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00:01:48so what are you doing
00:02:14when the shadows lengthened
00:02:18when darkness seemed to be falling
00:02:22it was Churchill who said no
00:02:26evil would not prevail
00:02:31Churchill's one of the dominant figures of 20th century
00:02:33it's a central part in the biggest bloodiest war in human history
00:02:39when big countries think they can invade and take over smaller countries
00:02:45superpowers with different visions of how they should operate in the world
00:02:51Churchill believed in freedom free speech democracy
00:02:56those ideals are not uncontested today far from it
00:03:00we are guardians of our country in an age when her life is at stake
00:03:07he is a warrior first but then he's also this poet
00:03:13Hitler made you feel that Hitler made you feel that you were capable of doing anything
00:03:23we shall never cease to persevere against them until they have been taught a lesson which they and the world
00:03:31will never forget
00:03:33Churchill said this is the threat unlike any we faced in the last thousand years
00:03:37and that Britain had to do everything it could to destroy it
00:03:42all of our democracy was just hanging by a thread
00:03:48he comes to seem as sort of an oracle
00:03:53I am here today because he stood up against fascism
00:03:58the establishment thought he was a warmonger
00:04:02and that he gloried in slaughter
00:04:05we know it will be hard
00:04:07we expect it will be long
00:04:09we shall strive to resist him
00:04:11there was blood on his hands
00:04:14he was dangerous
00:04:16egotistical
00:04:18opportunist
00:04:18brilliant
00:04:20Churchill got a lot wrong
00:04:22but if you're going to get one thing right
00:04:24the second world war is pretty high up there
00:04:27the world at times is starved for strong leaders
00:04:31Churchill was a strong leader
00:04:33if Churchill was still around
00:04:36he would be like an alarm clock going off again
00:04:39saying democracy has to be protected
00:04:44wake up
00:04:47every nation expects its leader
00:04:50should be like Winston Churchill in time of crisis
00:04:54and arguably every leader since has fallen slightly shorter
00:04:59in the high position I shall occupy
00:05:02it will fall to me
00:05:04to save the capital
00:05:06and save the empire
00:05:21a state of war once more exists
00:05:24between Great Britain and Germany
00:05:36I was deeply anxious about the life of the people of London
00:05:41the greater part of whom stayed
00:05:44slept
00:05:46and took a chance where they were
00:05:50how long would it go on
00:05:54how much more would they have to bear
00:06:01during the worst part of the blitz
00:06:03there was 57 days
00:06:06of consecutive bombing
00:06:08every night
00:06:10civilian populations were under attack
00:06:13in London
00:06:15Hitler wanted the British people to be bombed into suspicion
00:06:22they're just savage raids designed to reduce British morale
00:06:29it was exhausting for people
00:06:32they were unable to sleep through the night
00:06:38there was a serious danger that there would be demoralization
00:06:47the British people
00:06:48the British people
00:06:49they are worried
00:06:51they are afraid
00:06:52they are in pretty dire straits
00:06:57I don't think it's appreciated how close
00:07:00we could have come to the catastrophe of a Nazi-dominated Europe
00:07:12and somehow
00:07:14Winston had to keep a nation going
00:07:17through all this
00:07:19to give a nation belief
00:07:20that victory could be possible
00:07:22survival even
00:07:24because you looked out of the window
00:07:26and you couldn't imagine it could be
00:07:33Churchill helped will the people through a terrible period of time
00:07:39he wanted to see the people of London
00:07:40he wanted them to see him
00:07:43he knew that this was a battle for hearts and minds
00:07:46and he had a role to play
00:08:20there wasn't any anti-aircraft last night
00:08:24why aren't we firing back
00:08:25we can't shoot at a target in the dark
00:08:27sir
00:08:30it's a waste of ammunition
00:08:34I don't care
00:08:35I want us to fire back every night
00:08:37no matter what
00:08:39they have to know
00:08:40we're fighting back
00:08:43throughout the blitz
00:08:44Churchill projected the image
00:08:46of calm determination
00:08:49he wanted that spirit to define the British war effort
00:08:52drink a cup of tea
00:08:53get on with it
00:08:57the overwhelming response of Londoners
00:09:00was to say
00:09:00give it back to them
00:09:02and that's what he promised he would do
00:09:23there was a desire to be the center of attention
00:09:26if you will
00:09:26to be the man in the arena
00:09:28which is in part why he was so effective
00:09:32during these last crowded days
00:09:36my pulse had not quickened at any moment
00:09:39I took it all as it came
00:09:42I felt as if I were walking with destiny
00:09:46that all my past life
00:09:49had been but a preparation
00:09:51for this hour
00:09:54and for this trial
00:09:58he was destined for great things
00:10:00and he was taught that as a young man
00:10:03he was convinced from the day he was born
00:10:05that he was put on earth
00:10:06as a divine instrument
00:10:08to save Britain
00:10:09to save the world
00:10:24as a child
00:10:26he was very conscious
00:10:27that there are expectations upon him
00:10:30because he was born
00:10:32into the very top
00:10:34of British society
00:10:36his father
00:10:38Randolph Churchill
00:10:39was an important Victorian politician
00:10:43and his mother
00:10:44Jenny Jerome
00:10:45was born into
00:10:47a rich American family
00:10:50she shone for me
00:10:52like the evening star
00:10:53I loved her dearly
00:10:57but at a distance
00:11:00his father never really thought
00:11:02that he would amount to much
00:11:04and his mother
00:11:05really took no notice of him at all
00:11:07she was pursuing affairs
00:11:09with the Prince of Wales
00:11:10and the Austrian ambassador
00:11:12and so on
00:11:13it had to be lonely
00:11:16I think if you have a dysfunctional family
00:11:20the pressures have got to be double
00:11:23it is said that famous men
00:11:25are usually the product of unhappy childhood
00:11:28the twinges of adversity
00:11:30the twinges of adversity are needed
00:11:32to evoke that ruthless fixity of purpose
00:11:35without which great actions
00:11:38are seldom accomplished
00:11:42everybody believed that Churchill's father
00:11:45would be prime minister one day
00:11:46but he was extremely arrogant
00:11:49and when he submitted his first budget
00:11:53and it was rejected
00:11:54and he wrote a letter
00:11:55to the prime minister resigning
00:11:57thinking it would never be accepted
00:12:00but it was
00:12:03he'd thrown it all away
00:12:05effectively ending his career
00:12:09here is someone that Churchill had idolized
00:12:13and he now watches him deteriorate
00:12:18his father's death
00:12:20when Churchill is just 20 years old
00:12:24that has a huge impact on Winston
00:12:29all my dreams of comradeship with him
00:12:32of entering parliament at his side
00:12:36and any support
00:12:38were ended
00:12:42the death is at one moment
00:12:44this great personal tragedy
00:12:45but also a moment of liberation
00:12:49his father's death
00:12:51allowed him to have the space
00:12:54to be a great man himself
00:12:58there remained for me
00:12:59only to pursue his aims
00:13:02and vindicate his memory
00:13:07he wanted to seek approval
00:13:09he wanted to be loved and admired
00:13:10I think that's a powerful psychological driver
00:13:13of behaviour
00:13:15he wants to make his name
00:13:17he wants to win acclaim
00:13:19he wants to do that
00:13:20in the way that aristocrats
00:13:21have always done that
00:13:22and that's on the battlefield
00:13:34so Churchill manages to get himself
00:13:36assigned to a cavalry regiment
00:13:42good god Winston
00:13:44you're riding that grey into battle
00:13:47as you see
00:13:48you might as well paint them a target on your chest
00:13:51they'll spot you a mile away
00:13:54I play for high stakes
00:13:59Winston Churchill rode a grey
00:14:02a white horse
00:14:03which was essentially
00:14:05to draw attention to himself
00:14:07his fellow soldiers
00:14:09thought it was an insane risk to take
00:14:14nothing in life
00:14:16is so exhilarating
00:14:17as to be shot at
00:14:19without result
00:14:27Churchill killed
00:14:28a number of men
00:14:30you can tell that he's exhilarated by it
00:14:33but he also has a tremendous respect for it
00:14:42it is all chance
00:14:43or destiny
00:14:46and our wayward footsteps
00:14:48are best planted
00:14:50without too much calculation
00:14:59Churchill was a journalist
00:15:01while he was a soldier
00:15:02because he's an extraordinary writer
00:15:05and he saw it as his
00:15:07glittering gateway to distinction
00:15:10the idea of having
00:15:12someone who is
00:15:13in uniform
00:15:14and a journalist
00:15:15simultaneously
00:15:16just doesn't compute
00:15:18in today's day and age
00:15:20he is a warrior first
00:15:22so he understands war
00:15:24but then he's also this poet
00:15:25who's able to translate that
00:15:27to the public
00:15:28but as a military officer
00:15:30it would have been incredibly unlikable
00:15:32he's going to go to the combat zone
00:15:35so that he could write about it
00:15:36make all kinds of money
00:15:37personally
00:15:38and become a name in the process
00:15:39I think as a fellow peer
00:15:42you would hate Winston Churchill
00:15:45Churchill would have been very comfortable
00:15:47in this world
00:15:48of mass media
00:15:49of selling yourself
00:15:51of spinning a great yarn
00:15:53trying to get likes and subscribes
00:15:56on social media platforms
00:15:58Churchill seemed to have this unique capacity
00:16:01to go to the right location
00:16:04at the pivotal moment
00:16:06I was eager for trouble
00:16:08there was not an instant to lose
00:16:17the Boer War is a fight
00:16:19between the British Empire
00:16:21and the Dutch Boer Republics
00:16:24which are seeking independence
00:16:27Churchill goes looking for a way
00:16:29of further raising his profile
00:16:31so he takes an expedition
00:16:33towards the front line
00:16:34in an armoured train
00:16:37and they're ambushed
00:16:39by Boers
00:16:41the train is derailed
00:16:45they're coming under heavy fire
00:16:50Churchill's 24 years old
00:16:52and he immediately takes over
00:16:54you see that Churchillian will
00:16:58and that desire to be at the centre of things
00:17:01come to the front
00:17:03and the people who survived it
00:17:05credited Churchill with saving their lives
00:17:11but Churchill wasn't so lucky
00:17:16Churchill was captured and sent to a prisoner of war camp
00:17:19in Pretoria
00:17:23his whole nature
00:17:26vaulted against the idea
00:17:27that somebody as vigorous as him
00:17:30could be wasting vital weeks and months
00:17:33and possibly years in prison
00:17:34and he immediately set about
00:17:37trying to escape
00:17:42one night
00:17:43he realises that the guards are preoccupied
00:17:47and he can quickly scale the fence
00:17:49and get out
00:17:50the Boers
00:17:52they started searching everywhere for him
00:17:54and if they found him
00:17:56they very likely would have killed him
00:17:58so he decides to jump on a train
00:18:03hoping that it's going in the right direction
00:18:07and despite not being able to speak a word of Dutch
00:18:10he manages to make his way to safety
00:18:13in what is now Mozambique
00:18:15which then allows him to write up his adventures
00:18:20and that really goes stratospheric
00:18:24he was a hero
00:18:26when his boat came in
00:18:28there were crowds all cheering him
00:18:34he no longer had to worry about making his name
00:18:38it had been made
00:18:40the fantastical nature of what he actually accomplished in escaping
00:18:44really helped solidify him as a brand in Britain
00:18:50his resourcefulness
00:18:52his complete confidence
00:18:54his courage
00:18:54his determination
00:18:56all those things
00:18:57helped him survive
00:18:59his escape from the Boers
00:19:01and helped him be the person we needed him to be
00:19:05during World War II
00:19:08sometimes what looks like bad luck
00:19:11may turn out to be good luck
00:19:13and vice versa
00:19:22Churchill becomes a member of parliament
00:19:24within the conservative party
00:19:25at the age of 25
00:19:27that is far from usual
00:19:30for the time
00:19:35the young Churchill
00:19:37was a brilliant comet-like force
00:19:41he inspired immense loyalty
00:19:43but he also inspired
00:19:45a lot of eye rolling
00:19:48which is what
00:19:50brilliant young men do
00:19:52we are all worms
00:19:54but I do believe
00:19:56that I am a glowworm
00:19:59and of course that
00:20:00puts him at tension
00:20:02right from the beginning
00:20:03with certain elements
00:20:05within the conservative party
00:20:07by 1904
00:20:09he is prepared to
00:20:11dramatically
00:20:12cross the floor
00:20:13of the house of commons
00:20:14and become a member
00:20:16of the liberal opposition party
00:20:20the liberal party
00:20:21aren't yet sure
00:20:22whether they like him
00:20:22many in the conservative party
00:20:24regard him as a traitor
00:20:27Churchill is a pragmatist
00:20:29as a politician
00:20:29he was not afraid
00:20:31to switch parties
00:20:31where is the wind
00:20:32going to take me
00:20:33so that I can be empowered
00:20:38Churchill is just
00:20:39becoming a liberal minister
00:20:40when he meets
00:20:41with Clementine Hosier
00:20:45Clementine was a very
00:20:46striking young woman
00:20:47huge blue eyes
00:20:50they ended up
00:20:51sitting next to each other
00:20:52at a dinner party
00:20:53they went straight
00:20:54into a conversation
00:20:55about everything
00:20:56that was happening
00:20:57in the house of commons
00:20:58and Churchill couldn't believe
00:20:59he finally found a woman
00:21:01that shared the same
00:21:02interest as he did
00:21:02and they got married
00:21:04a few months later
00:21:06what a comfort and pleasure
00:21:07it was to meet a girl
00:21:09with so much intellectual quality
00:21:11and such strong reserves
00:21:13of noble sentiment
00:21:16Clementine couldn't have a career
00:21:17herself in politics
00:21:18she was a woman
00:21:19that wasn't allowed
00:21:19but this was a way
00:21:21that she could have
00:21:22a real fulfilling
00:21:23and exciting life
00:21:24we do not live in a world
00:21:27of small intrigues
00:21:28but of serious
00:21:30and important affairs
00:21:33Clementine was interested
00:21:34in politics
00:21:35and was very good
00:21:36at giving advice
00:21:38he didn't always take it
00:21:40but she always gave it
00:21:42one of the secrets
00:21:44of a happy marriage
00:21:45is to never speak to
00:21:47or see the loved one
00:21:49before noon
00:21:51in some ways
00:21:53Winston and Clementine
00:21:54do differ
00:21:55politically
00:21:56he's someone
00:21:57who is brought up
00:21:58in that very
00:22:00male dominated
00:22:02world
00:22:03and someone
00:22:04who I think
00:22:05is loath to see
00:22:06that world
00:22:07disappear
00:22:09Clementine
00:22:09was a suffragist
00:22:11and Winston
00:22:12was quite an
00:22:12old fashioned man
00:22:13and his original views
00:22:15were
00:22:15we don't want
00:22:16women voting
00:22:17thank you very much
00:22:18we've got enough
00:22:18troubles of our own
00:22:20already
00:22:22at that time
00:22:23he was also
00:22:24home secretary
00:22:27he had lots
00:22:28and lots
00:22:29of suffragettes
00:22:30arrested
00:22:30and put in prison
00:22:34Clementine
00:22:34was completely
00:22:35loyal to him
00:22:37in public
00:22:37but behind closed doors
00:22:39she would take him on
00:22:40she was a sparring partner
00:22:43once
00:22:44he found out
00:22:45they'd vote
00:22:46for him
00:22:47he lowered
00:22:49his resistance
00:22:50to the idea
00:22:51which is
00:22:52a very fine
00:22:53example
00:22:54of real
00:22:55politique
00:22:57if we look back
00:22:58on our past life
00:22:59we shall see
00:23:01that one of its
00:23:02most usual
00:23:03experiences
00:23:04is that
00:23:05we have been
00:23:06helped by
00:23:06our mistakes
00:23:08and injured
00:23:09by our most
00:23:10sagacious
00:23:11decisions
00:23:16in 1914
00:23:17the beginning
00:23:18of the first
00:23:19world war
00:23:20Europe is
00:23:21dragged
00:23:21into conflict
00:23:29both sides
00:23:30dug in
00:23:30it turned
00:23:31into a stalemate
00:23:32very quickly
00:23:32capturing
00:23:33you know
00:23:34metres of ground
00:23:35not miles
00:23:37millions of men
00:23:38living in
00:23:39muddy trenches
00:23:41Churchill
00:23:42famously said
00:23:42there must be
00:23:43something else
00:23:44we can do
00:23:44rather than
00:23:45send our young
00:23:46men to chew
00:23:47barbed wire
00:23:48on the western front
00:23:49Churchill
00:23:50was the
00:23:51first lord
00:23:52of the admiralty
00:23:52and he
00:23:53amongst others
00:23:54started to look
00:23:55around for a way
00:23:56of breaking
00:23:56that deadlock
00:23:58and one of his
00:23:59ideas was
00:23:59an amphibious
00:24:00operation
00:24:02in an effort
00:24:02to knock the
00:24:03Turks out of the
00:24:03war
00:24:04in previous wars
00:24:05the Royal Navy
00:24:06has just sailed
00:24:06straight up the
00:24:07Narrows
00:24:07the Dardanelles
00:24:08that very thin
00:24:09stretch of water
00:24:10between Europe
00:24:12and what we call
00:24:13the Middle East
00:24:13today
00:24:13and the Turks
00:24:14have to do
00:24:15what you want
00:24:15them to do
00:24:17on paper
00:24:17it was an ideal
00:24:18operation
00:24:19but because
00:24:20the Dardanelles
00:24:21campaign was run
00:24:22by committee
00:24:22it didn't happen
00:24:24very quickly
00:24:26so they lost
00:24:26all element
00:24:27of surprise
00:24:31the Royal Navy
00:24:33had lost
00:24:33lots of ships
00:24:34the whole thing
00:24:35was a fiasco
00:24:35Churchill responds
00:24:37by thinking
00:24:38what we need to do
00:24:39is land a force
00:24:40on the
00:24:41Galipani Peninsula
00:24:42that will occupy
00:24:43that peninsula
00:24:44and then the Royal Navy
00:24:45can sail up
00:24:46and capture Istanbul
00:24:47with poor intelligence
00:24:49some uninspired leadership
00:24:51and poor communication
00:24:52the whole thing
00:24:53ends up being
00:24:53a dramatic failure
00:24:54the Allies
00:24:56had lost
00:24:57147,000
00:24:58killed or wounded
00:25:08Churchill very much
00:25:09was the scapegoat
00:25:10the press
00:25:12castigated him
00:25:14people yelled at him
00:25:16in the streets
00:25:16there was blood
00:25:17on his hands
00:25:19the loss
00:25:20of all those lives
00:25:22it's clear
00:25:22how much he loathes
00:25:24the loss of life
00:25:26and the suffering
00:25:28of ordinary people
00:25:29in war
00:25:31I feel like
00:25:32a wounded man
00:25:34I know
00:25:35I am hurt
00:25:35but as yet
00:25:37I cannot tell
00:25:39how badly
00:25:55they are going
00:25:56to evacuate
00:26:00pull out
00:26:01of the Dardanelles
00:26:03tail between
00:26:05their legs
00:26:07what will you do
00:26:08well I refuse
00:26:10to waste away
00:26:12in obscurity
00:26:13while my name
00:26:15and reputation
00:26:16are ruined
00:26:31Winston
00:26:31what is going on
00:26:36if I
00:26:37can't serve
00:26:39my country
00:26:40in politics
00:26:42then I shall
00:26:43serve her
00:26:44on the battlefield
00:26:48tomorrow
00:26:49I'm resigning
00:26:51and rejoining
00:26:52my regiment
00:27:01it's what you
00:27:02must do
00:27:06you mustn't
00:27:07get killed
00:27:08or they'll
00:27:09think you
00:27:09died on purpose
00:27:12that's not
00:27:12why I'm
00:27:13going
00:27:16but if I
00:27:17do die
00:27:19and if
00:27:20there's
00:27:20anywhere else
00:27:21after
00:27:26I shall
00:27:27be on the
00:27:28lookout
00:27:28for you
00:27:35I was ruined
00:27:36for the time
00:27:37being
00:27:37in 1915
00:27:40and a supreme
00:27:41enterprise
00:27:42was cast
00:27:43away
00:27:43through my
00:27:44trying to
00:27:45carry out
00:27:46a major
00:27:46and cardinal
00:27:48operation of war
00:27:49from a subordinate
00:27:50position
00:27:52men are
00:27:53ill-advised
00:27:54to try
00:27:55such ventures
00:28:02the first
00:28:03lord of the
00:28:03admiralty
00:28:03resigned
00:28:04to become
00:28:04a major
00:28:05in the
00:28:05field
00:28:07Major
00:28:08Winston
00:28:08Churchill
00:28:11imagine a
00:28:12member of
00:28:12the cabinet
00:28:14leaving their
00:28:15role
00:28:15and going
00:28:16and fighting
00:28:17on the front
00:28:17line
00:28:17and that's
00:28:18what Churchill
00:28:19does
00:28:19he puts
00:28:20his money
00:28:20where his
00:28:20mouth is
00:28:30he famously
00:28:31turned up
00:28:32with a tin
00:28:32bath
00:28:32and his
00:28:33easels
00:28:33and all
00:28:34the accoutrements
00:28:35that a general
00:28:35needs to go
00:28:36to war
00:28:36champagne
00:28:37whiskey
00:28:38you know
00:28:38as if he
00:28:39actually wasn't
00:28:40going to do
00:28:40anything
00:28:41he hadn't
00:28:42been a soldier
00:28:43for some time
00:28:44they didn't
00:28:45like the idea
00:28:46of a celebrity
00:28:46officer
00:28:47there was
00:28:48some hostility
00:28:49in his regiment
00:28:51right at the
00:28:51beginning
00:28:51but then he
00:28:52took part
00:28:53in some
00:28:5330 expeditions
00:28:55into no man's
00:28:56land
00:28:58Churchill
00:28:58famously
00:29:00whenever he
00:29:00came under
00:29:01fire
00:29:01would never
00:29:02take cover
00:29:05and one day
00:29:06one of his
00:29:06men said
00:29:07well why do
00:29:07you do that
00:29:08and he said
00:29:08well the point
00:29:08is by the time
00:29:09you've heard
00:29:10the crack of
00:29:10the round
00:29:10whiz by you
00:29:11it's gone
00:29:12so there's
00:29:13no point
00:29:13in throwing
00:29:13yourself
00:29:14on the earth
00:29:15so soon
00:29:16they see
00:29:16that his
00:29:17words and
00:29:18his deeds
00:29:18match up
00:29:18and that he
00:29:19can be trusted
00:29:20and that he's
00:29:20a legitimately
00:29:21good leader
00:29:21he wins
00:29:22them over
00:29:24my darling
00:29:25Clemm
00:29:27hold your
00:29:28head very
00:29:29high
00:29:29above all
00:29:31do not
00:29:33worry about
00:29:33me
00:29:35if my
00:29:36destiny
00:29:37has not
00:29:37already been
00:29:38accomplished
00:29:39I shall
00:29:41be guarded
00:29:41surely
00:29:44this whole
00:29:45idea of fate
00:29:45that every
00:29:47little bit
00:29:47including the
00:29:48parts that go
00:29:48wrong in
00:29:49his life
00:29:50will prepare
00:29:51him to
00:29:51do the
00:29:52job of
00:29:52prime minister
00:30:03after the
00:30:04first world war
00:30:05ended
00:30:05he had
00:30:06an extremely
00:30:07active decade
00:30:08he becomes
00:30:10the secretary
00:30:10of state
00:30:11for colonies
00:30:11and then
00:30:13chancellor
00:30:13of the
00:30:14exchequer
00:30:14so he
00:30:15becomes
00:30:16one of
00:30:17the
00:30:17political
00:30:18big beasts
00:30:19in 1924
00:30:21Churchill
00:30:22crosses
00:30:22the floor
00:30:24of the
00:30:24house of
00:30:24commons
00:30:25moving back
00:30:26from the
00:30:27liberals
00:30:27to the
00:30:28conservatives
00:30:28in the
00:30:29context
00:30:30of
00:30:30American
00:30:31politics
00:30:32it's a
00:30:32little bit
00:30:33like
00:30:34somebody
00:30:34who's
00:30:34a democrat
00:30:35one day
00:30:36raising
00:30:36their hand
00:30:36and saying
00:30:37I'm going
00:30:38to run
00:30:38as a
00:30:38republican
00:30:39for the
00:30:39next
00:30:39election
00:30:39in order
00:30:40to win
00:30:41and doing
00:30:42that
00:30:42two
00:30:42times
00:30:44he was
00:30:45difficult
00:30:45to deal
00:30:45with
00:30:46as I
00:30:46understand
00:30:46it
00:30:47I mean
00:30:47he kind
00:30:47of
00:30:47irritated
00:30:48a lot
00:30:48of
00:30:48people
00:30:49he was
00:30:50quite
00:30:50confident
00:30:51of his
00:30:51capacities
00:30:51and
00:30:52didn't
00:30:53mind
00:30:53telling
00:30:53people
00:30:53that
00:30:54anyone
00:30:55can
00:30:55rat
00:30:56but it
00:30:57takes
00:30:57a
00:30:58certain
00:30:58amount
00:30:58of
00:30:59ingenuity
00:31:00to
00:31:01re-rat
00:31:03Churchill
00:31:03was
00:31:04someone
00:31:04who
00:31:05was
00:31:05willing
00:31:05to
00:31:05break
00:31:06with
00:31:06the
00:31:06status
00:31:06quo
00:31:07of
00:31:07his
00:31:07own
00:31:07party
00:31:08over
00:31:09things
00:31:09that
00:31:09were
00:31:09incredibly
00:31:10important
00:31:10to
00:31:10him
00:31:26in
00:31:27the
00:31:271930s
00:31:27India
00:31:29had
00:31:29wanted
00:31:29independence
00:31:31they
00:31:32were
00:31:32tired
00:31:32of
00:31:32British
00:31:33rule
00:31:34and
00:31:35Churchill
00:31:35never
00:31:35supported
00:31:36it
00:31:37I
00:31:38was
00:31:38a
00:31:38child
00:31:39of
00:31:39the
00:31:39Victorian
00:31:40era
00:31:40when
00:31:41the
00:31:41realisation
00:31:42of the
00:31:43greatness
00:31:43of our
00:31:44empire
00:31:44and
00:31:45of
00:31:45our
00:31:45duty
00:31:46to
00:31:46preserve
00:31:47it
00:31:47was
00:31:48ever
00:31:48growing
00:31:49stronger
00:31:51like
00:31:51many
00:31:52children
00:31:52in the
00:31:52aristocracy
00:31:53Churchill
00:31:53was sent
00:31:54to
00:31:54boarding
00:31:54school
00:31:54in an
00:31:56institution
00:31:56which
00:31:57was
00:31:57specifically
00:31:57designed
00:31:58to build
00:31:59young men
00:31:59of the
00:31:59upper
00:32:00classes
00:32:00into
00:32:01imperial
00:32:02officers
00:32:02and
00:32:02leaders
00:32:02to
00:32:03give
00:32:03them
00:32:04a
00:32:04sense
00:32:04of
00:32:04their
00:32:04role
00:32:05as
00:32:06civilising
00:32:06forces
00:32:07destined
00:32:08for
00:32:08racial
00:32:09and
00:32:09moral
00:32:09superiority
00:32:11he'd
00:32:12been
00:32:12raised
00:32:13to
00:32:13serve
00:32:13the
00:32:13British
00:32:14Empire
00:32:14to
00:32:14keep
00:32:14it
00:32:14together
00:32:15so
00:32:15he
00:32:16was
00:32:16a
00:32:16great
00:32:16believer
00:32:16in
00:32:17the
00:32:17civilising
00:32:18influence
00:32:19if you
00:32:19like
00:32:20rightly
00:32:20or wrongly
00:32:21of
00:32:22Britain
00:32:23and its
00:32:23colonial
00:32:24positions
00:32:24for I
00:32:26feel that
00:32:26the Indian
00:32:27danger
00:32:27will raise
00:32:29a crisis
00:32:30equal in
00:32:31importance
00:32:32to the
00:32:33greatest
00:32:33events
00:32:34in the
00:32:35history
00:32:35of
00:32:36Great
00:32:37Britain
00:32:37he defies
00:32:39his own
00:32:40government
00:32:42he
00:32:43does not
00:32:43want to
00:32:44let
00:32:44any
00:32:44part
00:32:45of
00:32:45the
00:32:45empire
00:32:45especially
00:32:46the
00:32:46jewel
00:32:46of
00:32:46the
00:32:46crown
00:32:47India
00:32:47go
00:32:49Churchill
00:32:50throughout
00:32:50his
00:32:50career
00:32:51fought
00:32:51to
00:32:51maintain
00:32:51that
00:32:52view
00:32:52of
00:32:52the
00:32:52world
00:32:52as
00:32:53it
00:32:53existed
00:32:53when
00:32:53he
00:32:53was
00:32:53a
00:32:54young
00:32:54man
00:32:54a
00:32:55world
00:32:55in which
00:32:55Britain
00:32:56was
00:32:56dominant
00:32:56in which
00:32:57the
00:32:58Union
00:32:58flag
00:32:59fluttered
00:33:00over
00:33:01territories
00:33:01all over
00:33:02the
00:33:02world
00:33:04Churchill
00:33:05hung
00:33:05on to
00:33:05imperialism
00:33:06as a way
00:33:07to keep
00:33:07England
00:33:07great
00:33:08but
00:33:08the
00:33:09world
00:33:09was
00:33:09moving
00:33:09away
00:33:09from
00:33:10that
00:33:12I
00:33:13think
00:33:13for
00:33:13some
00:33:13it's
00:33:14difficult
00:33:14to
00:33:14reconcile
00:33:15Churchill
00:33:16as an
00:33:16advocate
00:33:17for
00:33:17democracy
00:33:17and
00:33:18self
00:33:18determination
00:33:19because
00:33:19he
00:33:20believed
00:33:20in
00:33:21the
00:33:21British
00:33:21empire
00:33:23that
00:33:23adds
00:33:24I
00:33:24think
00:33:24to
00:33:25the
00:33:25problematic
00:33:25nature
00:33:26of
00:33:26his
00:33:26legacy
00:33:27that
00:33:28we're
00:33:28all
00:33:28contending
00:33:29with
00:33:30because
00:33:31Churchill
00:33:31was
00:33:32at
00:33:32loggerheads
00:33:32with
00:33:32his
00:33:32own
00:33:32political
00:33:33party
00:33:33over
00:33:33the
00:33:33future
00:33:34of
00:33:34India
00:33:35he
00:33:35did
00:33:35not
00:33:36have
00:33:36a
00:33:36government
00:33:36post
00:33:38he
00:33:38had
00:33:38no
00:33:38sway
00:33:40these
00:33:41are
00:33:41what
00:33:41famously
00:33:41become
00:33:42known
00:33:42as
00:33:43his
00:33:44wilderness
00:33:44years
00:33:47he's
00:33:47still
00:33:47in
00:33:47parliament
00:33:48but
00:33:49he's
00:33:49on
00:33:49the
00:33:50back
00:33:50bench
00:33:51nobody
00:33:52really
00:33:52wants
00:33:52to
00:33:52touch
00:33:53him
00:33:53he's
00:33:53a bit
00:33:53of
00:33:53a
00:33:53poisonous
00:33:54stone
00:33:55he's
00:33:55on
00:33:56the
00:33:56outs
00:33:57so
00:33:58it's
00:33:581932
00:33:58Churchill
00:33:59out
00:34:00of
00:34:00office
00:34:00he's
00:34:01he's
00:34:01looking
00:34:01for
00:34:01a
00:34:02cause
00:34:02and
00:34:03he's
00:34:03interested
00:34:04in
00:34:04what's
00:34:04happening
00:34:05in
00:34:05Germany
00:34:06and
00:34:06he's
00:34:06actually
00:34:06in
00:34:07Munich
00:34:19so you
00:34:20see
00:34:20her
00:34:20hamfstangle
00:34:22the french
00:34:23try to form their troops
00:34:26into squares
00:34:27but
00:34:30they are
00:34:31devastated
00:34:31by the
00:34:33artillery
00:34:33of the
00:34:33duke
00:34:34Marlborough
00:34:34orders
00:34:35the attack
00:34:35and
00:34:36the french
00:34:37center
00:34:39collapses
00:34:39a great
00:34:41victory
00:34:41for the
00:34:42grand
00:34:42alliance
00:34:43all
00:34:44because
00:34:44john
00:34:45Churchill
00:34:46the first
00:34:47duke of
00:34:48Marlborough
00:34:48was not
00:34:49afraid
00:34:49to fight
00:34:51amazing
00:34:52it must
00:34:52be gratifying
00:34:53to have
00:34:54such blood
00:34:54running
00:34:55through your
00:34:55veins
00:34:57I have
00:34:58some of
00:34:59those
00:34:59qualities
00:35:00also
00:35:00eh
00:35:01Clemmie
00:35:02oh
00:35:03you've
00:35:03been
00:35:03touched
00:35:03by
00:35:04many
00:35:04qualities
00:35:05Winston
00:35:08Churchill
00:35:09goes out
00:35:09to
00:35:10Germany
00:35:10and that
00:35:11allows
00:35:12him to
00:35:12see
00:35:13at
00:35:13first
00:35:13hand
00:35:14the
00:35:14dramatic
00:35:15changes
00:35:15which
00:35:16are
00:35:16taking
00:35:16place
00:35:17in
00:35:18German
00:35:18society
00:35:18at
00:35:19that
00:35:19time
00:35:19I've
00:35:20been
00:35:20regaining
00:35:21you
00:35:21with
00:35:21tales
00:35:21of
00:35:22my
00:35:22great
00:35:22hero
00:35:23what
00:35:24about
00:35:24yours
00:35:25tell
00:35:25me
00:35:26why
00:35:28is
00:35:28your
00:35:28chief
00:35:29Hitler
00:35:29so
00:35:31violent
00:35:32about
00:35:32the
00:35:32Jews
00:35:34where
00:35:34is
00:35:35the
00:35:35sense
00:35:35in
00:35:35being
00:35:35against
00:35:36a
00:35:36man
00:35:36simply
00:35:37because
00:35:37of
00:35:37his
00:35:37birth
00:35:37how
00:35:39can
00:35:39any
00:35:39man
00:35:39help
00:35:40how
00:35:41he
00:35:41is
00:35:41born
00:35:41if
00:35:42Hitler
00:35:42was
00:35:43here
00:35:43yes
00:35:43where
00:35:44is
00:35:44he
00:35:45Randolph
00:35:45said
00:35:46that
00:35:46you
00:35:46would
00:35:47arrange
00:35:47for
00:35:47him
00:35:47to
00:35:47come
00:35:47to
00:35:48dinner
00:35:48this
00:35:48evening
00:35:48oh
00:35:49yes
00:35:50he
00:35:51was
00:35:51meant
00:35:51to
00:35:51come
00:35:52tonight
00:35:52but
00:35:52is
00:35:53very
00:35:54busy
00:35:54with
00:35:54the
00:35:54election
00:35:56such
00:35:57a
00:35:57pity
00:35:59it
00:35:59seems
00:36:00mr
00:36:00hitler
00:36:01has
00:36:02missed
00:36:02his
00:36:02chance
00:36:03to
00:36:03meet
00:36:03winston
00:36:04churchill
00:36:22in
00:36:22munich
00:36:23churchill
00:36:24was
00:36:24supposed
00:36:24to
00:36:25have
00:36:25a
00:36:25meeting
00:36:26with
00:36:26hitler
00:36:27and it's
00:36:28interesting
00:36:28to
00:36:28speculate
00:36:29what
00:36:30would
00:36:30have
00:36:30happened
00:36:30if
00:36:31the
00:36:31two
00:36:31of
00:36:32them
00:36:32had
00:36:32been
00:36:32able
00:36:33to
00:36:33meet
00:36:34and
00:36:34discuss
00:36:34international
00:36:35affairs
00:36:35at that
00:36:36point
00:36:36and in
00:36:37the
00:36:37end
00:36:37hitler
00:36:38stands
00:36:38churchill
00:36:39up
00:36:39because
00:36:40in
00:36:41the
00:36:411930s
00:36:42churchill
00:36:43is
00:36:43out
00:36:43of
00:36:43office
00:36:44hitler
00:36:45told
00:36:46hamsteigl
00:36:46that
00:36:47there
00:36:47was
00:36:47no
00:36:47point
00:36:48in
00:36:48him
00:36:48meeting
00:36:48winston
00:36:49churchill
00:36:50because
00:36:50churchill
00:36:51was a
00:36:51has-been
00:36:51and
00:36:51nobody
00:36:52would
00:36:52ever
00:36:52hear
00:36:53of
00:36:53him
00:36:53again
00:36:55what
00:36:56churchill
00:36:56saw
00:36:56so
00:36:57clearly
00:36:58and
00:36:58so
00:36:58brilliantly
00:36:59was that
00:37:00the
00:37:01Third Reich
00:37:01was an
00:37:01existential
00:37:02threat
00:37:02to
00:37:03human
00:37:03liberty
00:37:04and
00:37:04decency
00:37:06after
00:37:07the
00:37:07end
00:37:08of
00:37:08the
00:37:08world
00:37:08war
00:37:09of
00:37:091914
00:37:12emperors
00:37:13having
00:37:13been
00:37:13driven
00:37:14out
00:37:15on
00:37:16entities
00:37:17were
00:37:17elected
00:37:19beneath
00:37:19this
00:37:20flimsy
00:37:21fabric
00:37:21raged
00:37:23the
00:37:23passions
00:37:23of
00:37:24the
00:37:24defeated
00:37:24German
00:37:25nation
00:37:25a
00:37:27gaping
00:37:28void
00:37:28was
00:37:29opened
00:37:29in
00:37:30the
00:37:30national
00:37:30life
00:37:31of
00:37:31the
00:37:31German
00:37:31people
00:37:32and
00:37:34into
00:37:34that
00:37:34void
00:37:35there
00:37:36strode
00:37:36a
00:37:36maniac
00:37:37of
00:37:37ferocious
00:37:38genius
00:37:40the
00:37:41repository
00:37:42and
00:37:42expression
00:37:43of
00:37:44the
00:37:44most
00:37:44virulent
00:37:45hatred
00:37:45that
00:37:46have
00:37:46ever
00:37:46corroded
00:37:47the
00:37:48human
00:37:48breast
00:37:51corporal
00:37:52Hitler
00:37:55Adolf
00:37:55Hitler
00:37:55comes
00:37:56to
00:37:56power
00:37:56by
00:37:56promising
00:37:57the
00:37:57German
00:37:57people
00:37:58that
00:37:58Germany
00:37:59will
00:37:59be
00:37:59great
00:37:59again
00:38:00it'll
00:38:00be
00:38:00rich
00:38:01it'll
00:38:01be
00:38:01powerful
00:38:01it'll
00:38:02be
00:38:02feared
00:38:02again
00:38:02as
00:38:02it
00:38:02once
00:38:03was
00:38:23the
00:38:24great
00:38:24dominant
00:38:25fact
00:38:26is
00:38:27that
00:38:27Germany
00:38:27has
00:38:27already
00:38:28begun
00:38:29to
00:38:29react
00:38:29we
00:38:30see
00:38:31that
00:38:32the
00:38:32philosophy
00:38:32of
00:38:33blood
00:38:33lust
00:38:34is
00:38:35being
00:38:36inculcated
00:38:37into
00:38:37their
00:38:37youth
00:38:37in
00:38:38a
00:38:38manner
00:38:39unparalleled
00:38:40since
00:38:41the
00:38:41days
00:38:42of
00:38:42barbarism
00:39:04Churchill
00:39:05views
00:39:06Hitler
00:39:06as
00:39:07an
00:39:07incredibly
00:39:08disruptive
00:39:09force
00:39:09that is
00:39:10going to
00:39:10bring
00:39:11conflict
00:39:11back
00:39:12to
00:39:12Europe
00:39:14which
00:39:15he
00:39:15sees
00:39:15as
00:39:16a
00:39:17direct
00:39:17challenge
00:39:18to
00:39:18all
00:39:19of
00:39:19the
00:39:19values
00:39:20for
00:39:20which
00:39:20he
00:39:21stands
00:39:22I do
00:39:23not
00:39:23believe
00:39:24that
00:39:24war
00:39:24is
00:39:25imminent
00:39:25or
00:39:26that
00:39:26war
00:39:26is
00:39:27inevitable
00:39:28but
00:39:29if
00:39:30we
00:39:30do
00:39:30not
00:39:30begin
00:39:31forthwith
00:39:32to
00:39:33put
00:39:33ourselves
00:39:34in
00:39:34a
00:39:34position
00:39:35of
00:39:35security
00:39:35it
00:39:37will
00:39:37soon
00:39:37be
00:39:37beyond
00:39:38our
00:39:38power
00:39:39to
00:39:39do
00:39:39so
00:39:40there
00:39:41is
00:39:41not
00:39:41an
00:39:42hour
00:39:43to
00:39:43lose
00:39:46I
00:39:48think
00:39:49the
00:39:49lessons
00:39:49Churchill
00:39:50drew
00:39:50from the
00:39:50first
00:39:50world war
00:39:51is
00:39:51that
00:39:51power
00:39:52matters
00:39:53in the
00:39:53world
00:39:53and if
00:39:54you want
00:39:54to stop
00:39:55wars in the
00:39:55future
00:39:56you've got
00:39:56to project
00:39:57power
00:39:57you've got
00:39:57to project
00:39:58deterrence
00:39:59people thought
00:40:00that he was a
00:40:01warmonger
00:40:02that he was
00:40:02only saying
00:40:02these things
00:40:03in order
00:40:03to try
00:40:04to get
00:40:04back
00:40:05into
00:40:05office
00:40:05because
00:40:06he'd
00:40:06used
00:40:07such
00:40:08excessively
00:40:09dramatic
00:40:09language
00:40:10so
00:40:10unnecessarily
00:40:11about
00:40:11independence
00:40:12movements
00:40:12in the
00:40:13empire
00:40:13that
00:40:14when
00:40:14he
00:40:14had
00:40:14a
00:40:14legitimate
00:40:15concern
00:40:16about
00:40:17the rise
00:40:17of
00:40:17Hitler
00:40:17for
00:40:18example
00:40:18it
00:40:18was
00:40:19kind
00:40:19of
00:40:19a
00:40:19case
00:40:19of
00:40:19the
00:40:19boy
00:40:19who
00:40:20cried
00:40:20wolf
00:40:42adolf hitler
00:40:43reoccupied
00:40:44the
00:40:44rhineland
00:40:45in 1936
00:40:46the
00:40:47rhineland
00:40:47had been
00:40:48a massive
00:40:48security
00:40:49buffer
00:40:50between
00:40:50france
00:40:51and
00:40:51germany
00:41:02when
00:41:03Hitler
00:41:03remilitarized
00:41:04rhineland
00:41:05churchill
00:41:06saw that
00:41:07and it
00:41:08set
00:41:08alarm
00:41:08bells
00:41:09ringing
00:41:09but
00:41:10britain
00:41:10and france
00:41:11didn't
00:41:11do
00:41:12anything
00:41:13no one
00:41:14wanted to
00:41:15be told
00:41:15in the
00:41:161930s
00:41:17that
00:41:17another
00:41:17war
00:41:17was
00:41:18coming
00:41:19remember
00:41:20how
00:41:21profound
00:41:22the
00:41:22pacifism
00:41:23the
00:41:23anti-war
00:41:24feeling
00:41:25was
00:41:25at the
00:41:25time
00:41:26given
00:41:26the
00:41:26horrors
00:41:27of the
00:41:28first
00:41:28world war
00:41:31for
00:41:31for all
00:41:31the
00:41:32leaders
00:41:32they feel
00:41:32utterly
00:41:33responsible
00:41:33to not
00:41:34let that
00:41:34happen
00:41:35again
00:41:36except
00:41:37churchill
00:41:38to his
00:41:38credit
00:41:38was one
00:41:39of the
00:41:39voices
00:41:40who was
00:41:40really
00:41:41interrogating
00:41:41that
00:41:41perspective
00:41:42and calling
00:41:43calling it
00:41:43wrong
00:41:47for five
00:41:48years
00:41:50i have
00:41:51talked to
00:41:51the house
00:41:52on these
00:41:52matters
00:41:53not with
00:41:54very great
00:41:55success
00:41:57i have
00:41:58watched
00:41:58this famous
00:42:00island
00:42:01descending
00:42:02incontinently
00:42:04fecklessly
00:42:06the stairway
00:42:07which leads
00:42:08to a
00:42:08dark gulf
00:42:32in 1938
00:42:34adolf hitler
00:42:34will annex
00:42:35austria
00:42:36hitler
00:42:37kept getting
00:42:38his way
00:42:38the brits
00:42:39and the french
00:42:40kept backing
00:42:40down
00:42:41he thought
00:42:42they'd keep
00:42:42backing
00:42:42down
00:42:45many of
00:42:46the british
00:42:46politicians
00:42:47thought that
00:42:48by holding
00:42:48off they
00:42:49were actually
00:42:49preserving
00:42:50peace
00:42:52instead
00:42:52britain's
00:42:54policy of
00:42:54appeasement
00:42:55signaled to
00:42:55hitler that
00:42:56the international
00:42:57community would
00:42:58not oppose
00:42:58his expansionism
00:43:03in britain
00:43:04during that
00:43:05time you
00:43:05have a
00:43:06nominally
00:43:07national
00:43:07government
00:43:07dominated
00:43:08dominated by
00:43:09the conservative
00:43:10party and
00:43:11led by
00:43:12neville
00:43:12chamberlain
00:43:13as prime
00:43:14minister
00:43:15neville
00:43:16chamberlain
00:43:17had known
00:43:17churchill
00:43:18all their
00:43:19political lives
00:43:20when
00:43:21when
00:43:21churchill
00:43:22was
00:43:22awning
00:43:23about
00:43:23itler
00:43:24chamberlain
00:43:25didn't
00:43:26listen
00:43:26to him
00:43:28the more
00:43:29you are
00:43:29prepared
00:43:30and the
00:43:31better
00:43:31you are
00:43:32known
00:43:32to be
00:43:32prepared
00:43:33the greater
00:43:34is the
00:43:35chance
00:43:35of
00:43:36staving
00:43:36off
00:43:36war
00:43:37and
00:43:38saving
00:43:39europe
00:43:39from the
00:43:40catastrophe
00:43:41which
00:43:41menaces
00:43:42it
00:43:42how much
00:43:43longer
00:43:44must the
00:43:45obvious
00:43:46remedies
00:43:46be denied
00:43:50i felt
00:43:51a sensation
00:43:52of despair
00:43:53to be
00:43:54so entirely
00:43:55convinced
00:43:56in a matter
00:43:57of life
00:43:57and death
00:43:58to one's
00:43:58country
00:43:59and not
00:44:00to be able
00:44:00to make
00:44:01parliament
00:44:01and the
00:44:02nation
00:44:02heed the
00:44:03warning
00:44:03or bow
00:44:04to the
00:44:05proof
00:44:05by taking
00:44:06action
00:44:06was an
00:44:08experience
00:44:08most
00:44:09painful
00:44:12after
00:44:13britain
00:44:13and france
00:44:14failed to
00:44:14stand up
00:44:15to hitler
00:44:15he just
00:44:16kept going
00:44:17and he
00:44:18turned to
00:44:18czechoslovakia
00:44:21czechoslovakia
00:44:22is an ally
00:44:22of england
00:44:23and france
00:44:24the rest
00:44:25of europe
00:44:25says
00:44:26how do we
00:44:27appease
00:44:28this
00:44:28upstart
00:44:35the british
00:44:36prime
00:44:36minister
00:44:36neville
00:44:37chamberlain
00:44:37made the
00:44:38decision
00:44:38to negotiate
00:44:39with hitler
00:44:41who promised
00:44:42that the
00:44:43germans
00:44:43would be
00:44:44satisfied
00:44:45with
00:44:46czechoslovakia
00:44:46western
00:44:47border
00:44:47lands
00:44:49when
00:44:50neville
00:44:50chamberlain
00:44:51came back
00:44:52from munich
00:44:54he thought
00:44:54he had
00:44:55made a
00:44:55great deal
00:44:56we regard
00:44:58the agreement
00:44:58signed
00:44:59last night
00:44:59as symbolic
00:45:01of the
00:45:01desire
00:45:02of our
00:45:02two
00:45:03peoples
00:45:03never
00:45:04to go
00:45:04to war
00:45:05with one
00:45:05another
00:45:05regate
00:45:10so they
00:45:11go ahead
00:45:12and give
00:45:12him
00:45:12western
00:45:13czechoslovakia
00:45:14with the
00:45:15munich
00:45:15pack
00:45:16and with
00:45:17that
00:45:17they throw
00:45:18czechoslovakia
00:45:18under the
00:45:19bust
00:45:20they give
00:45:20away land
00:45:21that's not
00:45:21even theirs
00:45:23churchill
00:45:24gives a speech
00:45:25about this
00:45:26tragedy
00:45:27it is
00:45:28thirty minutes
00:45:29of him
00:45:29just
00:45:30eviscerating
00:45:31the chamberlain
00:45:32government
00:45:32for allowing
00:45:33this to happen
00:45:35this is only
00:45:36the beginning
00:45:37of the reckoning
00:45:37this is only
00:45:39the first sip
00:45:40the first
00:45:41foretaste
00:45:41of a bitter cup
00:45:43which will be
00:45:44profit to us
00:45:45year by year
00:45:46unless
00:45:47by a supreme
00:45:49recovery of
00:45:50martial vigor
00:45:51we arise
00:45:53again
00:45:53and take
00:45:55our stand
00:45:55for freedom
00:45:56as in the
00:45:58olden time
00:45:59Hitler takes
00:46:05notice of
00:46:06churchill's
00:46:06speeches
00:46:07and responded
00:46:30he's helped
00:46:31by this
00:46:31great sense
00:46:32of humor
00:46:34nazi germany
00:46:35is so humane
00:46:37all they ask
00:46:39for
00:46:39is the right
00:46:41to live
00:46:41and to be
00:46:43let alone
00:46:44conquer
00:46:45and kill
00:46:45the weak
00:46:46hitler was
00:46:47a feral
00:46:48kind of creature
00:46:49there was an
00:46:50intuition
00:46:51to him
00:46:53in churchill
00:46:54he sensed
00:46:55the figure
00:46:56who would
00:46:57not
00:46:58roll over
00:47:00churchill
00:47:01understood
00:47:01there was a
00:47:02gathering storm
00:47:02but at some
00:47:03point britain
00:47:04would have
00:47:04to commit
00:47:05itself
00:47:06but britain
00:47:07still would
00:47:07not declare
00:47:08war
00:47:08on germany
00:47:12we seem
00:47:13to be
00:47:13very near
00:47:14the bleak
00:47:14choice
00:47:15between war
00:47:16and shame
00:47:17my feeling
00:47:18is that
00:47:19we shall
00:47:20choose
00:47:20shame
00:47:21and then
00:47:22have war
00:47:22thrown in
00:47:23a little
00:47:23later
00:47:24on even
00:47:25more
00:47:25adverse
00:47:26terms
00:47:27than at
00:47:27present
00:47:33in 1939
00:47:36in 1939
00:47:36hitler
00:47:37broke the
00:47:38promises
00:47:38he'd made
00:47:38at munich
00:47:39and marched
00:47:40into the rest
00:47:40of czechoslovakia
00:47:43and the munich
00:47:44agreement had been
00:47:45a lie
00:47:46and chamberlain
00:47:47had been made
00:47:48a fall of
00:47:49by acquiescing
00:47:50to hitler
00:47:51this created
00:47:53a great groundswell
00:47:54of support
00:47:55for churchill
00:47:57he had been
00:47:58right all along
00:48:01they come to
00:48:02see that those
00:48:03that stood
00:48:03against churchill
00:48:04were in fact
00:48:06weak
00:48:08lacked
00:48:09courage
00:48:10churchill
00:48:11knew
00:48:11that peace
00:48:12with hitler
00:48:13was a lost
00:48:14cause
00:48:14and war
00:48:15with nazi
00:48:16germany
00:48:16was very
00:48:17real
00:48:17very imminent
00:48:301939
00:48:31germany
00:48:32will make
00:48:32a pact
00:48:32with the
00:48:33soviet
00:48:33union
00:48:33for the
00:48:34division
00:48:34of poland
00:48:36it's
00:48:36unimaginable
00:48:37today
00:48:37it would
00:48:37be like
00:48:38the
00:48:38the u.s. and russia
00:48:39becoming allies
00:48:40and really
00:48:41collaborating
00:48:41on dismembering
00:48:43a country
00:48:44that sits
00:48:44between them
00:48:59poland
00:48:59was attacked
00:49:00by germany
00:49:01at dawn
00:49:02on september
00:49:03the first
00:49:09poland
00:49:09became the
00:49:10straw
00:49:10that broke
00:49:11the camel's
00:49:11back
00:49:12the storm
00:49:13clouds
00:49:13of war
00:49:14which have
00:49:14been gathering
00:49:15for the
00:49:15previous
00:49:16two three
00:49:16four five
00:49:17years
00:49:171939
00:49:18is kick
00:49:19off
00:49:19for world
00:49:20war ii
00:49:26the
00:49:26fateful hour
00:49:27of eleven
00:49:27has struck
00:49:28a state
00:49:29of war
00:49:30once more
00:49:30exists
00:49:30between
00:49:31great britain
00:49:32and germany
00:49:33hitler
00:49:34was clearly
00:49:35lying
00:49:35all along
00:49:36churchill
00:49:37comes to
00:49:37seem
00:49:38as sort
00:49:38of an
00:49:39oracle
00:49:39people
00:49:40were
00:49:41finally
00:49:41recognizing
00:49:42that
00:49:43churchill
00:49:44needed
00:49:44to be
00:49:45recalled
00:49:47the prime
00:49:47minister asked
00:49:48me to visit
00:49:49him at
00:49:49downing
00:49:50street
00:49:52chamberlain
00:49:52offers
00:49:53churchill
00:49:53the job
00:49:54of first
00:49:54lord of
00:49:55the admiralty
00:49:55which was
00:49:57the same
00:49:57office
00:49:58that he'd
00:49:58had at
00:49:59the beginning
00:49:59of the
00:49:59first world
00:50:00war
00:50:01this allowed
00:50:02the signal
00:50:02to be sent
00:50:03to the
00:50:03british fleet
00:50:06winston
00:50:06is back
00:50:08churchill
00:50:08was thrilled
00:50:09by this
00:50:10at last
00:50:11he'd
00:50:11been proved
00:50:12right about
00:50:12his warnings
00:50:13about
00:50:14not Hitler
00:50:14and now
00:50:16he was
00:50:16in a
00:50:16position
00:50:17to do
00:50:17something
00:50:17about
00:50:18it
00:50:22each
00:50:22one
00:50:23hopes
00:50:23that
00:50:24if he
00:50:24feeds
00:50:24the
00:50:25crocodile
00:50:25enough
00:50:26a
00:50:27crocodile
00:50:27will
00:50:28eat
00:50:28him
00:50:28last
00:50:30all
00:50:30of
00:50:31them
00:50:31hope
00:50:31that
00:50:31the
00:50:32storm
00:50:32will
00:50:32pass
00:50:33before
00:50:33their
00:50:33time
00:50:34comes
00:50:34to
00:50:34be
00:50:35devoured
00:50:37but
00:50:37I
00:50:37fear
00:50:38I
00:50:39fear
00:50:39greatly
00:50:40the
00:50:41storm
00:50:41will
00:50:41not
00:50:42pass
00:50:42it
00:50:44will
00:50:44rage
00:50:45and
00:50:45it
00:50:45will
00:50:46roar
00:50:48ever
00:50:49more
00:50:49loudly
00:50:51ever
00:50:52more
00:50:53widely
00:51:10German
00:51:11surprise
00:51:11attacks
00:51:12against
00:51:13Denmark
00:51:13and
00:51:13Norway
00:51:14caught
00:51:15the
00:51:15British
00:51:16off
00:51:16guard
00:51:17there's
00:51:18a
00:51:18major
00:51:18naval
00:51:19war
00:51:19and
00:51:21Britain
00:51:21and
00:51:22France
00:51:22are
00:51:22unceremoniously
00:51:23expelled
00:51:24from
00:51:24Norway
00:51:27at
00:51:27this
00:51:28point
00:51:28Neville
00:51:29Chamberlain's
00:51:30policy of
00:51:30appeasement
00:51:31is seen
00:51:31as a
00:51:31complete
00:51:31and utter
00:51:32disaster
00:51:32all
00:51:33political
00:51:34confidence
00:51:34in the
00:51:35government
00:51:35collapsed
00:51:37the
00:51:37public
00:51:38in
00:51:39Britain
00:51:39was angry
00:51:41with
00:51:41Chamberlain
00:51:42his
00:51:42closest
00:51:43allies
00:51:44in the
00:51:45cabinet
00:51:45recognised
00:51:47that the
00:51:47time was up
00:51:48and he
00:51:48had to
00:51:48go
00:51:49Neville
00:51:50Chamberlain
00:51:50has to
00:51:51resign
00:51:51and find
00:51:53the next
00:51:53prime minister
00:51:54the problem
00:51:55is of course
00:51:56becoming prime
00:51:57minister at that
00:51:58point is a bit
00:51:58of a poison
00:51:59chalice
00:51:59you know
00:51:59who would
00:52:00want the
00:52:00job
00:52:01that narrows
00:52:03it down
00:52:03to a
00:52:05choice
00:52:05between
00:52:06the foreign
00:52:07secretary
00:52:07Lord Halifax
00:52:08a dove
00:52:09who supports
00:52:11appeasement
00:52:12and Churchill
00:52:13the hawk
00:52:15so it's
00:52:17whether you're
00:52:17going to have
00:52:18someone within
00:52:19the commons
00:52:19still trying to
00:52:20find a negotiated
00:52:21way out of
00:52:22this crisis
00:52:23or whether
00:52:24you're going to
00:52:25go with someone
00:52:25who is going
00:52:26to fight
00:52:31on the
00:52:329th of May
00:52:331940
00:52:34four men
00:52:35met at
00:52:36number 10
00:52:38the first
00:52:39was Neville
00:52:39Chamberlain
00:52:40the outgoing
00:52:40prime minister
00:52:42then there
00:52:43was the
00:52:43chief whip
00:52:44David
00:52:44Margeson
00:52:45the next
00:52:46was Lord
00:52:47Halifax
00:52:49and finally
00:52:50of course
00:52:51Winston
00:52:51Churchill
00:52:51himself
00:52:53there's been
00:52:54enormous
00:52:55amounts of
00:52:55speculation
00:52:56about
00:52:56exactly
00:52:56what was
00:52:57said
00:52:57at that
00:52:58meeting
00:53:01I do
00:53:02not recall
00:53:02the actual
00:53:03words used
00:53:04but this
00:53:05was the
00:53:06implication
00:53:07that the
00:53:08duty that
00:53:09would fall
00:53:09upon me
00:53:10had in
00:53:11fact
00:53:12fallen
00:53:13upon me
00:53:15Churchill
00:53:16claimed
00:53:17that after
00:53:18a long
00:53:18silence
00:53:19everybody
00:53:20agreed
00:53:20that it
00:53:20had to
00:53:21be
00:53:21Churchill
00:53:21what
00:53:22actually
00:53:23happened
00:53:23was the
00:53:23same
00:53:24thing
00:53:24that
00:53:24had
00:53:25happened
00:53:25all the
00:53:25way through
00:53:26Churchill's
00:53:26life
00:53:27he demanded
00:53:28the job
00:53:30and on the
00:53:31evening of
00:53:32the 10th
00:53:32of May
00:53:33Winston
00:53:34Churchill
00:53:34became
00:53:35prime
00:53:35minister
00:53:37Winston
00:53:38Churchill
00:53:38the man
00:53:39who always
00:53:40believed
00:53:40even in his
00:53:41wilderness
00:53:42years
00:53:42that one
00:53:43day he
00:53:44would become
00:53:44prime minister
00:53:45one day he
00:53:46would lead
00:53:46his country
00:53:47he's now
00:53:48been given
00:53:48that opportunity
00:53:50the day
00:53:51the day that
00:53:51Winston Churchill
00:53:52becomes prime
00:53:52minister
00:53:53that's the
00:53:54day that
00:53:54the Germans
00:53:55invade the
00:53:56low country
00:53:58and to
00:54:00the rest of
00:54:00the world
00:54:01it's scary
00:54:04the German
00:54:06blitzkrieg attack
00:54:07the sickle scythe
00:54:08maneuver it's
00:54:09called
00:54:10just utterly
00:54:11crushed the
00:54:12allied forces
00:54:14it's literally
00:54:15125 years
00:54:16since Britain
00:54:17has actually
00:54:17been threatened
00:54:18by this
00:54:19prospect of
00:54:20invasion
00:54:20and that
00:54:22fact has
00:54:22become impossible
00:54:23to deny
00:54:25the Nazis
00:54:26were coming
00:54:26the British
00:54:28public
00:54:28was quite
00:54:29terrified
00:54:30the British
00:54:31people
00:54:32need
00:54:32a call
00:54:33to action
00:54:34to inspire
00:54:35people
00:54:35Churchill
00:54:36is trying
00:54:37to convince
00:54:37politicians
00:54:38and a big
00:54:39chunk of the
00:54:40public
00:54:40to stay
00:54:41in this
00:54:41war against
00:54:42Hitler
00:54:43the fate
00:54:43of Winston
00:54:44Churchill
00:54:44the fate
00:54:45of Europe
00:54:45and possibly
00:54:46the fate
00:54:46of the free
00:54:47world
00:54:47hang in the
00:54:48balance
00:54:48in May
00:54:491940
00:54:56I would say
00:54:57to the
00:54:57house
00:54:58as I have
00:54:59said to
00:54:59those who
00:54:59have joined
00:55:00this government
00:55:02I have
00:55:03nothing to
00:55:04offer
00:55:05but blood
00:55:07toil
00:55:09tears
00:55:11and sweat
00:55:14we have
00:55:15before us
00:55:16an ordeal
00:55:17of the most
00:55:18grievous
00:55:18kind
00:55:19we have
00:55:20before us
00:55:21many
00:55:22many long
00:55:23months of
00:55:24struggle
00:55:24and suffering
00:55:26you ask
00:55:27what is our
00:55:29policy
00:55:30I will say
00:55:32it is to
00:55:34wage war
00:55:35by sea
00:55:37land
00:55:38and air
00:55:41with all
00:55:42our might
00:55:43and with all
00:55:44the strength
00:55:45that God
00:55:46can give
00:55:46us
00:55:49wage war
00:55:51against
00:55:52a monstrous
00:55:53tyranny
00:55:53never
00:55:55surpassed
00:55:56in the
00:55:57dark
00:55:57and lamentable
00:55:58catalogue
00:55:59of human
00:55:59crime
00:56:00that
00:56:01is our
00:56:02policy
00:56:04you ask
00:56:05what is
00:56:06our aim
00:56:08I can
00:56:09answer
00:56:10in one
00:56:10word
00:56:12victory
00:56:16victory
00:56:16at all
00:56:17costs
00:56:19victory
00:56:19in spite
00:56:20of all
00:56:21terror
00:56:23victory
00:56:24however
00:56:25long
00:56:25and hard
00:56:26the road
00:56:27may be
00:56:27for without
00:56:29victory
00:56:30there is
00:56:32no
00:56:32survival
00:56:41all I hope
00:56:43is that
00:56:44it is not
00:56:44too late
00:56:51I am very
00:56:52much afraid
00:56:53it is
00:57:18I am very
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