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00:00:19November 1995, three years since ethnic, territorial, and religious differences resurfaced in Yugoslavia,
00:00:27tearing the country asunder and filling the land with bloodshed and atrocities,
00:00:32the likes of which had not been seen since World War II.
00:00:36The Bosnian War, as it was dubbed, has taken the lives of hundreds of thousands of people from all the
00:00:42ethnic groups involved.
00:00:44Thousands of miles away in the United States, at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio,
00:00:50leaders from Croatia, Serbia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina set down and sought to create a peace agreement to end the suffering
00:00:59of all their people.
00:01:00On behalf of Serbia, there was a delegation headed by President Slobodan Milosevic.
00:01:05On behalf of Bosnia-Herzegovina, President Alija Izabegovic and his negotiators.
00:01:11And representing the Republic of Croatia was the team led by President Franjo Tuzman.
00:01:23...
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00:01:28It means that it will continue at the same time when the government is close.
00:01:33I asked him what is the problem, and he said that I could not understand about Brčkov.
00:01:38Then I would say to the American presidents,
00:01:44what do you want to say now because of Brčkov,
00:01:47one of the details, that the war will continue, that the tragedy of the people,
00:01:52and in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and in general, it is a serious situation.
00:01:59Here is your decision.
00:02:00Let me show you how to solve this question.
00:02:04Then they accepted the American presidents,
00:02:12the Serbs and the Muslim presidents.
00:02:13And so, it has come to the detonation,
00:02:19to the engagement of the state and NATO in the end of the Bosnian crisis.
00:02:28We've reached a day that many believed would never come.
00:02:33After three weeks of intensive negotiations here in Dayton,
00:02:38the leaders of Bosnia, Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia
00:02:43have agreed to end the war in the former Yugoslavia.
00:02:47They have agreed that four years of destruction is enough.
00:02:52The time has come to build peace with justice.
00:02:56I think it was a very difficult agreement in the first place.
00:03:03To reach such an agreement was a very important result.
00:03:08I think after such a bloody action, it was something, it was a success of diplomacy.
00:03:22Croatia's President Tujman did not arrive at Dayton purely as a diplomat or a figurehead.
00:03:28His key leadership working with President Izabegovic and his own Croatian army generals
00:03:34had helped the Croatian army win many victories against a Serb army
00:03:38once believed to be the dominant military force in the region.
00:03:42These victories in the summer of 1995 had forced the once dominant Serbs to the bargaining table.
00:03:49We must have thought that at the moment the subject of Dayton and Dayton debates
00:03:57not by the fact that Croatia had not taken the end of the war.
00:04:07The most competitive challenge was a result of the Croatian government.
00:04:15Croatian strength, Croatian sovereignty in the leading of not only the war, but the general politics.
00:04:47Franjo Tuzman was born on May 14, 1922, in Verligo Tergovice, near Zagreb, the capital of Croatia.
00:04:57Just four years earlier, in 1918, Croatia had become part of Yugoslavia, which was then a monarchy ruled by the
00:05:06Serbian dynasty of Karadjordjevic.
00:05:08This first Yugoslavia had been created by the Versailles Treaty of Paris after World War I.
00:05:16However, Versailles not only failed to resolve existing deep-seated problems between the region's populations,
00:05:23it actually managed to create new ones between Croats, Serbs, Macedonians, Slovenians, Muslims and Albanians,
00:05:31all of whom were striving to create individual national identities.
00:05:37King Alexander Karadjordjevic ruled this forced alliance like a dictator.
00:05:42An example of this can be seen in an historic document from that period,
00:05:46a bill from the Serbian police charging a Croatian family for four bullets fired into their father, who was sentenced
00:05:53to death.
00:05:55Families were forced to pay the expenses of their loved ones' executions.
00:06:00Needless to say, the Croats were very dissatisfied with Yugoslavia.
00:06:05They had envisioned it as a confederation of all the involved nationalities,
00:06:10not as a Serb-dominated state, which the Croats called Yugosrbia.
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00:06:38In which the protest of the Serbian Republic History were struck by a new deity.
00:06:39So they only chose one of the Queen Sarah Korsolas,
00:06:40the one of the citizens of that Borchempion,
00:06:42the otrogriff Picenlijean – Serbian Lisbon nerd,
00:06:44the Aryan Romanian ihren Burgess court at the other national history.
00:06:44After two years he left the government, the Serbian and Sloan kingdom,
00:06:53and the fight for the same relations.
00:07:02Croatia's history and heritage is one of the oldest European nations.
00:07:06There are written documents showing that Croatia was recognized by the Byzantine emporars and the Catholic Church
00:07:12as early as the 7th century AD.
00:07:15After the death of a powerful Croatian king around 1100,
00:07:20Croatia allied itself with Hungary and later Austria and shared a monarch
00:07:25while still retaining their individual culture.
00:07:28But for almost 900 years, Croatians dreamed of being autonomous once more.
00:07:34It was only in 1991 that Franjo Tujman was able to lead the Croatian people
00:07:40and help achieve their dream of an individual nation once again.
00:07:47The Croats tried to resist Serbia's expansion to the west between the wars.
00:07:52One of the charismatic leaders of this time was Stefan Radic, who was the leader of the Croatian peasant party.
00:07:59Radic strived to renew Croatian sovereignty and bring forth the economic and cultural emancipation of Croatia.
00:08:06A true pacifist who advocated non-violence, Radic, known as Croatia's Gandhi, was assassinated during a Yugoslav parliamentary session in
00:08:161928,
00:08:18an assassination organized by the royal court in Belgrade.
00:08:25Tujman's father Stefan was one of Radic's followers and a prominent member of the Croatian peasant party.
00:08:32He was greatly affected by Radic's death.
00:08:34And it was only a year later when he faced another tragedy with the death of his wife, Justina.
00:08:40Franjo was only 7 years old when his father was left to raise him and his true brothers, Ivica and
00:08:46Stefan, alone.
00:08:50Vladicius
00:08:51Näžalost,
00:08:52moja mladosti djetinstvom nije bilo, da tako kažem, veselom...
00:09:02and with your young brother.
00:09:08In my opinion, I had to be the one who cared about it.
00:09:16My father was constantly in political fights
00:09:22against the 16-Sv. Diktature against the 16-Sv. Yugoslavia.
00:09:30The 16-Sv. Diktature against the 16-Sv. Yugoslavia.
00:09:32One of the things I have been blessed for 11 years
00:09:37I have been riding with a bike
00:09:41on the fight for the Croatian freedom
00:09:50from the Great Trvovišć
00:09:53from the village of Zagorska,
00:09:54almost 30 km.
00:09:57One friend asked me,
00:09:59how are you going to give him?
00:10:01He said,
00:10:04he said, he is my son.
00:10:17An exceptional student, Franjo,
00:10:20attended elementary school in his hometown
00:10:22and high school and college in nearby Zagreb.
00:10:26In addition to his studies,
00:10:27he also participated in the outlawed
00:10:29Croatian National Democratic Movement
00:10:31for which he was taken into custody in 1940
00:10:35at the age of 18.
00:10:37I remember my father
00:10:38who said,
00:10:47when I made my advice to go to middle school,
00:10:55because I was the best son,
00:10:58my father had no advice.
00:11:02My father said,
00:11:05son,
00:11:06you will be like the other
00:11:08blessed gentlemen
00:11:11who, while they are young,
00:11:13are successful and free,
00:11:14and when they finish school,
00:11:16they will become normal.
00:11:17I will not come back to them.
00:11:24The monarchy of King Alexander Karajorjevic ended with his assassination in Marseille.
00:11:31The regent,
00:11:31Pavle Karajorjevic,
00:11:33finally agreed to give the Croats some political and territorial autonomy.
00:11:38This so-called autonomy resulted in the creation of Bonovina, the dukedom of Croatia.
00:11:45It included a part of the ancient historic Croatian territory in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
00:11:51Vladko Maciek became leader of the Croatian Peasant Party after Ratija's assassination and was the political leader of the dukedom.
00:12:00But he did not have time to gain any greater independence for Croatia due to the terror about to grip
00:12:07Europe.
00:12:07Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich had begun their relentless and brutal assault in Europe.
00:12:13Benito Mussolini joined the Führer, aligning his fascist Italy with Nazi Germany.
00:12:19The Yugoslav Kingdom was militarily defeated in 1941.
00:12:25This led to parts of Croatia being annexed to Italy and Hungary,
00:12:29and the rest of Croatia occupied by Nazi Germany and fascist Italy.
00:12:34Yugoslavia no longer existed.
00:12:37A Croatian separatist group called Ustasa, a fascist group centered around Ante Pavlec,
00:12:44who had lived and trained in Mussolini's Italy, gained wide influence during the war.
00:12:49In spite of the centuries-old desire for an independent state,
00:12:54the majority of Croats were deeply disappointed with the Pavlec regime,
00:12:58not only because of the circumstances that brought him to power,
00:13:01but because of his trading Croatian territory, especially to the advantage of Italy,
00:13:07which again received a part of the Croatian coast and some islands.
00:13:11These losses of Croatian land cannot be compensated,
00:13:16although he manages to gain Bosnian territories up to the Drina River.
00:13:20Parts of Croatia become unsafe due to the terror of the Serbs,
00:13:25who cannot reconcile themselves to the creation of a Croatian state.
00:13:31The regime also brought misfortune to many Serbs, Jews, Gypsies, and Croats,
00:13:37with its goal of having ethnically pure Croatian territories.
00:13:41Mass executions were organized in the infamous Jatsunovac concentration camp.
00:13:47Undoubtedly, this is one of the darkest periods of Croatian history.
00:13:53When Hitler attacked the Soviet Union,
00:13:56Croatian communists and anti-fascists formed a movement which engaged in armed conflicts.
00:14:02The leader of this partisan movement was Josip Braz Tito, a Croat from the same region as Tuchman.
00:14:10Tito spent many years in Russia as a member of the Communist Party
00:14:14before returning to Yugoslavia just before the outbreak of World War II.
00:14:18Croatian anti-fascists, communist partisans, and the Croatian Peasants Party
00:14:24become a powerful and successful military force fighting the Nazis and fascists,
00:14:30while the Serbian mass rebellion collapses.
00:14:33Franjo Tujman, his father, and both brothers all join the anti-fascist movement fighting with the partisans.
00:14:42I joined in 1941, the anti-fascist movement,
00:14:45to the school of the anti-fascist movement,
00:14:47precisely because of the most part of the Croatian people against the fascism.
00:14:52The Croatian people wanted to rise in the 1941. Yugoslavia.
00:14:56They wanted their own country.
00:14:57But the majority of the Croatian people saw that this Croatian freedom
00:15:02would not be able to do the anti-fascist movement in the region of the Nazi-Fascist Europe,
00:15:08and in addition to the NDH, which was established in the region of Hitler's new order.
00:15:18I was not a communist man before the war.
00:15:22I was not a communist man before the war.
00:15:23I was a young man who was under the influence and under the influence of democratic and pacifistic ideas of
00:15:33the world.
00:15:34But the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, the Communist Party of the Croatia,
00:15:42the Croatian Communist Party, came up with such a program,
00:15:44which was promising in the national and democratic sense.
00:15:49Franjo's brother, Stefan, was killed in 1943 by the Nazis.
00:15:56Tujman was the founder as well as the editor-in-chief of the partisan newspaper,
00:16:01the announcement of the Croatian Zagorier.
00:16:06Along the way the Tujman family began to doubt the aims of the anti-fascist struggle.
00:16:12They feared that after the war Yugoslavia could be resurrected
00:16:16and with it another Serbian dictatorship over the Croats.
00:16:20This was not idle speculation.
00:16:22The Serbs had already begun to dominate the partisan movement
00:16:26and soon thereafter a leading Croatian, Andrea Hebran,
00:16:30was removed from his leadership position within the anti-fascist movement.
00:16:35While there had been a significant number of Serbs who had sided with the Germans,
00:16:40a far greater majority resisted the Nazi occupation.
00:16:43Some joined the Communist-led partisans fighting alongside Croats.
00:16:48Others joined the royalist forces known as Chetniks.
00:16:51Unfortunately, partisans ended up fighting the Chetniks as much as they fought the Germans.
00:16:56And the Chetniks occasionally collaborated with the Nazis to put down the partisans.
00:17:01It seemed everyone wanted to be on the winning side.
00:17:04As the war ended, the various forces jockeyed for position of control of the new Yugoslavia.
00:17:10Many Chetniks joined the partisans and then grabbed leadership positions in the new Yugoslavian army.
00:17:19World War II had ended in Europe.
00:17:22Military operations had ceased.
00:17:24But tragically, one last genocide was yet to occur.
00:17:27This time, to Croatians.
00:17:29A huge massacre at Blyberg on the Austrian border was the focal point of a post-war liquidation of what
00:17:37could have been as many as a quarter of a million Croatians at the hands of Tito's communist army and
00:17:43Serbian-controlled partisans.
00:17:45As well as forced death marches inflicted on soldiers, civilians, religious leaders and other Croatians as Tito began to consolidate
00:17:54his power for his new Yugoslavia.
00:17:59Yugoslavia was now resurrected.
00:18:01This second incarnation would no longer be a dictatorship masquerading as a monarchy.
00:18:08Tito would turn it into a reign of terror dictatorship masquerading as communism.
00:18:13Although the six separate socialist republics maintained statehood on paper, everything was subordinated to the grand Yugoslav ideal.
00:18:22Its continuing focus was to annihilate the national and cultural identities of every group but the Serbs.
00:18:29At the end of the 45th century, he was courted by some kind of Croatian anti-fascist camp.
00:18:40But he was a citizen of the 40th century and he saw who he was with.
00:18:46When he was with Petrero.
00:18:50He came to the establishment in Belgrade and said,
00:18:54My son, why did we fight for this?
00:18:55The theory of the kind of Croatian.
00:18:58Although Tito was a Croatian,
00:19:00he exhibited no preferential treatment to Croatian.
00:19:03On the contrary,
00:19:04he allowed the Serbs to control the Communist Party and the Yugoslavian army.
00:19:111946, Franjo Tujman, a decorated war hero for his service with the partisans, was sent to the Advanced Military Academy
00:19:18in Belgrade, although he was not fully attracted to a career in the army.
00:19:25The Communists pursued their vendetta against the Croats. Later in 1946, Tujman's father Stefan, one of the principal founders of
00:19:34the anti-fascist movement in Croatia, was murdered along with Franjo's stepmother in their home due to their critical opposition
00:19:42of the new Communist government.
00:19:44The executions were performed by the Yugoslav police, whose task it was to eliminate all ideological opponents to Tito's new
00:19:52government.
00:19:54The Communists destroyed many houses of worship as they began to assume control of the country. Catholic churches and Muslim
00:20:02mosques were targeted, as well as their spiritual leaders.
00:20:06The Communist campaign against the Catholic Church in Croatia focused on its most distinguished representative, the Archbishop of Zagreb, Dr.
00:20:15Aloysius Stepinets.
00:20:17Stepinets refused to secede from the Vatican and establish a separate Croatian Catholic Church.
00:20:23A symbol of the spiritual resistance against the Communist regime, in 1946, Stepinets was sentenced to 16 years in prison.
00:20:32While in prison, he was elevated to Cardinal by Pope Pius XII.
00:20:37Despite many protests from around the world, Stepinets remained in custody until his death.
00:20:44Communist Yugoslavia was set up as a federal republic with a promise from Tito for equality for all its nations.
00:20:50That promise was never fulfilled. The Serbs controlled Yugoslavia.
00:20:56Tito balanced Yugoslavia between the USSR and the West. By not falling under the control of Stalin, he was able
00:21:03to gain economic support from the capitalist West,
00:21:06but he refused to relinquish his autocratic control under communism.
00:21:13Franyo Tudjman spent his first ten years after the war serving in the Ministry of Defense, yet all the while
00:21:19he opposed the growing centralization of the state.
00:21:23During this time, he married Ankitsa, whom he met while fighting with the partisans.
00:21:28They had two sons, Miroslav and Stefan, and one daughter, Nevenka.
00:21:36Growing disinterested in his bureaucratic work, Tudjman began his writing career, publishing essays on modern European history and his first
00:21:45book, The War Against War.
00:21:47In this work, he claims that the partisan fight in Croatia was part of an anti-fascist struggle which was
00:21:54working toward the end of all wars permanently.
00:21:58He began to publish works which took issue with the prevailing Yugoslav propagandist history.
00:22:05Tudjman suggested that every nation in Yugoslavia, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro and Macedonia,
00:22:13should all have their own territorial defense troops to be activated in case of war.
00:22:19An idea which at the time was near blasphemous.
00:22:22Nevertheless, it was accepted by Tito in the late 1960s after the occupation of Czechoslovakia by the Soviets.
00:22:30As assistant editor of the Yugoslavian Military Encyclopedia, Tudjman clashed with the other editors who were dismissing the role of
00:22:38the Croatian anti-fascist forces as they rewrote the history of the first half of the century.
00:22:44Tudjman refused to be silenced. He argued until finally Marshal Tito himself was consulted and he took Tudjman's side.
00:22:53Inspired by his wrangling with the other historians, Tudjman decided to promulgate a view that was more in line with
00:22:59the true events of history.
00:23:01He published a volume entitled The Creation of Socialist Yugoslavia.
00:23:05In it, he described the true dimensions of the partisan war in Croatia during World War II, but this work
00:23:12received much opposition from Serbian historians.
00:23:17By now, Tudjman had grown rather unpopular with the Serbians in power. He retired from the army in 1961 at
00:23:24the age of 38 and left with the rank of Major General.
00:23:28Tudjman the warrior now made the inevitable transition to Tudjman the scholar. From 1961 to 1967, he held the position
00:23:37of director of the Institute for the History of the Party in Croatia.
00:23:41He held a number of senior political positions during this period as well, while also teaching as a professor of
00:23:48history at the University of Zagreb. His ideas continued to cause conflict.
00:23:55Zagreb in the 1960s, a Croatian city which had existed for a millennium, still kept the dream of the return
00:24:02of Croatian statehood alive as it tried to recover from the physical, emotional and intellectual invasion of the communist dictatorship.
00:24:12Tudjman joined the intellectual circle which surrounded Miroslav Karlisha, considered the greatest Croatian writer of the time.
00:24:21Tudjman earned his doctorate in 1965. His dissertation concerned the history of the first Yugoslavia after World War I.
00:24:30However, the current Yugoslavian elite would not allow his thesis to be published as it conflicted with the party line.
00:24:38Tudjman was once again faced with the fact that the Serbs preferred to blame the Croats for the disintegration of
00:24:44the first Yugoslavia and for the horrors which befell the region in World War II.
00:24:51Tudjman continued to assault the prevailing Serb-dominated published history of Yugoslavia. An example was the reality of Jasinovaks, where
00:25:00his work helped remove the Nazi label the Serbs had pinned on the Croats.
00:25:04Tudjman was clear that the NTH was caused by the corruption, but the other thing is that if it was
00:25:12there, as it was actually, according to my recognition,
00:25:16it was made of 30 and 40 thousand people, the Serbs, the Cigars and the Croatian anti-fascists,
00:25:23because if that number was terrible, then it could be a part of one regime. But if it was said
00:25:30that there was more than half a million to half a million,
00:25:33then it was clear that it was a crime of all the people.
00:25:37Some say there is collective guilt that all are responsible for the actions of some collaborators.
00:25:48I don't subscribe to that personally. It's not a Christian principle.
00:25:55And one of the great speeches given by President Reagan was in his visit to Germany, which had been an
00:26:03enemy area in World War II.
00:26:07And the great speech given at the end of his trip was in which he recognized some very horrible things
00:26:14done by the Nazis against not only Jewish people, other people,
00:26:19but particularly against Jewish people who were killed because they were Jewish. There was genocide.
00:26:24But in his speech, he said, we cannot accept. And he said, we Americans cannot accept the concept of collective
00:26:32guilt.
00:26:33Croatian people never were part of the Nazi government, that this was a small, quizzling government, a very small percentage
00:26:40of the people.
00:26:41And somehow the whole nation of Croatia has been tainted. But I think what I pointed out in the book
00:26:48and what struck me is that
00:26:50President Trichman was not parochial in his approach. He took not only the honor of the people of Croatia that
00:26:59he was defending,
00:27:00but he said the memory of the Jewish people who died were offended. The people who are attacking Croatia and
00:27:08creating new historical facts,
00:27:10which are not facts, are also demeaning the memory of the Jewish people who died at the hands of the
00:27:16Nazis.
00:27:18Although he was able to defend his doctoral thesis successfully, his opposition to the official interpretation of historical events
00:27:26made Dr. Trichman's life more difficult. Trichman's work exposing the policies of hegemony apparent in the first Yugoslavia
00:27:35made him very aware of the same policies flourishing in the second Yugoslavia.
00:27:41Alexander Rankovic, the Serbian chief of police and vice president of Yugoslavia, sought to eliminate a variety of ethnic and
00:27:49nationalistic leanings
00:27:50in his pursuit of Serbanization of Yugoslavia. Fortunately for history, Rankovic eventually proved to be a threat to his boss
00:27:59Tito and was removed from power in 1966.
00:28:04After the fall of Rankovic and his state security forces, Croatians began to feel more at ease.
00:28:11Croatian scholars took the bold step of defending the unique Croatian language, citing all the Croatian literary works written since
00:28:19the Middle Ages.
00:28:20However, Belgrade ignored them and continued to impose the Serbian language on the Croats.
00:28:25Angered, Croat scholars composed a manifesto entitled, Declaration on the Name and Condition of the Standard Croatian Language.
00:28:35The Yugoslav communists branded the Croats as dangerous subversives and many were persecuted and lost their jobs.
00:28:43Trichman's institute is branded as one of the nursing grounds for the subversion and Trichman himself was labeled a dissident
00:28:49and forced into an early retirement at the age of 45.
00:29:00The persecution by the Yugoslavian state did not discourage the Croats as they received encouragement from young Croatian communists
00:29:08who were coming to power in the late 1960s.
00:29:13Trichman published his next book, Great Ideas and Small Nations.
00:29:17In it, he analyzed the lost illusions of Pan-Slobism and the unsuccessful idea that one could create a common
00:29:25state of all Southern Slavs.
00:29:27Trichman concluded, quote,
00:29:30All these and similar utopian allusions keep reminding us that the great and ruling nations always try to use great
00:29:37ideas,
00:29:38including the idea of socialist internationalism or universal integration or the so-called free democracy,
00:29:45against the small and subordinated nations.
00:29:50The early 1970s brought new developments to the Yugoslavian political scene.
00:29:56The official Croatian communist government opposed the Yugoslavian communist hegemony
00:30:02and formally requested that the second Yugoslavia become a federation of individual nations.
00:30:08Trichman re-entered the political arena and pushed for this multinational confederation.
00:30:13The movement toward confederacy struck a chord in all Croatians.
00:30:18It was given momentum and force by the students at the University of Zagreb,
00:30:22as well as students from other Croatian schools.
00:30:25But it was not to be.
00:30:27Tito, although he looked favorably on the Croatian ideas in the beginning,
00:30:31changed his mind under pressure from his Belgrade generals.
00:30:35Tito soon removed Croatian patriots from their powerful positions in his communist elite,
00:30:40as Serbs and the older hard-line Croatian communists seized power in Croatia.
00:30:491972.
00:30:50Croatian spring becomes Serbian summer.
00:30:54Many Croatian intellectuals were imprisoned.
00:30:56Dr. Tishman was arrested and sentenced to two years in prison,
00:31:00as well as being prohibited to speak in public.
00:31:03His punishment in comparison to others is relatively light,
00:31:07thanks to the intervention of Miroslav Krleža, who was a close friend of Tito.
00:31:12I could not be able to remove the open.
00:31:18I did not want to leave the regime, but I was invited to the universities and the institutes.
00:31:26I could go to Germany, Sweden, Canada, and even to America.
00:31:31I did not.
00:31:32I did not go because I knew that the war will be resolved.
00:31:45In the early 1970s, the future of the Croatian people did not look bright.
00:31:51Many of their intellectuals and young leaders were in prison.
00:31:54When released, Tishman withdrew from public protest.
00:31:57It was very interesting to me that the regime wanted to leave,
00:32:03because it would be easier for me to have a hapse,
00:32:07as a partisan memory of anti-fашism, as a general, as a professor.
00:32:13He would not break his silence until 1977 when he spoke on Swedish television.
00:32:19One year later, he gave an interview to a Croatian newspaper.
00:32:23And then, in 1980, Dr. Tishman was interviewed on West German TV.
00:32:29By now, the communist government was furious.
00:32:32The Zagreb press branded him as a dangerous counter-revolutionary.
00:32:36And the secret police placed him under surveillance.
00:32:44That same year, in 1980, Tito, the communist dictator,
00:32:48who had kept Yugoslavia united for 35 years, died.
00:32:52Even though he had amended the constitution to give the republics more independence,
00:32:58in reality, very little had changed.
00:33:01Serves in Belgrade continued to suppress all forms of Croatian nationalism.
00:33:07Dr. Tishman became the first victim in the post-Tito era.
00:33:11As a well-known Croatian dissident, he is put on political trial,
00:33:15an object lesson for other nationalists.
00:33:17All of Dr. Tishman's interviews are used against him.
00:33:21Accused of, quote, falsely presenting the situation in Croatia, unquote,
00:33:25he is sentenced to three more years in prison,
00:33:28with an additional five-year ban on public appearances.
00:33:31Tishman defended his actions and words, explaining,
00:33:35I belong to the kind of people who cannot fatalistically reconcile themselves to injustice.
00:33:40When I arrived in 1982, I returned to the prison,
00:33:44two Udbovts called to talk to me and tried to tell me where I am.
00:33:50And I said to them, listen, listen, I don't want to talk to them.
00:33:55Where I was with you, somewhere at the prison.
00:33:58You have created a office-up club where Joey B. B. Cody died at a waiting meeting in prison.
00:34:09Where the one of W. kennenler lived up to you,
00:34:12and I wouldn't think that dr. Franklin才 Tjuckmann's work was done in prison.
00:34:23He said, what do you mean?
00:34:26I said, what do you mean?
00:34:26I said, what do you mean?
00:34:27I said, what do you mean?
00:34:28I said, what do you mean?
00:34:29Now I'm in your hands, but back.
00:34:49His analysis not only of the ethnic issues facing Yugoslavia, but also the British Isles, the Soviet Union, and Eastern
00:34:56Europe earned him great respect.
00:34:59The Croats realized their dream of freedom after Tito's death would not happen easily.
00:35:05In fact, things got worse under the rule of Serbian Slobodan Milosevic.
00:35:09Milosevic started yet another campaign of Serbian hegemony, using the United Yugoslavia ideal as a cover for Serbian domination of
00:35:18Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, and the other republics.
00:35:22In 1988, Milosevic cracked down on Albanian dissenters in Kosovo in Southern Serbia.
00:35:28His message was clear, accept Serbian rule or expect war.
00:35:34The Albanians in Southern Serbia were persecuted.
00:35:37What small and frail autonomy they did have was forcibly removed when Milosevic suspended parliament and moved troops into the
00:35:45area.
00:35:46Suddenly, Kosovo was a police state.
00:35:49Voivodina, once part of Croatia and Hungary, also had her autonomy stripped away.
00:35:56Milosevic, fresh from abolishing these two provinces using old school communist barbarism, now turned his eyes towards other nations.
00:36:04His Yugoslav army, led by Serbs and Montenegrins, proved to be a powerful trump card due to its imposing size.
00:36:13Slovenia, a republic situated in the far west of Yugoslavia, did not interest him.
00:36:18He was enamored of Croatia.
00:36:20With Milosevic at the helm, Serbia wished to realize its ancient dream, access to the Adriatic Sea.
00:36:28He sought control of the Dalmatian coast and the ancient city of Dubrovnik, where the Croats had lived since the
00:36:357th century.
00:36:36Milosevic also wanted Slovonia, a region in northern Croatia rich in oil and agriculture.
00:36:42The official government in Croatia was silent, fearful to take a stand.
00:36:48But Croatian dissidents, including Tudjman, recognizing the imminent danger, raised their voices against Serbia.
00:36:55Around this time, public pressure mounted in Yugoslavia to allow other political parties to exist besides the communists.
00:37:03This hadn't been allowed since World War II.
00:37:06In February 1989, Dr. Franjo Tudjman and his colleagues founded the Croatian Democratic Union.
00:37:14Time and circumstances were now very favorable for Tudjman.
00:37:18His book, Horrors of War, is published in Croatia.
00:37:22In it, he analyzed myths and wars from ancient to modern times.
00:37:27Tudjman traveled to the United States and Canada to gain the much-needed support of the more than 2 million
00:37:34Croatian immigrants, advocating his goal of an independent Croatian state.
00:37:39By 1990, it was clear that nothing could stop the renaissance of Croatia.
00:37:45The Croatian Democratic Union and Dr. Tudjman had won the support of Croatian people everywhere.
00:37:51The communists were forced to allow the first free elections in Croatia since World War II.
00:37:58Tudjman and his party won an absolute majority.
00:38:01Communism was dead in Croatia.
00:38:21Communism was dying all over Europe.
00:38:24Germany reunited.
00:38:26The Soviet Union collapsed.
00:38:28Serbia was now the only country in Europe where the communists stayed in power.
00:38:33Tudjman and his party assumed control of the Croatian government.
00:38:37Dr. Franjo Tudjman became the first president of the modern Croatian state, the Republic of Croatia.
00:38:46By the end of 1990, Croatia had a new constitution and the Republic of Croatia was declared an independent and
00:38:54sovereign state.
00:38:57On paper, however, the Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia still existed and the Serbs did not want to relinquish control easily.
00:39:05The overpowering Yugoslav army was on alert, waiting for Belgrade to signal the attack on the new Croatia.
00:39:15Milosevic begins to mount his full-scale military attack.
00:39:19He first goes after Slovenia, though that is not his real goal.
00:39:24Croatia is next to break all ties with Yugoslavia based on a referendum.
00:39:2995% of Croatians voted for full independence.
00:39:35Milosevic counts on the Serbs who live in Croatia.
00:39:39These Serbs were originally settled there systematically after 1945 as part of a long-range plan
00:39:46in order to be in the position to cut off vital traffic lines, especially along the greater Serbian demarcation line.
00:39:53The plan is now becoming reality, and the roadblocks almost succeed in cutting off the south from the north of
00:40:01Croatia.
00:40:02It becomes quite obvious that the grand idea is to create a Serbian mini-state inside Croatia, with Canin as
00:40:11its center.
00:40:15The Serbian army finally receives its commands from Belgrade, attack Croatia by land, sea, and air.
00:40:2390% of the Serbians living in Croatia choose to join the attack on their long-time Croatian neighbors.
00:40:31Croatia is caught totally unprepared.
00:40:35Local policemen and volunteers sacrifice themselves while Dr. Tuchman seeks weapons wherever possible.
00:40:42Within a few months, Croatia succeeds in creating an army.
00:40:47Despite overwhelming odds, the Croats would not go down easily.
00:40:52With the exception of Vukovar, the Serbs and their well-equipped Yugoslav army could not conquer any large Croatian city.
00:41:00While Vukovar resisted surrender, heroically defended by its residents and volunteers for months, Tuchman continued to build and equip a
00:41:10Croatian army.
00:41:11Many Yugoslav army barracks in Croatia were surrounded by Croatian forces, preventing them from taking any offensive action.
00:41:19Some Serbs surrender, while others were captured.
00:41:22The Croats allowed many to return to their homes.
00:41:26Tuchman and his military operations were successful, but he wanted to end the war.
00:41:31He offered to start cease-fire and peace negotiations appealing to the international community.
00:41:37At first, the governments of Western Europe did not respond.
00:41:41However, citizens of the world began to protest the atrocities inflicted upon the Croatian people.
00:41:46I am indeed very much aware of the tragedy and have been explaining it wherever I have spoken, either in
00:41:53this country or in the United States.
00:41:56At first, people had been given to understand, wrongly, that it was just a question, serious as though that is,
00:42:04of civil war between two different groups.
00:42:07They needed to be informed that it was between communist Serbia, who has taken control both of the army and
00:42:15of the country, and democratic Croatia and Slovenia, both of whom had exercised their right to become independent.
00:42:28I then duly explained that Croatia and Slovenia have no army.
00:42:34They have only got the weapons they can capture and the ones they can get hold of, and they are
00:42:40entitled to a right of self-defense against those who attack them.
00:42:47After a long siege, Vukovar finally fell and met a horrible fate.
00:42:53Serbs ravaged the conquered city without pausing.
00:42:56They even executed the wounded lying in Vukovar hospital.
00:43:17Serbian guns begin the attack on Dubrovnik.
00:43:21More than 11,000 shells fall upon the world-famous medieval Croatian city.
00:43:26I think now that many, many people know the Adriatic coast, and that means that they have some kind of
00:43:34personal touch and contact with them.
00:43:37But I must make it quite clear, in my view, the West should be on the side of liberty and
00:43:43democracy and justice.
00:43:45And the more we can get home to people, the true situation, and this is happening in the heart of
00:43:51Europe, and that the cries of the Croatian people are not being heard, the more we can awaken them to
00:43:59the true position.
00:44:00I should say, by way of comfort, that there are now a number of organizations who are trying to help
00:44:07the Croatians with practical help.
00:44:09In fact, I stood up when Croatia was attacked, in September 1991.
00:44:17There was then this, we asked, Ostia asked as the first member country of the Security Council,
00:44:22a special meeting of the Security Council must take place because there was a secretion going on from the Serb
00:44:29government against Croatia.
00:44:32Then the first meeting which took place of the Security Council in this business was practically in a meeting of
00:44:42foreign ministers.
00:44:43But I still remember the French Foreign Minister said, we have to intervene, otherwise all the rules of international law
00:44:53in the United States will be neglected.
00:44:55And he said, quoted a famous French philosopher, who said that strength, force, without the rule of law leads to
00:45:10tyranny.
00:45:12But the rules of law without strings makes it ridiculous.
00:45:17Serbian airplanes bombed the presidential residence in the very center of the old city of Zagreb.
00:45:23Just two minutes earlier, Dr. Tudjman had left that part of the building, avoiding an attempt on his life for
00:45:29the second time.
00:45:35International mediators managed to negotiate a Christmas ceasefire in December of 1991.
00:45:41Croatia had managed to survive, with one third of it still occupied, and the cities on the coast still threatened.
00:45:48And towards the end of 1991, with the international recognition beginning of Croatia by several European states and the Vatican,
00:46:00the U.S. position changed.
00:46:03And we accepted, I say we, the Americans, officially.
00:46:08I was very pleased with that, because I always felt, and I was a very strong advocate for the small
00:46:16countries in Africa.
00:46:17They had the right to independence.
00:46:19And I was very pleased that Czechoslovakia then became really independent again in Hungary and Poland.
00:46:27And I myself asked, why not?
00:46:30But actually, when I was the ambassador to the Vatican, the Vatican asked me to send that to Washington.
00:46:36Why not Croatia?
00:46:37Why not Slovenia?
00:46:38So, finally it happened.
00:46:41In January 1992, the Republic of Croatia is recognized by many other countries, including the United States.
00:46:49Croatian morale reached even greater heights when Croatia became a member of the United Nations.
00:46:54I was also, within my country, one of the supporters of the need for recognition of sovereignty and independence.
00:47:10That is because I thought I did not to do it for, because I thought of this.
00:47:27This was a way to find out more quickly to a peaceful and peaceful system of the EU's climate and
00:47:35Europe.
00:47:35and I think that the political of my country should be, after such a long period of incomprension,
00:47:46to be in front of the new states that emerged for the release of the Federated Yugoslavia.
00:47:54For this I wanted to bring the recognition of the Italian Republic
00:48:01and I arrived at Zagabria the day prevailed for the recognition.
00:48:12In a very difficult day for the Croazia, there was still a state of tension,
00:48:21with the federal army, I passed close to the border of the combat
00:48:28and I found myself in a Zagabria entusiasta,
00:48:32I found myself in a Zagabria that, with a lot of maturity,
00:48:36but also with a lot of fervour, celebrated its independence,
00:48:42but he was also able to defend it.
00:48:44The UN now sends forces to preserve the ceasefire and help with realising the peace agreement.
00:48:51Tuchman won the presidential election with a large majority,
00:48:54but he is faced now with seemingly insurmountable problems.
00:48:58The communist regime and the war had left Croatia's economy in shambles.
00:49:04Tuchman worked feverishly to transform Croatia into a capitalistic system.
00:49:09It was not an easy task, as the war had exhausted financial resources
00:49:14and was still keeping tourists away.
00:49:17Tuchman is tireless in his goal to rebuild Croatia,
00:49:20but circumstances forced him into a risky alliance with the leader of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
00:49:25Bosnia-Herzegovina is comprised of three separate ethnic groups,
00:49:31Bosnian Muslims, Croats and Serbs.
00:49:33In medieval times, Bosnia had been part of Croatia,
00:49:37but eventually became independent.
00:49:39When the Ottomans invaded Europe, they conquered Bosnia,
00:49:42but they were stopped by the Croats.
00:49:44Still, many Islamic people settled in the region
00:49:47and their descendants were now persecuted by the Serbs.
00:49:51Now the Serb-led Yugoslav army attacks the Croats and Muslims
00:49:55in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
00:49:57Over 70,000 Muslims and Croats are massacred.
00:50:02The international city of Sarajevo is kept under siege for the next five years,
00:50:07with huge sections destroyed.
00:50:10Tuchman promised to provide everything in Croatia's power
00:50:13to secure freedom and safety for all the Croats living in the region.
00:50:17While his army fought, he went forward into diplomatic channels.
00:50:22Aliya Izabegovic, the Bosnian Muslim leader, could not stop the Serbs by himself.
00:50:27Yet the world powers were reluctant to help him with his idea
00:50:30to create a small Muslim state in Europe.
00:50:33He formed an army, but rather than go directly at the Serbian front,
00:50:37he initially attacked the Croats in Bosnia-Herzegovina,
00:50:41thinking he could grab some of the Croatian coast.
00:50:43Luckily for all concerned, he changed direction,
00:50:47and with the help of the United States,
00:50:49an agreement was soon forged between Tuchman and Izabegovic.
00:50:53The agreement set up a Croat and Muslim joint federation in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
00:50:59Allied with Izabegovic, Dr. Tuchman now devoted himself
00:51:03to liberating the occupied territories in Croatia.
00:51:06He undertook limited military operations to push the Serbs back to key points in Dalmatia.
00:51:11While his soldiers fought, he exerted diplomatic pressure on the United Nations
00:51:16to declare formally that the occupied Croatian territory was indeed part of Croatia.
00:51:22The UN passed such a resolution.
00:51:25The spring of 1995, Tuchman ordered a surprise attack
00:51:29on the Serbian stronghold in western Slavonia.
00:51:32Traffic through Slavonia was now possible again,
00:51:35and the situation in northern Croatia was improved.
00:51:38Most world military experts assumed the Croatians would play a waiting game,
00:51:43taking no further actions, and they would have been correct
00:51:46had the Bosnian Serbs not threatened Bihač, a city close to the Croatian border.
00:51:52Tuchman is forced to deal with Serbs in western Bosnia and Croatia
00:51:56who were planning to unite into a small state.
00:51:58August 1995, Tuchman directed his army, now strong and well trained,
00:52:05to launch an attack on the Serb positions in the area of the Croatian Republic known as the Krajina.
00:52:11This massive military campaign, the largest of the war, surprised and overwhelmed the Serb forces,
00:52:18driving them to northern Bosnia in chaos.
00:52:20Unfortunately, the battle also created more than 150,000 Serbian refugees
00:52:27who had lived in the Krajina for generations.
00:52:30Despite Tuchman's invitation to come back to their homes, they have yet to return.
00:52:35Almost the entire territory of the Republic of Croatia had been secured.
00:52:40Tuchman celebrated and visited Canine, one of the capitals of the medieval Croatian state,
00:52:46which had been under Serbian control for over five years.
00:52:52Croatia celebrated her success on all fronts.
00:52:55The military situation in the region had been stabilized,
00:52:58and the Croatian army was now respected.
00:53:01I wish that many people did not live together with us.
00:53:08Who did it.
00:53:20The world was like this as you were.
00:53:25The world told me that God was becoming a god to destroy the world.
00:53:34And he could only create an image of a person who was created.
00:53:37And how is that world? The most valuable and the most commonplace that can be, with the greatest moral, ethical,
00:53:54cultural and scientific effects.
00:53:57But at the same time, the most successful, the worst, the most unhappy. It is hard to think that it
00:54:07can be worse and worse. But there is no other way.
00:54:25The world is by war between Croatian Prince Branamer and the Roman Catholic Church from the 9th century. All Croatians
00:54:31savored the spiritual return to Western European Civilization.
00:54:36Serbia still retained control of the Croatian part of the Damriol Valley. Tujman decided to reintegrate this region peacefully.
00:54:44The terms worked out allowed Croatian authority to return to the area in July, 1997.
00:54:50At the peak of his success, Tudjman suddenly became ill and traveled to Washington, D.C. for special tests.
00:54:57But the actual diagnosis remains inconclusive.
00:55:01Returning to Croatia, Tudjman paid a surprise and risky visit to Vukovar, which was still in Serb hands,
00:55:07although United States General Klein had it under temporary administration.
00:55:121997. Tudjman is now 75 years old.
00:55:16He can look back on his accomplishments and be satisfied.
00:55:20He is the creator and president of the modern Croatian state.
00:55:24His wife heads a relief organization for the children of Croatia.
00:55:28His country is once again alive and on the road to success.
00:55:33I have met more times Tudjman and I can say that I have made with him a relationship of friendship.
00:55:44L'ho trovato nelle sue funzioni di presidente, prima di eminenti leader politico, prima della Costituzione dello Stato croato,
00:55:54poi nella sua posizione di leader e presidente della nuova Croazia.
00:56:02L'ho conosciuto anche sul piano personale, l'ho conosciuto con la sua famiglia, con i suoi figli, con i
00:56:08suoi nipotini,
00:56:10nelle incantevoli cornici di Brioni nel quale egli mi ha abitato.
00:56:14E' quella di Tudjman è una figura molto complessa.
00:56:19Egli da giovane è stato un patriota, ha perduto anche il fratello nella guerra di liberazione contro il nazifascismo.
00:56:27E' stato uno dei più giovani generali dell'armata di Tito, è stato un brillante professore di storia,
00:56:37attraverso questa sua lunga meditazione è diventato uno dei primi leader della rinascita croata,
00:56:48si è affermato come leader democratico, come combattente, come presidente.
00:56:57E' un uomo di grande finezza, di grande simpatia umana, ma anche di grande finezza politica,
00:57:05basata sulla sua cultura, chiaramente sulla sua esperienza.
00:57:09Kao djete, imao sam dva ovako ideala.
00:57:15Da ne budem nikad vojnik, da sam razliorat, krv, nisam mogo gledati pile,
00:57:25da ne budem nikad vojnik.
00:57:28E i liecchik, iz isti razlogi, nisam mogo ponosnato.
00:57:34Kao što vedete, život me prisilio da budem i vojnik,
00:57:40da provvedem ne samo 4 godine u Drugosvjetskom ratu,
00:57:44nego gotovo toliko godina i u Domovinskom ratu,
00:57:51na svoj način, na drugi način,
00:57:52ali ipak nije mi dopustio, znači da se palim
00:57:59onim što sam, čime sam se želio paliti, znači
00:58:06filozofijom, pisanjem,
00:58:09pa ni umetnoštvo na način, možda kakav,
00:58:13na želečni se li prezenti, žalio.
00:58:16I think he's one of the great leaders of the world,
00:58:19and he's proven himself in his leadership
00:58:21by past example, whether he was a fighter
00:58:26or a philosopher or a historian,
00:58:29but certainly a politician in the best sense of the world.
00:58:33Es ist so, dass er natürlich sein Land
00:58:36in einer außerordentlich schwierigen Zeit geführt hat.
00:58:41Er hat es zur Unabhängigkeit mehr geführt.
00:58:45Und was für uns wichtig war,
00:58:49ist, dass er immer die gute Zusammenarbeit
00:58:52mit der Europäischen Gemeinschaft
00:58:55und mit der Europäischen Union gesucht hat.
00:58:59Und das ist natürlich von großer Bedeutung
00:59:01für die friedliche Lösung der Probleme hier in der Region.
00:59:05I think he's a great politician and great,
00:59:08where then, I think he's heard the peace
00:59:12in Bosna-Herzegovina.
00:59:15And definitely he's heard the Krošia,
00:59:18because some part of the Krošia was under occupation.
00:59:25And then he's heard the Krošia just to
00:59:30creating the economical atmosphere.
00:59:33And Krošia is one of the developed countries now
00:59:39in the Central Europe.
00:59:41As human being, I have seen him all the time,
00:59:47very, very sensitive about the bloodshed.
00:59:54And then, he tried to do everything to stop the bloodshed.
01:00:04The promotion of Tudjman's book, Horrors of War,
01:00:07takes place at the Harvard Club in New York City.
01:00:14Dr. Frangio Tudjman made it clear
01:00:16to those who will govern after he is gone
01:00:19that Krošia should have no interest in Balkan integration.
01:00:23Krošia is a country which belongs to and shares in
01:00:27a Western European spiritual and cultural heritage,
01:00:31as it has for over a thousand years.
01:00:35I think he's a great man in these events
01:00:40of regaining national independence and democracy
01:00:43for those countries down there.
01:00:45It was a very interesting combination,
01:00:49but not too unusual in history
01:00:51when you look at who emerges
01:00:54as a leader in a new state,
01:00:58particularly after a struggle.
01:01:00If you look at our own George Washington
01:01:03after the struggle against the British
01:01:05to free the country,
01:01:07and you look, for example,
01:01:09at Charles de Gaulle after World War II,
01:01:12in another way, Adenauer,
01:01:14it was a different set of circumstances,
01:01:16when Germany was destroyed
01:01:17and he emerged from the ashes
01:01:20to give leadership.
01:01:22He has those characteristics.
01:01:47At their time...
01:01:48So,
01:01:48So,op
01:01:48g
01:01:55THE END
01:02:25THE END
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