- 3 months ago
Secrets of the Enchanted Forests | Tropical Forests
2023 | Επ. 1/6 | HD
Διασχίζουμε τα πλουσιότερα και πιο ποικιλόμορφα δάση του πλανήτη, από την τροπική ζώνη μέχρι τους πόλους και παντού ενδιάμεσα. Γνωρίζουμε τους άγριους κατοίκους αυτών των μαγικών οικοσυστημάτων και μαθαίνουμε πώς τα δάση συνδέουν και θρέφουν τις ζωές αμέτρητων ειδών.
Κάνουμε τον κύκλο του ισημερινού για να γνωρίσουμε τα ποικίλα είδη που ζουν στα τροπικά δάση. Συναντάμε έναν μοναχικό βραδύποδα που καλλιεργεί ένα μικρό δάσος, λεμούριους που μοιράζονται δίκαια τους πόρους του δάσους, και ελέφαντες που φροντίζουν τους δασικούς κήπους τους. Στη συνέχεια, εξερευνούμε τη σκοτεινή πλευρά της περιοχής.
2023 | Επ. 1/6 | HD
Διασχίζουμε τα πλουσιότερα και πιο ποικιλόμορφα δάση του πλανήτη, από την τροπική ζώνη μέχρι τους πόλους και παντού ενδιάμεσα. Γνωρίζουμε τους άγριους κατοίκους αυτών των μαγικών οικοσυστημάτων και μαθαίνουμε πώς τα δάση συνδέουν και θρέφουν τις ζωές αμέτρητων ειδών.
Κάνουμε τον κύκλο του ισημερινού για να γνωρίσουμε τα ποικίλα είδη που ζουν στα τροπικά δάση. Συναντάμε έναν μοναχικό βραδύποδα που καλλιεργεί ένα μικρό δάσος, λεμούριους που μοιράζονται δίκαια τους πόρους του δάσους, και ελέφαντες που φροντίζουν τους δασικούς κήπους τους. Στη συνέχεια, εξερευνούμε τη σκοτεινή πλευρά της περιοχής.
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LearningTranscript
00:00Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
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03:26Η πόλη με δυσκότητα και φύγηση είναι καλύτερο αρκετές.
03:32Αυτό που δημιουργείται με ακόμη χειριά.
03:44Αλλά δεν παίζει να μιλήσει.
03:48Υπότε, μπορεί να είναι πράγμα του πάντου.
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05:23It seems he takes this risk purely for the benefit of his moth friends.
05:34His dung is the perfect place for his moths to lay their eggs.
05:40Όχι το μόνο, οι μόνοι μονοιζόμοι φυσικά έτσι ψάχνουν στραβολικά στον κανόποιο του κανόπου.
05:51Μετά την λόγη, οι μόνοι μόνοι δεν μπορούν να υπάρχουν.
05:56Αλλά τι δημόνοι έτσι ψάχνει από το μόνοι?
06:00Ήταν ήδη έκανε ότι το μόνοι μόνοι αρχικά διέντρα της μόνοιζόμου στραβολικά έτσι ψάχνει να το χώρει.
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07:08Warm temperatures and high rainfall allow most rainforest trees to stay green all year round.
07:18It's also what gives these forests their steamy character.
07:24And the trees themselves play a big part in generating that much moisture by breathing out water.
07:39With such a dense canopy, only a portion of the rains that fall here ever reach the ground.
07:49But what is left gets sucked up through the tree before being released once again as vapour.
07:59Through tiny pores in the underside of the leaves.
08:05Within the forest, this moisture is constantly being recycled.
08:13One water vapour molecule can travel through a tree up to seven times.
08:22But the moisture that escapes the canopy and rises into the atmosphere can have a far reaching impact.
08:35In a single day, the trees of the Amazon rainforest pump out 20 billion tonnes of moisture.
08:46These rivers in the sky can influence global climate.
08:52Causing wind patterns to shift.
08:54And affecting rainfall as far away as the American Midwest.
09:07Our tropical forests act as the Earth's biological pump.
09:11Circulating and maintaining the balance of our planet's water cycle.
09:26On the island of Madagascar, there is a tropical forest that is positively otherworldly.
09:38Here, imposing trees stand guard.
09:43Protecting the spirits of the canopy.
09:56Tribal folklore claims these are the haunting calls of ancestral souls that roam the forest.
10:09In fact, they are made by this guy, the Indri.
10:18The largest and one of the loudest species of lemur.
10:25Dad might have the mightiest call, but unusually for primates.
10:30In lima families, it's the females who rule.
10:42So, after a dawn chorus of territorial howling, it's mum who decides where they go to find food.
10:54She and her baby daughter get the pick of all the tastiest leaves in the canopy.
11:03Whereas Dad does not.
11:12Given the choice, Indri's prefer the very freshest leaves.
11:20And there are plenty on offer, as long as they keep moving.
11:30But there's a problem.
11:33Unlike their distant monkey cousins, their arms simply aren't designed for swinging between branches.
11:41Nor do they have prehensile tails to hang from.
11:47But what they do have is a strong grip.
11:51And a flair for the dramatic.
12:16At this age, the baby just needs to cling on.
12:21But in a few months, she'll be too big to be carried.
12:33Every leap of faith has to start somewhere.
12:41Despite what their territorial calls might claim, the Indri do not rule this forest.
12:49Far from it.
12:54They share it with a hundred other species of lima.
13:03Madagascar became an island 150 million years ago.
13:09Since then, it's been following its own evolutionary path.
13:16Instead of one species of lima fighting for dominance over all the others,
13:21they found an alternative solution.
13:26Each species evolved to specialise in one particular food source within the forest.
13:38And the huge variety of trees and plants here meant this tropical forest could cater to a whole assortment of
13:46tastes.
13:52The Indri stuck with their leafy diet.
13:55So the brown lemurs cornered the market in toxic fruit.
14:03They can happily eat the fruit and leaves that contain high levels of tannins.
14:09An astringent acid most other lemurs simply can't tolerate.
14:19Whilst the black and white ruffed lemurs have a taste for nectar.
14:27With thin pointed snouts and extra long tongues, they can reach the sweet treats that other lemurs can't.
14:39Bamboo lemurs, on the other hand, have developed an inbuilt antidote that neutralises the poison, cyanide, found in bamboo.
14:54Meaning they're the only lemurs that can eat as much as they like without killing themselves.
15:09And then there's the aye-aye.
15:13The weirdest of them all.
15:17These are the forest's night stalkers.
15:23Their ghoulish appearance is matched only by their curious technique for finding their preferred food.
15:35Using a freakishly long vampiric middle finger, they tap out a rhythm at up to eight beats per second to
15:44locate insects and grubs.
15:46Which they then extract using their witchy digit.
16:00Between their incredible powers of adaptation and a rainforest banquet to choose from, each lemur species has found its own
16:10special niche.
16:17However weird and wonderful that may be.
16:33Whilst they are getting their leaves chomped and branches climbed,
16:38and tropical rainforests are quietly and steadfastly keeping us all alive.
16:48Cleaning the air that we breathe and the water that we drink.
17:07As they turn sunlight into food, they remove harmful carbon from our atmosphere and release pure oxygen back into it.
17:25They filter pollutants out of the water cycle.
17:31Whilst replenishing our fresh water stores.
17:41And they can literally cure us.
17:46As much as a quarter of all Western medicines are derived from rainforest plants.
17:53Some treating critical diseases such as malaria, leukemia and Parkinson's.
18:03All life is connected to the forests on this planet.
18:09And right now, they need all the help they can get to keep thriving under immense pressure.
18:24One group of forest residents have spent their lives in the pursuit of preserving their jungle home.
18:34A hundred million years ago, dinosaurs roamed amongst the ancient rainforests of Southeast Asia.
18:49And to this day, the impenetrable jungle's dense foliage still hides giants.
19:07For centuries, Asian elephants have been the unofficial custodians of this forest.
19:17This current cohort of caretakers are in their more advanced years.
19:27No one knows more about how this forest works than they do.
19:35They have spent their lifetime mapping and memorizing every tree.
19:43In the last days, they go into the sea, trail, and watering hole.
19:58Every day as they eat, they prune.
20:05Ωραία.
20:08Ωραία.
20:10Τα παραδοσιάζω.
20:12Μετά από το φωτιά.
20:18Ωραία.
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22:30Come rain or shine, tomorrow we'll see another day of grafting in nature's garden.
22:44Asian elephants are the key to regenerating these ancient forests.
22:52But their populations are declining, along with their habitat.
23:01Without the work of the elephants, these tropical jungles could be lost forever.
23:19An unlikely alliance can be the key to success in a tropical forest.
23:24But when a monkey teams up with a murderous tree, it can lead to both death and life.
23:44The aptly named howler monkeys rule these treetops.
23:56This alpha male uses his guttural calls to ward off potential foes.
24:08But just because he's not a fighter, doesn't mean he's entirely innocent.
24:18He and his family are inadvertently aiding and abetting a known killer.
24:30To get a foothold in this crowded forest, a tree must also find its own niche.
24:39And the fig tree has a unique approach.
24:45But it needs the howler monkey's help.
24:52Fig trees fruit sporadically all year round.
24:55So somewhere in the forest, there will be juicy, sweet figs to lure in a willing accomplice.
25:11Once the howler monkeys have filled up on fig, they move on.
25:18As the seeds pass through their system, they are deposited far across the forest.
25:25high up in the canopy, onto the branches of other unsuspecting trees.
25:40Here, the seed sprouts, slowly growing in the light and leeching from its host.
26:00Whilst it sends its roots downwards towards the forest floor.
26:10Now fueled by both the sun and the soil, it gets a stranglehold on its victim.
26:28The fig's iron grip can squeeze the life out of even the mightiest of trees.
26:43Until the only evidence left is the hollow outline of the tree that once stood here.
26:53A slow motion murder has been committed.
26:58And everyone in the forest knows who done it.
27:04But the witnesses are keeping quiet.
27:10They stand to gain the most from the crime.
27:17Once matured, the fig tree becomes a towering pillar of the forest community.
27:27and restyles itself as a provider.
27:31A veritable primate grocery store.
27:44Squirrel and woolly monkeys feast on the protein-rich fruit.
27:49Whilst night monkeys make a home from its twisted roots.
27:59These boreholes are the work of the world's smallest monkey.
28:04The pygmy marmoset.
28:10So tiny, they could fit into the palm of your hand.
28:18But with teeth strong enough to gnaw through the fig's bark.
28:23To reach the sugar-rich sap hidden below.
28:29Or if it prefers, a buffet of insects found amongst the branches.
28:39Through its primate partnership,
28:42the fig tree has become one of the most successful trees on earth.
28:49With over 150 species,
28:53the strangler fig provides for more animals than any other tropical tree.
29:01They may have gotten away with murder,
29:04but now they are helping to feed the entire forest.
29:17The path to tropical forest reproduction doesn't always demand such devious plotting.
29:23Nature has a catalogue of inventive ways to cultivate its seeds.
29:31Some so clever, they can even water themselves.
29:38Seeds, pollen, and spores are designed to catch the wind,
29:45or float to their new destination.
29:50Even a fungus must leave its dark underworld and enter the limelight when it's time to reproduce.
29:58And they too need their offspring to travel.
30:06The mushroom serves as their version of a flower.
30:11It requires moisture in the air to trigger the release of its microscopic spores.
30:21The mushroom then releases billions of these particles.
30:27Which are swept up by the air currents.
30:34As the spores rise, they collide with the dense water vapor produced by the trees.
30:43which accumulates around each particle and condenses, forming clouds.
30:54With trillions of these invisible interactions happening above the forest canopy,
30:59when fungal spores and trees come together,
31:06rain is born.
31:12It's an ingenious self-watering system.
31:19Throughout the forest, mushrooms release spores that help produce rain,
31:24which encourages even more mushrooms to grow.
31:44With torrential downpours like these, a good shelter can be priceless.
31:54And the most accomplished home builders in these trees
31:58aren't the industrious birds,
32:01but tiny insects,
32:04using the power of the hive mind.
32:10Most ant homes are built on the forest floor,
32:14but they're prone to flooding.
32:16So these smart weaver ants
32:19are heading for the canopy.
32:24They're going to need to grow.
32:34They're going to need to grow.
32:34But with half a million individuals in a colony,
32:37these ants don't just need a home.
32:40They need a property empire.
32:48The all-female crew of construction workers
32:51start by finding the right tree.
32:57Supple, elliptical-shaped leaves
33:00make the best building materials.
33:09The ants grip the edge
33:12with their vise-like mandibles,
33:18maneuvering them into a framework.
33:24for wider gaps.
33:26For wider gaps,
33:26the ants form living chains,
33:29up to 12 individuals long,
33:33to draw the leaf edges into position.
33:40The task of fixing the leaves together
33:43falls to the youngest members of the ant colony.
33:47By gently tapping the heads of the larvae,
33:50the worker ants are able to extract a fine silk,
33:55ideal for stitching the whole structure together.
34:07The larvae of other ant species use their silk
34:10to spin protected cocoons when they mature into pupae.
34:18But weaver ant larvae sacrifice all their silk as building material,
34:24so they have to pupate naked.
34:32It may take hundreds of leaves to make a suitable home,
34:36but the finished property is an engineering masterpiece.
34:43It's both waterproof and warm,
34:47heated by the sun to keep these cold-blooded creatures
34:51ready for action.
34:56Like all construction workers,
34:59these ants are fuelled by food.
35:06And for that,
35:07they turn to their non-building colleagues.
35:13The smaller ants of the colony
35:15have exploited a different vocation.
35:19Farming.
35:27These aphids are the weaver ants' livestock.
35:32They keep them in tightly packed groups,
35:35with a constant supply of leaves to eat.
35:40When the aphids feast on the leaf sap,
35:43they produce a sugary sweet honeydew.
35:48And a gentle drumming by the ants' antennae
35:51releases this precious elixir.
35:55The insect version of an energy drink.
36:08The aphids appear to be willing hostages.
36:12With food,
36:15shelter,
36:18and half a million bodyguards.
36:23What more could a small, defenceless aphid want?
36:32Not every relationship is as cordial as this one.
36:40in a tropical jungle.
36:42In a tropical jungle,
36:43beguiling propositions are often laced with deadly intent.
36:53From lethal infusions,
36:57or love potions.
37:00Or love potions.
37:00The world's tropical forests
37:02boast an impressive array of poisonous plants.
37:09And a host of creatures that use them to bolster their own defences.
37:17These tiny, colourful jewels are some of the most toxic creatures on Earth.
37:28And the most deadly of all is the golden dart frog.
37:37Don't be taken in by his beauty.
37:39His vibrant colours are a sign that he oozes poison through his skin.
37:46This is not a venom produced by specialist glands.
37:52He extracts this noxious mix of chemicals from the food chain.
37:56from plant, to insect, to frog.
38:02His concentrated poison is so potent,
38:06it can kill a person in just 10 minutes.
38:11While some like to shout about their toxic nature,
38:15others go about things a little more subtly.
38:21This unassuming millipede might not look toxic.
38:27But he secretes a chemical called benzoquinone,
38:31a powerful irritant to deter any predators.
38:40In Madagascar's tropical rainforests,
38:43rather than eat the millipede,
38:45some lemurs rub their juices on their fur,
38:48as it makes an excellent insect repellent.
38:53But these tonics aren't only used to repel.
38:58In fact, they are often used to do the opposite.
39:04This male orchid bee is collecting scented oils
39:08to mix into a fragrant love potion.
39:11So potent, any passing ladies will be instantly seduced.
39:26In other parts of the tropics,
39:28using a seductive chemical can cause less of a crush,
39:32more of an obsession.
39:39On the surface, Providencia off the coast of Colombia
39:44looks like a tropical island paradise.
39:57But look closer, and all is not as it seems.
40:06Here, sea creatures live in the mountains.
40:13Trees have the power to cast spells.
40:19And zombies roam the woodlands.
40:35Now, as the rainy season approaches,
40:39one of the island's hilltop residents
40:40is about to embark on an epic journey.
40:55This tiny crab is being called back to the ocean to give birth.
41:01Although she is now a land creature,
41:04this invisible tie is a remnant of a long-lost life beneath the waves.
41:13But to get there, she must travel down the mountain
41:17and run a deadly gauntlet through the forest.
41:23Her mission will take her three days.
41:27The next generation of black land crabs
41:30depend on her 85,000 fertilised eggs reaching their destination.
41:41even though she begins her journey alone.
41:47Across the island, thousands of female land crabs
41:50are starting similar quests.
41:56Together, they will face many challenges.
42:04But none greater than the deep, dark forest.
42:17At first, the dense tree cover provides some much-needed shade
42:21for these expectant mothers.
42:36But not all of the forest is quite so welcoming.
42:45Small but intimidating,
42:48these bullhorn acacia trees
42:50are laced with weapons.
42:56But it's not the thorns the crabs need to worry about.
43:02It's what patrols between them.
43:06These are acacia ants.
43:08and they are under the bullhorn's malicious spell.
43:16Lured in by the tree's sweet nectar,
43:20the ants moved in,
43:22making their homes inside the acacia's thorns.
43:26But it was a trap.
43:29The nectar contains a special enzyme,
43:34which, once tasted,
43:37prevents the ants digesting food
43:39from anywhere else.
43:42Once they drink it,
43:44the ants can never leave.
43:51So now the acacia has its own loyal security force
43:56to protect its leaves from being eaten.
44:11The crabs must face down the zombie ant army
44:14to reach their destination.
44:19The call of the ocean is too strong to turn back now.
44:26One crab makes her move.
44:31It's a suicide mission.
44:36Although she poses absolutely no harm to the tree,
44:40the ants are brainwashed into attacking anything
44:44that approaches their precious master.
44:53By exploiting the chinks in her armor,
44:58they sting her into submission,
45:02using their own venom to paralyse her
45:08and slowly dissolve her body.
45:17As the horror plays out,
45:20our mother slips through the melee.
45:23She must press on to the coast.
45:32The dry tropical forest gives way to coastal mangroves,
45:39a seemingly impenetrable maze of roots and spikes.
45:45But it's more friendly here
45:47and a sign that the end is in sight.
45:53under cover of darkness,
45:55she and the other survivors reach the sea.
46:03Exhausted,
46:04she releases her precious brood into the surf.
46:11She made it.
46:14And has given the best start possible to her 85,000 children.
46:23Job done.
46:24She must return home.
46:27Through the forest.
46:30Once again,
46:31she'll make the most of its refuge
46:33and navigate its dangers.
46:37And if she's lucky,
46:39she'll get to do it all again next year.
46:47As for the bullhorn acacia,
46:49it will continue to wield power over its zombie army.
46:54But only for so long.
46:58Once the enslaved ant queen dies,
47:02so will her colony.
47:04will die too.
47:06And the acacia,
47:06left powerless and vulnerable,
47:10will die too.
47:18In this most competitive of forests,
47:22everyone must find their path.
47:25For some,
47:27coercion is the key to their success.
47:31But for many others,
47:33it's collaboration
47:34and pure hard work.
47:38Life.
47:40Working in harmony.
47:42To sustain these enchanted tropical realms.
47:45and the?
47:57Interior.
47:59Leater.
47:59To run them.
48:00To撃 them.
48:00To come to their home.
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