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Las comunidades indígenas de Guainía, un departamento de la Amazonia colombiana fronterizo con Venezuela y Brasil, no conocían el oro antes de la década de 1980. La minería llegó con “los blancos”, cuentan algunos líderes de la región. Pero hoy, las balsas mineras se extienden de forma alarmante por todo el departamento, contaminando ríos y destruyendo bosques para explotar ilícitamente el mineral.

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00:00They are explotant.
00:01They keep taking the metal and keep using mercury in the resguard indígena.
00:10Those who brought the mining,
00:13were the brasilians.
00:15They were the ones who started to exploit the mining in the river.
00:20The mining is not an activity of indigenous communities.
00:24It's an activity that has been justified
00:27precisely by the lack of presence of the state,
00:29by the abandonment we have,
00:31because there is no health,
00:32because there is no education.
00:36And behind that, there are a bit of exploiters.
00:38The one who wins is the one who wins the one who wins.
00:41But there is no solution.
00:58Welcome to Iniria Guainia.
01:00We are in the north of Colombia.
01:03We have the border with the brotherhood of Venezuela
01:06and also to the south,
01:10much more to the south than Brazil.
01:13We are surrounded by water and obviously by the sea.
01:16Our roads are the river Iniria,
01:22the Guaviare and Atabapo,
01:25and obviously the Grand,
01:26the river Orinojo.
01:28The importance of this area
01:30is based on the results of some research
01:33made in biodiversity,
01:36all that has to do with flora,
01:38fauna,
01:39aquatic life
01:40and cultural issues.
01:42So, there have been many biologists,
01:44many anthropologists,
01:45researchers
01:46from different universities,
01:47different institutions,
01:48nationales,
01:49internationales,
01:50for 10 years,
01:51more or less.
01:51Also, the territory is
01:54in indigenous resources
01:57or national parks
01:58or national parks.
01:58So,
01:59they always have a territory
02:01in the field of protection
02:02or conservation.
02:03And in the days of rain,
02:05the river goes up.
02:06And when it goes up,
02:07and you see it from the top,
02:09it's like a great humidity.
02:10And that's how it says
02:12the Decreto Humedal
02:13Sitio Ramsar
02:14Estrella Frival Iniria.
02:16The mining is a complex issue
02:19here in Guainia
02:21because it's done
02:23both in the territory
02:25Ramsar
02:26as in what they call
02:27the amortization zone.
02:28So,
02:29water above.
02:30And if it's water above,
02:31it affects water below.
02:33And if it's water below,
02:35it's water below.
02:35What is it?
02:37What is it?
02:38the mining is here,
02:41in the Department of Guainia,
02:42especially here,
02:44in the Indian River,
02:45in the Venao,
02:46it's about to come to the time
02:48of the year 94.
02:50Well,
02:51the mining was the brasileists.
02:53brought the mining
02:53were the brasileists,
02:55the ones who started
02:56to explode the mining
02:58in the river.
02:59But,
03:00we really didn't know
03:01that the mining
03:03was something illegal,
03:06something that
03:07hurt the environment,
03:09the nature.
03:11The minerals
03:12were not created by
03:15us,
03:15indigenous,
03:16but they were created
03:17by people
03:22because they knew
03:23the material
03:24and the metal.
03:26One,
03:26as indigenous people,
03:27I, for example,
03:28as indigenous people,
03:28I didn't know,
03:29I didn't know,
03:30but it was not initiated
03:32by indigenous communities,
03:33neither by the resguard,
03:34nor by the captains,
03:36nor by the cabildos.
03:37It was initiated by the colonists
03:39who mounted the mining
03:40of the miners.
03:49We identified
03:50the environmental problem
03:52in the department
03:52related to
03:54the illicit tract
03:55of minerals,
03:56mainly gold,
03:57through the mining
03:58Aluvion.
04:09In the 2020,
04:11we did a basic
04:14problem in the main
04:16river that had
04:18influence in the minera
04:19for that time.
04:20We did not exceed
04:20the 30 rivers
04:22in the three rivers,
04:23Inírida,
04:24Guainía
04:25and Atabapo.
04:26However,
04:27during the development
04:28of our research,
04:30we saw that
04:31the mining has been
04:32increasing.
04:34Today,
04:35there are no 30
04:37rivers that we have
04:37identified,
04:38but 30,
04:39in each river,
04:41including other rivers
04:42from the department,
04:43like the Negro
04:44and the Isana,
04:45Coyarí,
04:46which we didn't have
04:46reference to
04:48that time
04:49that we started
04:49the project.
04:53The Barsas
04:54is to extract
04:56the mineral
04:57from the deep
04:59river
05:00that contains
05:01flotants
05:02and like
05:03a kind of
05:04cabaños.
05:04There are
05:05about 10
05:07workers,
05:08or 8 workers,
05:09which are
05:10the Guzzos.
05:11The Guzzos
05:12that they have
05:13are those
05:13who consume
05:15the river
05:17with their
05:18clothes,
05:18with a
05:19manguer,
05:20which is called
05:21chupeta,
05:21to control the water
05:23in the
05:25deep
05:25river,
05:26and they start
05:27to work and
05:28extract the metal
05:28with their hands
05:29and with a
05:30manguer
05:31of 6 inches.
05:32Once
05:33the material
05:34from the deep
05:35river,
05:37to the
05:38water,
05:38the
05:38water,
05:38the
05:40water,
05:42and then
05:43the water
05:43with the
05:44mercury liquid
05:49to encode
05:51the
05:52gold.
05:52Once
05:53the gold
05:53is
05:54burnt,
05:55then
05:55the
05:57metal
05:59can
06:00give
06:01the color
06:01that is
06:02yellow.
06:04of
06:05the
06:05water
06:06to
06:06the
06:07river
06:08of
06:09the
06:09water
06:09has
06:11been
06:15affected.
06:17We
06:18found
06:18high levels
06:19of mercury
06:19in plants,
06:20in
06:21sedimentos
06:22that
06:22are
06:22in
06:23that
06:23the
06:26mercury
06:27we could also corroborate that the mercury levels in hair samples,
06:33which were the only ones we took, were also elevated.
06:36In this area it became popular because there was no way to find the resources,
06:45more than all, to take the family forward as a benefit.
06:53Really, we started to dedicate the mining,
06:57to seek support the community and especially the family.
07:09It is the result of a state that does not solve the needs of each community,
07:17although, obviously, they make the efforts, but it is not enough,
07:23and therefore, let's say,
07:24that the communities opt for some economic activity.
07:29Because the mining is not easy.
07:31It is difficult.
07:32It is a luck.
07:33You take your life, you take your health,
07:36you don't eat well, you don't sleep well.
07:39There are other things, but the people do it because they need to bring food to their home.
07:44They have children, they have abandoned their children, their family,
07:47they can do mining.
07:49And they say,
07:50where are the other alternatives for these people who do mining?
08:00But we, as administration, have been looking for a formalization of the mining,
08:09because we consider that it is one of the most efficient ways of having a balance between the production
08:21and the conservation of the environment.
08:24All the communities, for example,
08:26that are very focused on the issue of mining,
08:30they do not coincide when a government
08:33is trying to make a project,
08:36because it takes about a year or two years to be able to take the production.
08:42A man of 18 years old,
08:44Buzo,
08:45from one of the mines mines,
08:46said that I receive $250,000 a day.
08:50If the corporation or the government
08:53or the government
08:54will give me a offer a job
08:55where I gain more than $250,000 a day,
08:57it is magnificent.
08:59I go to the mine and leave the mining at the side.
09:01But that is impossible.
09:03Competition against that monster of economic activity
09:06is...
09:07I think none of the entities could achieve it.
09:10Also, we are working with our mission of the Autoridad Ambiental,
09:13we are working with the military forces,
09:15mainly with the Armada and the Ejército,
09:17to make operations of control against the mining and illegal.
09:21So, we are working with these rivers
09:23with the operational operations
09:25as operators,
09:27they do the destruction of the drugs,
09:31or sometimes they bring them to Inírida
09:33to rehabilitate them.
09:34But it has been a challenge
09:37because in the moment
09:39there are three drugs
09:41and the other day
09:42there are two times more drugs
09:44than there were in the beginning.
09:45We consider that Inírida
09:47has many natural resources,
09:50many mineral resources
09:52that, unfortunately,
09:55they have not been exploited
09:57in a way
09:59rational
10:02or
10:03environmentally responsible.
10:08It's very easy to say
10:09because I don't agree with the minerals,
10:11I don't,
10:12but when you see what there is behind that,
10:14why do they do it?
10:17And behind that,
10:18what there are a little bit of exploiters
10:19is also,
10:20the one who wins the most,
10:21the one who wins the most,
10:22but there is no solution.
10:24And the solution
10:24is not to exploit these machines,
10:26contaminate more the river,
10:28let's say,
10:28let's say,
10:29let's say,
10:29let's say,
10:29let's say,
10:29let's say,
10:32let's say,
10:33let's say,
10:33let's say,
10:34let's say,
10:34let's say
10:35that's not the solution,
10:38it's to give to people alternatives
10:39as they make a goal.
10:40So,
10:40let's say,
10:40let's say,
10:40I cannot let so much in theld
10:41and I don't have a need to kill me so much in the mining, but there is no one.
10:46So we close the doors here and there.
10:49It's very easy to close the doors, but who is opening them?
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