- 6 weeks ago
Franjo Tuđman (Veliko Trgovišće, 14. svibnja 1922. - Zagreb, 10. prosinca 1999.), hrvatski povjesničar, akademik HAZU, državnik te prvi predsjednik suverene i samostalne Republike Hrvatske.
Sudionik antifašističkog pokreta od 1941., kao obavještajni časnik. Nakon rata djeluje u Glavnom stožeru JNA u Beogradu, potom na visokim vojno-političkim položajima u Glavnoj personalnoj upravi JNA, Ministarstvu obrane i Generalštabu. Završio studij na Višoj vojnoj akademiji 1957.; čin general-majora stekao 1960. Na vlastiti zahtjev napustio vojnu službu 1961. te se posvetio znanstveno-istraživačkom radu.
Osnovao Institut za historiju radničkog pokreta u Zagrebu, čiji je ravnatelj bio od 1961. do 1967. Stupanj doktora povijesnih znanosti postigao je 1965., a od 1963. do 1967. je izvanredni profesor na Fakultetu političkih znanosti u Zagrebu.
Skupio je opsežnu povijesnu građu i pisao o povijesti Komunističke partije Hrvatske, u kojoj je, nasuprot jugoslavenskom unitarizmu, isticao nacionalnu sastavnicu njezine borbe protiv velikosrpskog režima Kraljevine Jugoslavije. Izbačen iz Saveza komunista 1967. i umirovljen.
1972. je osuđen na dvije godine zatvora zbog "nacionalizma", s obzirom na to da je njegov povjesničarski rad došao u koliziju sa službenom propagandom komunističke Jugoslavije; s odsluženja kazne bio je pušten nakon 9 mjeseci. Nakon intervjua švedskoj televiziji 1981. ponovo mu je suđeno zbog "kontrarevolucionarne djelatnosti"; u čemu je osobito bio "kriv" zbog revizije jugoslavenske propagande o Sabirnom logoru Jasenovac, koja je inzistirala na "Jasenovačkom mitu" o preko 700.000 žrtava tog logora; taj izrazito visoki broj žrtava je korišten za de facto demoniziranje Hrvata, čiji je nacionalizam predstavljao najočitiju prijetnju opstanku komunističke Jugoslavije. Tuđman se usudio prezentirati podatke 1964. godine službeno provedenog popisa žrtava rata u SFRJ, prema kojima je u Jasenovcu smrtno stradalo nekoliko desetaka tisuća ljudi, makar su podatci tog popisa - koji su opovrgavali neke ključne elemente propagande kojima je režim komunističke Jugoslavije opravdavao svoju vladavinu lišenu demokratskog legitimiteta - bili stavljeni do embargo sve do kraja SFR Jugoslavije. Tuđman je osuđen na 3 godine zatvora, ali je s odsluženja kazne pušten 1983. iz zdravstvenih razloga. Tijekom 1984., vraćen je u zatvor radi izdržavanja ostatka kazne, da bi nakon četiri mjeseca zbog pogoršanja zdravstvenog stanja bio uvjetno pušten iz zatvora.
Kao zagovornik hrvatske samostalnosti, politički se angažirao potkraj 1980-ih. Godine 1989. osniva Hrvatsku demokratsku zajednicu te do smrti ostaje njezin predsjednik. Nakon pobjede HDZ-a na izborima 1990. godine, izabran je za predsjednika Predsjedništva Socijalističke Republike Hrvatske. Nakon donošenja demokratskog Ustava 1990., izabran je 1992. godine za predsjednika Republike Hrvatske. Autor je Deklaracije o neovisnosti Hrvatske od 25. lipnja 1991. godine i preambule Ustava Republike Hrvatske...
Sudionik antifašističkog pokreta od 1941., kao obavještajni časnik. Nakon rata djeluje u Glavnom stožeru JNA u Beogradu, potom na visokim vojno-političkim položajima u Glavnoj personalnoj upravi JNA, Ministarstvu obrane i Generalštabu. Završio studij na Višoj vojnoj akademiji 1957.; čin general-majora stekao 1960. Na vlastiti zahtjev napustio vojnu službu 1961. te se posvetio znanstveno-istraživačkom radu.
Osnovao Institut za historiju radničkog pokreta u Zagrebu, čiji je ravnatelj bio od 1961. do 1967. Stupanj doktora povijesnih znanosti postigao je 1965., a od 1963. do 1967. je izvanredni profesor na Fakultetu političkih znanosti u Zagrebu.
Skupio je opsežnu povijesnu građu i pisao o povijesti Komunističke partije Hrvatske, u kojoj je, nasuprot jugoslavenskom unitarizmu, isticao nacionalnu sastavnicu njezine borbe protiv velikosrpskog režima Kraljevine Jugoslavije. Izbačen iz Saveza komunista 1967. i umirovljen.
1972. je osuđen na dvije godine zatvora zbog "nacionalizma", s obzirom na to da je njegov povjesničarski rad došao u koliziju sa službenom propagandom komunističke Jugoslavije; s odsluženja kazne bio je pušten nakon 9 mjeseci. Nakon intervjua švedskoj televiziji 1981. ponovo mu je suđeno zbog "kontrarevolucionarne djelatnosti"; u čemu je osobito bio "kriv" zbog revizije jugoslavenske propagande o Sabirnom logoru Jasenovac, koja je inzistirala na "Jasenovačkom mitu" o preko 700.000 žrtava tog logora; taj izrazito visoki broj žrtava je korišten za de facto demoniziranje Hrvata, čiji je nacionalizam predstavljao najočitiju prijetnju opstanku komunističke Jugoslavije. Tuđman se usudio prezentirati podatke 1964. godine službeno provedenog popisa žrtava rata u SFRJ, prema kojima je u Jasenovcu smrtno stradalo nekoliko desetaka tisuća ljudi, makar su podatci tog popisa - koji su opovrgavali neke ključne elemente propagande kojima je režim komunističke Jugoslavije opravdavao svoju vladavinu lišenu demokratskog legitimiteta - bili stavljeni do embargo sve do kraja SFR Jugoslavije. Tuđman je osuđen na 3 godine zatvora, ali je s odsluženja kazne pušten 1983. iz zdravstvenih razloga. Tijekom 1984., vraćen je u zatvor radi izdržavanja ostatka kazne, da bi nakon četiri mjeseca zbog pogoršanja zdravstvenog stanja bio uvjetno pušten iz zatvora.
Kao zagovornik hrvatske samostalnosti, politički se angažirao potkraj 1980-ih. Godine 1989. osniva Hrvatsku demokratsku zajednicu te do smrti ostaje njezin predsjednik. Nakon pobjede HDZ-a na izborima 1990. godine, izabran je za predsjednika Predsjedništva Socijalističke Republike Hrvatske. Nakon donošenja demokratskog Ustava 1990., izabran je 1992. godine za predsjednika Republike Hrvatske. Autor je Deklaracije o neovisnosti Hrvatske od 25. lipnja 1991. godine i preambule Ustava Republike Hrvatske...
Category
📚
LearningTranscript
00:00:19November 1995, three years since ethnic, territorial, and religious differences resurfaced in Yugoslavia,
00:00:27tearing the country asunder and filling the land with bloodshed and atrocities,
00:00:32the likes of which had not been seen since World War II.
00:00:36The Bosnian War, as it was dubbed, has taken the lives of hundreds of thousands of people from all the
00:00:42ethnic groups involved.
00:00:44Thousands of miles away in the United States, at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio,
00:00:50leaders from Croatia, Serbia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina set down and sought to create a peace agreement to end the suffering
00:00:59of all their people.
00:01:00On behalf of Serbia, there was a delegation headed by President Slobodan Milosevic.
00:01:05On behalf of Bosnia-Herzegovina, President Alija Izabegovic and his negotiators.
00:01:11And representing the Republic of Croatia was the team led by President Franjo Tuzman.
00:01:23...
00:01:26...
00:01:26...
00:01:26...
00:01:28...
00:01:28...
00:01:28...
00:01:28It means that it will continue at the same time when the government is close.
00:01:33I asked him what is the problem, and he said that I could not understand about Brčkov.
00:01:38Then I would say to the American presidents,
00:01:44what do you want to say now because of Brčkov,
00:01:47one of the details, that the war will continue, that the tragedy of the people,
00:01:52and in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and in general, it is a serious situation.
00:01:59Here is your decision.
00:02:00Let me show you how to solve this question.
00:02:04Then they accepted the American presidents,
00:02:12the Serbs and the Muslim presidents.
00:02:13And so, it has come to the detonation,
00:02:19to the engagement of the state and NATO in the end of the Bosnian crisis.
00:02:28We've reached a day that many believed would never come.
00:02:33After three weeks of intensive negotiations here in Dayton,
00:02:38the leaders of Bosnia, Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia
00:02:43have agreed to end the war in the former Yugoslavia.
00:02:47They have agreed that four years of destruction is enough.
00:02:52The time has come to build peace with justice.
00:02:56I think it was a very difficult agreement in the first place.
00:03:03To reach such an agreement was a very important result.
00:03:08I think after such a bloody action, it was something, it was a success of diplomacy.
00:03:22Croatia's President Tujman did not arrive at Dayton purely as a diplomat or a figurehead.
00:03:28His key leadership working with President Izabegovic and his own Croatian army generals
00:03:34had helped the Croatian army win many victories against a Serb army
00:03:38once believed to be the dominant military force in the region.
00:03:42These victories in the summer of 1995 had forced the once dominant Serbs to the bargaining table.
00:03:49We must have thought that at the moment the subject of Dayton and Dayton debates
00:03:57not by the fact that Croatia had not taken the end of the war.
00:04:07The most competitive challenge was a result of the Croatian government.
00:04:15Croatian strength, Croatian sovereignty in the leading of not only the war, but the general politics.
00:04:47Franjo Tuzman was born on May 14, 1922, in Verligo Tergovice, near Zagreb, the capital of Croatia.
00:04:57Just four years earlier, in 1918, Croatia had become part of Yugoslavia, which was then a monarchy ruled by the
00:05:06Serbian dynasty of Karadjordjevic.
00:05:08This first Yugoslavia had been created by the Versailles Treaty of Paris after World War I.
00:05:16However, Versailles not only failed to resolve existing deep-seated problems between the region's populations,
00:05:23it actually managed to create new ones between Croats, Serbs, Macedonians, Slovenians, Muslims and Albanians,
00:05:31all of whom were striving to create individual national identities.
00:05:37King Alexander Karadjordjevic ruled this forced alliance like a dictator.
00:05:42An example of this can be seen in an historic document from that period,
00:05:46a bill from the Serbian police charging a Croatian family for four bullets fired into their father, who was sentenced
00:05:53to death.
00:05:55Families were forced to pay the expenses of their loved ones' executions.
00:06:00Needless to say, the Croats were very dissatisfied with Yugoslavia.
00:06:05They had envisioned it as a confederation of all the involved nationalities,
00:06:10not as a Serb-dominated state, which the Croats called Yugosrbia.
00:06:14In Turkey we have found this unity into big Falchbor Jewel of the SerbianThe Royalty belt,
00:06:28which wereまず against people in 구밍о in talking about�를 making the entire nationalists.
00:06:38In which the protest of the Serbian Republic History were struck by a new deity.
00:06:39So they only chose one of the Queen Sarah Korsolas,
00:06:40the one of the citizens of that Borchempion,
00:06:42the otrogriff Picenlijean – Serbian Lisbon nerd,
00:06:44the Aryan Romanian ihren Burgess court at the other national history.
00:06:44After two years he left the government, the Serbian and Sloan kingdom,
00:06:53and the fight for the same relations.
00:07:02Croatia's history and heritage is one of the oldest European nations.
00:07:06There are written documents showing that Croatia was recognized by the Byzantine emporars and the Catholic Church
00:07:12as early as the 7th century AD.
00:07:15After the death of a powerful Croatian king around 1100,
00:07:20Croatia allied itself with Hungary and later Austria and shared a monarch
00:07:25while still retaining their individual culture.
00:07:28But for almost 900 years, Croatians dreamed of being autonomous once more.
00:07:34It was only in 1991 that Franjo Tujman was able to lead the Croatian people
00:07:40and help achieve their dream of an individual nation once again.
00:07:47The Croats tried to resist Serbia's expansion to the west between the wars.
00:07:52One of the charismatic leaders of this time was Stefan Radic, who was the leader of the Croatian peasant party.
00:07:59Radic strived to renew Croatian sovereignty and bring forth the economic and cultural emancipation of Croatia.
00:08:06A true pacifist who advocated non-violence, Radic, known as Croatia's Gandhi, was assassinated during a Yugoslav parliamentary session in
00:08:161928,
00:08:18an assassination organized by the royal court in Belgrade.
00:08:25Tujman's father Stefan was one of Radic's followers and a prominent member of the Croatian peasant party.
00:08:32He was greatly affected by Radic's death.
00:08:34And it was only a year later when he faced another tragedy with the death of his wife, Justina.
00:08:40Franjo was only 7 years old when his father was left to raise him and his true brothers, Ivica and
00:08:46Stefan, alone.
00:08:50Vladicius
00:08:51Näžalost,
00:08:52moja mladosti djetinstvom nije bilo, da tako kažem, veselom...
00:09:02and with your young brother.
00:09:08In my opinion, I had to be the one who cared about it.
00:09:16My father was constantly in political fights
00:09:22against the 16-Sv. Diktature against the 16-Sv. Yugoslavia.
00:09:30The 16-Sv. Diktature against the 16-Sv. Yugoslavia.
00:09:32One of the things I have been blessed for 11 years
00:09:37I have been riding with a bike
00:09:41on the fight for the Croatian freedom
00:09:50from the Great Trvovišć
00:09:53from the village of Zagorska,
00:09:54almost 30 km.
00:09:57One friend asked me,
00:09:59how are you going to give him?
00:10:01He said,
00:10:04he said, he is my son.
00:10:17An exceptional student, Franjo,
00:10:20attended elementary school in his hometown
00:10:22and high school and college in nearby Zagreb.
00:10:26In addition to his studies,
00:10:27he also participated in the outlawed
00:10:29Croatian National Democratic Movement
00:10:31for which he was taken into custody in 1940
00:10:35at the age of 18.
00:10:37I remember my father
00:10:38who said,
00:10:47when I made my advice to go to middle school,
00:10:55because I was the best son,
00:10:58my father had no advice.
00:11:02My father said,
00:11:05son,
00:11:06you will be like the other
00:11:08blessed gentlemen
00:11:11who, while they are young,
00:11:13are successful and free,
00:11:14and when they finish school,
00:11:16they will become normal.
00:11:17I will not come back to them.
00:11:24The monarchy of King Alexander Karajorjevic ended with his assassination in Marseille.
00:11:31The regent,
00:11:31Pavle Karajorjevic,
00:11:33finally agreed to give the Croats some political and territorial autonomy.
00:11:38This so-called autonomy resulted in the creation of Bonovina, the dukedom of Croatia.
00:11:45It included a part of the ancient historic Croatian territory in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
00:11:51Vladko Maciek became leader of the Croatian Peasant Party after Ratija's assassination and was the political leader of the dukedom.
00:12:00But he did not have time to gain any greater independence for Croatia due to the terror about to grip
00:12:07Europe.
00:12:07Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich had begun their relentless and brutal assault in Europe.
00:12:13Benito Mussolini joined the Führer, aligning his fascist Italy with Nazi Germany.
00:12:19The Yugoslav Kingdom was militarily defeated in 1941.
00:12:25This led to parts of Croatia being annexed to Italy and Hungary,
00:12:29and the rest of Croatia occupied by Nazi Germany and fascist Italy.
00:12:34Yugoslavia no longer existed.
00:12:37A Croatian separatist group called Ustasa, a fascist group centered around Ante Pavlec,
00:12:44who had lived and trained in Mussolini's Italy, gained wide influence during the war.
00:12:49In spite of the centuries-old desire for an independent state,
00:12:54the majority of Croats were deeply disappointed with the Pavlec regime,
00:12:58not only because of the circumstances that brought him to power,
00:13:01but because of his trading Croatian territory, especially to the advantage of Italy,
00:13:07which again received a part of the Croatian coast and some islands.
00:13:11These losses of Croatian land cannot be compensated,
00:13:16although he manages to gain Bosnian territories up to the Drina River.
00:13:20Parts of Croatia become unsafe due to the terror of the Serbs,
00:13:25who cannot reconcile themselves to the creation of a Croatian state.
00:13:31The regime also brought misfortune to many Serbs, Jews, Gypsies, and Croats,
00:13:37with its goal of having ethnically pure Croatian territories.
00:13:41Mass executions were organized in the infamous Jatsunovac concentration camp.
00:13:47Undoubtedly, this is one of the darkest periods of Croatian history.
00:13:53When Hitler attacked the Soviet Union,
00:13:56Croatian communists and anti-fascists formed a movement which engaged in armed conflicts.
00:14:02The leader of this partisan movement was Josip Braz Tito, a Croat from the same region as Tuchman.
00:14:10Tito spent many years in Russia as a member of the Communist Party
00:14:14before returning to Yugoslavia just before the outbreak of World War II.
00:14:18Croatian anti-fascists, communist partisans, and the Croatian Peasants Party
00:14:24become a powerful and successful military force fighting the Nazis and fascists,
00:14:30while the Serbian mass rebellion collapses.
00:14:33Franjo Tujman, his father, and both brothers all join the anti-fascist movement fighting with the partisans.
00:14:42I joined in 1941, the anti-fascist movement,
00:14:45to the school of the anti-fascist movement,
00:14:47precisely because of the most part of the Croatian people against the fascism.
00:14:52The Croatian people wanted to rise in the 1941. Yugoslavia.
00:14:56They wanted their own country.
00:14:57But the majority of the Croatian people saw that this Croatian freedom
00:15:02would not be able to do the anti-fascist movement in the region of the Nazi-Fascist Europe,
00:15:08and in addition to the NDH, which was established in the region of Hitler's new order.
00:15:18I was not a communist man before the war.
00:15:22I was not a communist man before the war.
00:15:23I was a young man who was under the influence and under the influence of democratic and pacifistic ideas of
00:15:33the world.
00:15:34But the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, the Communist Party of the Croatia,
00:15:42the Croatian Communist Party, came up with such a program,
00:15:44which was promising in the national and democratic sense.
00:15:49Franjo's brother, Stefan, was killed in 1943 by the Nazis.
00:15:56Tujman was the founder as well as the editor-in-chief of the partisan newspaper,
00:16:01the announcement of the Croatian Zagorier.
00:16:06Along the way the Tujman family began to doubt the aims of the anti-fascist struggle.
00:16:12They feared that after the war Yugoslavia could be resurrected
00:16:16and with it another Serbian dictatorship over the Croats.
00:16:20This was not idle speculation.
00:16:22The Serbs had already begun to dominate the partisan movement
00:16:26and soon thereafter a leading Croatian, Andrea Hebran,
00:16:30was removed from his leadership position within the anti-fascist movement.
00:16:35While there had been a significant number of Serbs who had sided with the Germans,
00:16:40a far greater majority resisted the Nazi occupation.
00:16:43Some joined the Communist-led partisans fighting alongside Croats.
00:16:48Others joined the royalist forces known as Chetniks.
00:16:51Unfortunately, partisans ended up fighting the Chetniks as much as they fought the Germans.
00:16:56And the Chetniks occasionally collaborated with the Nazis to put down the partisans.
00:17:01It seemed everyone wanted to be on the winning side.
00:17:04As the war ended, the various forces jockeyed for position of control of the new Yugoslavia.
00:17:10Many Chetniks joined the partisans and then grabbed leadership positions in the new Yugoslavian army.
00:17:19World War II had ended in Europe.
00:17:22Military operations had ceased.
00:17:24But tragically, one last genocide was yet to occur.
00:17:27This time, to Croatians.
00:17:29A huge massacre at Blyberg on the Austrian border was the focal point of a post-war liquidation of what
00:17:37could have been as many as a quarter of a million Croatians at the hands of Tito's communist army and
00:17:43Serbian-controlled partisans.
00:17:45As well as forced death marches inflicted on soldiers, civilians, religious leaders and other Croatians as Tito began to consolidate
00:17:54his power for his new Yugoslavia.
00:17:59Yugoslavia was now resurrected.
00:18:01This second incarnation would no longer be a dictatorship masquerading as a monarchy.
00:18:08Tito would turn it into a reign of terror dictatorship masquerading as communism.
00:18:13Although the six separate socialist republics maintained statehood on paper, everything was subordinated to the grand Yugoslav ideal.
00:18:22Its continuing focus was to annihilate the national and cultural identities of every group but the Serbs.
00:18:29At the end of the 45th century, he was courted by some kind of Croatian anti-fascist camp.
00:18:40But he was a citizen of the 40th century and he saw who he was with.
00:18:46When he was with Petrero.
00:18:50He came to the establishment in Belgrade and said,
00:18:54My son, why did we fight for this?
00:18:55The theory of the kind of Croatian.
00:18:58Although Tito was a Croatian,
00:19:00he exhibited no preferential treatment to Croatian.
00:19:03On the contrary,
00:19:04he allowed the Serbs to control the Communist Party and the Yugoslavian army.
00:19:111946, Franjo Tujman, a decorated war hero for his service with the partisans, was sent to the Advanced Military Academy
00:19:18in Belgrade, although he was not fully attracted to a career in the army.
00:19:25The Communists pursued their vendetta against the Croats. Later in 1946, Tujman's father Stefan, one of the principal founders of
00:19:34the anti-fascist movement in Croatia, was murdered along with Franjo's stepmother in their home due to their critical opposition
00:19:42of the new Communist government.
00:19:44The executions were performed by the Yugoslav police, whose task it was to eliminate all ideological opponents to Tito's new
00:19:52government.
00:19:54The Communists destroyed many houses of worship as they began to assume control of the country. Catholic churches and Muslim
00:20:02mosques were targeted, as well as their spiritual leaders.
00:20:06The Communist campaign against the Catholic Church in Croatia focused on its most distinguished representative, the Archbishop of Zagreb, Dr.
00:20:15Aloysius Stepinets.
00:20:17Stepinets refused to secede from the Vatican and establish a separate Croatian Catholic Church.
00:20:23A symbol of the spiritual resistance against the Communist regime, in 1946, Stepinets was sentenced to 16 years in prison.
00:20:32While in prison, he was elevated to Cardinal by Pope Pius XII.
00:20:37Despite many protests from around the world, Stepinets remained in custody until his death.
00:20:44Communist Yugoslavia was set up as a federal republic with a promise from Tito for equality for all its nations.
00:20:50That promise was never fulfilled. The Serbs controlled Yugoslavia.
00:20:56Tito balanced Yugoslavia between the USSR and the West. By not falling under the control of Stalin, he was able
00:21:03to gain economic support from the capitalist West,
00:21:06but he refused to relinquish his autocratic control under communism.
00:21:13Franyo Tudjman spent his first ten years after the war serving in the Ministry of Defense, yet all the while
00:21:19he opposed the growing centralization of the state.
00:21:23During this time, he married Ankitsa, whom he met while fighting with the partisans.
00:21:28They had two sons, Miroslav and Stefan, and one daughter, Nevenka.
00:21:36Growing disinterested in his bureaucratic work, Tudjman began his writing career, publishing essays on modern European history and his first
00:21:45book, The War Against War.
00:21:47In this work, he claims that the partisan fight in Croatia was part of an anti-fascist struggle which was
00:21:54working toward the end of all wars permanently.
00:21:58He began to publish works which took issue with the prevailing Yugoslav propagandist history.
00:22:05Tudjman suggested that every nation in Yugoslavia, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro and Macedonia,
00:22:13should all have their own territorial defense troops to be activated in case of war.
00:22:19An idea which at the time was near blasphemous.
00:22:22Nevertheless, it was accepted by Tito in the late 1960s after the occupation of Czechoslovakia by the Soviets.
00:22:30As assistant editor of the Yugoslavian Military Encyclopedia, Tudjman clashed with the other editors who were dismissing the role of
00:22:38the Croatian anti-fascist forces as they rewrote the history of the first half of the century.
00:22:44Tudjman refused to be silenced. He argued until finally Marshal Tito himself was consulted and he took Tudjman's side.
00:22:53Inspired by his wrangling with the other historians, Tudjman decided to promulgate a view that was more in line with
00:22:59the true events of history.
00:23:01He published a volume entitled The Creation of Socialist Yugoslavia.
00:23:05In it, he described the true dimensions of the partisan war in Croatia during World War II, but this work
00:23:12received much opposition from Serbian historians.
00:23:17By now, Tudjman had grown rather unpopular with the Serbians in power. He retired from the army in 1961 at
00:23:24the age of 38 and left with the rank of Major General.
00:23:28Tudjman the warrior now made the inevitable transition to Tudjman the scholar. From 1961 to 1967, he held the position
00:23:37of director of the Institute for the History of the Party in Croatia.
00:23:41He held a number of senior political positions during this period as well, while also teaching as a professor of
00:23:48history at the University of Zagreb. His ideas continued to cause conflict.
00:23:55Zagreb in the 1960s, a Croatian city which had existed for a millennium, still kept the dream of the return
00:24:02of Croatian statehood alive as it tried to recover from the physical, emotional and intellectual invasion of the communist dictatorship.
00:24:12Tudjman joined the intellectual circle which surrounded Miroslav Karlisha, considered the greatest Croatian writer of the time.
00:24:21Tudjman earned his doctorate in 1965. His dissertation concerned the history of the first Yugoslavia after World War I.
00:24:30However, the current Yugoslavian elite would not allow his thesis to be published as it conflicted with the party line.
00:24:38Tudjman was once again faced with the fact that the Serbs preferred to blame the Croats for the disintegration of
00:24:44the first Yugoslavia and for the horrors which befell the region in World War II.
00:24:51Tudjman continued to assault the prevailing Serb-dominated published history of Yugoslavia. An example was the reality of Jasinovaks, where
00:25:00his work helped remove the Nazi label the Serbs had pinned on the Croats.
00:25:04Tudjman was clear that the NTH was caused by the corruption, but the other thing is that if it was
00:25:12there, as it was actually, according to my recognition,
00:25:16it was made of 30 and 40 thousand people, the Serbs, the Cigars and the Croatian anti-fascists,
00:25:23because if that number was terrible, then it could be a part of one regime. But if it was said
00:25:30that there was more than half a million to half a million,
00:25:33then it was clear that it was a crime of all the people.
00:25:37Some say there is collective guilt that all are responsible for the actions of some collaborators.
00:25:48I don't subscribe to that personally. It's not a Christian principle.
00:25:55And one of the great speeches given by President Reagan was in his visit to Germany, which had been an
00:26:03enemy area in World War II.
00:26:07And the great speech given at the end of his trip was in which he recognized some very horrible things
00:26:14done by the Nazis against not only Jewish people, other people,
00:26:19but particularly against Jewish people who were killed because they were Jewish. There was genocide.
00:26:24But in his speech, he said, we cannot accept. And he said, we Americans cannot accept the concept of collective
00:26:32guilt.
00:26:33Croatian people never were part of the Nazi government, that this was a small, quizzling government, a very small percentage
00:26:40of the people.
00:26:41And somehow the whole nation of Croatia has been tainted. But I think what I pointed out in the book
00:26:48and what struck me is that
00:26:50President Trichman was not parochial in his approach. He took not only the honor of the people of Croatia that
00:26:59he was defending,
00:27:00but he said the memory of the Jewish people who died were offended. The people who are attacking Croatia and
00:27:08creating new historical facts,
00:27:10which are not facts, are also demeaning the memory of the Jewish people who died at the hands of the
00:27:16Nazis.
00:27:18Although he was able to defend his doctoral thesis successfully, his opposition to the official interpretation of historical events
00:27:26made Dr. Trichman's life more difficult. Trichman's work exposing the policies of hegemony apparent in the first Yugoslavia
00:27:35made him very aware of the same policies flourishing in the second Yugoslavia.
00:27:41Alexander Rankovic, the Serbian chief of police and vice president of Yugoslavia, sought to eliminate a variety of ethnic and
00:27:49nationalistic leanings
00:27:50in his pursuit of Serbanization of Yugoslavia. Fortunately for history, Rankovic eventually proved to be a threat to his boss
00:27:59Tito and was removed from power in 1966.
00:28:04After the fall of Rankovic and his state security forces, Croatians began to feel more at ease.
00:28:11Croatian scholars took the bold step of defending the unique Croatian language, citing all the Croatian literary works written since
00:28:19the Middle Ages.
00:28:20However, Belgrade ignored them and continued to impose the Serbian language on the Croats.
00:28:25Angered, Croat scholars composed a manifesto entitled, Declaration on the Name and Condition of the Standard Croatian Language.
00:28:35The Yugoslav communists branded the Croats as dangerous subversives and many were persecuted and lost their jobs.
00:28:43Trichman's institute is branded as one of the nursing grounds for the subversion and Trichman himself was labeled a dissident
00:28:49and forced into an early retirement at the age of 45.
00:29:00The persecution by the Yugoslavian state did not discourage the Croats as they received encouragement from young Croatian communists
00:29:08who were coming to power in the late 1960s.
00:29:13Trichman published his next book, Great Ideas and Small Nations.
00:29:17In it, he analyzed the lost illusions of Pan-Slobism and the unsuccessful idea that one could create a common
00:29:25state of all Southern Slavs.
00:29:27Trichman concluded, quote,
00:29:30All these and similar utopian allusions keep reminding us that the great and ruling nations always try to use great
00:29:37ideas,
00:29:38including the idea of socialist internationalism or universal integration or the so-called free democracy,
00:29:45against the small and subordinated nations.
00:29:50The early 1970s brought new developments to the Yugoslavian political scene.
00:29:56The official Croatian communist government opposed the Yugoslavian communist hegemony
00:30:02and formally requested that the second Yugoslavia become a federation of individual nations.
00:30:08Trichman re-entered the political arena and pushed for this multinational confederation.
00:30:13The movement toward confederacy struck a chord in all Croatians.
00:30:18It was given momentum and force by the students at the University of Zagreb,
00:30:22as well as students from other Croatian schools.
00:30:25But it was not to be.
00:30:27Tito, although he looked favorably on the Croatian ideas in the beginning,
00:30:31changed his mind under pressure from his Belgrade generals.
00:30:35Tito soon removed Croatian patriots from their powerful positions in his communist elite,
00:30:40as Serbs and the older hard-line Croatian communists seized power in Croatia.
00:30:491972.
00:30:50Croatian spring becomes Serbian summer.
00:30:54Many Croatian intellectuals were imprisoned.
00:30:56Dr. Tishman was arrested and sentenced to two years in prison,
00:31:00as well as being prohibited to speak in public.
00:31:03His punishment in comparison to others is relatively light,
00:31:07thanks to the intervention of Miroslav Krleža, who was a close friend of Tito.
00:31:12I could not be able to remove the open.
00:31:18I did not want to leave the regime, but I was invited to the universities and the institutes.
00:31:26I could go to Germany, Sweden, Canada, and even to America.
00:31:31I did not.
00:31:32I did not go because I knew that the war will be resolved.
00:31:45In the early 1970s, the future of the Croatian people did not look bright.
00:31:51Many of their intellectuals and young leaders were in prison.
00:31:54When released, Tishman withdrew from public protest.
00:31:57It was very interesting to me that the regime wanted to leave,
00:32:03because it would be easier for me to have a hapse,
00:32:07as a partisan memory of anti-fашism, as a general, as a professor.
00:32:13He would not break his silence until 1977 when he spoke on Swedish television.
00:32:19One year later, he gave an interview to a Croatian newspaper.
00:32:23And then, in 1980, Dr. Tishman was interviewed on West German TV.
00:32:29By now, the communist government was furious.
00:32:32The Zagreb press branded him as a dangerous counter-revolutionary.
00:32:36And the secret police placed him under surveillance.
00:32:44That same year, in 1980, Tito, the communist dictator,
00:32:48who had kept Yugoslavia united for 35 years, died.
00:32:52Even though he had amended the constitution to give the republics more independence,
00:32:58in reality, very little had changed.
00:33:01Serves in Belgrade continued to suppress all forms of Croatian nationalism.
00:33:07Dr. Tishman became the first victim in the post-Tito era.
00:33:11As a well-known Croatian dissident, he is put on political trial,
00:33:15an object lesson for other nationalists.
00:33:17All of Dr. Tishman's interviews are used against him.
00:33:21Accused of, quote, falsely presenting the situation in Croatia, unquote,
00:33:25he is sentenced to three more years in prison,
00:33:28with an additional five-year ban on public appearances.
00:33:31Tishman defended his actions and words, explaining,
00:33:35I belong to the kind of people who cannot fatalistically reconcile themselves to injustice.
00:33:40When I arrived in 1982, I returned to the prison,
00:33:44two Udbovts called to talk to me and tried to tell me where I am.
00:33:50And I said to them, listen, listen, I don't want to talk to them.
00:33:55Where I was with you, somewhere at the prison.
00:33:58You have created a office-up club where Joey B. B. Cody died at a waiting meeting in prison.
00:34:09Where the one of W. kennenler lived up to you,
00:34:12and I wouldn't think that dr. Franklin才 Tjuckmann's work was done in prison.
00:34:23He said, what do you mean?
00:34:26I said, what do you mean?
00:34:26I said, what do you mean?
00:34:27I said, what do you mean?
00:34:28I said, what do you mean?
00:34:29Now I'm in your hands, but back.
00:34:49His analysis not only of the ethnic issues facing Yugoslavia, but also the British Isles, the Soviet Union, and Eastern
00:34:56Europe earned him great respect.
00:34:59The Croats realized their dream of freedom after Tito's death would not happen easily.
00:35:05In fact, things got worse under the rule of Serbian Slobodan Milosevic.
00:35:09Milosevic started yet another campaign of Serbian hegemony, using the United Yugoslavia ideal as a cover for Serbian domination of
00:35:18Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, and the other republics.
00:35:22In 1988, Milosevic cracked down on Albanian dissenters in Kosovo in Southern Serbia.
00:35:28His message was clear, accept Serbian rule or expect war.
00:35:34The Albanians in Southern Serbia were persecuted.
00:35:37What small and frail autonomy they did have was forcibly removed when Milosevic suspended parliament and moved troops into the
00:35:45area.
00:35:46Suddenly, Kosovo was a police state.
00:35:49Voivodina, once part of Croatia and Hungary, also had her autonomy stripped away.
00:35:56Milosevic, fresh from abolishing these two provinces using old school communist barbarism, now turned his eyes towards other nations.
00:36:04His Yugoslav army, led by Serbs and Montenegrins, proved to be a powerful trump card due to its imposing size.
00:36:13Slovenia, a republic situated in the far west of Yugoslavia, did not interest him.
00:36:18He was enamored of Croatia.
00:36:20With Milosevic at the helm, Serbia wished to realize its ancient dream, access to the Adriatic Sea.
00:36:28He sought control of the Dalmatian coast and the ancient city of Dubrovnik, where the Croats had lived since the
00:36:357th century.
00:36:36Milosevic also wanted Slovonia, a region in northern Croatia rich in oil and agriculture.
00:36:42The official government in Croatia was silent, fearful to take a stand.
00:36:48But Croatian dissidents, including Tudjman, recognizing the imminent danger, raised their voices against Serbia.
00:36:55Around this time, public pressure mounted in Yugoslavia to allow other political parties to exist besides the communists.
00:37:03This hadn't been allowed since World War II.
00:37:06In February 1989, Dr. Franjo Tudjman and his colleagues founded the Croatian Democratic Union.
00:37:14Time and circumstances were now very favorable for Tudjman.
00:37:18His book, Horrors of War, is published in Croatia.
00:37:22In it, he analyzed myths and wars from ancient to modern times.
00:37:27Tudjman traveled to the United States and Canada to gain the much-needed support of the more than 2 million
00:37:34Croatian immigrants, advocating his goal of an independent Croatian state.
00:37:39By 1990, it was clear that nothing could stop the renaissance of Croatia.
00:37:45The Croatian Democratic Union and Dr. Tudjman had won the support of Croatian people everywhere.
00:37:51The communists were forced to allow the first free elections in Croatia since World War II.
00:37:58Tudjman and his party won an absolute majority.
00:38:01Communism was dead in Croatia.
00:38:21Communism was dying all over Europe.
00:38:24Germany reunited.
00:38:26The Soviet Union collapsed.
00:38:28Serbia was now the only country in Europe where the communists stayed in power.
00:38:33Tudjman and his party assumed control of the Croatian government.
00:38:37Dr. Franjo Tudjman became the first president of the modern Croatian state, the Republic of Croatia.
00:38:46By the end of 1990, Croatia had a new constitution and the Republic of Croatia was declared an independent and
00:38:54sovereign state.
00:38:57On paper, however, the Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia still existed and the Serbs did not want to relinquish control easily.
00:39:05The overpowering Yugoslav army was on alert, waiting for Belgrade to signal the attack on the new Croatia.
00:39:15Milosevic begins to mount his full-scale military attack.
00:39:19He first goes after Slovenia, though that is not his real goal.
00:39:24Croatia is next to break all ties with Yugoslavia based on a referendum.
00:39:2995% of Croatians voted for full independence.
00:39:35Milosevic counts on the Serbs who live in Croatia.
00:39:39These Serbs were originally settled there systematically after 1945 as part of a long-range plan
00:39:46in order to be in the position to cut off vital traffic lines, especially along the greater Serbian demarcation line.
00:39:53The plan is now becoming reality, and the roadblocks almost succeed in cutting off the south from the north of
00:40:01Croatia.
00:40:02It becomes quite obvious that the grand idea is to create a Serbian mini-state inside Croatia, with Canin as
00:40:11its center.
00:40:15The Serbian army finally receives its commands from Belgrade, attack Croatia by land, sea, and air.
00:40:2390% of the Serbians living in Croatia choose to join the attack on their long-time Croatian neighbors.
00:40:31Croatia is caught totally unprepared.
00:40:35Local policemen and volunteers sacrifice themselves while Dr. Tuchman seeks weapons wherever possible.
00:40:42Within a few months, Croatia succeeds in creating an army.
00:40:47Despite overwhelming odds, the Croats would not go down easily.
00:40:52With the exception of Vukovar, the Serbs and their well-equipped Yugoslav army could not conquer any large Croatian city.
00:41:00While Vukovar resisted surrender, heroically defended by its residents and volunteers for months, Tuchman continued to build and equip a
00:41:10Croatian army.
00:41:11Many Yugoslav army barracks in Croatia were surrounded by Croatian forces, preventing them from taking any offensive action.
00:41:19Some Serbs surrender, while others were captured.
00:41:22The Croats allowed many to return to their homes.
00:41:26Tuchman and his military operations were successful, but he wanted to end the war.
00:41:31He offered to start cease-fire and peace negotiations appealing to the international community.
00:41:37At first, the governments of Western Europe did not respond.
00:41:41However, citizens of the world began to protest the atrocities inflicted upon the Croatian people.
00:41:46I am indeed very much aware of the tragedy and have been explaining it wherever I have spoken, either in
00:41:53this country or in the United States.
00:41:56At first, people had been given to understand, wrongly, that it was just a question, serious as though that is,
00:42:04of civil war between two different groups.
00:42:07They needed to be informed that it was between communist Serbia, who has taken control both of the army and
00:42:15of the country, and democratic Croatia and Slovenia, both of whom had exercised their right to become independent.
00:42:28I then duly explained that Croatia and Slovenia have no army.
00:42:34They have only got the weapons they can capture and the ones they can get hold of, and they are
00:42:40entitled to a right of self-defense against those who attack them.
00:42:47After a long siege, Vukovar finally fell and met a horrible fate.
00:42:53Serbs ravaged the conquered city without pausing.
00:42:56They even executed the wounded lying in Vukovar hospital.
00:43:17Serbian guns begin the attack on Dubrovnik.
00:43:21More than 11,000 shells fall upon the world-famous medieval Croatian city.
00:43:26I think now that many, many people know the Adriatic coast, and that means that they have some kind of
00:43:34personal touch and contact with them.
00:43:37But I must make it quite clear, in my view, the West should be on the side of liberty and
00:43:43democracy and justice.
00:43:45And the more we can get home to people, the true situation, and this is happening in the heart of
00:43:51Europe, and that the cries of the Croatian people are not being heard, the more we can awaken them to
00:43:59the true position.
00:44:00I should say, by way of comfort, that there are now a number of organizations who are trying to help
00:44:07the Croatians with practical help.
00:44:09In fact, I stood up when Croatia was attacked, in September 1991.
00:44:17There was then this, we asked, Ostia asked as the first member country of the Security Council,
00:44:22a special meeting of the Security Council must take place because there was a secretion going on from the Serb
00:44:29government against Croatia.
00:44:32Then the first meeting which took place of the Security Council in this business was practically in a meeting of
00:44:42foreign ministers.
00:44:43But I still remember the French Foreign Minister said, we have to intervene, otherwise all the rules of international law
00:44:53in the United States will be neglected.
00:44:55And he said, quoted a famous French philosopher, who said that strength, force, without the rule of law leads to
00:45:10tyranny.
00:45:12But the rules of law without strings makes it ridiculous.
00:45:17Serbian airplanes bombed the presidential residence in the very center of the old city of Zagreb.
00:45:23Just two minutes earlier, Dr. Tudjman had left that part of the building, avoiding an attempt on his life for
00:45:29the second time.
00:45:35International mediators managed to negotiate a Christmas ceasefire in December of 1991.
00:45:41Croatia had managed to survive, with one third of it still occupied, and the cities on the coast still threatened.
00:45:48And towards the end of 1991, with the international recognition beginning of Croatia by several European states and the Vatican,
00:46:00the U.S. position changed.
00:46:03And we accepted, I say we, the Americans, officially.
00:46:08I was very pleased with that, because I always felt, and I was a very strong advocate for the small
00:46:16countries in Africa.
00:46:17They had the right to independence.
00:46:19And I was very pleased that Czechoslovakia then became really independent again in Hungary and Poland.
00:46:27And I myself asked, why not?
00:46:30But actually, when I was the ambassador to the Vatican, the Vatican asked me to send that to Washington.
00:46:36Why not Croatia?
00:46:37Why not Slovenia?
00:46:38So, finally it happened.
00:46:41In January 1992, the Republic of Croatia is recognized by many other countries, including the United States.
00:46:49Croatian morale reached even greater heights when Croatia became a member of the United Nations.
00:46:54I was also, within my country, one of the supporters of the need for recognition of sovereignty and independence.
00:47:10That is because I thought I did not to do it for, because I thought of this.
00:47:27This was a way to find out more quickly to a peaceful and peaceful system of the EU's climate and
00:47:35Europe.
00:47:35and I think that the political of my country should be, after such a long period of incomprension,
00:47:46to be in front of the new states that emerged for the release of the Federated Yugoslavia.
00:47:54For this I wanted to bring the recognition of the Italian Republic
00:48:01and I arrived at Zagabria the day prevailed for the recognition.
00:48:12In a very difficult day for the Croazia, there was still a state of tension,
00:48:21with the federal army, I passed close to the border of the combat
00:48:28and I found myself in a Zagabria entusiasta,
00:48:32I found myself in a Zagabria that, with a lot of maturity,
00:48:36but also with a lot of fervour, celebrated its independence,
00:48:42but he was also able to defend it.
00:48:44The UN now sends forces to preserve the ceasefire and help with realising the peace agreement.
00:48:51Tuchman won the presidential election with a large majority,
00:48:54but he is faced now with seemingly insurmountable problems.
00:48:58The communist regime and the war had left Croatia's economy in shambles.
00:49:04Tuchman worked feverishly to transform Croatia into a capitalistic system.
00:49:09It was not an easy task, as the war had exhausted financial resources
00:49:14and was still keeping tourists away.
00:49:17Tuchman is tireless in his goal to rebuild Croatia,
00:49:20but circumstances forced him into a risky alliance with the leader of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
00:49:25Bosnia-Herzegovina is comprised of three separate ethnic groups,
00:49:31Bosnian Muslims, Croats and Serbs.
00:49:33In medieval times, Bosnia had been part of Croatia,
00:49:37but eventually became independent.
00:49:39When the Ottomans invaded Europe, they conquered Bosnia,
00:49:42but they were stopped by the Croats.
00:49:44Still, many Islamic people settled in the region
00:49:47and their descendants were now persecuted by the Serbs.
00:49:51Now the Serb-led Yugoslav army attacks the Croats and Muslims
00:49:55in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
00:49:57Over 70,000 Muslims and Croats are massacred.
00:50:02The international city of Sarajevo is kept under siege for the next five years,
00:50:07with huge sections destroyed.
00:50:10Tuchman promised to provide everything in Croatia's power
00:50:13to secure freedom and safety for all the Croats living in the region.
00:50:17While his army fought, he went forward into diplomatic channels.
00:50:22Aliya Izabegovic, the Bosnian Muslim leader, could not stop the Serbs by himself.
00:50:27Yet the world powers were reluctant to help him with his idea
00:50:30to create a small Muslim state in Europe.
00:50:33He formed an army, but rather than go directly at the Serbian front,
00:50:37he initially attacked the Croats in Bosnia-Herzegovina,
00:50:41thinking he could grab some of the Croatian coast.
00:50:43Luckily for all concerned, he changed direction,
00:50:47and with the help of the United States,
00:50:49an agreement was soon forged between Tuchman and Izabegovic.
00:50:53The agreement set up a Croat and Muslim joint federation in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
00:50:59Allied with Izabegovic, Dr. Tuchman now devoted himself
00:51:03to liberating the occupied territories in Croatia.
00:51:06He undertook limited military operations to push the Serbs back to key points in Dalmatia.
00:51:11While his soldiers fought, he exerted diplomatic pressure on the United Nations
00:51:16to declare formally that the occupied Croatian territory was indeed part of Croatia.
00:51:22The UN passed such a resolution.
00:51:25The spring of 1995, Tuchman ordered a surprise attack
00:51:29on the Serbian stronghold in western Slavonia.
00:51:32Traffic through Slavonia was now possible again,
00:51:35and the situation in northern Croatia was improved.
00:51:38Most world military experts assumed the Croatians would play a waiting game,
00:51:43taking no further actions, and they would have been correct
00:51:46had the Bosnian Serbs not threatened Bihač, a city close to the Croatian border.
00:51:52Tuchman is forced to deal with Serbs in western Bosnia and Croatia
00:51:56who were planning to unite into a small state.
00:51:58August 1995, Tuchman directed his army, now strong and well trained,
00:52:05to launch an attack on the Serb positions in the area of the Croatian Republic known as the Krajina.
00:52:11This massive military campaign, the largest of the war, surprised and overwhelmed the Serb forces,
00:52:18driving them to northern Bosnia in chaos.
00:52:20Unfortunately, the battle also created more than 150,000 Serbian refugees
00:52:27who had lived in the Krajina for generations.
00:52:30Despite Tuchman's invitation to come back to their homes, they have yet to return.
00:52:35Almost the entire territory of the Republic of Croatia had been secured.
00:52:40Tuchman celebrated and visited Canine, one of the capitals of the medieval Croatian state,
00:52:46which had been under Serbian control for over five years.
00:52:52Croatia celebrated her success on all fronts.
00:52:55The military situation in the region had been stabilized,
00:52:58and the Croatian army was now respected.
00:53:01I wish that many people did not live together with us.
00:53:08Who did it.
00:53:20The world was like this as you were.
00:53:25The world told me that God was becoming a god to destroy the world.
00:53:34And he could only create an image of a person who was created.
00:53:37And how is that world? The most valuable and the most commonplace that can be, with the greatest moral, ethical,
00:53:54cultural and scientific effects.
00:53:57But at the same time, the most successful, the worst, the most unhappy. It is hard to think that it
00:54:07can be worse and worse. But there is no other way.
00:54:25The world is by war between Croatian Prince Branamer and the Roman Catholic Church from the 9th century. All Croatians
00:54:31savored the spiritual return to Western European Civilization.
00:54:36Serbia still retained control of the Croatian part of the Damriol Valley. Tujman decided to reintegrate this region peacefully.
00:54:44The terms worked out allowed Croatian authority to return to the area in July, 1997.
00:54:50At the peak of his success, Tudjman suddenly became ill and traveled to Washington, D.C. for special tests.
00:54:57But the actual diagnosis remains inconclusive.
00:55:01Returning to Croatia, Tudjman paid a surprise and risky visit to Vukovar, which was still in Serb hands,
00:55:07although United States General Klein had it under temporary administration.
00:55:121997. Tudjman is now 75 years old.
00:55:16He can look back on his accomplishments and be satisfied.
00:55:20He is the creator and president of the modern Croatian state.
00:55:24His wife heads a relief organization for the children of Croatia.
00:55:28His country is once again alive and on the road to success.
00:55:33I have met more times Tudjman and I can say that I have made with him a relationship of friendship.
00:55:44L'ho trovato nelle sue funzioni di presidente, prima di eminenti leader politico, prima della Costituzione dello Stato croato,
00:55:54poi nella sua posizione di leader e presidente della nuova Croazia.
00:56:02L'ho conosciuto anche sul piano personale, l'ho conosciuto con la sua famiglia, con i suoi figli, con i
00:56:08suoi nipotini,
00:56:10nelle incantevoli cornici di Brioni nel quale egli mi ha abitato.
00:56:14E' quella di Tudjman è una figura molto complessa.
00:56:19Egli da giovane è stato un patriota, ha perduto anche il fratello nella guerra di liberazione contro il nazifascismo.
00:56:27E' stato uno dei più giovani generali dell'armata di Tito, è stato un brillante professore di storia,
00:56:37attraverso questa sua lunga meditazione è diventato uno dei primi leader della rinascita croata,
00:56:48si è affermato come leader democratico, come combattente, come presidente.
00:56:57E' un uomo di grande finezza, di grande simpatia umana, ma anche di grande finezza politica,
00:57:05basata sulla sua cultura, chiaramente sulla sua esperienza.
00:57:09Kao djete, imao sam dva ovako ideala.
00:57:15Da ne budem nikad vojnik, da sam razliorat, krv, nisam mogo gledati pile,
00:57:25da ne budem nikad vojnik.
00:57:28E i liecchik, iz isti razlogi, nisam mogo ponosnato.
00:57:34Kao što vedete, život me prisilio da budem i vojnik,
00:57:40da provvedem ne samo 4 godine u Drugosvjetskom ratu,
00:57:44nego gotovo toliko godina i u Domovinskom ratu,
00:57:51na svoj način, na drugi način,
00:57:52ali ipak nije mi dopustio, znači da se palim
00:57:59onim što sam, čime sam se želio paliti, znači
00:58:06filozofijom, pisanjem,
00:58:09pa ni umetnoštvo na način, možda kakav,
00:58:13na želečni se li prezenti, žalio.
00:58:16I think he's one of the great leaders of the world,
00:58:19and he's proven himself in his leadership
00:58:21by past example, whether he was a fighter
00:58:26or a philosopher or a historian,
00:58:29but certainly a politician in the best sense of the world.
00:58:33Es ist so, dass er natürlich sein Land
00:58:36in einer außerordentlich schwierigen Zeit geführt hat.
00:58:41Er hat es zur Unabhängigkeit mehr geführt.
00:58:45Und was für uns wichtig war,
00:58:49ist, dass er immer die gute Zusammenarbeit
00:58:52mit der Europäischen Gemeinschaft
00:58:55und mit der Europäischen Union gesucht hat.
00:58:59Und das ist natürlich von großer Bedeutung
00:59:01für die friedliche Lösung der Probleme hier in der Region.
00:59:05I think he's a great politician and great,
00:59:08where then, I think he's heard the peace
00:59:12in Bosna-Herzegovina.
00:59:15And definitely he's heard the Krošia,
00:59:18because some part of the Krošia was under occupation.
00:59:25And then he's heard the Krošia just to
00:59:30creating the economical atmosphere.
00:59:33And Krošia is one of the developed countries now
00:59:39in the Central Europe.
00:59:41As human being, I have seen him all the time,
00:59:47very, very sensitive about the bloodshed.
00:59:54And then, he tried to do everything to stop the bloodshed.
01:00:04The promotion of Tudjman's book, Horrors of War,
01:00:07takes place at the Harvard Club in New York City.
01:00:14Dr. Frangio Tudjman made it clear
01:00:16to those who will govern after he is gone
01:00:19that Krošia should have no interest in Balkan integration.
01:00:23Krošia is a country which belongs to and shares in
01:00:27a Western European spiritual and cultural heritage,
01:00:31as it has for over a thousand years.
01:00:35I think he's a great man in these events
01:00:40of regaining national independence and democracy
01:00:43for those countries down there.
01:00:45It was a very interesting combination,
01:00:49but not too unusual in history
01:00:51when you look at who emerges
01:00:54as a leader in a new state,
01:00:58particularly after a struggle.
01:01:00If you look at our own George Washington
01:01:03after the struggle against the British
01:01:05to free the country,
01:01:07and you look, for example,
01:01:09at Charles de Gaulle after World War II,
01:01:12in another way, Adenauer,
01:01:14it was a different set of circumstances,
01:01:16when Germany was destroyed
01:01:17and he emerged from the ashes
01:01:20to give leadership.
01:01:22He has those characteristics.
01:01:47At their time...
01:01:48So,
01:01:48So,op
01:01:48g
01:01:55THE END
01:02:25THE END
Comments