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Nazi Germany’s nuclear weapons program remains one of the most debated topics of World War II history. The question of how close the Nazis came to building an atomic bomb brings together wartime science, military research, uranium experiments, and the broader race for nuclear technology. This topic examines the state of German physics, the challenges of developing a workable bomb, and why the effort never reached the same level of success as the Allied Manhattan Project. For viewers interested in WWII history, military technology, and the origins of nuclear weapons, the discussion offers a clear look at the limits of Nazi research and the scale of the atomic race.

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00:00Imagine a world where it was not America, but the Third Reich that detonated the first
00:06atomic bomb.
00:07Terrible moustache fashion would spread across the world, and perhaps worst of all, we'd
00:13all be speaking German.
00:15This nightmare haunted Allied leaders throughout the Second World War, and with good reason.
00:21A lot of the science that went into harnessing the power of the atom was invented in Germany
00:27itself.
00:27In the years immediately preceding the war, several crucial breakthroughs were made in
00:34Berlin, culminating with the discovery of nuclear fission in 1938.
00:40In a very real way, the Nazis had a head start on the single most powerful weapons technology
00:46ever conceived.
00:48So where did it all go wrong?
00:51Or right, I guess.
00:52How close did we truly get to fascist nuclear bombs?
00:56And could they have swung the war in old Adolf's favor?
01:00Well, for a start, many of Germany's brightest scientists quickly realized that Deutschland
01:06wasn't the place to be.
01:08The Nazis were famously not okay with Jews, who happened to feature quite prominently in
01:15the upper echelons of nuclear physics.
01:18Inadvertently, Hitler had shrunk his pool of atom bomb capable scientists significantly.
01:25Of course, many brilliant minds still remained, including famously amoral physicist Werner Heisenberg.
01:33As Wehrmacht troops flooded into Poland, it was his ingenuity that Nazi Germany harnessed to
01:41spearhead the world's first nuclear arms program, the Uranverein.
01:46It would take a lot of convincing before Britain and the US would kickstart similar programs
01:52of their own, though once America got its act together, it indulged in its usual habit of
01:58throwing unlimited amounts of money at a problem until it disappears.
02:02The Nazis could afford no such luxury, so even though their nuclear program was launched earlier
02:08than all others, its progress was far slower.
02:12The complex Nazi bureaucracy certainly didn't help.
02:16Hitler's ever-advancing war machine was split between multiple competing hierarchies, leading
02:23Heisenberg to the conclusion that the easiest way to keep his head was to lay low and undersell
02:29the potential of nuclear weapons.
02:32Thus, as Nazi Germany steamrolled France and then blitzkrieged into the Soviet Union, Heisenberg
02:39was giving Hitler timelines on the order of five years, almost certainly too late to make
02:45an impact on the war.
02:47Meanwhile, other parts of the Nazi science apparatus were promising much quicker results,
02:53like those fancy V-rockets' future American citizen Werner von Braun was cooking up.
02:59And so, while America was building entire secret cities for its atom bomb program, Nazi Germany
03:06had allocated only about 500 men to their nuclear effort.
03:11And it wasn't just manpower they were short on.
03:14Turns out, splitting the atom requires very specific and rare ingredients.
03:22Uranium-235, which makes up less than 1% of all uranium deposits, and heavy water to sustain
03:29the nuclear reaction, since regular water absorbs too many neutrons, causing everything to fizzle
03:35out.
03:36Now, the Nazis did have access to reasonable amounts of uranium after swallowing up Czechoslovakia
03:42in 1939.
03:45Finding enough heavy water, on the other hand, was a whole different kettle of fish.
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05:11But back to heavy water.
05:14With only one in every 40 million molecules of water being heavy, filtering it out required
05:20immense amounts of energy and the right equipment for the job.
05:24As it turns out, only one place on Earth had the capacity to produce heavy water in any meaningful
05:32concentrations.
05:33A remote hydroelectric power plant in Norway.
05:38It was originally made to produce ammonia, but a useful by-product of that process was
05:43heavy water, which had only recently been discovered in 1931.
05:48The Nazis invaded Norway in April 1940, some say to visit the fjords, which are lovely that
05:56time of year, but probably to secure their northern flank against pre-emptive allied invasion.
06:03Regardless of the official reason, the Nazis now had control of the world's only operational
06:09heavy water plant.
06:11It wouldn't remain operational for long, though, thanks to our fearless friends, the
06:16Norwegian Commandos, armed and trained by our dear Great Britain.
06:21The Norwegian heavy water plant became subject to no less than three sabotage missions and
06:27intense bombing runs, which is a story so wild that it warrants its own side quest.
06:34In any case, by late 1943, the plant's production capacity had been definitively ended, and with
06:42it, Hitler's hopes of nuclear domination evaporated like smoke over Stalingrad.
06:48By this point, Heisenberg and co had already pivoted towards the slightly less unrealistic
06:54goal of building nuclear power plants.
06:57But as it turns out, conducting cutting-edge science and engineering, while getting bombed every
07:03day isn't a recipe for success.
07:06Even if the Nazis had managed to keep the Norwegian plant going, the war had swung too far against
07:12them for a nuclear bomb to be feasible on such a shoestring budget.
07:17And even if Hitler had smashed his piggy bank and stuffed Heisenberg with every Reichsmark
07:23he could in 1939, the Nazi bomb still wouldn't have arrived on time to save them.
07:29And all of this is without even considering the order of magnitude higher effort needed to
07:36weaponize plutonium, the true final boss of nuclear fissile materials, for complex physics
07:43reasons that we might explore someday if we branch out into science.
07:48So, thankfully, the world was spared this particular alternate history nightmare, though it certainly
07:54wasn't for lack of trying.
07:56In any case, my friends, I want to thank you for watching.
07:59It is our sincere hope that you'll continue joining us on many more side quests, even on
08:05serious topics such as this one, regardless of the trials and tribulations that the future
08:10holds.
08:11Make sure to leave a like and subscribe and don't forget to download War Thunder using the link
08:18in the description to claim all those limited offer goodies, it's about as close as we can
08:23get to the thrill of fighting during World War II.
08:27But in the meantime, stay tuned for the next hypothetically horrifying episode of SideQuest.
08:36What did one uranium atom say to the other in the German lab, let's split?
08:42Let's look at another.
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