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Secrets of the Enchanted Forests | Boreal
2023 | Επ. 5/6 | HD
Διασχίζουμε τα πλουσιότερα και πιο ποικιλόμορφα δάση του πλανήτη, από την τροπική ζώνη μέχρι τους πόλους και παντού ενδιάμεσα. Γνωρίζουμε τους άγριους κατοίκους αυτών των μαγικών οικοσυστημάτων και μαθαίνουμε πώς τα δάση συνδέουν και θρέφουν τις ζωές αμέτρητων ειδών.
Ταξιδεύουμε στην Αρκτική για να παρατηρήσουμε τις σκληρές προκλήσεις της ζωής στο αρκτικό δάσος και, στη συνέχεια, θαυμάζουμε μερικές εκπληκτικές προσαρμογές των ζώων. Γινόμαστε μάρτυρες μιας μυστικής υπερδύναμης των ταράνδων, περιηγούμαστε σε έναν λαβύρινθο τρωκτικών στο χιόνι και μαθαίνουμε τι είναι αυτό που κάνει τους ταράνδους καλοφαγάδες.
2023 | Επ. 5/6 | HD
Διασχίζουμε τα πλουσιότερα και πιο ποικιλόμορφα δάση του πλανήτη, από την τροπική ζώνη μέχρι τους πόλους και παντού ενδιάμεσα. Γνωρίζουμε τους άγριους κατοίκους αυτών των μαγικών οικοσυστημάτων και μαθαίνουμε πώς τα δάση συνδέουν και θρέφουν τις ζωές αμέτρητων ειδών.
Ταξιδεύουμε στην Αρκτική για να παρατηρήσουμε τις σκληρές προκλήσεις της ζωής στο αρκτικό δάσος και, στη συνέχεια, θαυμάζουμε μερικές εκπληκτικές προσαρμογές των ζώων. Γινόμαστε μάρτυρες μιας μυστικής υπερδύναμης των ταράνδων, περιηγούμαστε σε έναν λαβύρινθο τρωκτικών στο χιόνι και μαθαίνουμε τι είναι αυτό που κάνει τους ταράνδους καλοφαγάδες.
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00:02Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
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02:04In the far northernmost reaches of our planet, on the edges of the Arctic Circle,
02:14A swathe of evergreen forest wraps around the earth like an emerald crown.
02:23This is the taiga, or boreal forest, named after Boreas, the Greek god of the harshest of winds.
02:40This wild and brutal realm is home to the reindeer, an icon of the boreal snowscape.
02:54This is no ordinary herbivore.
03:00These Arctic specialists are equipped with seemingly supernatural abilities, enabling them to conquer their frozen world.
03:18The reindeer have spent the winter months among the trees.
03:26Soon, this heavily pregnant herd must leave the forest's protective embrace and embark on an epic migration.
03:41They have three weeks to reach their birthing grounds, hundreds of kilometres away in the mountains.
03:52But before they leave their wooded sanctuary, they must build up their reserves.
04:02Beyond the forest, the reindeer's passage across the tundra...
04:08lies under an expanse of white.
04:14There will be little to eat here during wintertime.
04:21But within the trees, the conditions are just right to grow a precious superfood.
04:33An all-you-can-eat buffet of lichen.
04:39This exquisite combination of fungi and algae creates the perfect blend of nutrients and carbohydrates to fuel the reindeer on
04:51their journey.
04:57The trees act as willing hosts to the lichen.
05:03In return for a powerful, life-giving substance captured from thin air.
05:13Lichen spins nitrogen from the atmosphere into a form that the trees can absorb.
05:22A rare treat in this frozen landscape.
05:33Much of the lichen lies shrouded in snow, but that's not a problem for the reindeer.
05:43They have evolved a special kind of vision.
05:50Their eyes see a spectrum of light that few other mammals can see.
05:58Anything that absorbs ultraviolet light from the sun appears black to the eyes of the reindeer.
06:09Even when it's buried under the snow.
06:20All they need to do is uncover this hidden bounty.
06:34With reserves replenished, the herd begin their exodus to their summer pastures.
06:42As of this, the creature gets a bigله.
06:47An all-you-can-eat buffet of the sea.
06:48An all-you know-can-eat buffet of water.
07:07Also, an all-you know-can-eat buffet of the sea.
07:08The environment is a beautiful, dear.
07:08A nice-courage of the earth calling right to be the sea.
07:08A nice-courage of the converge.
07:10The brain has a mighty ground.
07:10The mind of a giant-carget of the sea!
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09:23Finally, after a perilous 240 kilometres, these reindeer have arrived, exhausted but safe.
09:36A nutritious banquet of herbs, grasses and sedges now awaits the hungry herd.
09:47This marks the start of new beginnings.
09:54The newborn calves will fatten up on the tundra, their summer paradise.
10:04Within a few months, they'll have gained the strength to accompany their mothers on the return journey home.
10:13Back to that same boreal forest that has sheltered the herd for generations.
10:23They'll need its shielding embrace if they're to survive their first winter in the frigid north.
10:48These evergreen trees, draped in their winter finery, are as far north as trees get.
10:59Their ability to survive here is nothing short of miraculous.
11:07Their classic look and graceful shape belies their true grit.
11:15Each trademark characteristic, each minuscule detail, has evolved to take on the Arctic's icy powers.
11:31For some of these evergreens, 100 years might bring only 20 centimetres of growth.
11:42Height isn't the goal for these trees.
11:46Instead, it's shape and substance that really matter.
11:59The tree's leaves, or needles, are dark and narrow.
12:05Designed to absorb as much of the weak winter sunlight as possible.
12:12Their waxy texture helps retain what little liquid water there is.
12:19Inside, special proteins work as an antifreeze.
12:24Keeping the tree's internal mechanisms functioning when temperatures drop well below zero.
12:34And that classic Christmas tree shape we know and love is there for a reason.
12:44Their flexible branches slope downward, so any heavy bouts of snow simply slide off.
13:02Unfrozen, unbroken, and unrelenting.
13:11These trees are the hardcore tough guys of our Boreal forest.
13:29For most, winter is the toughest period of all in a Boreal forest.
13:37But for one tiny resident, it can't last long enough.
13:48During the long cold season, a blanket of thick snow carpets the entire forest floor.
14:00For this deer mouse, it's his favourite time of year.
14:06He is at the bottom of the food chain in this forest and lives his life in hiding.
14:14But in winter, the forest gives him a helping hand.
14:22Beneath the hardened snow, undulating tree roots and shrubs form air pockets, creating a labyrinth of mouse-sized tunnels.
14:39Down here, it's much warmer, and any sound he makes is muffled by his icy walls.
14:48He has plenty of roots and stems to feed on, and can happily stay stashed away all season.
14:57The only thing his bunker lacks is fresh air, so he must make sure his home is well ventilated.
15:07But in this forest, an open door is seen as an invitation.
15:25This pine martin uses his keen sense of smell to locate the mouse's burrow.
15:37But the mouse has prepared for this.
16:03The mouse uses the tangle of tunnels to outwit his pursuer.
16:09All it takes is one wrong turn for the martin to come out empty-handed.
16:19Safe, for now.
16:29But when spring arrives, everything changes.
16:42The forest's cloak of protection melts with the snow.
16:56Now a mouse's every move, every sound, is music to the ears of nearby predators.
17:17And there is no longer anywhere for them to hide.
17:39For the great grey owl, this reversal of fortune couldn't have come at a better time.
17:49Their newly hatched chicks will be raised on a diet of the now-exposed mice and voles.
18:00The change in season has drastically altered the playing field.
18:06Now, these aerial predators hold the power.
18:14But maybe not for long.
18:18As the days warm up, ground plants will begin their short growing period.
18:27And the forest will once again be able to provide just enough cover for all their ground scurriers.
18:36As long as they keep quiet.
18:52There's more than one hidden labyrinth in this forest.
18:58Beneath the soil lies an even greater network of connections.
19:04A secret place where trees talk, share, and sometimes even try to poison each other.
19:19Trees may appear as silent, impassive sentinels.
19:25But underground lies a very different story.
19:31The trees' roots are plugged into a vast web of fungal strands.
19:40Stretching out below the entire forest.
19:47The fungi provide the trees with nutrients absorbed from the soil.
19:54And in return, the trees feed them sugars.
20:02But the trees are using this wood-wide web for a far greater purpose.
20:12To talk to each other.
20:21Using their own social network.
20:24Older, more robust trees can send food and water to those in need of a boost.
20:32They even use this underground matrix to protect each other from harm.
20:40Distress signals are dispatched through their roots to warn surrounding trees of impending dangers.
20:49Triggering them to launch their own internal defenses.
20:55These seemingly selfless exchanges are life-sustaining.
21:04But, like our own internet, the forest has a dark web.
21:31And others, like this orchid, use these connections to steal food from their neighbors.
21:39Offering nothing in return.
21:44But, for the majority of trees, this vital partnership turns a group of individuals into a thriving woodland community.
21:57Even the quietest forest is as bustling as a city, just under the surface.
22:27At the southerly edge of the boreal forest, the dominance of the pine tree starts to wane.
22:39Here, species such as birch and aspen are welcomed into the boreal family.
22:45And could even be responsible for turning a top predator into a teddy bear.
22:58Just south of the Canadian border, some wide-eyed residents are out exploring for the very first time.
23:09The lives of these playful cubs will be shaped by their forest environment.
23:19Just like the lives of their parents.
23:27Their whole character has been shaped by it too.
23:35Could it be that a black bear's tree-dwelling lifestyle has made them less aggressive than their brown bear cousins?
23:48Caring for vulnerable cubs is the ultimate test of a bear's personality.
24:00Over the next few years, this bear mum will devote her life to raising her little ones.
24:12There are two pressing life skills that she must teach them.
24:20The first is to find food wherever you can.
24:32Like all forest dwellers, bears know that the best food is seasonal.
24:41In this mix of broadleaf and pine forest, they couldn't be better provisioned for.
24:51Non-native dandelions are a particular favourite.
24:56Highly nutritious, succulent and easy for a young bear to digest.
25:07But their picnic is about to be interrupted.
25:15This Sloan male has picked up the family's scent.
25:34At this time of year, he is only concerned with two things.
25:39Food and mating.
25:47He wouldn't hesitate to kill the cubs if it meant he could breed with their mum.
25:55So mum distracts the determined suitor, giving her cubs the time to implement their second life skill.
26:05Climbing.
26:11Within seconds, the cubs are out of immediate danger.
26:19And mum can calmly deflect any unwanted attention without a fight.
26:30Black bears are incredibly adept climbers.
26:35Their curved claws, strong forelimbs and comparatively small size, mean they can find sanctuary or a playground amongst the trees.
26:51Unlike their larger brown bear relatives, who prefer to keep their feet firmly on the ground.
26:59Their temperaments are very different too.
27:05Brown bears prefer the richer food sources of the open prairies and meadows.
27:14So when a brown bear faces a threat with nowhere to hide, their only option is to stand their ground
27:23and fight.
27:27Whereas the black bears stick to the forest, where cubs can flee to safety and mumma bear can afford to
27:36be a little more relaxed.
27:41Each species of bear has developed a different approach to protecting their family based on their chosen habitat.
27:51By sticking to the forest with its easy escape routes, black bears don't have to be as aggressive in the
27:59face of danger.
28:05Here, amongst the trees, the best mothers prove to be the climbers, not the fighters.
28:27If the boreal forest wields enough power to placate a bear, what could it do for us?
28:37When you wander through a pine forest, you can be forgiven for thinking there's magic in the air.
28:46The scent of pine not only smells great, but it can also influence the weather and improve our own physical
28:56and mental well-being.
29:06That distinctive pine fragrance is made from special compounds known as terpenes in the tree's resin.
29:19But that heady aroma is merely a by-product.
29:25On hot, sunny days, these terpenes are released into the atmosphere.
29:32The tiny floating particles refract and scatter the sun's rays in all directions,
29:42ensuring the sun hits as many of the tree's needles as possible, doubling their chance of capturing its energy.
29:55And if it gets too hot, the particles can also react with rising water vapour.
30:04Conjuring up clouds.
30:09And providing the forest with its own bit of shade.
30:19Colectively, the trees are changing the Earth's atmosphere to suit themselves.
30:27But it can benefit us humans, too.
30:33Quintin BLUE
30:34Stretching out into the breeze, pine needles dramatically increase the tree's surface area.
30:42Thousands of needles act like a giant air-conditioning unit for the north.
30:48Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
31:17As we inhale that clean, pathogen-free air, we are also receiving a dose of complementary
31:25medicine straight into our lungs.
31:31The terpenes produced by coniferous trees are proven to reduce inflammation, increase
31:38antibodies to fight off disease and ease stress and anxiety.
31:47So take a deep breath.
31:51A walk in these woods has never felt so good.
32:10A living pine needle may hold magical healing properties.
32:18But a dead pine needle is just as useful to the Boreal Forest's own dedicated team of miniature
32:30eco-warriors.
32:44At the height of the Boreal summer, mysterious mounds rise up from the forest floor.
32:55As if an industrious force has swept the debris of past seasons into uniform piles.
33:05That force is a colony of red wood ants.
33:11And these are their carefully designed, fully sustainable, zero-waste homes.
33:22These ants recycle the forest's leftovers to cater to their every need.
33:31As cold-blooded creatures living in the cooler high latitudes, they must work hard to keep
33:37their home well heated, so they use solar power.
33:49The ants build their nest facing southwards, and precisely angle their sides, so they can
33:56maximise any warmth from the sun's rays.
34:01They also use their bodies as mobile solar panels, warming themselves before entering.
34:07to maintain a cosy, optimum temperature of 30 degrees Celsius.
34:15Perfect for incubating the next generation of larvae.
34:22But with half a million ants in the colony, if it does get a bit too hot, they just throw
34:29open the windows.
34:36It's at this time of year, with thousands of developing larvae to feed, the workers step
34:43up their search for food.
35:02Located in the tree branches above, hordes of sap-sucking aphids secrete a constant supply
35:09of honeydew, which the ants siphon off.
35:20But this sweet infusion isn't enough to satisfy the growing larvae.
35:25They need protein.
35:30A specialist hunting party ventures out, in search of prey, swarming over anything that moves.
35:47and dragging it back to the nest.
35:53A single ant colony captures around six million prey items each year.
36:00These are some well-fed youngsters.
36:08This organic eco-home requires constant upkeep.
36:19It can get a little damp down on the forest floor.
36:23But the colony has found a clever way to deal with any outbreaks of mildew.
36:31The ants collect surplus shards of tree resin.
36:36They mix this with their own formic acid, normally used to sting.
36:42and create a homemade anti-bacterial anti-mould solution, keeping their nest mould-free and smelling fresh.
36:57There is no such thing as waste in this forest.
37:01The wood ants have built an empire out of nature's leftovers.
37:08And they've done so by treading lightly.
37:12The epitome of environmentally friendly family living.
37:27Other residents can't help but tread heavily.
37:41One of the boreal's largest is on his yearly mission to bulk up and build a set of antlers forged
37:50from salt.
37:54After a lean winter, the forest springs back to life.
38:03For this bull moose, it's all about getting in shape, as this year he's keen to find himself a mate.
38:20He uses the forest like a living kitchen pharmacy.
38:26Purposefully seeking out the nutritious meals, supplements and remedies that will help him to reach peak condition.
38:38First, he spends his days building body mass.
38:44Devouring tender young saplings.
38:48Tearing off newly sprouted foliage.
38:54And freshly grown stems.
39:00But beefing up is only a part of the job.
39:06To really impress the females, it's all about his antlers.
39:13The bigger, the better.
39:17Antlers are made from fast-growing bone.
39:22They expand at the rate of three centimetres a day.
39:27And are fuelled by large quantities of salt.
39:31To find this vital mineral, he leaves the trees and heads to the ponds.
39:46As aquatic plants contain 500 times more sodium than any land plants.
39:59And to give him an extra edge over his rivals, he ventures out on the highway.
40:09He's learned that the roadside vegetation here has been sprayed with salt by the gritter trucks throughout the winter.
40:19Providing a sneaky boost for his growing rack.
40:31By the height of summer, his double-layered fur coat covering his now muscular frame makes this an uncomfortable time
40:40of year.
40:45Moose do not sweat.
40:48So he splits his time between chilling in the meltwater pools.
40:55And looking for plants rich in calcium.
41:00Which he now needs to strengthen his new antler growth.
41:15By the time autumn arrives, the benefits of his carefully balanced diet have paid off.
41:25He and his antlers are in tip-top condition.
41:30Ready to warn off rivals.
41:32And impress potential mates.
41:44Well, they would be.
41:47If he could find a female interested enough to fight over.
41:54After all that effort.
41:59His mating season has been woefully uneventful.
42:06There's always next year.
42:13He discards his precious antlers to save energy over the leaner winter.
42:18And heads into the hills.
42:27Up here, he targets sapling bark and needles.
42:34As they're far sweeter than the old growth pines.
42:41But once denuded of their protective outer layer,
42:46The young trees are unable to recover in the cold.
42:57To fuel their seasonal demands, moose are gradually transforming the face of this forest.
43:08Every sapling eaten means one less tree.
43:15And a forest needs to regenerate, to survive.
43:21It's an age-old balancing act between healthy growth and hungry residents.
43:29To help maintain that balance, the forest needs an ally.
43:45There is a special group of animals that can counteract a moose's voracious appetite.
43:55And in doing so, can revive the forest.
43:59And even the planet.
44:11In the dead of winter, herbivores will consume every last bit of sustenance a tree has on offer.
44:21But too many mouths browsing in one place can devastate a tree beyond repair.
44:36The forest needs the herd to move on.
44:46And there is one thing that never fails to get them moving.
44:58Predators.
45:10Their presence casts a spell over the forest, creating a landscape of fear.
45:21Herbivores are forced to live their lives on the run.
45:28This fear of getting caught helps the forest.
45:35A fleeing herd spreads its grazing further afield.
45:42Giving plants and trees the respite they need to recover.
45:48And the predator's own need to feed means fewer mouths for the forest to support.
45:57This predator-prey relationship could even be part of the solution to some of our man-made problems.
46:12In North America, a boreal forest with wolves can capture more harmful carbon from the atmosphere than one without.
46:23Their presence can be likened to removing the emissions of 71 million cars from the roads every year.
46:36Simply by chasing their prey.
46:52Far from being the bad guys,
46:55These predators contribute a great deal more to life on Earth than they take.
47:21The Boreal ecosystem in perfect harmony is a powerful force.
47:31As a healthy, flourishing forest.
47:36It can offer sanctuary.
47:41Sustenance.
47:43A wealth of opportunities.
47:46And a brighter future.
47:49For our planet.
47:58For our planet.
47:58For our planet.
47:59For our planet.
47:59For our planet.
48:00Just to love us.
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