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Unlock the hidden potential of toilet paper that only a few understand! This essential item is more than just a hygiene product; it can transform the ambiance of your home. Learn how to utilize its unique properties to create a delightful aromatic experience. This simple trick can elevate your bathroom to a luxurious spa-like retreat without breaking the bank. Join us to explore this innovative approach to home fragrance!
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00:00Did you ever notice that the toilet paper color is usually white?
00:04But this color wasn't always a favorite.
00:07In fact, colored toilet papers popped out on the shelves in the 1950s.
00:12Homeowners purchased pink, blue, yellow, green, and even black paper
00:17because these colors matched the interior.
00:20But eventually, many doctors began to associate the dye in colored toilet papers
00:25with increased health risks.
00:27Also, the dye didn't allow the colored paper to decompose as quickly when it was flushed down,
00:33which increased the risk of clogging septic tanks.
00:36This made manufacturing and retail prices too high compared to the basic white paper,
00:41and eventually, the demand began to fall.
00:47And now, let's take a closer look at these fancy patterns.
00:50Most people probably don't care about the decorations when it comes to their toilet paper.
00:55However, these patterns still exist.
00:58But why?
00:59Well, there are several opinions.
01:02Some say it's just a marketing tool.
01:05Manufacturers use pretty decor to make their products look more aesthetically pleasing
01:09and to make customers associate their brand with elegance and a luxurious lifestyle.
01:15Another explanation is more practical.
01:17These patterns fluff up the paper, which makes it more absorbent.
01:23Speaking of fluffiness, have you ever wondered why they have such rough toilet paper in public toilets?
01:29The most obvious answer is that high-quality toilet paper is more expensive.
01:34Also, companies prefer purchasing giant rolls of low-quality paper
01:39because they can change them less frequently.
01:42This decision also helps prevent stealing.
01:44Yes, people actually steal paper from public toilets.
01:49Have you ever noticed that light switches in public toilets are usually placed outside?
01:55Well, it's not a coincidence.
01:57Construction companies do it for safety reasons
02:00because, as we all know, electricity plus water is a dangerous combination.
02:05And light switches are connected to power.
02:07Therefore, electricity literally flows through them.
02:10Of course, professionally installed switches will have a bunch of additional safety precautions.
02:16But most builders prefer not to take risks.
02:19The UK has far stricter rules for light switch safety compared to the US.
02:24That's why, if you live in London, you'll probably find light switches outside the bathroom more commonly.
02:30But don't worry.
02:32Most bathrooms in the US feature independent electrical circuits.
02:35This provides additional safety in case of accidental electric shock.
02:40When any change in the electrical current happens, they should shut off automatically.
02:47There are so many awesome lighting opportunities in this world.
02:51But why are the traffic lights red, green, and yellow?
02:55Turns out there's a reasonable explanation for it.
02:59Before traffic lights for cars, there were traffic signals for trains.
03:03At first, railroad operators used white color to mean go, red to mean stop, and green to mean caution.
03:10But later, they realized that white wasn't such a good idea.
03:14Because bright white light could easily be mistaken for stars during the nighttime.
03:19So railway companies changed the white color for green to mean go, and yellow to mean caution.
03:24Because these colors are easily distinguishable from the others.
03:27And eventually, this tradition spread to traffic lights for cars, and became a standard.
03:34As for the red color, it has the longest wavelength, which means that drivers can see it from a greater
03:40distance than other colors.
03:41And the color yellow was chosen as a caution sign.
03:45Because it has a slightly shorter wavelength than red, but still longer than green.
03:52What's the dustiest room in your house?
03:55Usually, the answer is a bedroom.
03:57But why?
03:58Bedrooms tend to generate dust from skin cells, dust mites, and fibers from fabrics in your bedsheets, carpets, and curtains.
04:06If you have a pet, its fur and skin cells add a significant amount of dirt to this dusty party.
04:14Luckily, there are simple ways to make your bedroom less dusty.
04:17This includes making your bed every day, and cleaning the area regularly with both a vacuum cleaner and water.
04:24You can try to get rid of carpets, and unnecessary furniture and decor items that tend to collect dust.
04:31Also, pay attention to the quality when you buy curtains or bedsheets.
04:35The looser the fabric, the more dirt it collects.
04:39And finally, you can ban your pet from entering the bedroom.
04:42But let's be honest, you would never do that.
04:46Modern air purifiers, air conditioners, and ceiling fans can help make your sleeping area cozier.
04:52But make sure to clean them regularly.
04:54Otherwise, if your filter is dirty or clogged up with fur or any other pollutants, it won't collect new dust
05:00properly.
05:01And the dust would end up on your bedroom surfaces.
05:07Speaking of dust, did you know that you can clean the edge of a broom with a dustpan?
05:12This zigzag over here is not only for aesthetic purposes.
05:15You can use it as a comb for the bristles.
05:19Have you ever had these marks behind your ears after wearing your glasses?
05:24Sometimes it can even take them weeks to go away.
05:27Well, it's a sign that the side pieces of the glasses, called temples, are not adjusted properly for your head.
05:33In other words, they're too tight.
05:36This can cause skin irritation and even headaches.
05:40If they're bent towards the area behind your ears, they can press on the fragile part of the skull.
05:46So, keep in mind that temples should not only have the correct size, but also correct adjustment.
05:52A professional optician can easily fix this problem.
05:56It's way safer than trying to do it on your own.
06:00Box graters can be used in a horizontal position, too.
06:04In many cases, it's much more convenient to grate a carrot or a big block of cheese this way.
06:10If you want to grate a soft product like goat cheese or mozzarella, you can put them in the freezer
06:15for about 30 minutes before grating.
06:17Also, there's a way to make the cleanup easier and prevent the cheese from sticking.
06:23Spray the grater with a small amount of oil before using it.
06:27And now, let's take a look at the most unpopular sides of the box grater.
06:32Have you ever used them?
06:33This side is actually designed for slicing.
06:37It's pretty handy if you want to make thin vegetable slices for your salad or pasta.
06:41Or, slice potato chips.
06:44And these tiny punched-out holes are designed for zesting or very finely grating.
06:51Graters are pretty useful for the next non-food tip.
06:55If you're on a budget, you can purchase this super-cheap laundry soap.
06:59Grate a small amount and throw it right into your washing machine instead of using the regular washing gel.
07:06Did you know that you can change which way the refrigerator door opens?
07:10There are hinges over here.
07:12If you attach them on the other side, the doors will swing the other way.
07:16But before trying to do any repairs by yourself, make sure to disconnect the power source.
07:21And read the instructions for your particular model of the fridge.
07:25Have you ever noticed that there's a shiny side and a dull side to tinfoil?
07:31Many people believe that it matters which side is used up or down because the shiny side would trap the
07:37heat better.
07:38But, in fact, it makes no difference at all.
07:41The manufacturing process makes the two sides look slightly different.
07:45But they both serve their purpose equally.
07:50Tinfoil can be used not only in the kitchen.
07:53Here's a little-known battery hack.
07:55Let's say you're out of AA batteries.
07:58No worries.
07:59Use a smaller AAA battery and a bit of tinfoil.
08:02Just insert it on one of the ends.
08:04This will work because both AA and AAA batteries carry the same amount of voltage.
08:11Did you know that Chinese takeout food containers unfold and turn into plates?
08:16All you have to do is just to disassemble it from the two sides.
08:20And gravity will do the rest.
08:22By the way, the old-school name for this type of paperboard container is an oyster pail.
08:28Because it was originally designed to hold oysters.
08:33There are two sides to every story.
08:35Just like to a regular cotton pad, two different textures to be more precise.
08:41One is smooth, and you're supposed to use it for more sensitive areas of your face.
08:45For example, the eyes.
08:47The rougher side can help you remove makeup and clean your face in less sensitive areas, like the forehead.
08:54If you like having greenery in your home, you've probably noticed the flower pots have holes at the bottom.
09:01These holes are the reason your green friends live a happy life.
09:05They're extremely important for water drainage.
09:08Thanks to these holes, you'll avoid stagnant water buildup that can eventually ruin your plant.
09:14Also, thanks to those holes, roots can grow and expand beyond the limits of your pot.
09:21Have you noticed aviator sunglasses mostly have green lenses?
09:26It has something to do with their origin.
09:29First, they showed up in the 1930s.
09:32Before that, pilots had goggles to protect their eyes while they were in the air.
09:36High altitudes with glaring sun and sub-zero temperatures were a real test for their eyes.
09:44The goggles helped them with those issues, but there was another one.
09:48Since the temperature differences between the air outside and within the goggles were big,
09:53the lenses would fog up and obscure the pilot's view.
09:56So, the company Bausch & Lohm came up with teardrop lenses surrounded by a light metal frame.
10:03These lenses were dark green because this tint cuts out blue light,
10:08which is also a problem for pilots when they're flying above the cloud line.
10:13Plus, green lenses also reduce glare and improve contrast and sharpness.
10:19Holes in the side of your Converse sneakers, hmm, are those really necessary?
10:25Well, they allow air to enter your shoe so your feet can stay cool.
10:29You can also use them to style up your shoes and tie them in different ways, too.
10:36There are two reasons plastic bottles have grooves.
10:39First, if you're drinking cold water and it's hot outside,
10:42you'll see there's a lot of condensation on your bottle.
10:46Or maybe if you're playing some sport or working out.
10:49Your hands are sweaty and if a bottle had a smooth surface,
10:52it would be more difficult to grip it,
10:54so the ridges are there to improve your hand grip.
10:58The second reason is that because of these ridges,
11:01manufacturers can use thinner plastic.
11:03That means they need less material in overall production.
11:07And that plastic is still firm enough for the bottle to maintain its shape.
11:13Wooden coat hangers are not just there to look nice.
11:17Since they're made of cedar wood, they bring a nice scent to your closet.
11:20Plus, they repel bugs.
11:23They're also quite firm, so they come in handy for heavy clothes, such as jackets.
11:27And it's hard to damage them.
11:29So, they'll serve you longer.
11:33You may have noticed there's a colored square at the bottom of your toothpaste.
11:37These blocks mostly come in blue, red, green, and black.
11:42They are some sort of eye marks.
11:45Since they help manufacturing machines at the assembly line,
11:48recognize where and when to cut the toothpaste and seal the end of the tube.
11:54Some boots have loops at their top and back.
11:57Looks like a fashion statement, doesn't it?
11:59Or maybe it's something that manufacturers add for fun.
12:02But those loops actually have their purpose.
12:05With them, you can pull the shoe up when trying to wear it.
12:09Plus, you can easily hang them or use the loop for better support for the laces.
12:15Confession time.
12:16Remember those attachments your vacuum cleaner came with?
12:19Did you also put them somewhere aside and never use them again?
12:23They're actually pretty helpful when you're cleaning the house
12:26because you can use them for particular areas
12:28that are sometimes hard to reach with the regular attachment.
12:32We all know what the vegetable peeler is for,
12:35but besides peeling the skin of carrots or potatoes,
12:38you can use it for onions too.
12:40It may be faster than doing it with a knife.
12:43Plus, it will save you some onion tears.
12:46Some sweatshirts have something pretty specific in the neck area.
12:50A V-shaped stitch you can see in the middle of the collar.
12:54The ribbed insert, similar to the ribbing at the hem and the sleeves,
12:58would allow the owner to put the garment on more easily
13:01and it wouldn't even lose shape.
13:03The V-insert would stretch
13:05so a person wearing the sweatshirt could get their head through the neck.
13:08Its purpose was also to absorb sweat.
13:10In its early versions, sweatshirts had both the back and the front of the collars.
13:15Through time, they lost the back one
13:18and this V-insert became something decorative
13:20since manufacturers started to stitch a V at the collar
13:23without using the ribbed material they had added before.
13:28Brightly colored squares or circles you see on food packages
13:31aren't an indication of vitamins, minerals or certain flavors that food contains.
13:36And nope, it's not some secret code consumers are supposed to crack.
13:41It's actually for printing engineers.
13:43They're called process control patches or printer's color blocks.
13:48During the process of printing the food packaging,
13:51manufacturers use those colored blocks to check if the printing ink is correct.
13:55They compare the color of blocks they print
13:57to make sure the brand they print for
13:59has a consistent and recognizable quality all over the world.
14:04The majority of printers only use four colors
14:07yellow, magenta, cyan and black.
14:10Some printers have additional colors such as green, orange and violet.
14:16That's why you sometimes see multiple circles on certain packages.
14:20They test each ink color.
14:23Margins in notebooks.
14:25They're not there as some sort of a guide for taking notes and writing.
14:28Someone came up with a potential solution
14:30that was supposed to protect the written work from, well, rats.
14:34They used to be pretty common residents in people's homes.
14:37They are known for their diet,
14:39including basically anything, like paper, for example.
14:42So, people started adding wide margins as an appetizer
14:46that was supposed to keep rats full.
14:49This way, they wouldn't want to get to the main dish,
14:51the written pages.
14:54Suits have a buttonhole close to the top of the lapel.
14:57Manufacturers sew it shut so you can't open it without ruining your suit.
15:01And when you compare it to the other lapel,
15:04you see that one is completely smooth, without any clues.
15:08You won't find such an unpartnered buttonhole on a suit jacket only.
15:12Camp shirts, pea coats and some other clothing pieces have them too.
15:16And they have to do with the history of lapels.
15:19The earliest ones showed up at the beginning of the 19th century.
15:23Before this, men mostly wear frocks with high collars.
15:27They would button them all the way up to the top.
15:29During hot days, they would relax the button stance,
15:32turn down the collars and leave the top button undone.
15:35It was a relief from the swelter.
15:37Plus, their folded overlaps would be symmetrical at the chest.
15:41And today, we recognize that as a lapel.
15:45People stopped using that buttonhole after they came up with a lapel,
15:48unless it was for some formal occasion.
15:51Like, for example, when you wanted to put a flower in there.
15:54That's why suit makers left it as a fashion feature.
15:58Tea bags.
15:59It's pretty easy to guess what they're for.
16:01But they come in handy if you have smelly feet after a long day in your shoes.
16:05Just pop tea bags, unused of course, in your shoes during the night.
16:09By the time you wake up, tea bags are going to effectively absorb all the unwanted odors.
16:15Binder clips can also have a helpful purpose besides their main one.
16:20You can clip your money to keep it together.
16:22Same is true for paper clips.
16:25If your favorite bracelet broke and you're looking for a way to hold it on,
16:28a paper clip might help.
16:31Just hook one through each end of the bracelet,
16:33twist it tightly, and your bracelet is good to go.
16:37If you've ever gotten bored while waiting in a car like I have,
16:41you might have played around with a headrest.
16:43Yep, you can pull them off and they'll come right off relatively easily.
16:47It seems useless at first,
16:49but that's something you'll want to do if you're ever trapped in a car
16:53and need to break a window to get out, like I do.
16:56Even a box of aluminum foil has its secret.
16:59On the side of the box, you can see a small tab you can push in.
17:03So simple, but that's what actually holds the roll of foil in place.
17:08This tab makes it way easier to unroll a sheet and tear it off without any frustration.
17:15Ever wondered why gripping a certain tool, handle, or even a pen
17:19kind of feels more secure when it's coated with a rubbery material?
17:22The keratin of the outer layer of the human skin is rough and stiff at a small scale.
17:28So, let's say you have a polished metal or glass which is stiff,
17:32but also a smooth and impenetrable surface.
17:35When you encounter that, the actual contact area is small,
17:39as is the friction at the beginning.
17:41Your sweat pores secrete moisture,
17:43which is why the keratin gets hydrated and becomes softer.
17:46Because of that, it requires many seconds for the contact area to increase
17:51to the same value it reaches almost right away with some soft materials like rubber.
17:56This mechanism might be used by our tactile senses when we want to identify materials.
18:02Now, the pom-poms on beanies and other hats have their purpose.
18:07And it's not just to look cute and fluffy.
18:09Well, at least they did have a purpose.
18:11One of the theories says French sailors used to wear hats with pom-poms
18:16so they wouldn't hurt their heads on the ship when the weather got rough.
18:19Yep, the ceilings of the ship were really low.
18:22When the waves were too big, bang, you could easily hit your head on the ceiling.
18:26So, the pom-poms came in handy.
18:28Now, they're just a cute addition to our winter cats.
18:32That mysterious drawer under the oven,
18:35the one where you keep all your kitchen gear you just don't know where else to put?
18:39Well, you used it well in that case,
18:41but the drawer was originally designed for keeping your meals warm,
18:45at least until you're ready to serve them.
18:48And that space under your lower cabinets that protrude slightly and can't be lifted?
18:53This area is also called a toe kick.
18:56It's the reason why you can stand closer to the counter while cooking.
19:00Also, the doors of the cabinets are off the ground,
19:03so they'll swing over your toes.
19:05The cabinet under the sink isn't for storage either.
19:08Maybe that's where you keep your cleaning products,
19:11but its real purpose is to give you access if your sinks leak and you need to do some plumbing
19:16work.
19:17That weird little hole at the top of a lollipop stick you can see after finishing a candy is not
19:24a whistle.
19:25It has something to do with the manufacturing process.
19:28When pouring hot molten caramel into a mold,
19:31some of it will seep into this mysterious hole and harden.
19:35This way, the candy will stay on the stick and won't fall off.
19:40Keyboard letters aren't just randomly arranged the way they are.
19:43The first keyboard ever made belonged to the typewriter.
19:47Typists eventually got so good at their job, they started typing too quickly.
19:51So the key arms would get crosswired at some point and stuck.
19:56That's why manufacturers had to make the order of keys more random
19:59to intentionally slow down typists so they could keep the machine running.
20:04Do you like to let those brushes on the side of the escalators and malls polish your shoes?
20:09Believe it or not, that's not their main gig.
20:12The bristles are there for safety.
20:14People used to get their bags and clothes stuck in those escalators
20:18when they would stand too close to the sides.
20:20These nylon bristles kind of play with people's minds,
20:23and they keep their feet away from the escalator's skirt panels and avoid accidents.
20:29Most people assume bobby pins have curves for fashion,
20:32which is why they mostly place it in their hair with the wavy side up.
20:36But those little waves are actually there to catch the underlying bulk of hair
20:41and grip the pin into place.
20:43So the wavy side should go down.
20:46You've probably noticed measuring tapes mostly come with a metal stub that ends with a small slot.
20:52If your hands are full of stuff, simply hang the slot on a nail for measurement.
20:57If you take a closer look, you'll see the stub is a little bit serrated on one side.
21:02This means you can use it to mark the points, so you don't even need a pencil.
21:07If you spend a lot of time in planes,
21:10you've probably noticed that little hole located at the bottom of the window.
21:14Nothing to be nervous about.
21:15It's what keeps us safe while flying high.
21:18It's something called a bleed hole.
21:20You can see right there in the middle of the pane of the three window panes
21:24that actually protect passengers from the outside pressure.
21:27This hole may be tiny, but it takes all that pressure off the outer one.
21:32The hole also gradually exposes it to cabin pressure,
21:35which helps with fixing pressure imbalances on the windows, if there are any.
21:40There's a number 57 staring at you from the middle of the Heinz ketchup bottle forever.
21:46According to the company, only 11% of people are aware
21:49the number really has nothing to do with the product label.
21:53It's actually a sweet spot, where you can tap to get the sauce onto the plate.
21:58So, next time you want some ketchup, there's no need to bang the bottom off.
22:02Just hit this spot.
22:04Grooves on the bottom of cups are there to make cleaning them in the dishwasher more convenient.
22:09When you place your cups upside down, these grooves will allow the water to flow rather than stagnate.
22:16This way, the water won't spill onto your feet when you take the cups out.
22:20The grooves are there to allow cool air to flow beneath the cup, too.
22:24They also keep cups from cracking when they heat up after you pour hot beverages in.
22:30You probably noticed that little dot next to the camera on an iPhone
22:34and probably thought it was a flash.
22:36Nope, not a flash, but a microphone in charge of catching sounds when you're using the back camera.
22:43Next time you're looking for a quick bite and decide for fries at McDonald's,
22:48check that bendable flap near the top of the box.
22:51Some like to bend it towards the fries.
22:53That way, you can cover your fries up and keep them warm.
22:56But if you're not that patient, you can flip the flap backward
23:00and basically turn it into a makeshift plate for your fries.
23:04Just bend it down firmly enough.
23:05You don't want it to spring back up and spread the sauce all over you.
23:09Take it from me, it's messy.
23:12In the 1970s, people didn't want toothpaste just to keep their mouths healthy,
23:16but also to freshen their breath.
23:19Aquafresh decided to answer that call, so they added a blue stripe to their product.
23:24Since consumers started paying more attention to their teeth and gums,
23:28the company added a third red stripe to their paste.
23:30The paste now has three functions – freshening, cleaning, and plaque control.
23:35And yes, solid white toothpaste can offer the same benefits,
23:39but brands continue to add stripes to their paste anyway.
23:43Speaking of toothpaste, do you know those colors on the bottom of tubes?
23:47The colors don't mean anything in particular.
23:50They're there to help in the manufacturing by telling light sensors where the end of the tube is.
23:55Thanks to it, the machine can cut and seal the tube properly.
24:00Hand sanitizers are commonplace nowadays,
24:02and you can apply them in many other ways besides just cleaning your hands.
24:06It also works great when you want to remove stains from your clothes.
24:11Sanitizer breaks up oily, greasy spillages and does a great job as a degreaser.
24:16You can even use it as a deodorant if you get caught out on a hot day.
24:20You've probably noticed that train and bus seats are covered in fabrics with weird patterns.
24:26Have any idea why?
24:27Well, they use these patterns to cover any germs and stains on the seats.
24:32The brighter the color and the more patterned it is,
24:35the harder it will be for passengers to notice any stains and get grossed out.
24:39Also, the patterns are usually so ugly
24:42that no one even wants to look at them for long enough to spot any stains.
24:46So, yeah, the pattern is there to make you look away,
24:50and if you look, to make it less noticeable.
24:53No bus will ever have plain white seats, that's a guarantee.
24:58Just a few more bus-related questions to answer.
25:01Like, why don't buses have seatbelts?
25:03Buses are overall way safer than cars because they were designed this way.
25:09The idea behind this is called compartmentalization,
25:12meaning that the seats have high backs that absorb energy.
25:16The seats are also placed close to one another,
25:19so there's less space to move in case of an impact.
25:22Also, on a bus, the passengers sit pretty high off the ground,
25:26and in case of a collision, the force is absorbed by the bus's deck,
25:31and not by the people inside.
25:33On top of that, a bus is way heavier than most other vehicles,
25:37and even if there is a collision,
25:38it distributes the force way differently than a regular car.
25:42Due to its weight, a lot of force is absorbed,
25:45and bus passengers don't experience much crush force.
25:48So, small and light buses that can't distribute the force as well
25:52actually do require seatbelts.
25:54And we have to remember that buses drive slowly,
25:57which minimizes the risk of an accident overall.
26:00We all know that school buses are yellow, but why?
26:04It's for visibility reasons.
26:05Yellow is one of the most easily recognized colors,
26:08and for a human eye, yellow is even more visible than, say, red.
26:14So, school buses are yellow to make them more distinctive.
26:18Also, yellow is visible in the dark, in fog, and on a rainy day.
26:23Actually, the color of the bus isn't really a true yellow.
26:26It also has a hint of orange.
26:29This shade even has an official name,
26:31National School Bus Glossy Yellow.
26:33By the way, taxi cabs are yellow for the same reason,
26:37to be more visible in any weather conditions.
26:40Also, buses have huge steering wheels,
26:43and I finally learned why.
26:45Buses are bigger than regular cars,
26:47and they're also way heavier.
26:49So, it's harder to turn a bus around,
26:52and way more strength is required to do so
26:54than when you drive a car.
26:55A bigger steering wheel that has a bigger radius
26:58allows the driver to turn the vehicle more easily,
27:01and it requires less force than if the wheel were smaller.
27:04Trucks have big steering wheels for the same reason.
27:07But have you seen those stuffed toys
27:09that some trucks have attached in front of them?
27:11Turns out, it's just a way for truck drivers
27:14to customize their vehicles.
27:16It's like a mascot that speaks about the truck or the driver.
27:19It's also a way to communicate to the world
27:21that the truck driver isn't all scary and tough,
27:25but a soft and harmless person
27:27that you shouldn't be afraid of.
27:28At least, that's how some truck drivers explain it.
27:31In Asia, there's also a belief
27:33that road accidents are caused by ghosts,
27:36and hanging toys are a way to distract the ghosts
27:39from causing harm to the truck.
27:41Ever been on a road trip?
27:43If you're not the driver,
27:44all you have to do is just sit in one place
27:46and do basically nothing for hours.
27:49Doesn't sound like a hard task,
27:50but some people find it terribly exhausting,
27:53and because of this, they resent road trips.
27:56Why do they get so tired?
27:58Well, sitting in a car isn't like sitting in a chair.
28:01The brain doesn't relax.
28:03Instead, it controls everything that's going on,
28:06accounting for movements
28:07and making sure that you maintain the right posture.
28:10Your brain is constantly working,
28:12exchanging bits of information with your muscles,
28:15so your body is working.
28:17Some people get tired because of this.
28:19If you aren't doing much,
28:21it doesn't mean that your body isn't doing much.
28:23Train rides are way more tolerable,
28:25because trains don't stop or change speeds
28:28as often as cars do,
28:29so the body is more relaxed,
28:31and train trips are way more tolerable
28:33for people who aren't fans of road trips.
28:36Another mystery is why it's way harder
28:39to stand still in the same spot for 30 minutes
28:42in comparison to, for example,
28:44walking for 30 minutes.
28:45Again, it sounds like you're not doing anything
28:48when you're standing, so why is it so tiring?
28:51Well, standing is a pretty hard task for your body.
28:54When standing, the muscles in your legs work very hard
28:57to support the mass of your whole body.
28:59If you're standing, there are not many muscles working,
29:02and only a few of them have to do all the work.
29:05When walking, there are more muscles working
29:07at the same time, so it's easier.
29:10Also, when standing,
29:12both of your legs are working without stopping.
29:14But when walking, each of them gets a tiny break
29:17each time you step using the other leg.
29:20Why is it that the same book can have different covers?
29:23There are several reasons for this.
29:25First, the cover may vary because of the target audience.
29:28An addition of a book that is being marketed
29:30to older people is usually different
29:33from the addition aimed at younger people,
29:35with the one for younger people
29:36usually being brighter and cuter.
29:39The cover can also depend on the country
29:41the book is being sold in,
29:42trying to attract as many buyers as possible
29:45based on the tastes of the population.
29:47Next, books vary from edition to edition.
29:50At first, a book is printed in hardcover
29:53in small quantities to see how it'll do on the market.
29:56If the book is a relative success,
29:58there is another edition printed,
30:00often in trade paperback.
30:01The design of the cover is usually updated
30:04with every edition.
30:05Also, if a book has a movie based on it,
30:08there is usually another edition that follows.
30:10This edition will take advantage of the movie
30:12and use a movie scene as the cover,
30:15making it recognizable for people who saw and liked the movie
30:18and encouraging them to buy a copy of the book.
30:21Most books are printed on yellowish paper,
30:24and few have plain white pages.
30:26But why is that?
30:28Unless it's a mass-market paperback edition
30:30with paper that's the same quality as a newspaper,
30:33meaning bad.
30:34It's done with good quality paper.
30:36Don't let the yellow hue confuse you.
30:38It's usually called cream,
30:40and it's a preference for any book
30:42because it's less tiring on the reader's eyes.
30:45The plain white paper is bleached,
30:47and it reflects a lot of light,
30:49so it can be exhausting to read for a long time.
30:52So, that yellowish paper is the best paper,
30:55and publishers regularly use it.
30:57Another thing about books
30:59is those blank pages they often have at the very end.
31:02Their number depends on the number of pages in the book.
31:04The thing is that books are printed in signature.
31:08A signature is a group of pages
31:10that printers fold together and cut to make a book.
31:13A signature can have a different number of book pages,
31:16with the minimum being four,
31:18and then with other numbers divisible by four.
31:20So, a book that is 300 pages long,
31:23in total, will fit in perfectly,
31:25and there will be no blank pages left.
31:27But, if a book needs 303 pages,
31:30it'll need an additional signature,
31:32and the extra pages will remain blank,
31:35often marked with the word
31:36notes or with the message
31:38this page is intentionally left blank
31:40to let the reader know
31:41that there's no important information missing.
31:43Ever wondered why most doctors have sloppy handwriting?
31:47No, there's no class in medical colleges
31:49on bad handwriting.
31:50The reason why it's so common
31:52is that doctors are always in a rush,
31:54and they write as fast as possible to keep their momentum,
31:57so there's no time to care about writing nicely.
32:00Also, keep in mind that you're not the only person
32:03who they write a prescription for
32:04over the course of a day.
32:06Doctors do a lot of paperwork,
32:07working for 10 hours straight,
32:09and they're just too tired most of the time
32:11to give you a properly written note.
32:13Have you noticed that most songs, in general,
32:15last somewhere between three and four minutes?
32:18Well, originally, songs were being played
32:20on a phonograph record player
32:22from a vinyl record,
32:23which was spinning at 78 revolutions per minute.
32:26So, the size of the vinyl record
32:29basically determined the length of the song.
32:31There were two basic record sizes,
32:33a 10-inch one,
32:34which had room for about three minutes of playtime,
32:37and a 12-inch,
32:38which could fit a four-minute song.
32:40So, at the beginning of the 20th century,
32:43if an artist wanted their song played,
32:45they couldn't make it longer than that
32:46if they wanted to be able to sell a record.
32:49Times have changed,
32:50but still, most songs are about three to four minutes long.
32:53The initial reason for sticking to this pattern
32:55was also because of radio.
32:57If a song was too long,
32:59it would either get cut in half,
33:01or some parts would be left off
33:02to make it fit into the three to five-minute radio standard.
33:05If an artist wanted the song on the radio,
33:08and if they wanted to earn money from it,
33:10they'd do their best to make a song that fits the standard,
33:12so that the whole piece could be played without alterations.
33:15Today, even if there are longer songs,
33:18a three to four-minute song is now a tradition
33:20that artists typically stick to.
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