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00:08It was very quickly apparent that this was a powerful earthquake, and was growing in power.
00:23It was a terrifying moment seeing all the devastating power
00:38of tsunami.
00:40The news on the radio was talking about the Fukushima reactor.
00:44They said there's been an explosion at the nuclear plant, turn the car around and drive
00:49south.
00:56It was sort of a Chernobyl moment.
01:11If this were to be a really significant release of radio activity, would you have to evacuate
01:17Tokyo?
01:39On the 11th of March 2011, the largest tsunami to hit Japan for more than a thousand years
01:46devastated the east coast, leaving thousands dead or missing.
01:55But few knew that another emergency was brewing at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant.
02:06Professor Kuzuto Suzuki investigated the crisis.
02:11Fukushima Daiichi had six reactors, and four of them were located in coastal lines.
02:19After the earthquake, three operating reactors immediately shut down.
02:23So once the reactor was shut down, it was considered safe.
02:33But the tsunami breached the reactor buildings, leaving the power plant without power.
02:40Professor Tom Scott helped with the disaster clear-up.
02:44Part of the damage that was caused by the tsunami, pumping systems were disabled.
02:52The problem with light water reactors is that even though you may shut down and stop causing
02:58fission, the fuel will generate lots of residual heat.
03:02And it's essential that once you've turned off a reactor, that you continue to take away this residual heat.
03:10And if you fail to do so, the reactor core will get hotter and hotter and hotter.
03:19So the plant needed electricity, and for an extended period it couldn't get it.
03:27It couldn't keep those key parts cool.
03:29And that's when the crisis was turning into a potential disaster.
03:38The power company and its workers scrambled to avert a nuclear meltdown.
03:45It was very difficult to bring in off-site emergency response capability
03:51because of the debris and destruction caused by the tsunami,
03:55because roads were physically broken.
03:57So very much it was a situation that the power plant and the people on the power plant
04:02were volunteering to go into the plants to turn off key valves
04:05or to try and open key valves in some instances,
04:08to try and make sure that they could keep cooling those reactor cores.
04:11Those were very, very brave people.
04:13It was a moment when there were difficulties because of the lack of light and everything.
04:21So there was no way that the Fukushima Daiichi will restart the cooling system
04:28and therefore the fuels are starting to melt down.
04:38We had a situation where the fuel elements started to get very, very hot,
04:42started to generate steam, and we got a sort of runaway steam corrosion.
04:47What that meant is that lots of hydrogen was quickly produced
04:51and it started to fill the insides of the building.
04:55The release of hydrogen from the reactors made a very combustious mixture
05:00in the reactor halls of the wider building around them.
05:04Temperature started to rise and the clock began to tick.
05:11The government declared a nuclear emergency.
05:16But in the chaos after the tsunami, many were unaware of the crisis at the plant,
05:22including some who fled inland for Tsushima district with Mizue Kano to her centuries-old farmhouse.
05:31There were many people who went to Tsushima and came to the hospital.
05:35My friends, my friends, and the same apartment,
05:40there were 25 people who were not connected to the house.
05:45There were 25 people who were there, and I've been able to attend the hospital.
05:48There were also people who were in the hospital.
05:57Meanwhile, across Japan, thousands were still waiting for news of loved ones caught up in
06:03the tsunami. Like Kazuma Obara, now a photojournalist.
06:10In 2011, I was in Kyoto and I worked as a salesperson and financial company. My best
06:19friend's hometown is Minami-sanori town. It's really closed in Miyagi prefecture. It's like
06:28second hometown for me. I asked him, how was your parents? And then he just answered.
06:39The phone was dead, so he couldn't know if they are okay or not. I totally felt I'm
06:48powerless, but I wanted to do something. You know, I was in Osaka, so I could buy almost
06:56everything like fuel, food, water. So I bought the surprise for the disaster area and I picked
07:05up my best friends in Tokyo. And slowly and slowly I moved to the north.
07:16Financial Times bureau chief Muir Dickey was already reporting from the area.
07:22Looking around, it's almost impossible to believe that this was a bustling seaside town until that
07:28wall of water smashed through, turning the wooden houses into matchsticks.
07:33I don't think anything prepared me for the kind of scenes that I saw when we finally made
07:43it to the actual coast and this absolute devastation of towns and cities along it.
07:54I thought it was a large part of my wealth to the outside.
08:08I know there was a great sound, as you know.
08:10But I didn't even know what happened.
08:19a little spark will create the hydrogen explosion
08:29the hydrogen explosion basically blew out the building
08:35and this creates the visual impact that it was sort of a Chernobyl moment
08:45got a message from my editors in hong kong saying there's been an explosion at the plant
08:51that was the first time i realized that this was more than just worry about a nuclear plant that
08:59it was something very very serious plant worker yukio shirahige had fled home after the tsunami
09:09and saw the explosion on tv
09:47of course within that explosion the heat that's released you release radio
09:54active material up into the atmosphere but at the same time there was very little information
10:01about the spread of radioactivity and part of the reason for that is this site had 24 static monitors
10:08for measuring radiation but the tsunami took out 23 of those 24
10:14at her farmhouse mizue kano didn't yet know the source of the explosion
10:19but at that time there was an atmosphere that was made of steel
10:25so it was a good food that was made of steel
10:31so it was a good food that was made of steel
10:40so it felt like a cheap soup
10:44so it was made of steel
10:49and I really hurt my skin.
10:56Misuray began to fear the worst.
11:19I couldn't get out of the house.
11:31I didn't know what the hell was going on.
11:33I didn't know what to do at the time, but I felt that I couldn't run away from now.
11:51The picture that the first reactor building was blown away, that was the time that people recognized the seriousness of
12:02the problem.
12:04My view was that, oh, this is not the worst case yet.
12:15News of the explosion at Fukushima Daiichi spread around the world, but there was little information about the radiation risks
12:23for those on the ground.
12:27Everybody knew there was a very serious crisis at the plant, and the population was watching anxiously the updates from
12:39the government.
12:41But I think it was clear at times that the government itself was struggling to understand the situation about what
12:47was happening and the plant.
12:51Assurances that such a thing could never happen in the first place had been shown not to be warranted.
12:57So there was a great deal of confusion, a great deal of doubt, and a great deal of concern.
13:09The government ordered an evacuation for 20 kilometers around the plant.
13:14But in Tsushima district, Mizuei Kano was 10 kilometers beyond the zone, when she had unexpected visitors.
13:25The government ordered an evacuation for 20 kilometers away from the city.
13:32She was in the car on the ground.
13:33She was in a car on the ground.
13:35She was in a car on the ground, and she was in the car on the ground.
13:39And I was in a gas mask.
13:41She was wearing the gas mask.
13:43She was wearing a safe mask.
13:59Mizue had no idea who the people were, but she was scared, as were her neighbors.
14:15Now, I had only the clothes that I had, but I couldn't find it anymore.
14:22So, I made a good place for a dog, and I ran away.
14:29While thousands packed up and left, some feared the radiation could be blown south to Tokyo,
14:36triggering deadly stampedes as 30 million people tried to flee.
14:42If this were to be a really, really significant release of radioactivity,
14:46were those people genuinely in lots of danger?
14:49Would you have to evacuate Tokyo?
14:53People were scared. The Prime Minister was scared.
14:58We discovered later that the Prime Minister himself had started to think about the need to evacuate Tokyo,
15:08which in itself would have caused huge loss of life.
15:14The Prime Minister was thinking in those terms that this could turn into an extraordinary disaster.
15:26Fear of radiation continued to spread.
15:29And 100 kilometres north of the plant, the news reached communities hardest hit by the tsunami.
15:39People in the area, including in the disaster zone, were desperate to know what was happening at the plant,
15:47and also desperate to know what it meant.
15:52Richard Halberstadt was sheltering at Ishinomaki University.
15:58I ended up spending two nights just sleeping at the university with many of the other staff.
16:06Our main way of getting news from outside was using battery-driven radios.
16:12And so, of course, the news on the radio was talking about the Fukushima reactor.
16:20We knew when it was broadcast that there had been an explosion and so on, which was concerning for us.
16:27But ironically, not as concerning as maybe for other people,
16:32because we were so busy trying to look after ourselves from the earthquake and tsunami damage.
16:42Just north of Ishinomaki in Minamisan Riku, Kazuma Obara arrived to help search for his friend's relatives
16:50and reveal the devastation to the world.
16:55Since I was 16 years old, I wanted to be a photographer.
17:00I wanted to shoot. I wanted to document.
17:07There were 30 housing before the tsunami.
17:12When we arrived at the town, only two housing were still there.
17:17And my friend's house wasn't there.
17:25From the basement, everything was moved to somewhere.
17:30So, when my best friends saw that situation, he wasn't stopped crying.
17:49His grandfather was missing.
17:54And what he could do for him was just visiting the place where someone saw the grandfather at the last
18:08moment before the tsunami came.
18:10And he was just crying.
18:17And told something to his grandfather.
18:24I couldn't do anything for him.
18:26And I was just shooting.
18:28I was just shooting.
18:38The kind of level of trauma, the wave of trauma and distress that came in with the tsunami is hard
18:47to describe.
18:48But as a journalist, what you have to do is try to describe it.
18:51What you have to do is try to understand what happened and communicate it to the outside world.
18:57Soldiers, doctors, firemen, other relief groups are all working hard to try and bring some kind of semblance of normality
19:04back to people's lives.
19:06But just walking around this town is to sense the scale of the challenge.
19:15A friend came to find me partly to check that I was alive.
19:22And also, he gave me information which included the fact that one of our best friends had lost his life.
19:32Everything was so surreal and so completely removed from everyday life that I really didn't have a chance to kind
19:41of think about how I felt about anything.
19:44One of our other really good friends, who is a hotel owner, had converted the hotel into an evacuation shelter.
19:52And so my friend suggested that we go and meet him.
19:56So that's what I did.
20:00We had no electricity, no water, no gas.
20:05And it was cold because March is very, very cold in this area.
20:12So in all the clothes that we had 24 hours a day, huddling around little kerosene stoves and like shivering
20:21in bed clothes at night.
20:29Meanwhile, Ryoko Endo was stranded at Ishinomaki City Hall, believing her three children were sheltering across town at their school
20:38gymnasium.
20:40We were looking for many of the risks, and we helped him do this.
20:47We just had to get a deal with the medical support, and we made a decision-approved.
20:59So we must have helped keep our children safe and we stayed in life.
21:05And we worked in a safe and safe life.
21:06and so we were working together with theopolitical Center for our family.
21:06And we worked in a lot for the support of food and support.
21:08I think I was able to keep it in the middle of my life.
21:13If my children are still in the gym,
21:18I would like to go to school.
21:20I didn't think that much.
21:32100 km south at Fukushima Daiichi,
21:36after the explosion at Unit 1,
21:39workers were also trying to cool nuclear fuel
21:42in Units 2, 3 and 4.
21:47You have a series of reactors that are in trouble,
21:50but one of them blows up.
21:52Then your teams that are trying to work on the other reactor buildings
21:57are withdrawn because of the danger,
22:00and that made it very, very challenging
22:02to try and prevent similar hydrogen explosions in those other reactors.
22:08The key thing was to deliver cooling water
22:12to the parts of the plant that were getting too hot,
22:16and they tried various ways of doing that.
22:21The initial priority was just restoring electricity supply.
22:26They found, in fact, at one point,
22:29the plug and socket didn't fit for an emergency supply.
22:34Around 11am on the 14th of March,
22:37a second explosion blew the roof off reactor building 3.
22:43On the 15th, there were two further explosions.
22:47Effectively, it was the same mechanism each time.
22:51Build-up of hydrogen followed by an explosion,
22:53starting with Unit 1 and then with other units as well.
22:58The fourth reactor, which was not in operation,
23:02was also blown away because the hydrogen was leaked
23:07into the building of the fourth reactor
23:10because the third and fourth are connected.
23:17Three reactor buildings were now open to the elements,
23:20risking further radiation leaks into the atmosphere
23:24from the reactors or the spent fuel.
23:28Not only is there a requirement to keep the reactor core cooled,
23:33but there's also a requirement to keep the spent fuel ponds
23:36filled up with water and to keep the fuel cool in that as well.
23:41The spent fuel pools were on the high floors of the reactor.
23:48So when the steam explosion happened,
23:52then the spent fuel pool was also exposed to the air.
23:58If there was no cooling system,
24:01there'll be a meltdown of the spent fuel.
24:04It could cause fires among the uranium spent fuel
24:08with the potential for very large releases of radiation.
24:19The explosions that tore open Fukushima Daiichi's reactor buildings
24:24unexpectedly helped with the effort to cool overheating fuel,
24:28but at a huge cost.
24:33So what happened in the end was they were able to bring in military firefighting vehicles
24:40that could deliver large amounts of water into the cooling pond,
24:44and they were also able to flood the lower reactor areas with water.
24:51That averted the possibility for a much bigger disaster,
24:57but it also created this problem of lots and lots of radioactive contaminated water.
25:06The reactors had lost their integrity,
25:08so you can imagine each reactor core being like a broken teacup.
25:13You can keep pouring water into the top of the teacup,
25:16but the crack at the bottom will keep allowing water to flow out.
25:20So what that meant is,
25:22is as they continued to put water through the reactor cores,
25:25they produced more and more radioactively contaminated water
25:28that was physically draining to ground or they were having to pump out.
25:34The threat of explosions had passed,
25:37but workers at the plant still risked radiation exposure.
25:42Meanwhile, evacuees like Mizuei Kano were facing a trauma of their own,
25:47the stigma of contamination.
26:11It's a really painful moment.
26:14There are jobs, there are houses, there are birthplaces.
26:18These are all gone.
26:21So there are a lot of scars in the society by this incident.
26:27Many living beyond the 20km exclusion zone sheltered in their homes.
26:33One thing that I found quite harrowing actually was,
26:37for the people that had been displaced,
26:39they'd been displaced, they'd been moved away.
26:42But the people that lived just outside the exclusion zone,
26:46demonstrably sometimes they received more radioactive fallout
26:49than people inside the fallout zone,
26:50and yet they hadn't been relocated.
26:54Despite the risks, plant workers who had been evacuated days earlier
26:58were recalled to try and prevent further spread of radiation,
27:03including Yukio Shirahige,
27:05who supported the mission to cover Reactor Building 1.
27:08in India.
27:10?370
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27:38We had a good job at the hotel room, and the operator room, and the water management department.
27:47We had a good job at the service.
27:50We had a good job at the car and the vehicle management department.
28:01Kazuma Obara arrived in the exclusion zone.
28:09When I was a high school student, I already started having the interest to the nuclear industry.
28:16So I wanted to do something with Fukushima.
28:23No media could go into the nuclear power plant and ask the workers what was the condition.
28:31A contact helped Kazuma gain entry to the plant.
28:35So I was afraid, but I decided to visit only one day.
28:41So I thought, maybe it's okay.
28:44Most of the workers lived surrounding the area of nuclear power plant before the accident.
28:51But they had to evacuate from the zone.
28:54So many of the workers I met lived in temporary housing.
28:59And they went to nuclear power plant from temporary housing.
29:04That is so hard.
29:11I realized that they had died.
29:16They came in late, and probably did it win the night of the month.
29:26Before that, it was already New York City.
29:27or you had to leave you alone and not even you had to leave.
29:27But in fact, you don't get toăă©ă«ă.
29:31You don't get to know about this.
29:32Guess what you were going to do.
29:33But I couldn't be able to have to leave.
29:33I woke up to you.
29:35I was waiting for you with a troop in the camp.
29:36The job I met you, the boss.
29:56It was so hard to see the worker is facing hard working condition.
30:05People thought they are kind of hero to stop spreading the nuclear elements from the reactor.
30:16But at the same time, we didn't care anyone in the zone, especially in the front line.
30:24That was so strange, I felt, because if they are hero, we want and we need to protect them.
30:47100 kilometres north of the nuclear crisis, aid was slowly arriving for survivors in areas cut off by the tsunami.
30:57We were getting deliveries of food from the self-defense forces and from the city and so on.
31:05So it's basically nothing but kind of like the sort of sweet bread snack rolls that you can buy in
31:11convenience stores
31:12and also the onigiri rice balls, which they had gathered from all over the country.
31:20They were past their sell-by date because it took a long time for them to make their way to
31:25us.
31:25But we were just grateful to have anything.
31:27And as long as it wasn't really rotten, then, you know, we could eat it to survive.
31:31And it wasn't much. We all lost a lot of weight then, but we were very grateful to just have
31:36that.
31:41For two days, flooding had prevented Ryoko Endo from trying to locate her children.
31:47But when the waters subsided, she went to find them.
31:51Why not only HahaâŠ
31:53I saw the rain on the roads and left with her brethren and left me around.
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32:02people there... I ormuchara
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32:10I didn't mean to
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34:37One of the phrases that was used a great deal in the days after the tsunami hit is
34:47which means beyond expectations and in many many ways the tsunami was beyond expectations.
34:58That's the core explanation to some people or the excuse to other people for why the tsunami caused this crisis.
35:17One by one Japan's nuclear plants were shut down until the cause could be established.
35:23Kazuto Suzuki consulted on an independent investigation.
35:30I was invited by the chief editor of one of the largest daily papers in Japan and we set up
35:40the first investigation of the accident itself
35:43but also we investigated the responses of the Prime Minister's office and the government.
35:53Three other investigations were launched.
35:57All agreed that a critical point of failure was the plant's level of protection against a large tsunami.
36:05The plant was originally designed to handle about the five meter tsunami
36:10but the actual tsunami goes up to the 15 meter high.
36:18And once the waves breached the plant there was another weakness.
36:22When the tsunami hit the Fukushima Daiichi the water flowed into the basement of the Fukushima Daiichi 3-8 reactors
36:34and those reactors had emergency generators in the basement.
36:40The tsunami swamped the diesel generators which were the main source of backup electrical power.
36:48Because water couldn't be cycled through the reactor to take away the heat,
36:52we had a situation where the reactor core, even though they were shut down,
36:57they started to get hotter and hotter.
36:59What that led to is the build-up of hydrogen.
37:01And what that means is you only need to have a spark for that hydrogen to explode.
37:06And that's exactly what happened.
37:11The first reactor of the Fukushima Daiichi was made by an American company.
37:17The higher risks for the American power plants were the tornado.
37:23So, you know, they naturally designed the generators to place in the basement where it is much more safer.
37:34But in Japan, you know, we don't have much tornado but we have tsunami.
37:40So putting the generators on the ground was not really the good idea.
37:51The scale of the disaster that followed shattered public confidence in nuclear power.
37:56There was shock in Japan, I think, that the system wasn't able to deal more effectively, faster, with the crisis
38:08at the plant.
38:09I think people had been reassured by the electricity utilities that their plants wouldn't get into this kind of problem
38:20as a result of an earthquake or a tsunami.
38:23When it did, I think people assumed that there would be an effective emergency plan and an effective backup to
38:33that emergency plan.
38:34And they were stunned to find that there wasn't really.
38:41The Fukushima cleanup is expected to last for decades, including dealing with vast quantities of contaminated water.
38:51So there are lots of tanks everywhere in the Fukushima Daiichi plant.
38:58They are using every inches, every corner of the open spaces to store those tanks, but it comes to the,
39:09you know, to the limit.
39:13They quite quickly established a sort of filtration plant which would take out the majority of all of the radioactive
39:21material that dissolved into the water in terms of its radiological danger.
39:25It really doesn't present much hazard.
39:28So the decision in the end was to start discharging into the sea through a pipeline that would go out
39:36off the coast and to let the Pacific Ocean and dilution solve the problem.
39:44Meantime, a vast area around the plant has been scraped clean of surface radiation, but residents remain in fear of
39:53contamination.
39:54The thing that struck me most was that there was this lack of understanding of where the radioactivity had gone.
40:01So one of the things that I did with my team at the University of Bristol is we got funding
40:06to develop a flying robot that could map radiation.
40:09And within weeks we were flying in different parts of the exclusion zone in partnership with the Japan Atomic Energy
40:16Authority to understand the distribution of the fallout material.
40:23The forest litter and the bark and the moss on the bark are very good for holding the radioactive fallout
40:29particles.
40:30And so by flying over the forest and we go several hundred metres into the forest or over the forest,
40:35we can measure the radioactivity without actually having to go in there.
40:40We would stay in a hotel near to but not inside the exclusion zone and on several occasions at the
40:48end of our stay, we would go to try and pay our hotel bill.
40:51And the manager of the hotel would say, your bill, everything's been paid already.
40:57And every time it was, you know, a local businessman wanted to express his gratitude for you coming to help
41:04our country.
41:05And, you know, this is a small measure of gratitude that we pay all of your costs.
41:14More than a decade later, the so-called difficult-to-return zone is shrinking.
41:20Mizue Kano is considering moving back, but the decision stirs up traumatic memories.
41:27mujer Kano is coming tock every single case.
41:55Adele
42:04It was so strange feeling when I come back to home from Fukushima region, especially when I come back from
42:15the zone to my house, you know, in the zone everything is there, you know,
42:22housing, supermarket, and a convenience store, but no one there.
42:31The Japanese government, I think, recorded something like 2,300 lives attributed to Fukushima.
42:36None of them to radiation, but a lot of them to induce mental ill health and suicide.
42:44And part of that is caused by, you know, this notion of am I contaminated?
42:48Am I not? Am I going to die from cancer because of radiation exposure?
42:54All of the worries that are manifest because of the lack of understanding about radiological risk genuinely had a human
43:01toll.
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43:32The tsunami that triggered the nuclear disaster claimed almost 20,000 lives, with more than 2,500 still missing.
43:51A few years later, former lecturer Richard Halberstadt became a guide at a ruined school, which serves as a memorial
44:00for the disaster.
44:01I felt like I wanted a change even before the disaster, but I didn't really have the courage to leave
44:08the job, and ironically that terrible disaster gave me the courage to actually leave without knowing what I was going
44:18to do next,
44:19because it made me feel if I can live through this disaster, I can just leave work and something will
44:26happen.
44:27While working there, Richard met Ryoko Endo, who lost her three children to the tsunami.
45:00Everything has changed in so many ways.
45:04because on a more sort of philosophical level when you look at all the people who lost their
45:10lives then I'm much more appreciative of just life it made me think about my mortality speaking
45:20to so many people who had had their lives overturned and had had loved ones wake up
45:31in the morning and then be taken away by the sea
45:40so many people in the disaster zone dealt with this unspeakable tragedy with dignity and and grace
45:54that I found that inspiring as well so it was a anyway a privilege to be able to report on
46:03it
46:21support information for the themes raised tonight can be found online at channel4.com
46:26slash support new tomorrow night at 10 exploitation in excess of local communities
46:31and endangered species an extended look into the case of Cecil the lion and the dentist
46:36you
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