00:00When talking about pensiones, there is only one agreement.
00:02Colombia needs a reform.
00:04Experts of all the political spectrum recognize problems like
00:08the insostenibility of the system, the inequity it is and the poor coverage it is.
00:13This last, the coverage, is for many people the last last part of the system.
00:18Actualmente, there are 4,9 millions of adults older than 60 years old without a pension.
00:24That's only one reason to talk about reforming pensiones.
00:28But there are also other elements, like the competition between regimes,
00:32which many times leave the Colombians on the side that less benefit gives them.
00:37For all this, and around the corner of the presidential election,
00:41we have to talk about pensiones.
00:44And although for many people the word pension is a future or a fiction,
00:49here is the well-being and economic security of millions of people in age.
00:56So, let's go for parts.
00:58Before reforming, we have to know how the system works.
01:02In Colombia, no we have a single or homogenous system of pensiones.
01:10After the Ley 100, we have 4 regimes.
01:14They are the regime of the media, which is what today is known as Colpensiones,
01:21which includes the particular workers and some employees of the state.
01:28The capitalization regime, which is known as RAIS, which was the creation of the law itself,
01:35is also dedicated to the particular workers and some employees of the state.
01:40And, on the other hand, we have something that, after the Ley 100,
01:46which is called the Special Regímenes Speciales,
01:49which are the public funcionaries of high range, or of all ranges,
01:56that had specific conditions for pensiones, and that were covered with the Ley 33,
02:04and entered into a transition that ended in 2014.
02:09Today, in the Special Regímenes Speciales, no there is no one affiliated,
02:13but there are 400,000 pensionados and those for the state.
02:17And the fourth regime, those are the Execuers,
02:21those people who stayed outside of the Ley 7.
02:25There were Ecopetrol, the Magisterium, the military, and the police.
02:33Today, those Regímenes Execuers are located in the Caja de Sueldos de Retiro de la Policía, CASUR,
02:43in the Caja de Sueldos de Retiro de los Militares, CREMIL, and in the Fondo del Magisterio FORMAC.
02:49In this discussion, you will hear constantly two terms.
02:53Regímen de Ahorro Individual con Solidaridad, RAISE,
02:56and Regímen de Prima Media, RPM.
02:58In simple words, in the RAISE, which is operated by the Administrators of Fondos de Pensiones,
03:03you build your own property.
03:05Also, this capital is invested by these companies.
03:10That is, in the future, you will receive the money that earned more than the result of these investments.
03:16In the RPM, administered by Colpensiones,
03:19the pensioners pay with the aportes of the cotisers.
03:23As in this moment, the money that enters is not enough,
03:27it is also dedicated to public resources,
03:29because the pension is a fundamental right that the state should guarantee the state.
03:34Actualmente, in Colpensiones, there are 6,7 millones of afiliados and 1,5 millones of pensionados.
03:40In the Administrators of Fondos of Pensiones, there are 18 million of afiliados and 251.000 of pensionados.
03:46In both cases, only the third part of the afiliados is currently currently cotizing actively.
03:52In other words, the majority of the afiliados are in the AFP,
03:56but the majority of the pensionados are in Colpensiones.
03:59A balance that is explained in good part because the RISE is a home regime.
04:04Now, to understand the reform proposals, it is necessary to know two programs.
04:09The first is Colombia Mayor,
04:11a subsidy of $80.000,
04:13which is a $80.000 that is offered to the adults in conditions of vulnerability,
04:16that they can comply with certain criteria.
04:18Although the program does arrive to the most vulnerable and even improve the life of the people mayors and their
04:26homes,
04:26the amount is very low and the coverage is insufficient.
04:31In general, one of the four colombianos receive a pension.
04:35One of the four colombianos receive a pension.
04:35One of the four colombianos receive a pension.
04:36One of the two colombianos receive a pension.
04:37But the rest of the two do not receive anything.
04:39And another one that is worth having in mind.
04:41In the General Presupuesto General of 2020,
04:44for every peso that is destined to the Colombia Mayor program,
04:47se destinaron $9.5 pesos for a pensionado of Colpensiones
04:51and $30 pesos for a pensionado of the Funds of Pensiones Públicas.
04:55The Beneficios Económicos Periódicos,
04:57known as BEPS,
04:59are another program to have in mind.
05:01This is an option for those who earn less than a minimum salary
05:05can receive an income after their retirement.
05:09Actualmente, 38.700 people receive, in promedio, $222.000 each month.
05:16With this panorama in mind, it's time to see the main problem.
05:19The coberture.
05:21The big problem on which should be focused on the pension,
05:26and more than the pension,
05:29a model of protection for women is the low coberture.
05:34Also, the lack of coberture,
05:35the lack of coberture of the system
05:37does not affect all the same.
05:38There are some structural inequalities
05:41that make, for example,
05:43that women are more affected in the pension issue,
05:48so as we have, of course, in the world of work
05:51also breaches and inequalities that persist.
05:54So, if you look at the tax of active affiliation,
05:57in the case of the women, it's a 29%.
06:00In the case of the men, it's a 38%.
06:03Also, if you look at who gets a pension,
06:07the 29% are men, the 19% are women.
06:11And there are also differences in terms of the amount.
06:14In the case of the men, it's a 73,1%.
06:26Now, the most important question.
06:29How should the pension reform be?
06:32No, there is a unique answer,
06:34because there are a variety of visions
06:35about how to fix the system,
06:37something like a talla that doesn't serve to all.
06:40What do you think about a reform of the system of pillars?
06:44It's clear that the first pillar is the pillar subsidiary,
06:51that is, the no-contributive.
06:53That pillar subsidiary should strengthen Colombia Mayor
06:57as a total subsidy.
06:58There is a discussion of which will be the number
07:00which would be the number that would be mensual
07:03to the people,
07:03and that it would not be conditioned
07:06to the political clientelism that today
07:08we have in Colombia Mayor.
07:10Second alternative,
07:13those who do not,
07:14those who do not comply with the requisitions
07:17for pensioners.
07:18That cannot be a devolution.
07:21Here, what we have to think is
07:23in the partial subsidy,
07:25what today is BEPS,
07:27that all those who do not comply with the resources,
07:31those that they have earned
07:32they become the base of a pension
07:34that the state subsidizes parcialmente
07:37for that they have a permanent income
07:39and not a devolution
07:40for that they do not end
07:42in one or two years
07:44with the discussion
07:45that it is to raise more
07:48and that with pensioners.
07:49No,
07:50the object of a pension system
07:53is pensioner,
07:54not devolver money.
07:56So,
07:57for that,
07:57for that,
07:57for that,
07:57for that,
07:58for that,
07:58there are two things,
08:00subsidio total
08:01and subsidio parcial.
08:03The second pilar
08:04is the regime contributive.
08:06In the regime contributive
08:07the discussion is
08:08if the regime
08:09of the media
08:10and the capitalization
08:11should compete
08:12and what is demonstrated
08:13in Colombia
08:14is that
08:15compete
08:15not to the country.
08:17It should be complementarian.
08:19And then,
08:19here comes the discussion.
08:20The base
08:21is the regime
08:22of the media
08:22and the complementarian
08:24of the capitalization.
08:25It is the discussion
08:25of how many
08:27salarios mínimos
08:28over how many
08:28salarios mínimos
08:29in one and in the other.
08:30And the third one is the
08:31voluntary regime
08:31of the third pilar.
08:33The one who wants
08:34something else
08:34does
08:36do
08:36voluntarily.
08:38That is
08:38the
08:39proposal
08:39to be able to
08:40expand
08:40the
08:41reform
08:43pensional
08:44must have
08:45certain objectives.
08:46The first one
08:48is
08:49to be
08:50to be
08:50to be
08:50to be
08:50to be
08:51to be
08:51to be
08:52to be
08:52to be
08:52to be
08:53to be
08:53to be
08:54to be
08:54to be
08:54streaming
08:55방송
08:55and
08:56to be
08:56knowlaughter.
09:00The legislative
09:02to
09:02be
09:02one Jamie...
09:04Human
09:04Human to
09:10be
09:17able
09:18to to
09:19be the植
09:20agradable
09:20system.
09:20del sistema y la forma más efectiva de esto es considerar eliminar una serie de subsidios
09:27implícitos que ocurren en colpensiones y tercero eliminar una serie de diferencias que generan
09:34desigualdades en la población aunque tengan historiales de contribución diferentes sin
09:40muy similares perdón entonces un afiliado de un afiliado de colpensiones yo y conozco muchas
09:48historias de ese estilo una persona que llega a su edad de pensión se retira conoció un compañero
09:53de trabajo misma historia misma edad contribuyeron el mismo tiempo pero si terminan en colpensiones o
09:58terminan en raíz terminan con con pensiones muy diferentes eso es una fuente de inequidad lo que
10:05llamamos inequidad horizontal entonces esos tres elementos son claves y adicionalmente aquí y es
10:13y es algo importante si bien el sistema no está pensionando mucha gente y por eso necesitamos
10:17el pilar no contributivo aumentarlo y fortalecerlo necesitamos también repensar la estructura bajo la
10:25cual operan el sector privado administrando los recursos de las afp y pensionando con el fin de
10:34obtener pensiones más altas en el sistema de los pensionados de raíz pues nosotros creemos
10:40efectivamente que debería propenderse por un sistema que garantice un ingreso básico mínimo pero
10:47digno para las personas que no tienen la posibilidad de cotizar en un sistema pensión si debe haber una
10:53pensión no contributiva un ingreso básico una renta básica para quienes hoy en día no tienen la
10:59posibilidad de ingresar al sistema pensión un segundo componente debería ser una pensión semi
11:05contributiva es decir subsidiar aquellas personas que tienen unos ingresos pero no tienen suficiente
11:11para ingresar al sistema bueno hay que ayudarles a por ejemplo trabajadores temporales trabajadores
11:15del sector rural a mujeres con personas a cargo que se encargan del cuidado de la economía no remunerada
11:21es decir a ellos y ellas no hay que excluirlos del sistema como se está haciendo con el sistema de
11:26piso protección social sino que hay que subsidiarles para que ingresen al sistema para que aporten y para
11:32que puedan aspirar a una pensión previsible con un monto determinado y un tercer sistema pues que ya
11:39sería el contributivo pleno que nosotros preferiríamos que fuera un sistema de reparto un sistema solidario
11:44donde el dinero de los cotizantes ingrese al sistema que está reconociendo y que está pagando realmente las
11:51pensiones y se quiere mantener un modelo de ahorro individual administrado por privados pues debería
11:57dejárseles a ellos simplemente una parte de las personas que más ganan de los ingresos más altos que si
12:03quieren hacer un ahorro voluntario si quieren estar en un sistema de pensiones adicionales más allá de las mínimas
12:10que debe garantizar el estado pues no hay que descartar esa idea mientras para algunos es viable dejar solo el
12:16pilar voluntario en manos de las AFP para otros la complementariedad es la respuesta irnos a cualquiera de los dos
12:24extremos
12:25sería un error en colpensiones lo que se ahorra no alcanza para la pensión entonces puede que hoy se recoja
12:32más plata pero mañana en el futuro habrá una deuda más grande entonces sólo colpensiones nos lleva a una
12:40bomba fiscal financiera en algún momento sólo ahorro individual como la plata como la pensión a diferencia en
12:49colpensiones donde depende del promedio del salario independientemente del ahorrado en ahorro individual
12:55depende del ahorro y el ahorro es bajitico lo que tenemos si nos vamos sólo ahorro individual es una
13:00bomba social porque las pensiones son muy bajas por esto esta complementariedad muy importante la
13:07reforma pensional debe ser una prioridad del próximo gobierno del congreso y de la sociedad la
13:13administración del presidente iván duque aseguró que presentaría una reforma pensional pero de eso sólo
13:18quedaron promesas otro elemento que queda sobre la mesa tiene que ver con la importancia de atar la
13:24reforma pensional a una reforma laboral los expertos también coinciden en que la discusión sobre las
13:30pensiones tiene que darse de cara a la gente no puede ser un debate a puerta cerrada con los
13:35congresistas si bien es un pulso que se define en la arena política las pensiones son un tema estructural
13:41que sobrepasa por mucho las ambiciones y las trampas políticas de fondo y como ya se dijo aquí lo que
13:48está en juego es el bienestar en la vejez de millones de colombianos especialmente de quienes
13:53menos seguridad económica tiene no vale prometer y no cumplir discutir a puerta cerrada o pasar
13:58leyes a punta de jugaditas hay demasiado un juego como para hacerlo de siempre
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