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00:00Picture this, a wealthy widow in Suffolk, England, summer of 1939.
00:04She is convinced the strange grass-covered mounds on her property are hiding something.
00:09She hires a self-taught archaeologist.
00:12War with Nazi Germany is weeks away.
00:15And what he is about to pull from beneath that ordinary English field
00:18will rewrite a thousand years of history.
00:21In Newfoundland, evidence of European feet on American soil,
00:25five centuries before Columbus.
00:26In Poland, a king's crown buried during the Black Death and forgotten for 600 years.
00:33In a Solent mudbank, a Tudor warship preserved so completely
00:37that her sailor's DNA still tells us their stories.
00:40These are not legends.
00:42Every one of them can be touched.
00:44Every one is housed in a real museum.
00:46And every one of them breaks the picture of the medieval world we were taught in school.
00:50Today, seven medieval archaeological discoveries that defy all explanation.
00:54The textbooks called this period the Dark Ages.
00:59The artifacts tell a very different story.
01:02We begin in a quiet field in Suffolk, England.
01:05The year is 1939.
01:07Edith Priddy, the wealthy landowner of Sutton Hoo,
01:10has hired a local archaeologist named Basil Brown
01:13to investigate a cluster of grass-covered mounds on her estate.
01:16Brown has no formal training.
01:18He works alone, with hand tools,
01:20while German bombers are weeks away from filling the British sky.
01:24What he finds beneath that earth will stop the project,
01:28summon the British museum,
01:29and force history itself to be rewritten.
01:32Brown uncovers iron rivets,
01:34then more iron rivets,
01:36in a pattern.
01:37Then the unmistakable outline
01:39of an 86-foot ship pressed into the sand like a fossil.
01:43The wood has dissolved completely,
01:45but the soil has held the shape,
01:47plank by plank,
01:48ore port by ore port,
01:50for 1,300 years.
01:52Inside the burial chamber,
01:54a treasure unlike anything ever recovered from Anglo-Saxon England.
01:58A ceremonial helmet of iron and tinned bronze,
02:01decorated with warriors and dragons.
02:03A gold buckle weighing 430 grams.
02:06Hollow, hinged,
02:08and engraved with interlocking serpents so fine
02:11that no Victorian goldsmith could match the work.
02:14Silver bowls from the Eastern Roman Empire,
02:16coins from Merovingian Gaul,
02:18and garnets.
02:19Thousands of garnets,
02:21cut and set into jewelry,
02:23sourced through trade networks from Sri Lanka and India.
02:25The man buried here,
02:27almost certainly King Rydwald of East Anglia,
02:29who died around 624 AD,
02:32was running an international supply chain
02:34when official history says
02:36England had collapsed into illiterate isolation.
02:38And here is the detail that turns the case
02:40from impressive into unforgettable.
02:43The acidic Suffolk soil dissolved his body completely.
02:46Every bone,
02:47every tooth,
02:49every fragment of the king himself,
02:51gone.
02:52We have his ship.
02:53We have his gold.
02:55We have his helmet.
02:57We have no king.
02:59The textbook explanation calls this period
03:01of the Dark Ages
03:02and treats Anglo-Saxon England as a backwater.
03:05The textbook explanation was written
03:07before this mound was opened.
03:09Sutton Hoo did not just rewrite a chapter.
03:11It threw out the chapter entirely.
03:14From a Suffolk field
03:15where a king vanished into acidic soil,
03:17we move 60 miles north.
03:19To a Staffordshire cornfield,
03:21where a man with a metal detector
03:22is about to make a different kind of impossible find.
03:25And this one comes with a question
03:27no archaeologist has been able to answer.
03:30The date is July 5th, 2009.
03:33A retired handyman named Terry Herbert
03:35is sweeping a freshly plowed field
03:37with a secondhand metal detector.
03:39He has been doing this for 18 years
03:41without finding anything significant.
03:43And then,
03:44his machine starts screaming.
03:46Over the next five days,
03:47before the professionals arrive,
03:48he pulls more than 500 pieces of gold
03:51out of the top soil of a single acre.
03:53When the formal excavation finishes,
03:56the count is staggering.
03:573,500 objects,
03:59five and a half kilograms of gold,
04:02one and a half kilograms of silver,
04:04thousands of garnets,
04:05glittering blood red across the workbench
04:07at Birmingham Museum.
04:08It is the largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold
04:11ever discovered anywhere in the world,
04:13and one of the largest gold hoards
04:15from the early medieval period, full stop.
04:17Dated to roughly 650 to 675 AD,
04:22the height of the kingdom of Mercia
04:24under its warrior kings.
04:25So far, this sounds like a treasure trove.
04:28And then the archaeologists look closer.
04:30Almost every single object
04:32in the Staffordshire horde is military.
04:35Sword pommel caps,
04:37hilt collars,
04:38strips of helmet,
04:39fittings ripped, twisted,
04:41and bent off the weapons
04:43they once decorated.
04:44There are no coins.
04:45There is no female jewelry.
04:47There are no domestic objects of any kind.
04:50Someone, sometime in the 7th century,
04:53sat down with a king's worth of war gold
04:55and deliberately mutilated it.
04:57Some of the gold strips
04:58are folded over on themselves.
05:00Some have been hammered flat.
05:02Whoever did this was not melting it down.
05:04They were destroying it as weapons
05:06while keeping it as gold.
05:07If you are watching this kind of story
05:09for the first time
05:10and finding it tells you more in 20 minutes
05:12than school taught you in a year,
05:14subscribe.
05:15The channel goes where the textbooks stop.
05:18Now, to a windswept coast in Newfoundland
05:21where a Norwegian couple
05:22is about to prove
05:23that the textbooks have been wrong
05:25by 500 years.
05:27The year is 1960.
05:29The Norwegian explorer Helga Ingstad
05:31and his archaeologist wife Anne Stiesing
05:34have been searching the coastline
05:36of eastern Canada for years,
05:38looking for one thing,
05:39physical proof of the medieval Norse sagas.
05:42The Vinland sagas describe
05:44Viking voyages westward
05:45to a land of grapes and timber
05:47around the year 1000 AD.
05:50For nine centuries,
05:51those sagas have been treated as romance,
05:53beautiful literature, not history.
05:55The Ingstads believe otherwise
05:57and on a remote stretch of Newfoundland
06:00called L'Anse aux Meadows,
06:02they find it.
06:03The remains of eight Norse buildings,
06:05three large halls,
06:06five smaller workshops,
06:08all built in the unmistakable turf and timber style
06:11of 10th century Iceland and Greenland.
06:14A bronze-ringed pin
06:15of a design used by Norse settlers
06:17between roughly 920 and 1050.
06:20Iron nails smelted on site
06:22from local bog iron.
06:24Indigenous peoples of the region
06:26did not work iron,
06:27so this signature is unambiguously European,
06:30a spindle whorl used in textile work
06:32of Scandinavian type,
06:34carbon dated to approximately 1000 AD.
06:38Almost 500 years before Columbus
06:40stepped onto a Caribbean beach,
06:42Norse hands were forging iron in North America.
06:45And here is the detail
06:46that makes the case impossible to dismiss.
06:48In 2021,
06:50a team using a new method called
06:52the Cosmic Ray Spike Technique
06:54pinned the cutting of three trees
06:56at the site to a single year.
06:57The wood for the Norse buildings
06:59was felled in 1021 AD,
07:01exactly 1000 years before the analysis was published.
07:05We do not have a vague Norse-era settlement.
07:08We have a date.
07:09We have a year.
07:10We have a discovery so precise
07:12it can be carved into a calendar.
07:14Conventional history for half a millennium
07:16told us Europe found America in 1492.
07:20Conventional history was written
07:22before someone walked the coast of Newfoundland
07:24with a careful eye.
07:25The L'Anse-O-Meadows site
07:27was abandoned within a generation.
07:29The Norse, vastly outnumbered
07:31and 3000 miles from Greenland,
07:33walked away.
07:34Why?
07:35What did they encounter?
07:36What did they fail to bring?
07:39Were there other settlements
07:40further south, never found?
07:43The site we have answers one question
07:45and opens 20 more.
07:47From a thousand-year-old Norse hearth in Canada,
07:50we travel back across the Atlantic
07:52and forward five centuries
07:53to a July afternoon in 1545
07:56when King Henry VIII
07:58watched his pride and joy
08:00sink with 500 men still aboard.
08:02July 19th, 1545.
08:05The Mary Rose, flagship of the English Navy,
08:09the favorite warship of King Henry VIII,
08:11is sailing out of Portsmouth Harbor
08:13to engage a French invasion fleet.
08:16King Henry is watching from South Sea Castle,
08:18a mile away.
08:19And then, in a moment,
08:21no contemporary witness fully explained,
08:23the great ship heels over,
08:25takes water through her open lower gun ports,
08:28and sinks in less than a minute.
08:30Around 500 men are aboard.
08:31Roughly 35 survive.
08:34The reasons for the disaster
08:36are debated to this day.
08:37Overloading,
08:38a sudden gust,
08:39a sharp turn.
08:41Indiscipline among a crew
08:42that one Spanish witness described as
08:45the sort of knaves
08:46who would not obey orders.
08:48She vanishes into the silt of the Solent
08:50and has forgotten for 437 years.
08:53Quick aside,
08:54drop your country in the comments.
08:56I am genuinely curious
08:58how far this story has traveled.
09:00Now, in 1982,
09:01in one of the most ambitious
09:03underwater archaeology projects
09:05ever attempted,
09:0660 million people watch live
09:08as engineers raise the Mary Rose
09:10from the seabed.
09:11What emerges from the mud
09:12is, frankly, miraculous.
09:14The anaerobic Solent silt
09:16has preserved her
09:17like nothing the sea normally returns.
09:1919,000 artifacts,
09:23172 intact longbows,
09:25the largest collection
09:26of Tudor longbows in existence,
09:28many of them still strung.
09:29The personal possessions
09:30of common sailors,
09:32the kind of objects
09:33historians almost never see.
09:35Leather shoes worn
09:36into the shape
09:37of individual feet,
09:38wooden combs
09:39still containing
09:40single human hairs,
09:42dice,
09:43dominoes,
09:44surgical instruments,
09:46even a backgammon set.
09:47Nine musical instruments,
09:49three of which were unknown
09:50from any other source
09:52until they came up
09:53out of the mud.
09:53And the bones,
09:55the partial remains
09:56of around 179 men,
09:58many showing the deformed
10:00scapulae and twisted spines
10:02of professional archers
10:03who spent their lives
10:04hauling longbows
10:05of 150 pounds of draw weight.
10:08DNA analysis published
10:09over the last 15 years
10:11has revealed something
10:12the chronicles never recorded.
10:14The crew of the Mary Rose
10:15was not all English.
10:17Genetic and isotopic testing
10:19on the skeletons
10:20has identified men
10:21of North African,
10:22Southern European,
10:23and Middle Eastern descent
10:25serving aboard
10:26the king's flagship.
10:28One man,
10:29nicknamed Henry the Carpenter,
10:30has DNA matching
10:31modern populations
10:32from North Africa.
10:34Another,
10:35a young archer,
10:36grew up in the
10:36Western Mediterranean.
10:38Tudor England,
10:39the textbook tells us,
10:40was insular,
10:41parochial,
10:42ethnically uniform.
10:44Tudor England,
10:45the bones tell us,
10:46was running an
10:47international navy
10:48with international men.
10:49Of the cases
10:50we have walked through
10:51so far,
10:52has any one of them
10:53shifted what you thought
10:54you knew about the medieval
10:55and early modern world?
10:56Hold that thought,
10:58because the next case
10:59is going to test it harder.
11:01We move from the bottom
11:03of the English Channel
11:04to the bottom
11:04of a Norwegian burial mound,
11:06and we meet two women
11:08whose grave was so powerful
11:09that someone,
11:10decades after they were buried,
11:13broke into it
11:13just to disturb their bones.
11:15In 1904,
11:16a Norwegian farmer reports
11:18that something hard
11:19is buried under one of his fields
11:21in Vestfold,
11:22just south of Oslo.
11:23The Swedish archaeologist
11:25Gabriel Gustafsson
11:26begins to dig.
11:27What he uncovers is,
11:29quite simply,
11:30the most spectacular
11:31Viking ship ever recovered,
11:33the Oseberg ship,
11:3470 feet long,
11:36carved from a single oak.
11:37Her prow,
11:38a coiled serpent
11:39of interlaced beasts
11:41so finely cut
11:42that the carving
11:43has been used
11:43to define an entire
11:44Viking art style,
11:46built around 820 A.D.,
11:48buried with two women aboard
11:50in the year 834.
11:52Inside the burial chamber,
11:54an inventory that makes
11:55other Viking graves
11:56look austere,
11:57a four-wheeled wooden cart,
12:00the only complete
12:01Viking-era cart ever found,
12:03decorated with scenes
12:04that may depict
12:05mythological narratives.
12:06Three sledges,
12:07each more elaborate
12:08than the last.
12:10Five carved animal head posts
12:12whose ritual purpose
12:13nobody has fully reconstructed.
12:15A loom,
12:16beds,
12:16buckets,
12:17tapestries,
12:18fragments of tapestry
12:19showing processions
12:20of figures,
12:21horses,
12:22what may be ritual scenes.
12:24and the bones,
12:2515 horses,
12:26six dogs,
12:27and two oxen,
12:28all sacrificed,
12:29plus two women,
12:31one in her 70s or 80s,
12:32the other in her 50s.
12:34The older woman's DNA,
12:36recently sequenced,
12:37links her to populations
12:38in modern-day Iran.
12:40The younger woman's status
12:41remains debated,
12:42companion,
12:43attendant,
12:44possibly a sacrifice
12:45meant to accompany
12:46her mistress
12:47into the afterlife,
12:49which Arab traveler
12:50Ibn Fadlan
12:51described in disturbing detail
12:52among the Volga Vikings
12:54a century later.
12:55And here is what
12:56the textbooks struggle
12:57to absorb.
12:58Within decades of the burial,
13:00someone broke in.
13:01Not Viking-age tomb robbers
13:03looking for gold
13:04because they left gold behind.
13:06Whoever entered that chamber,
13:07dragged the bodies
13:08out of their bed,
13:09scattered the bones,
13:10broke up the burial,
13:12and walked away
13:13from a fortune in jewelry
13:14and worked silver.
13:15Norwegian archaeologists
13:16who have re-examined
13:18the disturbance
13:18now believe it was
13:20a ritual political act,
13:22a deliberate destruction
13:23of the dead women's
13:24spiritual power,
13:25possibly carried out
13:26when a new dynasty
13:27came to the throne
13:28and needed to break
13:29the hold of the old one.
13:31In Viking Norway,
13:32even buried women
13:33were considered
13:34too dangerous
13:35to be left in peace.
13:36The seventh case
13:37we will reach in a moment
13:38is the one most archaeologists
13:40wish would go away.
13:41Stay with me.
13:43It is also the one
13:44with the cleanest evidence.
13:45But first,
13:46we travel from Norse Norway
13:48in the 9th century
13:49to medieval Poland
13:50in the 14th,
13:51and we open a hidden vault
13:53that someone sealed
13:54during the deadliest pandemic
13:56in European history.
13:57The town is
13:58Szroda Szlonska
13:59in southwestern Poland.
14:01The year is 1985.
14:03Demolition workers
14:04tearing down
14:05an old building
14:06in the town center
14:07find gold coins
14:08in the rubble.
14:09They do not stop.
14:11The hoard is dispersed,
14:12then partially recovered.
14:14then re-excavated
14:15more carefully
14:16between 1986 and 1988.
14:19By the end
14:20of the formal excavation,
14:21the count is breathtaking.
14:23Nearly 3,000 silver coins,
14:2539 gold coins
14:26of extraordinary rarity,
14:28and the centerpiece,
14:29a gold crown
14:31of pierced lily-shaped panels
14:32set with sapphires,
14:34garnets, and pearls,
14:35with eagles and dragons
14:36worked into the metal.
14:37The work is so refined
14:39that scholars now believe
14:40the crown was once worn
14:42by a holy Roman empress,
14:44most likely Blanche of Valois,
14:45the first wife
14:46of the emperor Charles IV.
14:48So, what was an empress's crown
14:50doing buried under a townhouse
14:52in a small Silesian town?
14:54The dating tells the story.
14:56The hoard was concealed
14:57in the mid-14th century,
14:59almost certainly between 1348
15:01and 1350,
15:03the worst years
15:04of the Black Death
15:04in Central Europe.
15:06The plague killed somewhere
15:07between 30 and 50 percent
15:09of the European population
15:10in those years.
15:11And as the disease swept
15:13north and east,
15:14terrified Christian communities
15:15began to blame
15:16their Jewish neighbors,
15:17accusing them
15:18of poisoning wells.
15:20Pogroms erupted
15:21across the German-speaking lands.
15:23In one city after another,
15:25Jewish communities
15:25were burned alive,
15:27expelled, or murdered.
15:28The leading scholarly
15:29interpretation today
15:30is that the Shrodha treasure
15:32was the wealth
15:33of a Jewish money-lending family,
15:35possibly with the empress's crown
15:37held as collateral
15:38on an unpaid royal loan.
15:40Buried in haste
15:41as the violence approached,
15:42they never came back
15:44to dig it up.
15:45We do not know their names.
15:46We do not know how they died.
15:48We know only that they buried
15:49a king's ransom in gold
15:51expecting to return,
15:52and something terrible enough
15:53to ensure that they did not return,
15:55swept through their town
15:57within months.
15:58The textbooks describe
16:00the Black Death
16:00in terms of mortality numbers
16:02and economic consequences.
16:04They do not always describe
16:06what an empress's crown is doing,
16:08buried six feet
16:09under a Polish kitchen floor.
16:11The Shrodha treasure
16:12is the Black Death
16:13made physical,
16:14the moment of panic,
16:16frozen in gold and gemstones,
16:18kept in the dark
16:19for six and a half centuries.
16:21From a Polish vault
16:22sealed during a plague,
16:23we move to our final case,
16:26and the strangest of the seven.
16:27Because the next hoard,
16:29found just over a decade ago,
16:30contains objects
16:32that should not be
16:33in the same hole in the ground.
16:34Items from at least
16:35four different cultures,
16:37items from three continents,
16:39items separated by a thousand years
16:41and ten thousand miles,
16:43all wrapped together
16:44and buried in a Scottish church field
16:46in the year 900.
16:47The date is September 2014.
16:50A retired businessman
16:52named Derek McLennan
16:53is metal detecting
16:54on Church of Scotland land
16:56in Galloway
16:57in southwestern Scotland
16:58with permission.
17:00His detector signals.
17:02He digs.
17:03And he uncovers
17:04what is now considered
17:05the richest,
17:06most varied Viking Age hoard
17:07ever found
17:08in the British Isles.
17:09The Galloway hoard
17:11is an archaeological puzzle box.
17:13The upper layer,
17:14the easiest to read,
17:15is classic Viking silver.
17:17Arm rings,
17:18hack silver,
17:19a small Anglo-Saxon cross
17:21of silver.
17:22Beneath it,
17:22in a separate package,
17:23is something else entirely.
17:25A vessel of silver and gilt,
17:28originally manufactured
17:29in the Sassanian Empire of Persia
17:31or in the early Islamic world,
17:33dated to roughly
17:34the 6th or 7th century,
17:36already 300 years old
17:38when it was buried in Scotland.
17:40Wrapped around the vessel,
17:41fragments of silk
17:42that originated somewhere
17:43between Constantinople
17:45and Central Asia.
17:46Inside the vessel,
17:47an inventory
17:48that is hard to make sense of,
17:50a rock crystal jar
17:51engraved with the Latin name
17:53of a bishop,
17:54Bishop Heigwald,
17:55who is otherwise lost to history.
17:57Gold and silver brooches
17:59in Anglo-Saxon style,
18:01a small gold bird,
18:03beads of glass,
18:04amber,
18:05and rock crystal,
18:06and packets of dirt,
18:07hair,
18:08and what appear to be
18:09relic fragments,
18:10carefully wrapped
18:11and labeled with cords.
18:13Researchers at
18:13National Museums Scotland,
18:15who have been studying
18:16the hoard for over a decade,
18:18now describe it
18:19as something closer
18:19to a cultural reliquary
18:21than a thief's stash.
18:23Someone gathered objects
18:24of spiritual or symbolic value
18:26from across the known world,
18:27Persia,
18:28Byzantium,
18:29the Carolingian continent,
18:31Anglo-Saxon England,
18:33Ireland,
18:33North Scandinavia,
18:35and buried them together
18:36in layered packages
18:37in a remote Scottish field
18:39at a moment when Viking raids
18:41were tearing
18:42through the British Isles.
18:43Whoever they were,
18:44they had access
18:45to a trade
18:46and pilgrimage network
18:47stretching from Iran
18:48and to Ireland,
18:49and they expected
18:50to come back.
18:52And, like the family
18:53in Schroda,
18:54they did not.
18:55The textbooks describe
18:56early medieval Scotland
18:57as a peripheral,
18:58isolated frontier.
19:00The Galloway Horde,
19:01three continents,
19:03four cultures,
19:04a thousand years of objects,
19:06all in one 9th century whole,
19:08describe something
19:09completely different.
19:10Whoever buried this
19:12was not on the edge
19:13of the world.
19:14They were in the middle of it.
19:15Seven discoveries,
19:17seven museums,
19:18seven moments
19:19where the medieval period
19:20reached up out of the ground
19:22and contradicted
19:23the textbook in our hands.
19:24A king who left nobody,
19:26but left an international fortune,
19:28an army's worth of war gold,
19:30deliberately mutilated
19:32and abandoned,
19:33Norse hearths
19:33in North America,
19:35five centuries before Columbus.
19:37A Tudor flagship
19:38crewed by men
19:39from three continents.
19:40Two women buried
19:42with such power
19:42that the next generation
19:44broke in
19:44to disturb their bones.
19:46An empress's crown
19:47sealed under a Polish kitchen
19:49as the plague approached.
19:51A Scottish horde
19:52containing objects
19:53from a world
19:54that medieval Europe
19:55was not supposed
19:56to be touching.
19:57The pattern
19:57across all seven
19:58is the same.
19:59Every one of these finds
20:01is younger than our textbooks.
20:02The object came first.
20:04The story we tell about it
20:06is still catching up.
20:07The medieval world
20:08was not dark.
20:09It was networked,
20:10mobile,
20:11multilingual,
20:12violent,
20:13devout,
20:14plague-haunted,
20:15and far more strange
20:16than the curriculum admits.
20:18Each of these seven
20:19was not theirários
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