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00:20A guerra está cheia de erros, cheia de erros, queia de erros, queia de erros, queia de erros.
00:29Drawing on years of reporting, from both sides of the war.
00:33You set off a car bomb, it's going to kill women and children and innocent civilians.
00:38This was fighting.
00:39You reject the idea that you handed a good deal to the Taliban.
00:42Not at all, I got a good deal for the United States.
00:45We wanted out, we got out safely.
00:48Correspondent Martin Smith investigates the missteps.
00:51No one really knew how this would unfold.
00:54And miscalculations.
00:56People ask, what was the American strategy?
00:58The Americans did not have a strategy for Afghanistan.
01:01Why do you think we lost?
01:02I think it's a matter of willpower.
01:04We didn't have the will.
01:05We had a good amount of it, but they had more.
01:08Now on Frontline, part two of an epic three-part series.
01:13Why did we fail in our mission?
01:15And who was responsible?
01:16America and the Taliban.
01:39This program contains graphic imagery.
01:43Viewer discretion is advised.
01:46And who was responsible?
01:50A lot of it is complaint of man.
02:02This program has given us to dread...
02:04Data'sよう
02:05Better Call, if we were to help...
02:05A bit...
02:19O dia 10 de aniversário da invasão da U.S. do Afganistão.
02:25Algumas pessoas perguntam por que a guerra está levando tanto tempo.
02:28A guerra está levando a U.S. do Afganistão.
03:00Mas Presidente Obama tinha um plano.
03:03Nosso país decidiu fazer um framework que nos permitiu responsivamente a guerra.
03:08Depois de tentar uma surpresa em 2009,
03:11Obama agora planejou dar a comitência da U.S. do Afganistão e a polícia.
03:19A polícia do Afganistão.
03:20O Afganistão vai levar o leado para operações de combate ao país.
03:25Foi um movimento que poderia ter major consequências.
03:31A missão mudou...
03:33de milhares de U.S. motos na terra...
03:36a mais alta-fície de ataques do meio.
03:46Grande operação de counterinsurgency
03:48foram gradualmente exchanged
03:49para pequenas das forças
03:51targeting os taliban e al-qaeda insurgentes.
03:55Foi uma estratégia comum chamada de cria-captura.
03:59Mas isso frequentava,
04:01e ultimamente aumentava o apoio para o taliban.
04:07Esses são geralmente pequenas operações.
04:11Um ou dois helicópteres landa fora de um campo.
04:14Based em uma experiência de inteligência,
04:16muitas vezes, telefone calls e assim,
04:18indicando que havia uma força de força em um campo.
04:21Então, geralmente, taliban.
04:25Inicialmente, essas ruas foram secretivas.
04:27Mas, em 2 de maio, 2011,
04:30quando a força especialista
04:31saiu para o Pakistão e matou Osama bin Laden,
04:34o escopo dos raids became widely known.
04:38Hoje, eu posso reportar para os americanos e ao mundo,
04:42que os Estados Unidos,
04:44que os Estados Unidos,
04:45que matou Osama bin Laden,
04:47o líder do al-qaeda.
04:49O top leadership do taliban,
04:52o al-qaeda,
04:53dos senhores líderes,
04:55tinha que ser detenido,
04:56ou, se resiste a detenção,
04:58que eles tinham sido detenidos.
04:59General David Petraeus,
05:01um proponente de ganhar
05:03hearts e minds
05:03through counterinsurgency,
05:05também embraced esses raids,
05:07ou targeted killings.
05:09Restraints put in place
05:11by his predecessor,
05:12General Stanley McChrystal,
05:13were loosened,
05:14and the number of raids
05:16would increase six-fold.
05:22By the time I took command in 2010,
05:26we were conducting somewhere between
05:2810 and 15 operations
05:29on a given night
05:30against high-value targets
05:33of the insurgent networks
05:35and the extremist groups
05:37that were trying to reestablish
05:38the sanctuary in Afghanistan.
05:44Keep in mind,
05:45it's just not the guys
05:46going through doors.
05:47It's not just the operators.
05:49It's the drones
05:50that are on top of it.
05:51It's all of the intelligence,
05:53surveillance,
05:53and reconnaissance structure
05:54that we have to create
05:56to identify
05:57where the high-value targets are.
05:59Hit the guy on the road.
06:00Roger.
06:01Hit the guy on the road.
06:01And then to overwatch
06:03the conduct of an operation
06:04with AC-130 gunships at night
06:07and attack helicopters
06:08if you need them,
06:09and all the rest of it.
06:21In 2010,
06:23I embedded with a group of soldiers
06:24from the 101st Airborne Division
06:26and an elite team
06:28of Army Rangers
06:29who were conducting targeted raids.
06:34to a small combat outpost
06:36along the Afghan-Pakistan border.
06:39So we do have detainees.
06:41We're going to flex them
06:42with the first lift,
06:44and MPs are going to take over
06:45from there.
06:46Soldiers were preparing
06:47for some raids the next day,
06:49reviewing new intelligence
06:51on the whereabouts
06:52of suspected Taliban militants.
06:54with that being said,
06:55new threats in Mamundi.
06:56Scott and Chris.
06:57These guys are part of
06:58Muhammad Amid's cell
07:00operating out of Mamundi.
07:02These guys are new.
07:03They're new faces.
07:04We haven't seen them before.
07:06On the sheet after the HLZ,
07:09I got the compounds label
07:11and their label next to their names
07:13here on the first sheet.
07:14So everybody needs to be tracking
07:15these guys.
07:16Keep an eye out.
07:17All right.
07:18Any questions?
07:19All right.
07:20All right.
07:23We set out at dawn.
07:27The team was accompanied
07:29by a contingent of Afghan police
07:31in the ongoing effort
07:32to train Afghan forces.
07:36The mission was a combined operation
07:38between ABP, Afghan border police
07:41and coalition forces
07:42to ultimately clear suspected
07:45safe houses in three villages.
07:49We had about 17 persons of interest
07:52that we wanted to at least talk to.
07:55All right.
07:55There's a door to the bathroom.
07:56We'll end immediately.
07:58The targeted raids around this area
07:59have been very successful.
08:01One window.
08:02Another section of those.
08:04We've taken out cells
08:05and attacks have decreased significantly.
08:09But with that being said,
08:11a new cell is created.
08:12Not necessarily in the same area,
08:14but ultimately the same effects on us.
08:18So it's the cat and mouse game.
08:24These operations came with risks.
08:29We're very focused on capturing
08:31members of Taliban leadership
08:33and capturing Al-Qaeda.
08:35So we would go into a house,
08:37go into an area,
08:39and detain people or kill them.
08:42Now sometimes the information
08:43that we got for that could be bad.
08:47It could be that someone
08:48who we were working with
08:49had some kind of grievance
08:50against a potential person,
08:52gave that information to the Americans
08:54so that we could conduct an attack.
09:01Watch out! Watch out!
09:07Within minutes of entering one compound,
09:09the team discovered a problem.
09:11We're obviously in here.
09:12They had the wrong location.
09:15They had raided the home of a tribal elder.
09:30Although the elder appears innocent,
09:32the soldiers decide to conduct a search anyway.
09:38They risked causing further offense,
09:40which put the accompanying Afghan forces
09:42in an awkward position.
09:51The raid turned up next to nothing.
10:01Captain Keller told me that the way they carried out the raids
10:04had to keep changing,
10:06in part because the Taliban kept adapting.
10:11Insurgency changes daily.
10:12This might be the same guy, but...
10:15What, the last unit was fighting six to 12 months ago?
10:17We're fighting something new.
10:19That is Masa Khan?
10:20Yeah.
10:21We're going to search the rear.
10:23If they know how we fight,
10:24they're going to change their tactics.
10:26We learn how they fight, so we change ours.
10:29So it's very difficult to just focus on one objective
10:31or one mission.
10:33Hey, we're in Bravo 1,
10:34and we got targets 7 and 8.
10:38Hey, Helimi, I don't want them sitting next to each other.
10:40I mean, if one thing's not working,
10:43we need to try another.
10:44And if that doesn't work, then, you know,
10:46and the cycle just goes around.
10:48You can go on for a long time.
10:49It could go on for another day or another 10 years.
11:02Ten years later, after the fall of Kabul in 2021,
11:06I returned to Afghanistan.
11:09It was clear that for Afghans, night raids had been a major feature of the war.
11:18This is the road to Wardak province, once a hotbed of Taliban activity.
11:24The road is pockmarked from hundreds of IED explosions used by the Taliban to attack U.S. convoys.
11:36Wardak was a frequent target of kill-capture teams.
11:39when the Taliban had died in a possible period.
11:42So they stopped when the Taliban brought up for their lives.
11:46The Taliban were a lot of tourists.
11:50They were close to the Taliban,
11:59and they had to take place in a place to get up or to take the army to go there.
12:04And the Taliban had to come to the Taliban,
12:06and the Taliban had to kämpa if they had been down.
12:06And they had to take place in the Taliban.
12:08The Taliban had to come to the Taliban.
12:23Por que o drone atacou esse grupo?
12:28Não.
12:31O grupo de talibã?
12:32O grupo de talibã.
12:34Não, eu não.
12:39Nós não podíamos verificar esse ataque,
12:41mas todos aqui seemm a ter uma história.
12:55Mohamed Alam, a taxi driver,
12:58me contou sobre um night raid na sua casa.
13:00Uma noite, em outubro de 2009,
13:03ele foi em casa com os filhos e dois irmãos.
13:06Foi alguém em casa que era talibã?
13:10Danke.
13:25Alam says no talibã.
13:27nor, he says, were his brothers.
14:23Alam says that after his brother was killed,
14:26their house was then set on fire,
14:28and he was taken to Bagram prison with another brother.
14:32He spent four years there,
14:35and, he says, he was never charged with any crime.
14:39But the experience turned him against the Americans.
15:18Throughout his presidency,
15:20Hamid Karzai spoke out publicly against civilian deaths
15:23from raids and other errant attacks.
15:26We asked the international community
15:27to end night-time raids on Afghan homes
15:31and eliminate civilian casualties.
15:34President Karzai increasingly became better.
15:36The raiding of houses, night raids,
15:39he was strictly opposed to it.
15:41But the thing that particularly annoyed President Karzai
15:44was the killing of civilians,
15:48and it repeatedly happened.
15:50In Ghazni province, central Afghanistan,
15:53the dead include a woman and a child following what eyewitnesses say
15:57was a raid by U.S. forces.
15:59Certainly the province of Kunar has had more than its fair share
16:02of civilian casualties.
16:03Digging small graves for nine children, all under 14.
16:08General David Petraeus has since apologised for the deaths.
16:11Karzai repeatedly complained to General Petraeus that raids were backfiring.
16:17Protests were mounting,
16:19even as Petraeus made efforts to reduce civilian casualties.
16:27The accumulation of civilian casualties, mistakes,
16:32all mistakes, to be clear.
16:33I mean, we were very, very tough.
16:35Karzai complained repeatedly.
16:37He told you that you had to stop running night raids.
16:41Again, I understand absolutely the pressures that Karzai was under,
16:45and I sought to convey to him the challenges with which I was having to deal
16:50as the commander of U.S. and coalition forces in Afghanistan.
16:54War is full of mistakes, full of incredible loss, tragedy, heartbreak, hardship, and casualties.
17:07When I asked General Petraeus about this, he says, look, war is messy.
17:11These things happen.
17:12Yeah, it happens.
17:13But we virtually never held anyone accountable for civilian casualties.
17:19I mean, we paid condolences, and sometimes we said it wasn't us,
17:25or sorry, it's a mistake.
17:27But we never held anybody accountable.
17:29This footage, shot by the Taliban,
17:32appears to show ISAF airstrikes on another village in Kunar.
17:36A government inquiry found 65 civilian casualties.
17:40ISAF said it found no evidence that civilians were killed.
17:44General Petraeus went even further,
17:46suggesting that some of the children's burns may be down to parental discipline.
17:50I remember that conversation with General Petraeus
17:54about civilians who were killed in Kunar,
17:56and some children had survived.
17:59They were in hospital.
18:00As a minister in President Karzai's government,
18:03Omar Zakhirwal sat in on key meetings.
18:06And then what infuriated President Karzai in that conversation was
18:09when General Petraeus said,
18:12look, these children are trained by their fathers to say this story.
18:17So they're put in risk by their parents there,
18:21and they just want to defame us.
18:24In February 20th of 2011,
18:26there was a closed-door meeting at the palace,
18:30and there was talk about an attack in Kunar.
18:36And you made a comment that you believed
18:38that some of the families
18:41might have deliberately injured their own children
18:44in order to spark a reaction against the Americans.
18:50No, that's mythology.
18:51I would never say something like that.
18:53I never did.
18:53It's absolutely wrong.
18:55But the story circulated widely
18:58and made it to The Washington Post, CNN, and other news outlets.
19:03General Petraeus denies being aware of the story.
19:06I'd never heard that story before.
19:09You've been asked in the past for comment on that.
19:11I've never heard of that story.
19:12Again, if I was asked, I clearly don't remember it,
19:15and it's not something that I ever would have said.
19:17This is just nonsensical.
19:22Afghan officials have repeatedly called for an end to night raids,
19:26alleging that such operations are disruptive to Afghan lives
19:29and lead to civilian casualties.
19:31The number of targeted raids fell after General Petraeus left.
19:35His successor was General John Allen.
19:38This last year, we had about 2,200 night operations.
19:43In all of those, there was less than 1.5% civilian casualties.
19:48Now, I don't diminish any civilian casualties
19:52by reducing it to a percentage point.
19:54But after 9,200 night operations,
19:5827 people were killed or wounded.
20:03That would argue for the power of night operations preserving life.
20:07Those are very impressive statistics.
20:10The Pentagon's civilian casualty statistics are impressive
20:14and widely dismissed as underreported.
20:18So there has not been a lot of transparency around this for many years now.
20:23So they run this civilian casualty...
20:25Azmat Khan won a Pulitzer Prize for her work
20:28investigating civilians killed in airstrikes.
20:32She says the Pentagon has been inconsistent in releasing reliable data.
20:37So they put out these numbers in reports to Congress every year
20:41and they'll admit a certain number of incidents.
20:43But I can't calculate it for Afghanistan the way I could for Iraq and Syria
20:47because they did not consistently put out numbers the way Iraq and Syria did
20:51or maintain a total caseload of numbers.
20:54So we don't know.
20:55So you can do it for 2018 and 2019,
20:57but it's very hard to do before that because they did not release those numbers.
21:01It pains us all here to know what you must be going through right now
21:06with the loss that you just suffered.
21:08I'm kind of deep in the start.
21:10We departed out of Buffalo 4.
21:11Oftentimes when we do an errant strike,
21:14we'd accidentally kill some civilians.
21:16We'd go and we'd make a peace offering.
21:18Hey, here's...
21:18Lieutenant Colonel Jason Dempsey served two rotations in Afghanistan.
21:23We would pay that family the equivalent of two goats and a couple thousand dollars
21:27because you accidentally killed their uncle.
21:29What we can do is try to help you out with a payment for your losses.
21:36It's the absolute least that we can do
21:39because obviously you can't bring back someone to love.
21:43You think it's over, but it's not because...
21:48The irony, of course, was they didn't forgive us.
21:50Yeah, they nodded politely when they're in a room full of Americans
21:53and Afghan security forces, but they held those grudges,
21:56and they did accumulate over time.
21:58Not only in an individual action,
22:01but in the narratives our enemies were building
22:03about us being indiscriminate killers.
22:06You know, our failure rate, if it's one, two percent,
22:09out of hundreds and thousands of strikes per year,
22:13you can build a hell of a lot of stories about the evil Americans
22:16if you're screwing up two percent,
22:17and I guarantee we're screwing up more than that.
22:20Gentlemen, this is for you.
22:21We're going to be served for your losses.
22:25The U.S. Marines,
22:26the citizens of Afghanistan
22:29and the government of Afghanistan
22:32together can achieve great things
22:34to make Afghanistan a safer and more prosperous place for all.
22:43In February 2013,
22:46days after five children were killed in another raid in Kunar province,
22:51Karzai finally ordered a ban on Afghan troops
22:54calling in U.S. and NATO air support.
23:01In November of that year,
23:03he tried to take it even further.
23:26For years, there had been growing concern among some U.S. officials
23:30that the Pentagon simply could not win the war by force.
23:35Beginning as early as 2009,
23:37they had pursued a secret parallel track,
23:40peace through negotiations.
23:43The American delegation came to my home.
23:46Mullah Abdul Salam Zayif
23:48was one of the original founders of the Taliban,
23:51along with their supreme leader, Mullah Omar.
23:55Zayif, who was under house arrest in Kabul,
23:58recalls a visit from some Americans asking him to help.
24:01They said, we didn't know how to find a solution.
24:04But that was the message,
24:05that we think we can't win this by force.
24:08Yeah.
24:08So we want to talk.
24:09Yeah.
24:10But my advice was to them to talk to the Taliban,
24:14to give political office,
24:17to organize the Taliban as a legal party, not terrorist.
24:23A small group of us began to explore
24:25potential outreach to the Taliban.
24:29There were loose intelligence reports of,
24:31you know, so-and-so wants to talk,
24:33or here's the guy who says he's connected.
24:35Here's a guy who says he knows the leadership,
24:38someone who speaks for Mullah Omar.
24:42Eventually, they were able to get in touch with a man
24:45who claimed to speak for supreme leader Mullah Omar.
24:47The deceptively boyish Sayyid Tayyab Agha,
24:50this is as close as you are likely to get to the Taliban leader.
24:54We found this fellow by the name of Tayyab Agha,
24:57a former Taliban government official.
25:00And we will defend our religion.
25:02And he was also a close personal associate of Mullah Omar,
25:07who happened to be in an accessible place,
25:11Doha, Qatar.
25:12So a place we could actually visit.
25:16Doha, 1,200 miles to the west of Kabul on the Persian Gulf.
25:22How does Tayyab Agha become the chief negotiator?
25:25He was the political responsible at that time.
25:28But he's a very young man.
25:29He was young or not, but he was responsible.
25:32So how did he have that position?
25:34I don't know.
25:35This was the leadership decided.
25:36So Mullah Omar and he were close.
25:39Yeah, he was the close friend of Mullah Omar.
25:42He was working with him before that.
25:45He was a trustable person for him.
25:49The task of exploring talks with Agha fell to an old hand,
25:54diplomat Richard Holbrook.
25:56Together with an advisor, Barnett Rubin,
25:59they devised a plan to vet Agha.
26:02We said to Tayyab Agha,
26:04can you bring us a message from Bo Bergdahl?
26:06Army Sergeant Bo Bergdahl,
26:08the only American prisoner of war held in Afghanistan.
26:12Holbrook and Rubin also asked that Agha tell Mullah Omar
26:15to release a special message.
26:18We told him that the message should include some comments
26:20on some recent events in Somalia.
26:23American soldier Bo Bergdahl was captured in eastern Afghanistan.
26:27They reasoned that if Agha proved he had access to Bergdahl,
26:31the Taliban's prized American prisoner,
26:34and to Mullah Omar, Agha would pass their test.
26:39But the Pentagon was against any negotiation.
26:43The military believed it was too soon for talks.
26:47The military was always saying,
26:48OK, we know there has to be a political settlement,
26:50but we should wait till we're in a stronger position.
26:54And I used to say,
26:55why do you think you'll be in a stronger position if you wait?
26:57If you want to negotiate when you have maximum leverage,
27:00you're a couple years too late already.
27:02I am supporting direct talks with Taliban.
27:05They've indicated a readiness to...
27:07Holbrook recorded his thoughts on tape.
27:09Petraeus is strongly opposing all this.
27:11He says he wants to do it only when the time is right,
27:14which he says will be next year,
27:16by which time he'll have had more military success.
27:20Frankly, I just don't believe him.
27:22Over Holbrook's objections,
27:24the Pentagon put Holbrook and Rubin on a tight leash
27:28as far as talking with Tayabaga.
27:30The military was adamant,
27:33you can meet him and talk to him,
27:34but you cannot negotiate anything.
27:36You have no authorization to it.
27:37So, but they agreed that we could meet him,
27:39and the president signed off on that.
27:42But before any real talks were held,
27:45everything came to a halt.
27:49Holbrook was hospitalized in Washington
27:51with a rare heart ailment.
27:54Holbrook would have continued on.
27:56Maybe this would have all worked out differently.
27:58But it didn't.
27:59That's not what happened.
28:00He passed away.
28:01I got this job.
28:02I did the best I could.
28:03The responsibility to bring in peace to Afghanistan.
28:07Ambassador Mark Grossman,
28:08another veteran State Department official,
28:11took over the job of negotiating in February 2011.
28:15He met several times with Aga
28:18at various locations in Doha,
28:20pressing the Taliban to talk with Karzai's government.
28:23But it wasn't happening.
28:25It became clear, certainly,
28:27in the second or third negotiation
28:29that they weren't interested in talking
28:31to the Karzai government.
28:33The Taliban had a different agenda.
28:35I think they saw in front of them
28:37the opportunity to get their senior leadership
28:40out of Guantanamo.
28:42The talks were stalled.
28:44Grossman left in December 2012.
28:48Wanting to revive the talks,
28:51Barnett Rubin stayed on as a consultant
28:53and tried to clear the way
28:54for a Taliban political office in Doha.
28:58At the time,
28:59the Taliban were headquartered in Pakistan,
29:01where they had been granted sanctuary.
29:04Pakistan protected them,
29:06but also watched them closely.
29:09They wanted to have a political office.
29:11As Zaif said to me,
29:12you will not know
29:13what the Taliban true positions are
29:15until they have a political office outside Pakistan.
29:17As long as they're in Pakistan,
29:19they cannot say anything.
29:20You wanted legitimacy and recognition.
29:23Yeah.
29:24And don't mention the Taliban,
29:26they are terrorists.
29:27Recognize them as a party,
29:29as a legal party,
29:30not to race.
29:32In return,
29:34the Taliban were to agree
29:35that they would not infringe
29:36on the Karzai government's sovereignty.
29:39At the proposed office,
29:41they would not fly their flag,
29:43and they would not identify themselves
29:45as the Islamic emirate of Afghanistan.
29:48It didn't go according to plan.
29:52I'm flying back to Doha,
29:54and at that time,
29:55there was no internet on airplanes.
29:57I start scrolling through my BlackBerry,
29:59and I said,
29:59my God, what happened?
30:01The Taliban had a press conference
30:03on Al Jazeera
30:04with a big sign saying
30:05Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
30:08They raised the flag
30:09of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
30:11this cannot stand,
30:12you know,
30:13this is a violation of the agreement.
30:15So, I mean,
30:16you've got to be pretty upset.
30:17I was pretty upset, yeah.
30:19The name Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
30:21suggests it's an embassy
30:23representing an actual government.
30:25The mistrust is rampant
30:27between the Taliban
30:28and the Afghan government in the U.S.
30:30because you wonder
30:31where these negotiations are going to go.
30:34The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
30:38simultaneously follows
30:39both military and political actions.
30:41Another Taliban leader,
30:43Muhammad Suhail Shaheen,
30:45was at the new office
30:46the day it was to open.
30:49One of the agreements
30:50that you had made
30:51is that you would not
30:53call yourselves
30:54the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,
30:57and you would not raise your flag,
30:58but you did that.
31:00Why?
31:00No, that was not.
31:02It is not true.
31:04I have pictures.
31:05You have pictures.
31:06I was there.
31:07It is not needed
31:09the Americans call us
31:11as Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
31:13It's up to them.
31:14But we have right
31:16to call ourselves
31:18Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
31:20Everyone has the right,
31:22and everyone has a flag.
31:25Even if you go to a football team,
31:28they have,
31:29their own flag.
31:32Just 24 hours ago,
31:34there was talk of new prospects
31:35for finding peace in Afghanistan.
31:37Today,
31:37President Hamid Karzai
31:39angrily changed course,
31:41leaving the initiative in doubt,
31:42and U.S. officials
31:43doing damage control.
31:45The secretary reiterated
31:46the fact that we do not recognize
31:49the name
31:49Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
31:52Raising the Taliban flag
31:54on Tuesday in Doha
31:56was just a reminder
31:57of a dark and bloody past
31:59from which our country
32:01still struggles emerge.
32:05That night,
32:06Rubin rode over to the office
32:07and demanded
32:08that the flag and banner
32:10be taken down.
32:12The Taliban complied.
32:14This is the Taliban's new office
32:16here in Doha in Qatar.
32:18Now,
32:18the Taliban had a big
32:19inauguration ceremony.
32:21There had been a plaque there,
32:22and it said
32:23the Islamic Emirate
32:25of Afghanistan.
32:26So,
32:26after all this time,
32:29the negotiations
32:30of three or four years
32:31just falls apart.
32:32Well,
32:34yes,
32:34but you must understand
32:35this is not something unusual.
32:37This is how
32:38peace negotiations go.
32:41Were you surprised
32:42when the Americans
32:43killed the talks?
32:45Yes,
32:46it was a very,
32:47something disappointed
32:49to me,
32:50something disappointed
32:52to everyone,
32:54I think,
32:55to all Afghans.
32:57The Taliban refused
32:59to resume talks
33:00if their name
33:01was not recognized.
33:02and if their flag
33:03was banned.
33:05But there was
33:06an agreement
33:07for a controversial
33:08prisoner swap.
33:09Several high-ranking
33:11Taliban officials
33:12in exchange
33:13for one
33:13high-profile American.
33:15After nearly
33:16five years
33:17in captivity,
33:19Bo is coming home.
33:20American soldier
33:21Bo Bergdahl,
33:22he's a free man
33:23after being handed over
33:24in exchange
33:25for five Afghan detainees
33:27held at Guantanamo Bay.
33:29How was it
33:30that you were able
33:30to achieve the release
33:31of five of them
33:32for one American?
33:33Five of them.
33:35Because the Americans
33:36had invaded our country,
33:38but our prisoners,
33:40they were innocent.
33:41They were not part
33:42of the 9-11,
33:44and they were
33:46kept in Guantanamo.
33:48And now those men
33:49are in powerful positions
33:51in your government.
33:52Yes,
33:53they are ministers.
33:59They were not part of the
33:59Hello, Bagram!
34:03Well,
34:07you know,
34:07I know it's a little late,
34:09but I was in the neighborhood
34:09and thought I'd stop by.
34:12Ahead of Memorial Day 2014,
34:15President Obama
34:16made a surprise visit
34:17to Afghanistan.
34:18After more than a década de guerra, we're at a pivotal moment.
34:21For the first time, Afghan forces took the lead to secure their own country.
34:29In spite of peace negotiations going nowhere,
34:32by 2014, nearly 70,000 troops had returned home from Afghanistan.
34:38And more were slated to leave soon.
34:41For many of you, this will be your last tour in Afghanistan.
34:48And by the end of this year, the transition will be complete,
34:51and Afghans will take full responsibility for their security,
34:56and our combat mission will be over.
35:00Obama made good on his promise.
35:03And by the end of the year, the end of the war was officially in sight.
35:10In December, at a ceremony held under heavy guard to foil Taliban attacks,
35:15the U.S. and NATO formally relinquished control to the Afghan National Security Forces.
35:22Today, NATO completes its combat mission.
35:24The new mission was called Operation Resolute Support.
35:28And granted by tremendous sector...
35:29Going forward, U.S. forces would be focused on training and advising.
35:34Afghan army and police...
35:35There was another big change.
35:38Karzai's two terms as president were up.
35:42Responsibility would now fall on the shoulders of a new Afghan president, Ashraf Ghani,
35:47a World Bank academic who famously co-wrote the book, Fixing Failed States.
36:03President Ghani was a teacher. He was a good talker.
36:05He would impress people with his ideas.
36:15But he had this ego problem.
36:19He was condescending of others
36:21He was a micromanager
36:23The Americans knew it
36:25But he was the best they had
36:27They couldn't find a better person than him
36:29We are very openly proud
36:31Of our foundational partnership
36:33With the United States
36:34Your remarkable friends
36:37But with the Americans leaving
36:38Ghani's hold on power was doomed
36:41He was depending on the strength
36:43Of the Afghan forces
36:44The Afghan National Army is an enduring tribute
36:47To your investment in sacrifice
36:49So I want to thank you
36:53But the Afghan army and police forces
36:56Were plagued by corruption
36:57And low morale
37:03The annual attrition rate
37:06In the military that we were building
37:08Was 30%
37:10We were losing 30%
37:12Of the Afghan National Army
37:14A year
37:16So we're trying to build the force
37:17To 350,000
37:19But there's this giant hole in the bucket
37:21Even though we were the largest jobs program
37:24In Afghanistan
37:25We could not sustain an army
37:27Many of you have just joined the police
37:28Is that correct?
37:31Early in the program
37:32I spoke to some Afghans
37:34Being trained in Wardak province
37:37They told me that they simply
37:39Weren't earning a living wage
37:47Some never even received their salaries
37:51In the whole country
37:53We were the only reliable employers
37:57They were actually supposed to get paid
38:00What happened?
38:02They didn't get paid
38:02The commanders ripped them off
38:04And they eventually figured
38:06This wasn't worth it
38:07And they walked home
38:10In effect
38:11No one actually knew
38:12The true size
38:13Of the Afghan National Security Forces
38:17Basic attendance data
38:18Was simply not reliably collected
38:21Can you tell me
38:22How many Afghan National Army personnel
38:25We've trained?
38:26I can't
38:27There is no way to give you that number
38:31How about Afghan National Police?
38:33Uh, we don't know
38:34There's no way
38:36The Inspector General for Afghan Reconstruction
38:38John Sopko
38:39An Obama appointee
38:41Investigated this lack of accounting
38:43And brought attention to yet another problem
38:46That of ghost soldiers
38:48What's a ghost soldier
38:50And what was going on here?
38:52That's a term we've used
38:53And others have used
38:54Actually I heard it first
38:55From Ashraf Ghani
38:57When he was a finance minister
38:59Uh, went to his house for dinner
39:01And he said
39:03John, do you realize
39:05You Americans are paying
39:06The salary of a soldier
39:07And he doesn't exist
39:09And that's what it was
39:11We would be paying the salary
39:13And somebody else
39:14Would be taking the money
39:15Usually a corrupt bureaucrat
39:19In his summary findings
39:20Sopko reported
39:21That the U.S. paid more than
39:23$300 million a year
39:25To soldiers
39:26That may not have existed
39:29So where does the money go?
39:30To the generals
39:32To the generals
39:32To the commanders
39:32To the defense ministers
39:34To buy houses in California
39:37And Virginia
39:38And Germany
39:39And Turkey
39:40All the defense ministers
39:42All the chief of army of Afghanistan
39:44None of them is in Afghanistan
39:45And they are all having
39:46Very cozy life
39:48Very nice life
39:48Very comfortable life
39:50In Europe
39:50And Middle East
39:52You know, it's a disgrace
39:53That we don't have
39:54An accountable system
39:55And here's all this money
39:57Being stolen
39:58I commend you on your work
40:00We've just got to figure out
40:01A way to stop this
40:02Throughout 2015
40:04The issue of higher-ups
40:05Siphoning payments
40:07From ghost soldiers
40:08Popped up more frequently
40:09In Sopko's reports
40:12Group picture
40:13Yeah, let's get a group picture
40:15Of all these guys right here
40:16That same year
40:17U.S. trained Afghan forces
40:19Would face their biggest test
40:21In a provincial capital
40:22Located in the far northeastern corner
40:25Of Afghanistan
40:26Kunduz
40:29Getting there
40:30Requires an arduous trip
40:31Through the Salang Pass
40:33High in the Hindu Kush Mountains
40:36We set out in May of 2022
40:40Once upon a time
40:42It took a car or truck
40:43Three days to get across here
40:45But in 1964
40:47A series of snow sheds
40:49And tunnels
40:50Was completed by the Soviets
40:52Shortening the journey
40:53To just 10 hours
40:56The last tunnel
40:57Is the longest
40:59By the time we reached it
41:01Traffic was backed up
41:02For miles
41:05Like so much else
41:07In Afghanistan
41:07The tunnel's
41:09In serious disrepair
41:10The money that was meant
41:12To fix it
41:13Has disappeared
41:16Ventilation inside the tunnel
41:17Was intermittent
41:18At best
41:19We're in the Saline Tunnel
41:22It's almost three kilometers
41:24This long section of it
41:26And people have been known
41:28To die
41:29From asphyxiation
41:32From carbon monoxide poisoning
41:34In here
41:36Actually today
41:37They've got a couple
41:38Of fans working
41:40About
41:42Between six to ten thousand
41:43Trucks come through here
41:45Every day
41:48In December 2022
41:50A tanker truck overturned
41:52Inside the tunnel
41:52And caught fire
41:5331 people died
41:57Eventually
41:58We emerged safely
42:00And descended
42:01Towards Kunduz
42:06First stop
42:07I had to visit
42:08The Ministry of Information
42:10To get permission
42:11To film here
42:13When I arrived
42:14I was stopped
42:15By this group
42:16Of war widows
42:17Why have you come here
42:18Today to the Ministry
42:19Of Information
42:26As best I could tell
42:28They had all
42:29Either lost their husbands
42:30Or eldest sons
42:31And were now
42:32Unable to pay
42:33For shelter
42:34Or food
42:42When you come here
42:43To the Ministry
42:44Of Information
42:44Do they see you?
42:45Do they talk to you?
42:52I couldn't help them either
42:58Kunduz has seen
42:59More fighting
42:59Than most cities
43:01By the spring
43:02Of 2015
43:03The Americans
43:04Had largely pulled out
43:05Of here
43:07The countryside
43:08Was in Taliban hands
43:11As a result
43:12The provincial capital
43:13Was increasingly at risk
43:22The defense of Kunduz
43:23Would now be up
43:24To Afghan forces
43:27What happened next
43:28Foreshadowed the collapse
43:30Of the Afghan army
43:31In August 2021
43:32The Taliban is progressing
43:35To capture the city
43:37Of Kunduz
43:38In northern Afghanistan
43:39On Monday
43:41Some four to five hundred
43:43Taliban soldiers
43:44Swept into Kunduz
43:45In a surprise attack
43:46It was a carefully
43:58Coordinated attack
43:59From four directions
44:00That highlights the insurgents' ability
44:02To expand beyond
44:04Its southern stronghold
44:05There was so little resistance
44:11Taliban fighters
44:13Had time to take selfies
44:14With local residents
44:15The city fell
44:17On September 28th 2015
44:19It was the Taliban's biggest victory
44:22In 14 years of war
44:24Hundreds of prisoners
44:25From the city's jail
44:27Were released
44:27Amid reports
44:29Of revenge killings
44:30The Afghan army
44:32Fled the city
44:41According to a subsequent
44:43Afghan government investigation
44:44More than a third
44:46Of Afghan forces
44:47Believed to have been
44:48Deployed in Kunduz
44:49Either deserted
44:51Or didn't exist at all
44:52They were ghost soldiers
44:55Back in Washington
45:08There was worry
45:09If the Taliban
45:10Could take one of
45:11Afghanistan's largest cities
45:13What would be next?
45:15Well, obviously
45:15This is a setback
45:16For the Afghan security forces
45:18But we've seen them respond
45:20In recent weeks and months
45:23The Afghan army
45:25Clearly needed help
45:27But under Operation Resolute Support
45:30The U.S. was not supposed
45:32To engage in combat
45:34Scrambling
45:35They made an exception
45:36You've seen U.S. aircraft
45:38Supporting the Afghan security forces
45:41Because they can't do it alone
45:43Just yet
45:43What followed was a series
45:45Of mistakes
45:46And miscalculations
45:49One night
45:50American forces
45:51Had received instructions
45:52From their Afghan partners
45:54To strike a compound
45:56That they had identified
45:57As harboring Taliban fighters
46:00An American AC-130 gunship
46:03Was called in
46:04And opened fire
46:05They hit the wrong target
46:09It turned out
46:10To be Kunduz's only hospital
46:12Run by doctors
46:14Without borders
46:16At 2 o'clock
46:17When I heard
46:18Bomb blast
46:19All the glasses
46:21And the roof
46:23Was collapsed
46:24Dr. Esmatullah Esmat
46:26Was resting
46:27After a 12-hour shift
46:28And after that
46:29It was not only one bomb
46:33It was more than
46:35Hundreds
46:35Two hundred bombs
46:39In fact
46:40The gunship
46:41Fired
46:41Two hundred and eleven shells
46:44We opened the door
46:46And that was
46:47The most memorable moment
46:49For me
46:49Seeing this figure
46:51Standing at the door
46:52Dr. Kathleen Thomas
46:54An intensive care surgeon
46:55Was on her first mission
46:57With Doctors Without Borders
46:58There was a nurse
46:59From the ER
47:00I recognized him immediately
47:03His left arm
47:04Had been
47:04Almost completely amputated
47:07And it was just
47:07Hanging by a small thread
47:09And there was a big piece
47:10Of metal sticking out
47:11Of his bomb
47:16Forty-two people
47:17Died in the bombing
47:18Including 24 patients
47:20And 14 Doctors Without Borders
47:23Staff
47:24In a new report
47:26Doctors Without Borders
47:27Describes patients
47:28Burning in their beds
47:30And staff members
47:31Shot from the air
47:32While they fled
47:33The burning building
47:34Doctors Without Borders
47:35Wants an international
47:37Investigation
47:37Into war crimes
47:39An Afghan government spokesman
47:40Claimed the attack
47:41Was justified
47:4215 terrorists
47:45Hiding in the hospital
47:46Last week
47:47And came under attack
47:49Well, they are killed
47:50All of the terrorists
47:51Were killed
47:51I mean, that was
47:52Absolute bull****
47:53There was no fighters
47:56In the hospital
47:56There was no one
47:57Armed in the hospital
47:58There was certainly
47:58No Taliban
47:59That were using it
48:00As some sort of base
48:04Doctors Without Borders
48:05Had repeatedly informed
48:06The coalition
48:07That it had a hospital
48:08Operating in the center
48:10Of Kunduz
48:10And they had provided
48:12The Americans
48:13With GPS coordinates
48:14This hospital
48:15Had been open
48:16For four years
48:17It was well lit
48:18Easily visible
48:19From the sky
48:20And it was one of the most
48:21Well-known facilities
48:22In the area
48:23You had those coordinates
48:24I mean, the military
48:25Had those coordinates
48:26Yeah, well, you're right
48:27The fact that there was
48:29An MSF facility
48:31Or Doctors Without Borders
48:32Facility in Kunduz
48:33Isn't a surprise to anybody
48:35That's known
48:35Who called in the strike?
48:37Ultimately, U.S. forces
48:39Called in the strike
48:40We were depending upon
48:42Information we were getting
48:43From our partners
48:44On the ground
48:45With this
48:45It begins with your
48:47Partners on the ground
48:48Yes, our Afghan
48:49Partners on the ground
48:50So we're relying
48:51On information
48:52That is coming from them
48:54And it's going up
48:56Through our channels
48:58To our aircraft
48:59To actually, you know
49:01Deliver ordinance
49:02But it was not
49:03A deliberate targeting
49:04Of the Doctors Without Borders
49:06Hospital
49:07I'm convinced of that
49:08It was a mistake
49:10That was made
49:11In a fast developing situation
49:13With humans in the loop
49:15With imperfect information
49:16And it was
49:18Absolutely tragic
49:20And we are
49:21Completely responsible
49:23For what happened there
49:27Well, after four days
49:29Of differing stories
49:30About how that hospital
49:32Came under attack
49:33President Obama
49:34Decided to call
49:35Doctors Without Borders
49:36And say he was sorry
49:38The United States
49:39When we make a mistake
49:40We own up to it
49:41We apologize where necessary
49:44As the president did
49:45In this case
49:45And we implement
49:47The kinds of changes
49:48That make it less likely
49:49That those kinds of mistakes
49:50Will occur in the future
49:52The Pentagon investigated
49:54What happened
49:55But never publicly released
49:57Their full report
49:58I want to emphasize
49:59That the trauma center
50:00Was a protected facility
50:02They released only
50:03700 heavily redacted pages
50:06The investigation concluded
50:07That certain personnel
50:08Failed to comply
50:09With the rules of engagement
50:10In the law of armed conflict
50:12The investigation identified
50:1416 U.S. service members
50:16Whose conduct warranted
50:18Consideration for appropriate
50:20Administrative or disciplinary action
50:22Was anybody disciplined
50:24For the, as you call it
50:26There were
50:27And we did held people accountable
50:29As a result of that
50:32Those names are unknown
50:33Yeah, I'm certainly not
50:35Going to talk about that
50:36Were they removed from the service?
50:38I don't know that anybody
50:39Was removed
50:39I didn't
50:41We did not remove anybody
50:42Was anybody court-martialed?
50:43We didn't
50:44We chose to go
50:45Administrative measures on this
50:56Only with U.S. help
50:58Were the Taliban routed
50:59From Kunduz
51:02But the Taliban
51:03Had proved a point
51:05Afghan forces were weak
51:08The entire country
51:10Was vulnerable
51:12The Taliban's momentum
51:14Was undeniable
51:17The Taliban were gaining ground
51:20We didn't pay a whole lot of attention
51:22But there were markers
51:23Along the way
51:25That should have signaled to us
51:27That the Taliban
51:28Were going to have
51:29A voice
51:31In the future of Afghanistan
51:36They were not going to be denied
51:38They were not going to be defeated
51:39In anything like a military sense
51:50The Taliban were going to have a role
51:53And at the end of the day
51:54They got a role
51:55It's just not the role
52:25We imagined
52:34Nobody believed
52:35The entire thing
52:37Would fall apart
52:38Overnight
52:39Next time
52:40America's campaign ends
52:41This did unfold more quickly
52:44Than we had anticipated
52:45And the Taliban
52:46Take over
52:47What looks like a disaster movie
52:49Was all too real
52:50There is no protective force
52:52In Kabul
52:52The police have abandoned
52:53Their checkpoints
52:54We did not achieve
52:55What we wanted to achieve
52:56What different decisions
52:57Could we have made
52:58The final chapter
52:59Of America and the Taliban
53:01Next time
53:02On Frontline
53:04Go to pbs.org
53:06Slash Frontline
53:07For more of
53:08Martin Smith's coverage
53:09After 12 years
53:10I decided to go back
53:11To southern Afghanistan
53:13Do you expect them
53:14To attack you today?
53:15I do
53:15So why do the Americans
53:17Tolerate their ally
53:19Making these deals
53:20With the Taliban?
53:21And see all of our
53:22Reporting on Afghanistan
53:23Over the years
53:24Connect with Frontline
53:26On Facebook, Instagram
53:27And Twitter
53:28And stream anytime
53:29On the PBS app
53:30YouTube
53:31Or pbs.org
53:32Slash Frontline
54:02For more on this and other
54:03Frontline programs
54:04Visit our website
54:05At pbs.org
54:07Slash Frontline
54:23Frontline's America
54:25And the Taliban
54:26Is available on Amazon Prime Video
54:28On Amazon Primeaf隊
54:29To bring the Meredith
54:47And be entertained
54:52Legenda Adriana Zanotto
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