- 23 minutes ago
Secrets of the Enchanted Forests | Water Worlds
2023 | Επ. 3/6 | HD
Διασχίζουμε τα πλουσιότερα και πιο ποικιλόμορφα δάση του πλανήτη, από την τροπική ζώνη μέχρι τους πόλους και παντού ενδιάμεσα. Γνωρίζουμε τους άγριους κατοίκους αυτών των μαγικών οικοσυστημάτων και μαθαίνουμε πώς τα δάση συνδέουν και θρέφουν τις ζωές αμέτρητων ειδών.
Περιπλανιόμαστε στους υγροτόπους, όπου τα δέντρα και το νερό συναντιούνται για να γαλουχήσουν τη νέα ζωή. Καταδυόμαστε σε ένα υποβρύχιο δάσος που προστατεύει τις νεαρές φώκιες, επισκεπτόμαστε ένα καταφύγιο μαγκρόβιων, όπου κρύβεται μια περίεργη ομάδα υδρόβιων «απροσάρμοστων», και συναντάμε μερικά από τα τέρατα του βάλτου.
2023 | Επ. 3/6 | HD
Διασχίζουμε τα πλουσιότερα και πιο ποικιλόμορφα δάση του πλανήτη, από την τροπική ζώνη μέχρι τους πόλους και παντού ενδιάμεσα. Γνωρίζουμε τους άγριους κατοίκους αυτών των μαγικών οικοσυστημάτων και μαθαίνουμε πώς τα δάση συνδέουν και θρέφουν τις ζωές αμέτρητων ειδών.
Περιπλανιόμαστε στους υγροτόπους, όπου τα δέντρα και το νερό συναντιούνται για να γαλουχήσουν τη νέα ζωή. Καταδυόμαστε σε ένα υποβρύχιο δάσος που προστατεύει τις νεαρές φώκιες, επισκεπτόμαστε ένα καταφύγιο μαγκρόβιων, όπου κρύβεται μια περίεργη ομάδα υδρόβιων «απροσάρμοστων», και συναντάμε μερικά από τα τέρατα του βάλτου.
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LearningTranscript
00:00Μουσική
00:01Όταν φορές και βάζονται,
00:05κάποιοι μπορούν να επηρευθούν τον άλλο.
00:12Σαβουλίδε γνωρίζει μια φορσφύλλη,
00:15προσφέρει την ολόκληση.
00:18Μουσική ομιστήρια,
00:20δημοσίρια,
00:21δημοσίρια,
00:22δημοσίρια,
00:23δημοσίρια.
00:30και η προσφέρει μια νέα ζωή
00:33δημοσίρια να μαγικηθείς να εξατήσουν να εξατήσουν.
00:38Τι είναι οι πόρες
00:40των φορές της φορές του φορές.
00:45Λουσική
00:49Λουσική
00:50Λουσική
00:58Λουσική
00:59Λουσική
01:01Λουσική
01:01Λουσική
01:02Λουσική
01:02Λουσική
01:03Λουσική
01:09Λουσική
01:10Λουσική
01:13Λουσική
01:13Λουσική
01:26Λουσική
01:37Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
01:57...and a colony of seals are not generally considered to be forest animals.
02:03But they are, and their lives can depend on it.
02:12In these waters lies a hidden forest that, for these seals, acts as a magical force field against the deep,
02:23dark ocean.
02:31Despite spending most of their lives at sea, Cape fur seals are not natural-born swimmers.
02:38They have to learn to swim.
02:43As pups, they practice in shallow nursery pools.
02:57These teenage seals have graduated from the baby pool.
03:01Now strong swimmers, they confidently head out into the Atlantic Ocean.
03:16But they are naive to its dangers.
03:24Luckily, there is a safe space where they can go.
03:31Between the beach and the perils of the open ocean...
03:42...is the great African sea forest.
03:53A wondrous place, made not from trees...
03:58...but of kelp.
04:09This bamboo kelp is a super-powered seaweed...
04:14...growing as much as 50 centimetres a day...
04:18...fuelled by the nutrients from the surrounding water.
04:28Anchored to the rocky seabed, its hollow trunk, filled with air, keeps it buoyant and upright.
04:41As it dances to the rhythm of the waves.
04:56It creates a natural, safe playground for the teenage seals.
05:05Similar to land forests, this kelp provides the foundation for an entire ecosystem.
05:13The fronds are constantly releasing spores.
05:17Over 65,000 an hour.
05:23Clouds of tiny creatures, known as zooplankton, feed on the spores.
05:30Fish and crustaceans feast on the zooplankton.
05:39And are in turn snatched up by the seals, who turn everything into a game.
05:55But seals are not at the top of this food chain.
06:01A seven-gill shark has entered the forest, on the prowl.
06:12But the kelp stems slow him down and obstruct his line of vision.
06:20Allowing the agile seals to easily outmaneuver him.
06:26But as the shark's missing tail is testament, there are far more ferocious predators that patrol the deep waters just
06:37beyond the forest.
06:45The great white shark.
06:50A specialised seal hunter.
06:53It uses lightning acceleration to ambush its prey.
06:59But the web of kelp acts like speed breakers, robbing the shark of its vital advantage.
07:07So this killing machine sticks to hunting in open water instead.
07:20Next year, these teens will have to venture out beyond their kelp forest.
07:28Joining the other adults to brave these sharks when fishing further afield.
07:42But for now, they are safe.
07:54Further along the coast, grows a formidable forest that not only protects entire coastlines.
08:04But also safeguards the future of coral reefs, kilometres offshore.
08:13On a vibrant and bustling reef, new life is spawned daily.
08:26But survival on the reef is a never-ending cycle of eat or be eaten.
08:36For newborns, life expectancy here is dangerously low.
08:44In desperate need of protection, they head towards...land.
08:52into the nurturing embrace of a mangrove forest.
09:01Lining the coasts and estuaries, these welcoming trees extend their limbs seaward.
09:11Inviting millions of tiny juvenile fish into their fortress of roots.
09:23But for a tree to thrive here...
09:27In a place that is not quite land and not quite sea requires new levels of resilience and problem-solving.
09:45The only water available to drink is a hundred times saltier than any other tree could withstand.
09:55But these trees have the ability to filter out the salt internally and banish it into their leaves.
10:04Here, it is either excreted through specialised glands...
10:10or stored and eventually discarded.
10:21Being flooded twice a day makes access to oxygen a challenge for the trees.
10:34So they send their root tips to poke up through the mud, allowing them to breathe through hundreds of tiny
10:42snorkels.
10:46Even their seeds are specially designed to anchor themselves in the mud...
10:52..and prevent them from being washed away with the tide.
11:00Over time, they'll grow to add another set of buttress roots to this forest barricade.
11:16These mangroves don't just nurture life.
11:23They also shield the coastline from the wrath of the ocean.
11:31Safe in their fortified refuge, the little fish are bulking up on nutrients from the forest floor...
11:39..and growing strong.
11:45This latest generation of reef inhabitants will only leave when they are ready to fend for themselves.
11:55But to support this underwater crash, the mangrove forest relies on an entire team above the waterline...
12:05..to keep the whole setup functioning.
12:11As the tide's ebb reveals last night's detritus...
12:20..it kick-starts a flurry of activity.
12:32Red-claw mangrove crabs fight over the unstuck seed pods.
12:45These are highly desirable and tasty items.
12:52Any leftovers will rot in the burrows...
12:57..returning the finite nutrients to the mud...
13:00..for the trees to recycle.
13:04Other seeds may be abandoned within a burrow and inadvertently planted.
13:12Either way, it's a positive outcome for the forest.
13:16Whilst the mangrove crabs wrangle...
13:23..the smaller fiddler crabs are all about...
13:27..showing off.
13:32Their one jacked-up claw...
13:36..is not for fighting.
13:39It's to impress the females...
13:41..and beckon them over to their burrows.
13:47But their giant claw can also help the forest.
13:51To accommodate this outsized limb, these tiny crabs dig larger and deeper burrows...
13:59..creating deep air pockets that turn into channels in the mud...
14:03..helping the mangrove trees to stretch their roots further.
14:11Always ready to leap into action...
14:14..is the mudskipper.
14:16Much like the forest, these peculiar fish...
14:20..have adapted to life in this mid-zone between land and sea.
14:28He has gills to breathe underwater.
14:35But he also has special skin...
14:39..with magic abilities.
14:45When moist, it can absorb oxygen, allowing him to stay on land for up to two days at a time.
15:00He might not use his mouth to breathe, but he still delivers mouthfuls of fresh air...
15:07..to wash over the eggs hidden deep in his burrow.
15:18Every gulp aerates the mud, injecting extra oxygen into the stale silt for the trees to seek out.
15:33The tide has turned and creeps back inland.
15:39The working day is coming to an end...
15:43..and the forest floor is shipshape.
15:48Now it's time to batten down the hatches.
15:53This extraordinary mangrove environment only functions through teamwork.
16:04This curious band of misfits all work together...
16:10..so that the forest can provide an invaluable service...
16:14..to protect both land and sea.
16:30As the mangrove trees stretch their reach further inland...
16:37..salt water starts to mix with fresh water.
16:43Found amongst these brackish estuaries of Sri Lanka...
16:49..is a fish that hunts its forest prey...
16:54..with fearsome accuracy.
17:01These ants are looking for a new nest site.
17:07But as they venture closer to the water...
17:10..they are entering the strike zone.
17:24This seven-spot archerfish has a remarkable talent.
17:29He can shoot a jetter water into the air...
17:35..at precisely the right force and direction...
17:39..to hit his target.
17:44Giving him access to food in the surrounding trees...
17:48..that other species in this stream...
17:50..can only dream of.
18:01The archerfish doesn't have any additional body parts...
18:05..to achieve this technique.
18:07Just some extra special adaptations.
18:14His mouth is modified like a water pistol.
18:19By taking in water and quickly closing his gills...
18:23..he creates a pressurised liquid bullet...
18:28..with five times more striking power...
18:32..than any vertebrate muscle can produce.
18:37But it is his dual vision that gives that powerful shot...
18:42..such incredible accuracy.
18:46The upper part of his eye is perfectly tuned to the colours...
18:50..of his underwater environment.
18:53..while the lower part is designed for looking up above the surface.
19:05However, his eyes do not correct for the light refraction of the water.
19:11This is something he has to calculate and calibrate on his own.
19:19All this talent still doesn't guarantee a meal.
19:25Other fish are all too eager to capitalise on his shooting skills.
19:35These crack-shot archerfish have found a unique way to target their forest surroundings...
19:43..and supplement their supper.
19:46Nothing within spitting distance is safe.
19:58..Journeying upriver where pure fresh water flows...
20:05..marksmanship is replaced by cunning...
20:09..and trickery.
20:12Along a watery ravine in New Zealand...
20:16..the master of illusion spins a magical web of deceit.
20:24This is the larva of the fungus gnatfly.
20:35He is essentially a maggot.
20:40But his Latin name, Arachnocampa, offers a better description.
20:48It means the spiderweb worm.
20:55But he doesn't use silk to catch his prey.
20:59Instead, he uses mucus.
21:05These fine, glistening threads are his version of a web.
21:13But it's the translucent globules that are his own cunning touch.
21:22Also concocted from mucus, they have the delightful addition of...
21:27..urine.
21:29To make them extra sticky.
21:33Once his fishing lines are complete...
21:36..he lies in his mucus hammock...
21:39..and waits.
21:45When the lights go out...
21:51..this unsavoury creature reveals his true beauty.
22:03Using specialised organs, the larva emits an alluring glow.
22:13As the other gnatflies follow his lead, the riverbank lights up...
22:19..imitating the ethereal twinkle of distant stars.
22:30And those naturally drawn to the light...
22:38..meet a sticky end.
22:55The larvae can't pull off this deception alone.
22:59They need the surrounding forest to play the part of their assistant.
23:05And set the scene.
23:09The moist air created by the trees is the final vital ingredient in their sticky string of pearls.
23:19Anything less than 90% humidity and the lures would dry out.
23:24The trap would fail.
23:26And the glowworm would starve.
23:33These forest constellations are proof that the beauty of nature...
23:39..can often hide a sinister motive.
23:52A river carving its path through a forest...
23:56..is far more than just a source of water.
24:05It serves as a superhighway, enabling a tree to plant its offspring...
24:11..hundreds, sometimes thousands, of kilometres away.
24:19The mighty Mekong...
24:22..begins as a distant icy headwater in the Tibetan Plateau.
24:29From here, glacial streams turn into freshwater rivers...
24:34..over 4,300 kilometres long...
24:39..flowing into the forested Mekong Delta.
24:46Trees en route drop their seeds into the flow...
24:52..sending their offspring downriver...
24:54..to seek their own fortunes.
24:58These waterborne seeds can last up to a year on their river cruise...
25:05..spreading their species' influence over many countries and habitats.
25:13But the seeds need to get off the ride before they hit the sea.
25:19And these long-tailed macaques are their way out.
25:25They've learned that the river is a conveyor belt of seasonal delights.
25:36..and they are only too willing to dive right in.
25:40to use theirды.
26:08A représenter Mekong Delta
26:10Με ίδιο weeds να βροβάζει τη φωτιβλή φωτις τα σημεία.
26:12Οι τελευταίες δίνουν ακόμη πάντα από το φωτιγούν,
26:15σαν θα βορει Chuva μέλις που θα ωραίσει η φωτιγμή.
26:21Στο το φυσμό φώτιο,
26:24μπορεί να αναφεύσουμε από τα φωτιβλία του φωτιδού σε φωτιά.
26:29Από τη χρήση της φωτιάς του φωτιάς,
26:31και τα χρονιέναν στην φωτιά.
26:42Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
27:10The arrival of a Brahmini kite to the lake's surrounding forest is a sign.
27:18The monsoon rains are coming.
27:24He has flown here, from the other side of the island.
27:31He is an opportunistic scavenger, usually content feasting on anyone's leftovers.
27:40But he knows that when torrential rains pour in this region, it brings a different kind of opportunity.
27:54The changing winds usher in moisture-laden air, which builds up over the mountains.
28:13This sudden deluge of water breaks through the canopy.
28:21Flooding the forest floor.
28:25Flushing rich organic matter down the mountains.
28:30And into the lowland lakes.
28:37This influx of water, packed with vital nutrients from fallen and decaying trees, acts as a fertiliser.
28:49And the lake's aquatic life goes into overdrive.
28:54The boom in insects and larvae at the surface draws the freshwater fish up from the depths.
29:05This is the moment the kite has been waiting for.
29:11Feasting at the surface, the fish are now within reach.
29:22Well, almost.
29:28Brahmini kite's talons are relatively weak compared to other raptors.
29:35So he just has to keep...
29:38On...
29:40Trying.
29:55But now, he has competition.
30:15Despite the crowds, eventually, perseverance pays off.
30:24Forest nutrients move up the food chain.
30:28From land, to lake, to sky.
30:37And eventually, back to the forest once again.
30:42The building blocks of life being constantly transferred and recycled.
30:54Next monsoon season.
30:56This rain-chasing visitor will be back to improve his skills.
31:17In some regions, the humble woodland pond can support an even greater range of plants and animals than any lake
31:25or river.
31:35Down in the silt of a pond, amongst the vegetation, live nature's real-life transformers.
31:51Diving beetles.
31:53Diving beetles.
31:55Dragonflies.
31:59Dragonflies.
32:00Salamanders.
32:02All start their lives underwater.
32:06All start their lives underwater.
32:07Waiting for the secret signal for them to reinvent themselves.
32:11From aquatic to forest creature.
32:18But it's a nymph-eat-nymph world.
32:22Each competing to make it out of the pond, alive.
32:35Over time, legs grow, tails disappear, and the forest world calls to them.
32:47This fire salamander is going through his awkward teenage transition stage.
32:55His nymph gills are shrinking.
32:58And he's covered in spots.
32:59He is on the cusp of change.
33:10When the length of daylight and temperature is just right, after years spent underwater, it's time to enter adulthood.
33:25This dragonfly is undergoing one of nature's most spectacular metamorphoses.
33:54What his nations means to bardzo angствие for someone through.
34:01...and he's concealed in above, and he's covered in above.
34:02Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
34:32...by shouting out the message that his skin is now poisonous.
34:47More than 80,000 known insect and amphibian species start their life in fresh water.
34:58They all need a clean, cool place to spend their formative years.
35:04But ponds are fragile places.
35:07And in a warming and increasingly crowded world, they are disappearing.
35:14Without them and the life they nurture, the entire forest food web would soon collapse.
35:35These are North America's steamy subtropics.
35:45Here, a terrestrial forest has been slowly shaping these wetlands for centuries.
35:53Giving birth to a swamp.
36:01Fluctuating water levels are fed by rainwater and underwater springs.
36:09But it's the trees that truly shape these habitats.
36:18The trees' extensive roots bolster the banks and slow the flow of water.
36:24Allowing more plants and algae to bloom.
36:29Creating the perfect home for the American alligator.
36:36The surrounding forest offers shelter for many birds, reptiles and small mammals.
36:47A pantry of delights for this apex predator.
37:04In stagnant water, forest debris doesn't wash away.
37:10It simply sinks to the bottom.
37:14Over time, layers of rotting vegetation build up, creating an underbelly of thick sediment.
37:24Which soaks up the water and slackens it even further.
37:34Even this silt is a bonus to the alligator.
37:37It not only colours the water to match his skin.
37:41Its murkiness raises the water temperature and gently warms his cold blood.
37:58This male is so content in his swamp surroundings.
38:03He is not prepared to share it.
38:07Unless...it's breeding season, of course.
38:15His low, guttural mating calls make the water dance.
38:22Enticing a nearby female.
38:44He invites her in.
38:59solely for courtship and mating.
39:04After some brief moments of tenderness...
39:12She retreats...to her own swamp...to find a secluded spot amongst the vegetation...to lay her eggs.
39:26After months of watching over her nest, she hears the distinct sound she has been waiting for.
39:41For an alligator, swamps make the best nurseries.
39:48As a little warmth can make a big difference in her baby's gender.
40:00The decomposing vegetation makes an ideal incubator.
40:08If the internal temperature reaches 34 degrees Celsius or above...
40:15mostly males will emerge.
40:20Whereas a cooler temperature will produce predominantly female offspring.
40:49The forest swamp ecosystem will nurture these alligator hatchlings...
40:55as they move their way up the food chain.
41:16As adults and top predators, they will rule these waters...
41:22and keep all other populations of prey...in check.
41:32Swamps are often given a bad rap.
41:37But they're an important and thriving habitat.
41:45They store twice as much greenhouse gas in their vegetation and mud...
41:50than land forests.
41:55And, along with rainforests and coral reefs...
41:58swamps are some of the most productive ecosystems...
42:02in the entire world.
42:16The ancient partnership between forests and water...
42:21has created many diverse settings...
42:25in the world...
42:26enabling life on Earth to flourish.
42:32In Hawaii, these forest-lined rivers...
42:35present the ultimate paradise...
42:38for one tiny ocean fish...
42:46who's prepared to undergo a full-body transformation...
42:50to take on the challenge of a lifetime.
42:59These scoby fish have spent the last six months feeding out at sea.
43:09And now, the wooded wonderland of their birthplace...
43:14is calling them home.
43:20But Hawaii is a volcanic island...
43:25with steep rock faces...
43:27and no easy route inland.
43:36So the gobies gather in their thousands...
43:41clinging to the rocks at the base of a steep waterfall...
43:46waiting for a miracle.
43:51For an ocean-dwelling fish...
43:54The flow of fresh water...
43:57has magical powers.
44:01Just by allowing the falls to wash over it...
44:04its juvenile body...
44:06starts to change.
44:11Its mouth...
44:13once positioned at the front of their heads...
44:16migrates...
44:17to the underside.
44:21Now, it has two clamps...
44:24mouth and belly sucker...
44:27ready for rock climbing.
44:41Legions of gobies inch their way out of the water...
44:45and begin their momentous climb.
45:02Propelled forwards by their pectoral fins...
45:05they use their mouths...
45:07to inch up the wet rock.
45:20while their belly sucker...
45:22clings on...
45:24for dear life.
45:27The sheer force of water...
45:30proves too much...
45:31for some.
45:45is enough to keep the rest...
45:45But the promise of a new forest home...
45:48is enough to keep the rest...
45:50fighting for the summit.
46:19for the gobies...
46:20who make it to the top...
46:21who make it to the top...
46:22to the top...
46:24This...
46:25is their...
46:26slice...
46:27of...
46:28heaven.
46:32The woodland canopy keeps the water cool...
46:37allowing in just enough sunlight...
46:39for algae to grow...
46:41ensuring the gobies won't go hungry.
46:48and, unlike the ocean...
46:51there are no predators here.
46:56Having passed the ultimate endurance test...
46:59to get here...
47:01the gobies never need...
47:03to leave the forest again.
47:09It's the perfect place...
47:11to start a family...
47:13and live out...
47:14the rest of their lives...
47:17in their Hawaiian island...
47:20paradise.
47:26Forests like these...
47:28are the guardians of our planet's waterways.
47:34standing tall...
47:36they temper the water's force...
47:39offering sanctuary...
47:42and seasonal opportunities...
47:46whilst nurturing...
47:48and protecting life...
47:50both above...
47:52and below...
47:53the waterline.
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