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00:08he is among the deadliest warriors in history once you have inflamed the wrath of the mongols
00:14they do not hold back trained to unleash destruction and horror boiling them alive in
00:21cultures they pour silver into all of his orifices and built to carve out an empire entire populations
00:31get slaughtered these bodies are landing on them and splat splat the only way to win respect is to be
00:40the ultimate warrior warriors aren't born
00:51they're built
00:56understanding how reveals the true nature of their greatness
01:02from the cradle to the grave these are the steps to creating history's greatest warriors
01:22the mongol the most feared warrior of the medieval world ruler over the largest single land mass ever
01:31conquered by man the mongol is born into a hostile and turbulent society
01:38and raised to be both a brilliant strategist and merciless warrior as the mongols are bursting on the
01:46scene everyone is terrified of them they're viewed as an apocalyptic threat they want to build a giant
01:54empire that no one has ever seen before if you resist entire populations would get slaughtered
02:03the mongols killed between 20 and 40 million people
02:13over the course of the 12th and 13th centuries the mongols conquered 12 million square miles
02:20making it the largest contiguous land empire in history they create an empire that spans
02:26from the korean peninsula to the middle of central europe
02:32they end up dominating some of the greatest warriors in world history and clearly
02:37with something special about mongolian fighters
02:41the relentless expansion of the mongols territory can only be achieved by building a warrior who is
02:47faster and stronger than any other in the middle ages his journey to becoming a warrior will see him
02:54endure brutal training master deadly weapons of war and conquer his enemies through the most feared
03:02battle tactics of the ancient world
03:09it is a road map for greatness first developed in the 12th century in the wild mongolian plains
03:16mongol culture emerges from diverse people who are really intermixing on the step the word step
03:25is from the old slavic and it means flat grassy plain and the landscape is beautiful as it is
03:32it's also cold it's desolate it's empty you're hungry you've got to move from place to place to place
03:38to find your next sustaining day there's no unified territory for the mongols
03:45in the steppes their lands are scattered across parts of present-day mongolia siberia and northern
03:52china they're nomads they move herds of horses camels oxen or yak these are the wealth of the nomads and
04:01we
04:01have all these tribes that are competing with each other there hasn't been a unified empire on the plateau
04:08for almost a hundred years and so this means that we have a lot of leaders vying for power for
04:16control of resources for authority a young mongol must learn how to survive the non-stop bloodshed
04:24that engulfs his homeland historically groups who look after herds of animals are fierce in contrast
04:32to say farmers who have to cooperate to do well who are more settled herdsmen are territorial they
04:38have to be tough fighters to survive and to protect their flocks and to hold on to their grazing lands
04:44in case any of them are taken by rivals they would steal each other's pastures if they needed to and
04:52drive other people off but they also would steal other people's goods including stealing their women
04:59not only the chinese but other entities near mongolia never want the mongols to unite the chin dynasty
05:08in 1160 moved its troops from mongolia back into china because of other concerns well that created a
05:14vacuum in mongolia so the different tribes have to figure out who is going to be the top dog there
05:21one man will unite the mongols and give birth to an empire by creating one of the greatest army of
05:28warriors
05:29ever his beginnings are legendary
05:36in 1162 there's a boy born he's the son of a powerful clan warlord his parents name him temujin
05:45and this is the future genghis khan the story is that temujin is born with a blood clot clutched in
05:53his
05:53fifth and they take this as a very powerful symbol that he will be a great warrior a great leader
06:02before he can meet his destiny the boy's family will be terrorized by rival clans
06:10temujin's gonna have a rough childhood father is murdered he's poisoned and because he was a rising
06:16figure mongolian society this leads to the ostracization of temujin's family he starts
06:23attaining adulthood and he eventually does get married and once he gets married then another rival
06:29tribe kidnaps his own wife so he then has to rescue her and form an alliance to do so but
06:36he never
06:36forgets where vengeance is due ultimately this is a warrior culture and the only way to win respect
06:43is to be the ultimate warrior temujin skillfully forms some key alliances to seek revenge he's a
06:50natural born leader and he and his new coalition crush all of his rivals he gains a reputation as a
06:56brilliant negotiator and a fierce warrior definitely not somebody you want to cross while crushing his
07:02enemies in the steps he also faces a new rival within his own family temujin's brother goes to war
07:11against him and when that blood brother takes 70 of temujin's warriors and tortures them by boiling
07:17them alive in cauldrons it's a huge insult to the future khan and when that brother is eventually
07:25captured and brought to temujin's feet he's executed some say that temujin broke his spine
07:41he'll continue to be threatened by competing clans but this mongol leader uses his tactical brilliance
07:48to rule over them all he has the perfect combination of charisma and ruthlessness to be able to rule
07:55an empire the size of which he was able to conquer in 1206 temujin gets elected as the new khan
08:05there is only one khan it's like being the king of the entire nation he is given a new title
08:13and he
08:14becomes genghis khan which means firm resolute or fierce leader and so he becomes the single leader of
08:22mongolia having unified the surrounding clans genghis khan now looks beyond his own borders into the wider
08:30world he wants to take control of trade routes and generate wealth and tribute from the spoils of war
08:38but a powerful rival to the east the jinn dynasty is a formidable empire since 1115 it has ruled over
08:47northern china and manchuria and is hostile to the mongol threat to the west there are some old grievances
08:53between the mongols and the jinn that go back for generations and so his goal is to do enough damage
09:00so they cannot bother him while he's stabilizing mongolia but he's also getting his army outside of
09:06mongolia and he's keeping them busy there's nothing better as a team building experience than to go where
09:13other people might kill you the khan cannot fulfill his ambition for conquest alone
09:19to seize vast hostile lands jenghis must build the mongol warrior to be unlike any before
09:27the rugged mongolian terrain tests the strength of every mongol who lives here
09:38but to become a mongol warrior training begins before he takes his first step
09:48what makes the mongols so special and different for their time was their relationship with horses
09:54they were the greatest and most powerful cavalry unit on the planet at the time
10:03children just a few months old they're going to be strapped to horses
10:07then at three years old your mother is teaching you how to ride
10:11at five years old you're given your first boat and from five years old on you're living your life
10:17in the saddle everything the mongols do perfecting their horsemanship becoming highly skilled archers
10:24hunting all those skills translate into being a great warrior and if you have enough great warriors
10:31you're gonna have a great army the mongol's relationship to his horse is a bond that will serve him on
10:37and off the battlefield it's said that in the cold the riders use the horses for warmth they'll eat
10:45the body of their dead horse they'll drink the horse's blood the horse is more than just a beast of
10:50burden or instrument of war but it's a big part of how they survive the young mongol warrior trains to
10:58be
10:58a lethal combatant whether he encounters the enemy on horseback or on the ground face to face
11:04well there's a combination of things that the mongols do by tradition what is mongolian wrestling
11:09which is called bok
11:13mongolian wrestling takes place in an open area and the key is to throw your enemies so that they
11:19touch the ground with something besides their hands or feet they're putting so much pressure on one
11:24another the weight of each other and they're barely moving until they can tip one of the other over
11:29what this does is to train you for strength also balance which is key whether you're on foot or
11:35actually on horseback in combat if you can keep that balance you're more likely to survive
11:42as he masters the art of fighting one-on-one the young warrior also learns to work in concert with
11:49his
11:49fellow mongols in the training of mongol warriors we usually discuss a couple things hunting and shooting
11:57the mongols are on the move when they're hunting in fact they might be hunting hulan which are wild asses
12:03or antelope you have to keep up with them you have to hit the target while you're shooting so that's
12:08a great skill to have but they will also implement another hunting technique
12:14each winter young mongols participate in a unique event that not only sharpens their horsemanship
12:22but exposes them to death on a massive scale the mongols engage in this annual three-month-long hunt called
12:29the nerge
12:31you would participate in the nerge from the earliest age learning to shoot learning to hunt learning to kill
12:38they deploy their warrior hunters in a single line in some cases it's reported to be 80 miles long
12:43and as this line moves forward the hunters gradually start bringing the wings of the line in to attract
12:51all the animals inside it's like tightening a giant noose all of the riders have to keep the animals in
12:59the
12:59circle as they're doing it to control these animals to drive them where you want to and then the great
13:06con
13:06gives the word kill and then they slaughter the animals you have sort of a chaotic scene of animals
13:14that are frightened who are trying to break out you have to be able to shoot an animal while it's
13:23panicky
13:24and other guys are also shooting and you obviously do not want to shoot the other hunters
13:35the execution of the entire maneuver has to be done perfectly because any soldier that allows an animal
13:43to escape gets punished and so this is one of the ways that tactics are perfected and discipline is
13:49maintained this is fantastic training for war chingis khan uses tactics like the nerge to conquer
13:58what he considers to be less than human he doesn't see foreign fighters as people he sees them as
14:05cattle as prey he is willing to take all of these hunting techniques and apply them to people
14:13when you look at the muslim and the european chroniclers the mongol army is described as
14:19the most organized most disciplined they've lived their entire lives a young mongol quickly learns
14:26that no one in a hunt or in the army will be given preferential treatment the khan only rewards
14:33excellence on the battlefield he's gone from the heights of being the son of a well-respected
14:40aristocrat leader to basically poverty he's seen all levels of society and so what he does is he sets
14:48a meritocracy where he values talent and skill over lineage even the khan's own enemies are worthy of
14:58mercy if they prove themselves in combat chingis khan is shot in battle and after the battle is done and
15:08he
15:08has won he gathers all the captives and asks them which of you has shot me and jebe the warrior
15:17who
15:18is responsible raises his hand and says it was me knowing that he's about to be executed and instead
15:26chingis khan says i want you to be one of my generals when this warrior takes responsibility protects his
15:34own people chingis sees the kind of nobility that he needs in his ranks jebe goes on to become one
15:42of the
15:43mongols most loyal and successful generals for the next 20 years proving that the khan knows how to
15:49build his warrior army if you make it a meritocracy and anyone can prove their worth by what they
15:55contribute on the field of battle you're actually helping those who otherwise would have felt
15:59themselves ostracized find a way in and you're creating a new order a new hierarchy of which the
16:06khan jengis khan is the center it switches allegiance from the clan to the khan jengis khan in service to
16:17his growing empire will test this allegiance and his warrior's skills against the tactics and weaponry
16:24of central asia there's a territory to the west of the mongol empire that's ruled by a people called the
16:29karakitai this is also known as the western lao when the monarch of the western lao prince kuchluk
16:37sends his forces into a small medieval city called amalik they murder the king there who is a relative
16:43of jengis khan jengis of course is furious about this and so the kharakitai become the mongols next
16:51target jebe the khan's trusted general leads an army of 20 000 mongols into the karakitai
16:58where they seize the capital here the mongol warriors will learn that bloodshed
17:04is not the only path to victory jebe like jengis is a brilliant strategist
17:10he'll appeal to the kirakitai and turn them against prince kuchluk kuchluk is ousted from
17:15power and then eventually captured and brought back to the mongols who then cut off his head
17:22the young warrior sees firsthand the consequences of losing in battle such lessons motivate him to
17:30master all of the mongols weapons of war
17:37the mongols expand their territory to the west after seizing control of the karakitai
17:43now they share a border with the islamic state of the khorasvians these two massive empires will soon
17:49become mortal enemies but before the young mongol follows genghis khan's army into battle
17:56he must first master the instruments of war
18:06through their conquests the mongols are able to create the ultimate arsenal of their era as the
18:13mongols are expanding empire they encounter new weapons new warriors if the mongols find a weapon
18:19that's useful they'll incorporate it the preferred mongol weapon is one he's trained with since
18:27childhood one that allows him to kill from afar the majority of the army are what we considered horse
18:34archers and the primary weapon of the mongols is the composite bow
18:44the difference between the mongol composite bow and the long bow made famous by the english and the
18:51welsh before them the long bow is typically six to seven feet long the mongol bow is about four feet
18:57it is made specifically for horseback use the composite bow is a recurve style bow
19:03the string is placed on the opposite end of where you might think it's placed the reason for this is
19:09because you can get a longer range of firing with it now there's one record of a mongol warrior
19:16shooting over 500 yards that's a remarkable shot typically however the mongol bow is going to be more
19:24about an effective range of about 300 yards as the mongols approach the mongols are engaging in what
19:31we call an arrow storm where they're just firing arrows you know so it looks like it's raining here
19:39full weight of the bowl is 160 pounds and the stone ring is used to pull the string and they
19:46don't
19:47pull it full they just pull it enough so that they have energy into the bow and let it go
19:52having that
19:53capability allows the mongol soldier to actually shoot faster the average english bowman can fire maybe
20:01between six and ten arrows a minute the mongols they could go up to 20 hours a minute
20:08it's very difficult to do archery on horseback because of the up and down motions the shock of
20:14the hooves on the ground so they have to learn from an early age how to time their shots with
20:19the moment
20:20when the horse's hooves leave the ground
20:27the speed and versatility of the mongol warriors arrows prove to be deadly in more ways than one
20:35the type of arrows used by the mongols can sometimes be poison tipped as well with wolf spain
20:46even if they miss a vital organ they could be killing the opponent using the poison instead
20:54arrows are effective from afar but at close range the mongol warrior will need new armaments to strike
21:02down his enemy in hand-to-hand combat the mongols would use several different weapons we see axes we
21:09see maces and clubs but the saber is probably the preferred weapon
21:18the saber is a very functional weapon on a horseback or on foot if the mongols break into a city
21:25it's going
21:26to be a weapon that gives them maneuverability in close combat the mongol safers famously draw blood
21:33during the siege of sandamirs in 1260 when the mongols breached the walls of the polish city and moved
21:40through the streets on foot they methodically executed citizens with their blades
21:49when defending his own life the mongol warrior will use his enemy in an unconventional
21:56and terrifying siege tactic one of the things that the mongols did on a regular occasion was use human
22:04shields they would conquer an area raid a village they take the population they would march in front
22:15of the mongols and if they stop the mongols will kill them they would drive the enemy captives as they
22:21converge on the walls and push them into the moat so that they can actually use the bodies as a
22:27platform to scale the walls if you think about the psychological effect of watching your own people
22:34in front of the invading army you have to make a difficult choice do you kill your own people in
22:42front of this army to protect yourselves or do you allow the invading army to get closer and closer and
22:48there is one weapon that amplifies the capabilities of the mongols entire arsenal his horse
23:02their horses probably are not like what most people picture in terms of horses today these
23:09are kind of tough ponies who learn how to scavenge themselves so when they're encountered with the
23:15snow they dig out with their hooves the grass that's underneath and drink the snow because of
23:21their capability the mongols are able to travel long distances when we discuss the mobility of the mongols
23:29we have to remember that this is on a scale that isn't really matched until the 20th century with
23:34mechanized warfare we have mongols who are able to travel 100 miles in one day and this is because they're
23:41switching horses they bring about five extra horses for every man so they keep on going with each new
23:48conquest the mongol warrior acquires new weapons for his own arsenal one such instrument will lay waste to
23:56the walled cities of his enemies one of the key capabilities that they acquire when they're in china
24:02is the trebuchet when trade relations break down between the mongols and the genoese in the port city
24:16of kafa the mongol warrior uses his trebuchet and a diabolical maneuver
24:24they lay siege to the city for two years bombarding it with rocks and other debris in an effort to
24:31force the genoese out but what they discover is that their men are dying from some strange disease
24:37which is the bubonic plague what a better way than to get rid of these bodies than to fling them
24:44over the walls of the city into the midst of the genoese according to one italian writer what the
24:52mongols did was they load bodies onto the trebuchets launch them over the walls
25:01and this is how the plague gets into the city these bodies are landing on them and splat splat and
25:09entrails are spilling out literally having death rain on them from above
25:17as the genoese are fleeing the city and boats now infected with the bubonic plague they spread the disease
25:25throughout the rest of york taking the lives of upward of 25 million people
25:31equipped with an array of deadly weapons the young mongol warrior is ready to taste first blood
25:43the mongol has mastered his horsemanship and his weaponry but he will only be deemed a true warrior
25:50after he succeeds in battle and takes a trophy carved from the flesh of his enemy
26:03in 1241 the mongols continue their westward expansion by invading europe with a two-pronged attack
26:10while one army marches into hungary a second is sent to poland where the mongols face an army of 30
26:16000 men
26:17that includes a cavalry of european knights here the mounted mongol warrior will need to prepare for
26:24all manner of combat mongols prefer to be on horseback it gives them the most advantage they're higher
26:30they're stronger they're faster but let's say a mongol is on foot this could happen a couple ways his
26:37horse is killed he's thrown from the horse some way he has now to fight on foot
26:45without his horse the mongol warrior lacks the mobility and speed he relies on in battle
26:53what do they do then they have to face perhaps a european knight in huge heavy metal armor
27:02the knight would probably have a slight advantage because they're more accustomed to fighting on foot
27:06but the mongol warrior is a more cunning and agile fighter than any the western knight has faced before
27:23the mongols are not going to put on lots of heavy armor because they do value the mobility over the
27:30protection the mongol with his lightweight leather armor is much more nimble so he can move more
27:38quickly and catch the european knight off balance
27:48the mongol knows his enemy's impenetrable helmet is also his greatest vulnerability
27:58the helmet on the knights are very heavy you don't have peripheral vision you're isolated with one
28:04focal point kind of like horses with blinders they don't have the mobility where you see their mongol
28:11warriors who get just out of the distance of where they can strike it's very very effective
28:19a lot of times you get so agitated you exhaust yourself getting in that panic mode and you're not
28:24assessing the situation properly to overcome his enemy's fortified exterior the mongol preys on the
28:33knight's innermost fears mongols are masters of psychological warfare they had built up such a
28:41reputation of ruthlessness of cruelty that i think many warriors would have been quaking in their boots just
28:50with the thought of it terror inhibits the ability to fight back and the mongol uses the opportunity
28:58to dominate his enemy
29:05in the 13th century obviously there's no rules for engagement it's all about survival
29:10and who can beat the enemy first
29:17years of training and hand-to-hand combat have prepared the mongol for this life and death struggle
29:24with their background in a wrestling culture they're able to keep up with anyone on foot
29:30and hold their own because mongolian wrestling matches can be quite long even lasting hours
29:38they can use this skill to off balance this huge weighty metal man and throw them onto the ground
29:53even the smallest opening can be exploited by the mongol warrior with devastating results
30:01he can attack viciously at vulnerable access points where they lack shield and protection underneath the
30:07armpits mongols are very strong-willed fighters they can be very ruthless as well
30:14there's no mercy from the mongol warrior as he moves in for the kill
30:21but before he leaves the night to bleed out on the battlefield the mongol will extract a gruesome trophy
30:29after the battle is over there is a requirement on behalf of the mongol commanders for an accurate
30:35body count of everybody that's been killed they would take the right ear slice it off and put it in
30:41the bag
30:42at the battle of the kalka river the mongols reportedly kill 50 000 soldiers they leave with
30:49nine sacks of severed ears the mongol warrior has tasted victory for the first time but to achieve true
30:57greatness you'll have to breach the fortified kingdom of a rival empire alongside thousands of his fellow
31:09mongols
31:10thirteen years into his reign genghis khan has proven to be a master strategist
31:17having already conquered the armies of the jinn dynasty and the western lao
31:22but khan seeks to expand his empire into much of present-day central asia including afghanistan and iran
31:29to do so the mongol warrior will draw on all of the tactics he has learned to prove himself in
31:37the battle ahead
31:48the awesome might of the mongol army is demonstrated in the year 1218 during an infamous conflict with the
31:55qwarazmian empire a region with which khan intends to form an alliance
32:03the mongol empire is now butting up against the empire of muhammad shah
32:12so ginghis khan sends a caravan to the shah in order to establish trading relations with shah's empire
32:21and so the caravan reaches the town of ochra and the governor who is a relative of the shah
32:29thinks that the caravan is full of spies the governor of ochra communicates a message to the shah
32:34saying i mean to execute everyone in the caravan and take all the spoils and the shah agrees he gives
32:41the governor permission to carry out this massacre one guy escapes gets back and spreads the news to
32:52the mongols now chinghis khan he wants his stuff back and he also wants the governor who did this
32:57atrocity so he sends a new delegation directly to the shah with the demand that the governor be executed
33:05sultan muhammad horism shah is offended by chinghis khan he's also viewing himself as the second alexander
33:12the great he's created this vast empire there's an army of over 400 000 men and so he dismisses the
33:19mongols he kills the ambassador and burns the beards of his guards and sends them back with his message of
33:28no crossing the mongol warriors brings about a swift and significant response
33:35genghis khan gets the news of what's happened to his second delegation
33:41and he declares war genghis khan raises an army of between 100 and 150 000 warriors the challenge
33:49with this invasion is there's only one established route of access into the shah's empire to take the
33:56shah by surprise the mongol leader uses a series of tactics refined over decades of successful
34:02warfare he begins by dividing his armies and sending them through what is thought to be impassable
34:09mountain and desert terrain they're marching divided but they all have one objective which is the capital
34:21there's deserts there's mountains which allegedly was impassable turns out it isn't the mongol horses
34:27are not the fastest in the world they're probably the toughest
34:34three months later genghis khan's army arrives at the city of otrar the mongols are bringing siege
34:41equipment from china they have trebuchets they have battering rams they have siege towers the genius
34:46behind mongols is that they learn and they adapt they incorporated all the things that they learned
34:53from all these conquered people they learn how to attack a city they learn about siege warfare
35:04they use these trebuchets to sling pots filled with naphtha which is a petroleum-based incendiary
35:12naphtha is basically like the napalm of the middle ages
35:18genus khan enters the friday mosque and says know that i am the punishment of god if not for the
35:25sins of
35:25your leaders god would not have sent a punishment such as me the mongol definition of victory is the
35:34total annihilation of the opponent and in particular the opponent's leadership
35:53the shah escapes with his life
35:54with his city surrounded and his armies divided the shah escapes with his life
36:01his relative the governor is not so lucky
36:06the governor he's eventually captured and the mongols do have a sense of irony and since he was so
36:13greedy and took all of their treasure they pour silver into all of his orifices
36:28once you have inflamed the wrath of the mongols they do not hold back
36:35the harazmian empire is probably the largest empire you've never heard of and chingis khan is why
36:40he literally wipes it off the map for the mongol warrior and his army victory over a powerful rival
36:49empire sends a message to his enemies across the continent the mongols are now looking back and
36:56realizing what they've just accomplished chingis khan has conquered more territory than any other person in
37:02history but just like the fiercest warriors all empires eventually fall and that of the mongols is no exception
37:16the mongol warrior builds an empire that stretches across a continent
37:23just 15 years after genghis khan is proclaimed leader the mongols have won victories against the jin
37:29dynasty of northern china the western lao in western china and brought down the korazmian empire
37:37the mongols try to rationalize us why are they so successful and the only answer they can come up with
37:44is that the world is meant to be ruled by the mongols the empire's sheer size once its greatest strength
37:52makes it vulnerable in later years even more so after the fall of the mongol warriors ambitious leader
38:00chingis khan dies of an arrow wound that becomes an infection in 1227 and his sons and his descendants
38:09are unable to sustain the coherency that makes the mongol empire great when you consider the mongol
38:18empire its creation it's based on the mongol belief in raid and plunder not occupation so they continue to
38:27raid across all of these different nations countries and countryside to create this empire but they don't
38:34build any national institutions there is no infrastructure building the mongols are great at
38:41conquering they're not great at administration after the death of genghis khan leadership splinters
38:46into four rival factions one in china one in persia another in central asia and a fourth in what is
38:54today russia the empire will will break up over time and then in 1368 we have a rebellion in southern
39:04china that builds up and will eventually lead to the creation of the ming dynasty and drives
39:08the mongols from china and there's a great fear among the ming that the mongols will rise again which
39:14will lead to the creation of the great wall but the mongol empire does not fall it's still there
39:19it's just in mongolia we'll see generals will struggle for the throne so the mongol empire it never
39:26falls it fades away over time 700 years after the empire's declined the mongol warriors achievements
39:35continue to reverberate across the continent
39:44the mongols exist because of the mongol empire not for the rise of chinghis khan we probably wouldn't
39:51know a group of people known as mongols we wouldn't have a mongolia today he's a polarizing figure
39:57because on one hand people might remember him as such a brutal conqueror and a brutal warlord on the
40:05other hand he's still revered and celebrated in parts of east asia even today now the mongols do have this
40:13darker side we do have massacres it's alleged that the carbon levels drops because chinghis khan had
40:28killed so many people the bloody conflicts stoked by the khan transformed the mongols into masters of
40:34warfare and the lessons they leave behind are studied to this day the military legacy of the mongols is
40:42vast after world war one with the horrors of trench warfare many military thinkers tried to find a way
40:49to add mobility to warfare this will be passed on to germany which will help lead to the formation of
40:57blitzkrieg warfare in britain we have military thinkers looking at tanks and airplanes to add that mobility
41:04if you look at the battle plan for gulf war one
41:09the u.s marines attacking straight into the front which was the heavy cavalry of the mongols while
41:15the light armored forces swing around the rear to take the opponent in the side and so studying the
41:22past translating into warfare in the future the mongols occupy a unique place in conversation primarily
41:30because they dominate such a large region over the course of their run and reign they're the best of
41:37the best their leadership ruthlessness innovative thinking and astonishing mobility
41:48earn the mongols their rightful place among history's greatest warriors
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