
20:48when this
20:49was dug
20:50out of
20:50the ground
20:51on the
20:52Romanian
20:52border
20:53in 1799
20:55it was
20:56thought to
20:56be
20:57Attila
20:57the Huns
20:58personal
20:59dinner
21:00service.
21:02You can
21:03see why
21:03they thought
21:04that.
21:05Just look
21:06at how
21:06splendid
21:07this is.
21:0923
21:09golden
21:11vessels
21:11nearly
21:1310
21:13kilos
21:14of
21:15pure
21:15gold.
21:17Today
21:18no one
21:19thinks
21:19this
21:20was
21:20Attila's
21:21dinner
21:21service.
21:22The
21:23most
21:23recent
21:23thinking
21:24is that
21:24it
21:25was
21:25left
21:25behind
21:25by
21:26the
21:26Avars
21:27one
21:27of
21:27those
21:28mysterious
21:29tribes
21:29that
21:30emerged
21:30from
21:31the
21:31confederation
21:32of
21:32the
21:32Huns.
21:34They
21:35obviously
21:36had
21:36that
21:36special
21:37relationship
21:38with
21:38nature
21:39too.
21:41This
21:41magnificent
21:42bull-headed
21:43bowl
21:43is another
21:44example
21:45of powerful
21:46natural
21:47magic
21:48channeled
21:49into
21:50gold.
21:52This
21:53is what
21:54the dark
21:54ages
21:55were capable
21:56of.
21:56This
21:57is what
21:58makes
21:58these
21:58times
21:59so
21:59exciting.
22:01That
22:01bull-bowl
22:02has a power
22:04to it.
22:04An
22:05animal
22:05energy
22:06that you
22:06just don't
22:07get
22:07later on
22:08when art
22:09loses
22:10this
22:11connection
22:11to the
22:12basic
22:13stuff
22:13of life.
22:16The
22:17empire
22:18of the
22:18Huns
22:19didn't
22:19last
22:20long.
22:21For a
22:22few
22:22decades
22:22it
22:23rivaled
22:24the
22:24Romans
22:24and
22:26then
22:26it
22:26was
22:26gone.
22:37Attila
22:37the
22:38glue
22:38that
22:39held it
22:39all
22:39together
22:40had a
22:40taste
22:41for
22:41young
22:42brides.
22:43On his
22:44final wedding
22:45night
22:45he drank
22:46himself
22:47into a
22:47stupor
22:48took his
22:49latest bride
22:49to bed
22:50and promptly
22:51died
22:52of a
22:52heart
22:52attack.
22:53They
22:54found him
22:54the next
22:54morning
22:55with blood
22:56streaming
22:56down his
22:57nose
22:57what we
22:58call these
22:58days
22:59a rock
23:00star's
23:00death.
23:03Within
23:04a few
23:04years
23:05Attila's
23:06empire
23:06was gone
23:07torn
23:09apart
23:09by feuds
23:10and
23:11incompetence
23:12but the
23:13Huns
23:14had done
23:14their
23:14job.
23:15They'd
23:16punched
23:16a hole
23:17in the
23:17invincible
23:18reputation
23:19of the
23:19Romans
23:21Now
23:22all
23:22manner
23:23of
23:23barbarian
23:24was
23:25queuing
23:25up
23:26to
23:26pour
23:26through
23:27it.
23:33When
23:34we think
23:34of the
23:35barbarians
23:36we think
23:37of hordes
23:38of bellicose
23:39warriors
23:39storming
23:40across the
23:41plains
23:41to attack
23:42Rome.
23:43But that's
23:44wrong.
23:46It was
23:47more of
23:47a migration.
23:49Think
23:49of those
23:50wagon
23:50trains
23:51rolling
23:52across
23:52the
23:52American
23:53West
23:53full
23:54of
23:54brave
23:54pioneers
23:55searching
23:56for a
23:57new
23:57future.
23:58That's
23:58a more
23:59accurate
23:59image
24:00particularly
24:01in the
24:02case of
24:03another
24:03great
24:04barbarian
24:05nation
24:05whose name
24:06has been
24:07well and
24:07truly
24:08blackened
24:08by dark
24:09age
24:10propaganda
24:10the
24:12vandals
24:13according to
24:17my
24:17shorter
24:18Oxford
24:18dictionary
24:19a
24:20vandal
24:20is a
24:21willful
24:22or
24:22ignorant
24:23destroyer
24:24of anything
24:24beautiful
24:25venerable
24:27or worthy
24:28of
24:28preservation.
24:34That's
24:35what it
24:35meant
24:35in
24:361663
24:37but it
24:38shouldn't
24:38be what
24:38it means
24:39today.
24:40The story
24:41of the
24:41vandals
24:42is actually
24:43rather
24:43poignant.
24:45They were
24:46basically a
24:47nation of
24:48Germanic
24:48farmers
24:49living
24:50peacefully
24:50in
24:51central
24:51Europe
24:52until the
24:53Huns
24:54pushed
24:54them
24:54out.
24:56For a
24:56while
24:57they
24:57ended
24:57up
24:58here
24:58in
24:58Spain
24:59until
25:00a
25:00group
25:01of
25:01goths
25:02pushed
25:02them
25:02out
25:02of
25:02there
25:03as
25:03well
25:03and
25:04the
25:04poor
25:05old
25:05vandals
25:06had
25:06to
25:06move
25:07on
25:07again
25:08to
25:08here
25:09North
25:10Africa.
25:16In
25:17429
25:18AD
25:1880,000
25:20people
25:20came
25:21across
25:21the
25:21straits
25:22of
25:22Gibraltar
25:23crammed
25:24onto
25:24small
25:24boats
25:26a
25:27kingdom
25:28on
25:28the
25:28move
25:29looking
25:29for
25:29a
25:30homeland
25:31the
25:32vandals
25:32had
25:33arrived
25:33in
25:33Africa.
25:37Originally
25:37this
25:38word
25:38vandal
25:39meant
25:39something
25:40like
25:40wanderer
25:41someone
25:42who's
25:42looking
25:42for
25:43something
25:43it
25:44comes
25:44from
25:44the
25:44same
25:45Germanic
25:45root
25:45as
25:46the
25:46English
25:46word
25:47to
25:47wend
25:47as
25:48in
25:48I
25:48was
25:49wending
25:49my
25:49way
25:49home
25:50from
25:50work
25:50and
25:51the
25:51vandals
25:52were
25:52great
25:53winders
25:54and
25:54great
25:55wanderers
26:01the
26:02vandals
26:02who
26:03arrived
26:03here
26:03in
26:03Africa
26:04were
26:05led
26:05by
26:05a
26:05formidable
26:06king
26:06called
26:07Giseric
26:09if you
26:10think of
26:10the
26:10vandals
26:11as a
26:11lost
26:12people
26:12and
26:13Africa
26:13as
26:14the
26:14promised
26:14land
26:15then
26:16Giseric
26:17was
26:18their
26:18Moses
26:18leading
26:20them
26:20across
26:21the
26:21oceans
26:25they
26:27made
26:27their
26:27way
26:27along
26:28the
26:28North
26:28African
26:29coast
26:29here
26:29attacking
26:30cities
26:31collecting
26:32followers
26:32absorbing
26:33territory
26:34until
26:35eventually
26:36in
26:36439
26:37AD
26:38they
26:39reached
26:39their
26:39destination
26:42Carthage
26:48Carthage
26:48Carthage
26:49was the
26:49second
26:49largest
26:49city
26:50in the
26:50Western
26:51Roman
26:51Empire
26:53busy
26:53rich
26:54a
26:55crucial
26:55trading
26:56centre
26:58the
26:58Romans
26:59depended
26:59on it
27:00for most
27:00of the
27:01olive oil
27:01they burned
27:02in their
27:02lamps
27:03and the
27:04wheat
27:04from which
27:05they made
27:05their
27:05bread
27:07when the
27:09vandals
27:09took
27:09Carthage
27:10they
27:11shocked
27:11the
27:11Roman
27:12Empire
27:18the
27:19capture
27:19of
27:20Carthage
27:20was
27:21surprisingly
27:21peaceful
27:22Giseric
27:23was so
27:25clever
27:25he
27:26entered
27:26the city
27:27on the
27:2719th
27:28of
27:28October
27:29the day
27:30of the
27:30Roman
27:30games
27:31sports
27:32day
27:32now the
27:34Romans
27:34who are
27:35obsessed
27:36with
27:36sports
27:36were far
27:38too
27:38interested
27:39in the
27:39gladiatorial
27:40combat
27:41and the
27:42chariot
27:43racing
27:43to fight
27:44the
27:44vandals
27:50thus
27:51Giseric
27:51and his
27:52vandal
27:52army
27:53strolled
27:54into the
27:54second
27:55largest
27:55city
27:55of the
27:56Western
27:56Roman
27:57Empire
27:57took
27:59control
27:59of it
28:00and
28:00stayed
28:01there
28:01for the
28:02next
28:13century
28:14people
28:15used to
28:15think
28:15the
28:16vandals
28:16went
28:17about
28:17destroying
28:18and
28:18pillaging
28:18Carthage
28:19as soon
28:20as they
28:20got
28:20here
28:22but
28:23today
28:23we know
28:24they
28:24didn't
28:27the
28:28most
28:28remarkable
28:29thing
28:29about
28:29the
28:29vandal
28:30occupation
28:31of
28:31africa
28:32is not
28:32how much
28:33they
28:33destroyed
28:34but
28:34how
28:35little
28:35later
28:36on
28:37angry
28:38romans
28:38and
28:39christians
28:39writing
28:40about
28:40these
28:41events
28:41made
28:42sure
28:42they
28:42blackened
28:43the
28:43vandals
28:44reputation
28:44as they
28:45did
28:45with
28:46all
28:46the
28:46barbarians
28:47but
28:48but the
28:48art
28:48that
28:48remains
28:49from
28:49these
28:49times
28:50tells
28:51a
28:51different
28:52story
28:56to signal
28:58their new
28:58status as
28:59overlords of
29:00Rome's most
29:01prosperous province
29:02the vandals
29:04the vandals did
29:04what the nouveau
29:05riche always
29:06do
29:06they spent
29:08money on
29:08the arts
29:10their jewelers
29:12were commanded
29:13to make
29:13gorgeous
29:14vandal
29:14bling
29:15and out
29:17in the
29:17countryside
29:18they built
29:19elegant villas
29:20for themselves
29:21and filled
29:23them
29:23with superb
29:24decorations
29:29that's the
29:30julius
29:30mosaic
29:31it's one of
29:31the masterpieces
29:32of the period
29:33and judas
29:34himself
29:35is sitting
29:35there in
29:36his white
29:36robe
29:37and he's
29:37the man
29:38who commissioned
29:39the mosaic
29:42no one
29:43is a hundred
29:44percent certain
29:45if this was
29:46made just
29:46before the
29:47vandals
29:47got here
29:48or just
29:49after
29:49and that's
29:50the most
29:51telling thing
29:51about it
29:52this is
29:53how rich
29:54romans lived
29:55and also
29:56rich vandals
30:00julius's house
30:01where this was
30:02found
30:02is shown in
30:03the middle
30:04the posh
30:05fortified
30:06villa
30:06those domes
30:08at the back
30:09are the bath
30:10houses
30:11the equivalent
30:12today
30:13of a luxury
30:14swimming pool
30:18all around
30:19the villa
30:20there are
30:20busy scenes
30:21of rural
30:22life
30:23in north
30:24africa
30:24up on the
30:25left
30:26that's winter
30:27see the people
30:28picking olives
30:29that's what you
30:30did in winter
30:33on the other
30:34side
30:35on the right
30:36is summer
30:37see the shepherds
30:38with their summer
30:40flock
30:40and those fields
30:42of ripe wheat
30:43behind them
30:47down here
30:49down here
30:49are spring
30:49and autumn
30:50spring
30:51is the season
30:53of flowers
30:53and there's
30:54mrs julius
30:55in her garden
30:56admiring herself
30:58in a mirror
30:59while a servant
31:00brings her
31:01a bowl of roses
31:03they're beautiful
31:05and so is she
31:09on the other
31:10side it's autumn
31:11and there's lord
31:12julius himself
31:13sitting on a
31:14throne
31:14in his orchard
31:15while a labourer
31:17brings him a
31:17basket of grapes
31:19and a hair
31:20he's caught
31:21running about
31:21among the vines
31:25this is mosaic
31:27making
31:28of the highest
31:29caliber
31:29so imaginative
31:31and clever
31:32it isn't just
31:34a portrait
31:35of julius
31:36and his house
31:37this is a
31:38visualization
31:39of the perfect
31:40lifestyle
31:41a rural dream
31:43made real
31:46the message here
31:48is how glorious
31:49life is
31:50when man lives
31:51in harmony
31:52with nature
31:53when order
31:54prevails
31:55and the land
31:56is fertile
31:57and balanced
31:58welcome
32:00to the good
32:01life
32:01in Africa
32:15instead of
32:16knocking down
32:17Carthage
32:18the vandals
32:19set about
32:20making it
32:20more homely
32:21they put
32:23small houses
32:24in the huge
32:25roman
32:26clearings
32:26and
32:28famously
32:28an ambitious
32:30new bath
32:31house
32:31was built
32:32here
32:32by the
32:33art-loving
32:34vandal king
32:35Thrasamond
32:41bath-to-loving
32:42bath houses
32:43bath houses
32:43bath houses
32:43were hugely important
32:44in roman society
32:45they were a kind of social club
32:47where people went to chat
32:49and gossip
32:50a bit like modern health clubs
32:52except much cheaper
32:55roman bath houses
32:57roman bath houses
32:58had two main spaces
32:59a hot room
33:01or caldarium
33:03that heated you up
33:04and a cold room
33:06or frigidarium
33:08that cooled you down
33:11the largest
33:12of all roman bath complexes
33:14was here in Carthage
33:16the Antonine baths
33:18built in the second century
33:20by the roman emperor
33:21Antoninus Pius
33:23these are the ruins
33:26so imagine how big
33:28the baths must have been
33:33long before the vandals
33:35conquered Carthage
33:36the Antonine baths
33:38had fallen into disrepair
33:40so the vandal king
33:42Thrasamond
33:43built some new ones
33:45we know a lot about
33:47Thrasamond's baths
33:49because
33:50amazingly
33:51a collection of vandal poems
33:54on the subject
33:55has survived
33:59that's right
34:00vandal poems
34:02the vandals
34:04were particularly keen
34:05on poetry
34:06and hundreds of poems
34:07written here in Carthage
34:09in the vandal years
34:10have survived
34:11and this
34:12thick body
34:13of unexpected literature
34:15tells us
34:17so much about them
34:21a poet
34:23called Felix
34:24has left behind
34:25an evocative description
34:27of Thrasamond's
34:29bath house
34:30this magnificent
34:32monument
34:33erected
34:34by royal command
34:35where water
34:36and fire
34:37display their
34:39obedience
34:43there were no less
34:44than five poems
34:46by Felix
34:47about these great baths
34:48and the big idea
34:50in all of them
34:51is this
34:51dramatic contrast
34:53between the cool
34:55refreshing springs
34:56of the frigidarium
34:57and the hot
34:59boiling waters
35:00of the caldarium
35:03here
35:04says Felix
35:05icy spring waters
35:07exist harmoniously
35:09with flames
35:10here
35:12the shivering
35:13nymph
35:13is startled
35:14by the fiery
35:16bath
35:19Felix's poems
35:21were actually
35:21displayed
35:22all around you
35:23as you bathed
35:24as mosaics
35:25so they surrounded you
35:27pushed their way
35:28into your thoughts
35:29and as you read them
35:31you were prompted
35:32to marvel
35:33at this great miracle
35:34achieved here
35:36by Thrasamond
35:39in the vandal baths
35:41Thrasamond
35:42has achieved
35:43the ultimate harmony
35:44Thrasamond
35:46has united
35:47fire
35:48and water
36:07goth
36:09goth
36:10goth
36:12gothic
36:13barbarous
36:14rude
36:15uncouth
36:15gothic
36:16oh here we are
36:17goth
36:18one of a germanic tribe
36:20who invaded
36:20the roman empire
36:27in the lexicon of hate
36:29spawned by the dark ages
36:31a special place
36:33is set aside
36:33for the goths
36:37the dark ages
36:39are full of nasties
36:41but the goths
36:43are particularly spooky
36:52if you walk down the street
36:54where i live in london
36:55in camden town
36:56you'll find
36:57plenty
36:58of modern goths
37:00wandering about
37:01they're dressed
37:02from head to toe
37:03in black
37:04and covered
37:05in satanic
37:06insignia
37:07and they're trying
37:09so hard
37:10to look
37:11doomy
37:12and i just want
37:14to give them all
37:14a big hug
37:16and tell them
37:17to cheer up
37:19because if they want
37:20to be goths
37:21they should be
37:22like real goths
37:24energetic
37:26colourful
37:28inventive
37:28the kind of people
37:31who did that
37:42stunning
37:42stunning isn't it
37:43i love the way
37:44the mosaic sparkles
37:46with all that gold
37:47and throws light
37:48all round the dome
37:49it's so exciting
37:55but there's something
37:57peculiar about it too
37:59something slightly awkward
38:02that's obviously jesus up there
38:05being baptised
38:06but why is he so pink
38:08and flaccid
38:10and not very divine
38:12how did jesus end up like this
38:20originally the goths came from up here
38:22the baltic coast
38:26they were farmers
38:28successful farmers
38:29but when their population exploded
38:32they made their way south
38:33to the black sea
38:34searching for better land
38:37and better farming conditions
38:40when the goths moved south
38:43they came into direct contact
38:45with the roman empire
38:47and their history
38:49immediately grew
38:50more problematic
38:54it would take me
38:55several programs
38:56to deal with all the twists and turns
38:58in the story of the goths
39:01and their migrations
39:02but to boil it down to its essentials
39:04when they settled here in the south
39:07they found themselves
39:08in the way of the huns
39:10coming in from the east
39:11so to get away from them
39:13the goths split in two
39:17now some of them
39:18fled across the danube here
39:21and begged the roman empire
39:23to let them in
39:24and they became
39:25the visigoths
39:26or western goths
39:28and they settled initially here
39:30in france
39:31and finally
39:32in spain
39:34but the other ones
39:36they stayed put
39:37over here
39:38and joined the huns
39:40in the hunnic empire
39:41and they became
39:42the ostrogoths
39:44or eastern goths
39:46and they're the ones
39:47who did this
39:53when you think of barbarians
39:55you think instinctively
39:57of pagans
39:58don't you
39:59of godless
40:00and violent people
40:02with strange
40:03and primitive beliefs
40:06Conan the barbarian
40:08is hardly altar boy material
40:10is he
40:15actually
40:16most of the barbarians
40:18were christians
40:19even the vandals
40:21so were the ostrogoths
40:23and the visigoths
40:24all of them
40:25were converted
40:26to christianity
40:27in the 4th century
40:29however
40:30the form of christianity
40:32they were converted to
40:34was unusual
40:37the reason why
40:39this christ
40:40looks so unfamiliar
40:42and even peculiar
40:43is because
40:45he's an arian christ
40:47and not a catholic one
40:49and arian christianity
40:52is different
40:54arianism
40:56was a christian heresy
40:57a different form
40:59of christianity
41:00proposed
41:01proposed
41:02by a priest
41:02called arius
41:04in alexandria
41:05in egypt
41:05in the 4th century
41:07from there
41:08it spread across
41:10the roman empire
41:12and then
41:12out
41:14among the barbarians
41:18the arians believed
41:20that jesus
41:21was different
41:22from god
41:23he was divine
41:25yes
41:25but less so
41:29the catholics believed
41:31that god
41:32and jesus
41:33father and son
41:34were equal
41:35two different forms
41:38of the same
41:39great divinity
41:40but the arians
41:42disagreed
41:44for them
41:45god the father
41:47was the one
41:48true god
41:49he was the god
41:50at the top
41:51and jesus
41:52his son
41:53was below him
41:54and that's why
41:56the jesus
41:57up here
41:59in the baptistry
42:00mosaic
42:00looks so wimpish
42:04this is a jesus
42:06who's more like
42:07the rest of us
42:08less divine
42:10more human
42:11perhaps that's why
42:14the barbarians
42:15preferred him
42:16he's less imperial
42:18and more like
42:19them
42:26this is ravenna
42:28in northern italy
42:29the capital
42:30of the ostrogoths
42:33right across
42:34the empire
42:35catholics
42:36and arians
42:37distrusted
42:38each other
42:38as only
42:39co-believers
42:40can
42:42but in ravenna
42:43it was the
42:44arians
42:45who held sway
42:46and it was
42:48arianism
42:49that created
42:50this
42:53it was a bit
42:54like the sunnis
42:56and the shia
42:56and the shia
42:57in islam
42:57same religion
42:58different only
43:00in its details
43:01but so antagonistic
43:04towards each other
43:09the ostrogoths
43:11were led by a formidable
43:12arian king
43:13called theodoric
43:16and it was theodoric
43:18who built this
43:24theodoric had been brought up
43:25in constantinople
43:26in the court of the eastern
43:28roman empire
43:29he'd been sent there
43:30by his own father
43:32as a hostage
43:33and educated
43:34as a roman
43:35so he was
43:37sophisticated
43:38and clever
43:42having gained
43:43the trust
43:44of the roman
43:45emperor
43:45zeno
43:46in constantinople
43:47theodoric
43:49persuaded
43:50zeno
43:50to let him
43:51come to italy
43:52and reconquer it
43:54from another
43:55germanic
43:56despot
43:57called
43:57odoacur
44:01theodoric
44:02invited
44:02odoacur
44:03to a banquet
44:04in his honor
44:05and there
44:06he murdered him
44:08with his bare hands
44:09or so they say
44:10and thus
44:11theodoric
44:12made himself
44:13ruler
44:13of all italy
44:14based here
44:16in ravenna
44:21under the ostrogoths
44:22ravenna
44:23thrived
44:24as never before
44:25this is the great
44:27basilica
44:28of santa polinaire
44:29that theodoric
44:31built
44:31early in the
44:326th century
44:33and then
44:35filled
44:35with this
44:36spectacular
44:37parade
44:37of mosaics
44:41up on the ceiling
44:43a baby
44:44faced
44:44arian
44:45christ
44:45performs
44:46such a
44:47lively
44:47set of
44:48miracles
44:48raising
44:50lazarus
44:51from the dead
44:52conjuring up
44:54miraculous
44:55fish
44:59so up there
45:01so up there
45:01is the story
45:02of the young
45:03jesus
45:03performing
45:04his miracles
45:05and on the other
45:06side
45:07over there
45:08the other end
45:09of the story
45:10christ's terrible
45:12death
45:13and resurrection
45:14the last supper
45:16the kiss
45:19of judas
45:23below that
45:25there's this great
45:26golden procession
45:28of the 22 virgins
45:30bearing sumptuous crowns
45:33lined up
45:34to pay homage
45:36to the virgin mary
45:37with jesus
45:40in her lap
45:48on the other
45:50side
45:50in a kind
45:51of arian
45:52call
45:53and response
45:54the 26
45:55martyrs
45:56dressed
45:57more simply
45:58in white
45:58and advancing
46:00in a mighty
46:01procession
46:02towards
46:03the enthroned
46:04jesus
46:08what marvelous
46:09religious theater
46:11this is
46:11what vivid
46:13and exciting
46:14mosaics
46:15and all you
46:17pretend goths
46:19in camden
46:20if you're watching
46:21the real
46:23goths
46:24made this
46:30unfortunately
46:31later on
46:32when the roman
46:32emperor
46:33justinian
46:34reconquered
46:35ravenna
46:35for the byzantines
46:37he set about
46:38tampering
46:38with what theodoric
46:39had done
46:40removing what he could
46:41of the arians
46:43so see this
46:44portrait here
46:45that's actually
46:47theodoric
46:48but justinian
46:49has taken over
46:50his identity
46:51and he's
46:52pretending
46:53to be him
46:59this
47:00this they say
47:01is what's left
47:02of theodoric's
47:03ravenna palace
47:04you can see it
47:06inside
47:07san apollinaire
47:08as well
47:09a great
47:10golden
47:11palace
47:12filled once
47:13with magnificent
47:14ostrogoth
47:15treasures
47:18there's a museum
47:19in romania
47:20in bucharest
47:22that's bursting
47:23with this ostrogoth
47:24bling
47:26and personally
47:27i'd be happy
47:29to put on
47:29some shades
47:30and just stare
47:32at it
47:32for the next
47:33few days
47:36but we can't
47:38because back
47:39in ravenna
47:40the story
47:41of the ostrogoths
47:42has darkened
47:43and grown eerie
47:45when justinian
47:47conquered ravenna
47:48he had all signs
47:50of theodoric
47:51and the ostrogoths
47:52removed
47:53and the great
47:55mosaic palace
47:56is now
47:57a ghost town
47:58with no one
47:59in it
48:01though if you
48:02look very
48:03carefully
48:04you can still
48:05make out
48:05a few
48:06of the
48:07bodiless
48:07ostrogoth
48:08hands
48:09that remain
48:19theodoric
48:20left his mark
48:21on many art
48:22forms
48:23but the one
48:24that surprises
48:25me most
48:26is this
48:27totally
48:28unexpected
48:29piece
48:29of dark
48:31age
48:31literature
48:33the silver
48:34bible
48:35is a
48:36gothic
48:36gospel book
48:37written in
48:39gothic
48:39with a gothic
48:40alphabet
48:41it was written
48:43in northern
48:44italy
48:45probably in
48:46ravenna
48:46and probably
48:47for the
48:47gothic
48:48the ostrogothic
48:49king
48:49theodoric
48:50the great
48:51of the
48:52in the beginning
48:52of the
48:536th century
48:57those people
48:58imagine that
48:59what used to be
49:00called the
49:01barbarian tribes
49:02such as the
49:02goth
49:03didn't have
49:04literature
49:04but this of course
49:05is written in
49:06the gothic
49:07language
49:07yes
49:08and that's
49:10very remarkable
49:11because
49:11we don't know
49:13anything about
49:14the other
49:16germanic
49:17languages
49:17but the
49:19gothic
49:19languages
49:20is preserved
49:22in this
49:22manuscript
49:27it's very
49:28beautiful
49:28to look at
49:29it's got
49:30these lovely
49:30purple pages
49:31with the
49:32silver writing
49:33on it
49:33yes
49:34it's
49:35the imperial
49:36colour
49:37the purple
49:38colour
49:38and
49:39theodoric
49:40the great
49:41he got
49:42the permission
49:42from the
49:43east roman
49:44emperor
49:44to use
49:46this purple
49:46colour
49:47and he
49:49behaved and
49:50acted like
49:50a roman
49:51emperor
50:01theodoric
50:02who lived
50:02to be over
50:03seventy
50:04deserves to
50:05be remembered
50:06as one of
50:07the great
50:07achievers
50:08of the
50:08dark ages
50:11this is where
50:12he was buried
50:13his mausoleum
50:15in ravenna
50:16and i can't
50:18think of
50:18another building
50:19anywhere
50:20that looks
50:21anything like
50:21this
50:23what eerie
50:25and inventive
50:26architecture
50:28i love this
50:30thing
50:30it's so stocky
50:31and unusual
50:32a unique
50:33example
50:34of ostrogoth
50:35building
50:36which seems
50:36to have popped
50:37out of nowhere
50:38and that's just
50:39the outside
50:40wait till you
50:41see the inside
50:46theodoric died
50:48in 526 ad
50:50and was buried
50:52here
50:52in this huge
50:53sarcophagus
50:55shaped like a roman
50:56bath
50:58i find this
51:00such a spooky
51:01space
51:02and
51:03it's absolutely
51:05unique
51:11that roof
51:12is made from a
51:13single piece
51:15of istrian
51:15stone
51:16it's a meter
51:18thick
51:1833 meters
51:20wide
51:20and weighs
51:21300 tons
51:23to get it here
51:25from istria
51:26which is roughly
51:27where modern
51:28croatia is
51:29they had to
51:30load it onto
51:31an enormous
51:32raft
51:33and sail it
51:34across the
51:35adriatic
51:35can you imagine
51:40that cross up
51:42above
51:42that's original
51:43too
51:43and there used
51:45to be silver
51:46stars all around
51:47it
51:48so when you
51:48looked up in
51:49here
51:49it was like
51:50looking up
51:51at the sky
51:52at night
51:55there are some
51:56exciting stories
51:57about theodoric's
51:59death
52:00some say
52:01he went
52:02mad
52:02after seeing
52:03one of his
52:04victims
52:04inside the
52:05head
52:06of a fish
52:08others say
52:09he was thrown
52:10from a volcano
52:13one thing's
52:14certain
52:14the ostrogoth
52:16empire he
52:17created
52:17collapsed
52:18quickly
52:19after his
52:20death
52:22justinian
52:23reclaimed
52:24ravenna
52:24the ostrogoth
52:27era
52:27was over
52:30so that's
52:31the end
52:32of the
52:32ostrogoths
52:33but what
52:34about
52:35the visigoths
52:36or western
52:37goths
52:38the goths
52:39in spain
52:39over here
52:40what happened
52:42to them
52:42you might be
52:43thinking
52:43and what did
52:45they achieve
52:47well
52:48rather a lot
52:50as it happens
53:01this is
53:02palencia
53:03in spain
53:04and what
53:05you're looking
53:06at
53:06is the
53:07oldest
53:07surviving
53:08spanish
53:09church
53:10built
53:11in the
53:127th century
53:13by the
53:14visigoths
53:17the visigoths
53:19ruled spain
53:20from around
53:21500 ad
53:22to around
53:23700 ad
53:25that's 200
53:26years
53:27but you hardly
53:29ever hear about
53:29them
53:30you hear about
53:31the romans
53:32in spain
53:33you hear about
53:34the muslims
53:35in spain
53:35but you don't
53:36hear
53:37about the
53:38visigoths
53:43one cruel
53:44wag
53:45has christened
53:46them
53:46the
53:46invisigoths
53:47which is
53:48very unfair
53:49if you hunt
53:51around in
53:51spain
53:52you'll find
53:53plenty of
53:53evidence
53:54of visigoth
53:55achievement
53:56like this
53:57rustic
53:58annunciation
53:59carved
54:00into an
54:01emerald
54:03and sometimes
54:04you don't
54:05have to look
54:05hard at all
54:06to see the
54:07visigoths
54:08showing off
54:09their dark
54:10age skills
54:12like these
54:13superb
54:14visigoth
54:15crowns
54:16with the
54:17name of the
54:17king who
54:18commissioned
54:18them
54:19spelled out
54:20helpfully
54:20for the
54:21heart of
54:21remembering
54:23aren't they
54:24magnificent
54:28those visigoth
54:29crowns
54:30are not for
54:30wearing on
54:31your head
54:32they're what's
54:33called
54:33votive
54:34crowns
54:35and they are
54:36for hanging
54:37above an altar
54:50in a church
54:52like the
54:54ostrogoths
54:55the visigoths
54:56were originally
54:57Aryans
54:58but here in
54:59spain
55:00they were
55:00surrounded by
55:01roman catholics
55:03and quickly
55:04adopted the
55:05romanic version
55:06of christianity
55:09and that's when
55:10they built
55:10these exciting
55:12and inventive
55:13visigoth churches
55:19this is the
55:20church of
55:21saint john
55:22the baptist
55:23in palencia
55:24it's been
55:25remodelled
55:26here and there
55:27but most of
55:28what you see
55:29is visigoth
55:30the story goes
55:32that the
55:33visigoth king
55:34reches
55:35vinto
55:36built this
55:37church
55:37to thank
55:38god
55:38for curing
55:39him
55:40of liver
55:41disease
55:41he washed
55:43himself
55:43just out
55:44here
55:44in the
55:45holy waters
55:46of palencia
55:47and was
55:48suddenly
55:49cured
55:53richard
55:53vinto
55:54was on
55:54his way
55:55north
55:55to fight
55:56the basques
55:57so he was
55:58particularly
55:58grateful
55:59for his
56:00miraculous
56:01cure
56:01and even
56:02put up
56:03a plaque
56:03with the
56:04date the
56:04church
56:05was
56:05finished
56:06january
56:07the 3rd
56:08661
56:09ad
56:13richard
56:14vinto's
56:14plaque
56:15is
56:15surrounded
56:16by
56:16typically
56:17vigorous
56:17bits
56:18of
56:18visigoth
56:19decoration
56:20so
56:21energetic
56:21and
56:22busy
56:24completely
56:24unlike
56:25anything
56:26the
56:26romans
56:26came up
56:27with
56:30i really
56:31like
56:32this
56:32visigoth
56:33church
56:33decoration
56:34when i
56:35look at
56:35it
56:35i feel
56:36as if
56:36i can
56:36hear
56:37the
56:37sculptor
56:38whistling
56:39there's
56:39something
56:40so
56:40boisterous
56:41about
56:41it
56:41something
56:42real
56:43and
56:43untutored
56:44it's
56:45as if
56:45for the
56:45first
56:46time
56:46in art
56:47we're
56:47hearing
56:47from
56:48the
56:48common
56:48man
56:51this
56:52wasn't
56:53made
56:53by
56:53an
56:53artiste
56:55this
56:55was
56:55made
56:56by
56:56a
56:56bloke
56:57someone
56:58with
56:58big
56:59hands
56:59who's
57:00speaking
57:01to
57:01us
57:01across
57:02the
57:02ages
57:06the
57:07the
57:07sheer
57:07inventiveness
57:08of
57:08these
57:09visigoths
57:09is
57:10so
57:10invigorating
57:12i mean
57:13look at
57:14these
57:14arches
57:15they're
57:16special
57:16right
57:17why are
57:18they
57:18special
57:19because
57:20they
57:21look
57:21like
57:22one
57:22of
57:22these
57:26i don't
57:27know how
57:27much
57:27you know
57:28about
57:29arches
57:31but if
57:31you're
57:32any sort
57:32of
57:32student
57:33at all
57:33you'll
57:34know
57:34that
57:35horseshoe
57:36arches
57:36are
57:37remarkable
57:38your
57:39bog
57:39standard
57:40arch
57:41certainly
57:41wasn't
57:42shaped
57:42like
57:43this
57:45before
57:46the
57:46visigoths
57:47invented
57:47these
57:48arches
57:49were
57:50semi
57:50circular
57:51they
57:51came
57:52round
57:52like
57:53that
57:53and
57:53that's
57:54it
57:54but
57:55these
57:55horseshoe
57:56arches
57:57they
57:57come
57:58down
57:59to
58:00here
58:01and
58:02they
58:02have
58:02a
58:02very
58:03different
58:03effect
58:07horseshoe
58:08arches
58:09look
58:09wider
58:10airier
58:12taller
58:13more
58:14elegant
58:14as if
58:16a
58:16sail
58:16has
58:16been
58:17unfurled
58:18and
58:18filled
58:18with
58:19wind
58:20they're
58:21more
58:22playful
58:22too
58:23less
58:23stern
58:24this
58:25is
58:26architecture
58:26doing
58:27more
58:27than
58:28has
58:28been
58:28asked
58:28of
58:29it
58:29this
58:30isn't
58:31just
58:31holding
58:31something
58:32up
58:32this
58:34is
58:35having
58:35fun
58:36and
58:37looking
58:37good
58:39so
58:40the
58:40visigoths
58:41invented
58:42these
58:43elegant
58:44horseshoe
58:45arches
58:45and
58:46these
58:46were
58:46a
58:47brilliant
58:47barbarian
58:49invention
58:49but
58:50although
58:51the
58:51visigoths
58:52invented
58:53them
58:53they
58:54didn't
58:54perfect
58:55them
58:55it
58:56was
58:56someone
58:57else
58:57who
58:57did
58:58that
59:01the
59:02perfecters
59:02of the
59:03horseshoe
59:03arch
59:04are
59:04the
59:04subject
59:05of
59:05the
59:05next
59:05film
59:06when
59:07we
59:07look
59:07at
59:07the
59:08art
59:08of
59:08islam
59:10in
59:11the
59:11hands
59:11of
59:11islamic
59:12artists
59:12the
59:13horseshoe
59:13arch
59:14would
59:14create
59:15architecture
59:16of
59:16spine
59:17tingling
59:17beauty
59:19it's
59:20yet
59:20another
59:20of
59:21the
59:21great
59:21achievements
59:22of
59:23the
59:23dark
59:23ages
59:29next
59:30this
59:30evening
59:30stay
59:30with
59:31us
59:31for
59:31the
59:31true
59:31story
59:32of
59:32the
59:32wonderful
59:32wizard
59:33of
59:33oz
59:33right
59:34here
59:34on
59:34bbc
59:34hd
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