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00:01The Roman Empire.
00:04In the fifth century, this superpower suddenly lost control.
00:09Could a brutal warrior king be key to understanding why?
00:16If there were any one individual that you would point to, it would surely be Attila.
00:23Attila was the leader of a violent tribe of nomads called the Hans.
00:27He is a master of terrorism.
00:30He is able to exert a level of violence that's not been seen before.
00:36Now, remarkable new discoveries in Kazakhstan are unlocking the Hans' deepest secrets.
00:47Scientists are searching for clues about where these mysterious warriors came from.
00:53No one knows where they were born, no one knows where they grew up, nobody knows where they died.
00:58And the hunt is on for the greatest prize of all, Attila's lost tomb.
01:03It would be an incredibly precious cultural artifact.
01:06He was buried with much gold and silver and plunder.
01:09Now, the story of the rise and fall of Attila and the Hans is finally being unraveled.
01:30It's June 20th, in the year 451 AD, and the fate of the mighty Roman Empire hangs in the balance.
01:39Roman General Aetius is about to face a terrifying enemy, a tribe of battle-hardened warriors known as the Huns,
01:50led by their notorious leader, Attila.
01:55No one expected the Huns to appear on the scene and play such a major role in dictating Roman policy.
02:03Even the ancient historians talk about the way that they appeared seemingly out of nowhere.
02:08They were able to face this superpower that was Rome and bring it to its knees.
02:15But who the Huns were and exactly how they took on the Roman Empire is a mystery.
02:22Because the Huns disappeared as quickly as they had arrived, leaving behind little evidence.
02:29The total amount of archaeological evidence, maybe a hundred graves.
02:36We know how powerful they were. We know how frightening they were for the Roman Empire.
02:40But so many questions remain to be answered.
02:43We'll never get a really secure answer unless we have better, more archaeological evidence from what Huns culture was like.
02:53Now a breakthrough is being made in a remote area of Kazakhstan, 3,000 miles from Rome.
03:08Investigators seeking to understand who the Huns were and what made them such formidable opponents have an incredible set of
03:16new clues to study.
03:18Let's go.
03:22Avgeny Bogdanov and Andrey Ostefiev lead a team of Russian archaeologists investigating one particular area here.
03:35This spectacular landscape is home to an amazing archaeological site called Atenkazgan that was discovered in 2010.
03:47He found a place in a place called a collector.
03:50He was here to ask a place, he asked a place, he asked a place, who knew them, who knew
03:58them, and who knew them,
03:59about interesting drawings, about interesting names, about interesting names, about stories.
04:03And one of the most of the most of the elements showed this place.
04:07He said that he was called Atenkazgan.
04:18In 2014, Andrey and Evgeny are asked to examine this area.
04:23They make a series of remarkable discoveries, hunts treasures.
04:32Now they're back to unlock the secrets of this site.
04:52There are more than 200 stone constructions hidden here.
05:00Their careful excavations have paid off.
05:26This is a decorative belt buckle inlaid with colorful glass.
05:30This artifact, just like others unearthed here, is distinctly characteristic of the Hun people.
05:42The team has uncovered a direct link between the Huns and this site.
05:58They hope that further excavations will help them unravel the mystery of the rise and fall of the Huns, and
06:05perhaps even shed new light on the most famous Hun of all, the notorious King Attila.
06:14Attila's notorious reputation has lasted for centuries.
06:21In the Christian tradition, Attila is the devil in person.
06:29A monster, said to be born from the mating of a woman and a dog, sent to Earth to punish
06:35humans in their weakness.
06:38Attila becomes known as the Scourge of God.
06:44I had to write an article about Attila for the Oxford Dictionary of Christianity, and they said you can change
06:51anything you want, but you've got to keep the word scourge of God, whip of God.
06:56So this is Attila's reputation.
06:59Attila was seen as a very bloodthirsty and harsh king, but also incredibly powerful and capable.
07:10He is a master of terrorism.
07:13Terrorism meaning extreme violence against civilians and civilian infrastructure for a political purpose.
07:21And he is doing this in a very coordinated, intentional way, which means he may kill everyone in a town
07:29and leave the bodies to rot, so that when people come to the place, the stench drives them away.
07:36This is a message.
07:38Attila's power comes from his understanding of psychological warfare.
07:43This is how he communicates.
07:46And that kind of communication, of course, is very powerful, but leaves a rather negative impression on the survivors.
07:56Attila became the embodiment of violent cruelty.
08:00Most stories of his brutality were written long after his death by Christian scholars.
08:06But there's no evidence that Attila targeted this faith.
08:11So people call Attila the scourge of God.
08:14That doesn't mean that his goal was to undermine the Christian religion or to attack Christians in particular.
08:20But beyond his reputation, there's a lot we don't know about this Han king.
08:27One mystery in particular is what happened after he died.
08:32Where is Attila's lost tomb?
08:35It's one more of these lost treasures that no one has found.
08:42Where was it?
08:43Where is he buried?
08:45Vanishes into the legends of Europe.
08:48We need to do deeper archaeology, I think, to find it.
08:53Could his grave be hidden in Kazakhstan?
08:58In this arid Kazakhstan wilderness, archaeologists are puzzling over why a series of remarkable Han treasures are being unearthed here.
09:26To solve the mystery of why these treasures are here, and if there's any link to the lost tomb of
09:33Attila, the team will carry out a fingertip search of the site.
09:39Today, Andrey wants to show his daughter, Albina, an area where he thinks he's discovered traces of lost buildings.
09:47Now, I'll show you the object, which is not touched by the archaeologist.
09:55This is a ััะด of the rocks, which were vertical.
09:58This is already an anomaly, not natural.
10:24Andrey's investigations are helping reveal the true scale of the discovery.
10:32Alten Kazgan consists of a series of stone constructions, erected in two distinct rows.
10:40A first part starting in the north, and a second whose buildings are spread to the south.
10:47The ruins cover an area the size of a small town.
10:53To figure out why the Huns built this site, the team turns to the precious artifacts they're uncovering.
11:08It's the first time that Hun treasures have been discovered so far beyond Europe.
11:14The question that the team are now asking is whether these are funeral goods.
11:20Could this be a huge Hun graveyard?
11:36To prove this is a Hun cemetery, and find out if there's any link to the lost tomb of Attila,
11:43Evgeny and Andrey will need to hunt for bodies.
11:50In the early 5th century, the fearsome Hun king Attila spreads terror across Europe.
11:56But just 60 years before, the warriors he ruled were completely unknown.
12:03How did the Huns come from nowhere to eventually challenge the mighty Roman Empire?
12:12In the middle of the 4th century, the Roman Empire rules over land stretching from the Atlantic to the Black
12:18Sea.
12:19The territory is so huge that power is now split between Rome and Constantinople.
12:26It had a population of about 50 million people throughout its empire, which constituted about one-fifth of the entire
12:34world population.
12:35It's the biggest empire that Western Eurasia has ever seen, and it's also the longest lived.
12:41It lasts for about 500 years.
12:44So that's the same time separating us from the early 16th century.
12:49There was no thought that there would be an imminent demise by anybody.
12:57For two centuries, various tribes had been settling along the empire's northern frontier.
13:04The Romans called this zone the Barbary, and the people who lived there the Barbarians.
13:12Greeks and Romans called non-Romans Barbarians because whatever they said sounded like ba-ba-ba-barbarians.
13:18And so it's a linguistic put-down of those people who don't speak Greek or Latin.
13:25But in most instances, the Romans had managed to achieve a degree of stability with these barbarian peoples.
13:33But in 370, the fragile peace would be shattered by the arrival of the Huns on the borders of Rome.
13:39The one thing we know really about the Huns is that they were unknown to the Romans.
13:45They were not near neighbors, not remotely near neighbors of the Roman Empire.
13:53One Roman writing a century later describes the Huns as true monsters.
13:59He says the origin of the Huns are Gothic witches impregnated by evil spirits from the swamp.
14:08And that's where the Huns come from.
14:12The mystery about where the Huns really did come from is still alive today.
14:20At the University of California, Riverside, Professor Michelle Salzman studies the writing of a Roman historian to look for clues.
14:30The writer of this book was Amianus Marcellinus.
14:34What's so important is that he is the only person who gives us a full account of the Huns.
14:41No one knows where they were born.
14:42No one knows where they grew up.
14:43Nobody knows where they died.
14:45They're nomads.
14:46What they burn with infinite lust for is gold.
14:49He says that they were from an area beyond the Maidic Sea, near the ice-bound ocean, modern Ukraine, approximately.
14:59That's where he thinks they come from.
15:01The book reveals that the Huns arrived from the east.
15:05This suggests that they originated from somewhere on an immense area of grassland called the steppes.
15:13That stretches across Asia and into Hungary in Europe.
15:18The nomadic Huns used these grasslands as a direct route into the barbarian realm of Europe.
15:27They set about cultivating a terrifying reputation through a series of massacres of local tribes.
15:34When the Huns first came on the scene, they were seen as the most barbarian of the barbarians.
15:42The Huns' notoriety precedes their advance into barbarian territory.
15:47By 430 A.D., a Hunnic empire, centered on modern-day Hungary, spreads deep into northern Europe.
15:56Rival tribes are forced to ask the Romans for refuge.
15:59It was a huge surprise for the Romans to face this new people from the Central Asian steppe.
16:06People they'd never seen before, who fought in completely different ways, whose customs, even their appearance, was totally unusual to
16:13the Romans.
16:15But the Huns don't aim to take over the Roman Empire itself.
16:19They do a lot of conquering in the first instance.
16:23Not much Roman territory, just small elements of Roman provinces in what's now Hungary, on the middle Danube, south of
16:34the Danube.
16:34But not big areas.
16:36The Huns alternate between acting as mercenaries for the Roman Empire and sometimes looting its towns too.
16:46The whole point of this military machine is to extract gold, so therefore a nomadic empire is not seeking to
16:53replace the Roman Empire.
16:54It actually just wants the goose to carry on laying the golden egg.
16:58Someone referred to the barbarians as the loyal opposition of the Roman world.
17:03So, they are part of that world, but at the same time, the way they become part of it is
17:11by raiding, by killing, by threatening, so that they will be paid off.
17:15And then they can be used to raid and kill other people that the Romans, or portions of the Romans,
17:21want them to attack.
17:25In their quest for even more plunder, the Huns left a trail of devastation across Europe.
17:32But one that left archaeologists with almost no record of the Hun people themselves.
17:39Nomads do not leave very distinct archaeological traces.
17:42The Huns were a mystery from the moment the Romans encountered them.
17:46And that mystery continues right up to the present.
17:49The Huns did not have texts.
17:51They were not a literate society, so they don't have their own histories.
17:56We can't say for certain what type of language they spoke, and we certainly can't say for certain precisely where
18:02they came from.
18:04Even the name of their most famous king, Attila, may be a description by another tribe of barbarians called the
18:12Goths.
18:13We don't really know his name.
18:16Atta, in Gothic, an East Germanic language, means father.
18:22Attila means little father.
18:25Is this great Hunnic commander tearing a Gothic name?
18:30He probably has Gothic background, as well as Central Asian background, so we're not really even sure of that.
18:39So the best way to uncover the truth about Attila, and even find his lost tomb, is to look for
18:46new archaeological clues.
18:50In Kazakhstan, archaeologists have a unique chance to learn more about the rise and fall of the Huns by studying
18:57artifacts they hid in this wilderness.
19:01They want to find out if this is a Hun graveyard, and if there's any link to Attila.
19:08Today, they've made a remarkable new discovery.
19:18The team will need to keep digging to find out if they've uncovered treasures from a lavish Hun burial.
19:29Very little is known about the mysterious Hun warriors who stormed Europe at the end of the 5th century, and
19:36quickly took control of a vast territory.
19:41But information about the man who would rule them, Attila, is more detailed.
19:47The evidence comes from a Roman diplomat called Priscus.
19:52We're very well equipped to know a little bit more about Attila's reputation at the time, because we actually have
19:59sources, Priscus in particular, who was on an embassy who visited Attila and wrote about it.
20:06He met Attila face to face, and he writes a lengthy, first-hand account of Attila.
20:15In 449, Attila is based somewhere in the valley of the Danube in modern-day Hungary.
20:22Priscus observes Attila in his palace and describes him.
20:27He was a man born to rattle his nation and shake the earth.
20:31He walked like he owned the place, staring at everyone around him.
20:36The pride of his power could show in the movements of his body.
20:40But can we believe the account?
20:45It obviously portrays the hunt in ways that he thought the audience would expect, but nonetheless, it is vivid, it's
20:52eyewitness, and it says some very surprising things.
20:55I don't think that he's inventing, so I think that when he talks about his encounter with people in the
21:02entourage of Attila, when he talks about attending Attila's banquet, I think that we can believe that he is seeing
21:10this.
21:10Does he understand everything that he sees?
21:13Perhaps not.
21:16Priscus' writing only survives in fragments, copied down by an Italian bishop called Giordani.
21:25What remains paints a vivid picture of Attila, but one that historians would like to see added to by the
21:31discovery of new Hun artifacts.
21:34When I hear about a new archaeological discovery, I am thrilled that there is another piece of evidence that might
21:42solve some of these black holes in our knowledge.
21:48Now, the latest evidence is being found outside the Hunnic Empire's territory, on the far shore of the Caspian Sea,
21:56at Elkin Kazgan.
21:59In Kazakhstan, the team of Russian archaeologists have made an incredible new discovery.
22:09Treasures that could be Hun grave goods.
22:12These ornate objects appear to be clothing accessories, or decorations for horse harnesses.
22:20They're made of gold and silver, and are similar to other elaborate Hun treasures found in Europe.
22:43These artifacts belong to powerful Huns, who must have treasured their prized possessions.
22:57This new discovery is proof that this site is not just linked to the Huns in general, but specifically to
23:04Hun elite.
23:07But if this was a graveyard for Hun nobles, where are the bodies?
23:13The team will need to keep digging for answers.
23:19Historians are deciphering the writing of the Roman diplomat Priscus to expose the incredible moment when Attila stood up to
23:28the Roman Empire and won.
23:32In 435, Attila becomes king, alongside his elder brother Bleda.
23:40Together, they rule over a vast confederation of Huns that have become a true military power.
23:48Bleda shares power with Attila, and in their first encounters with Roman power, the two of them confront Rome together,
23:59whether militarily or in the diplomatic field, but negotiate together.
24:05Their fearsome reputation precedes them.
24:08The Huns were some of the most dangerous people that the Romans had ever encountered.
24:13This was the rumor, that when you face the Huns in battle, you were likely to lose.
24:19The brothers threaten the Eastern Roman Empire and demand an annual tribute of gold.
24:26In the capital, Constantinople, the Eastern Emperor Theodosius II faces a dilemma.
24:33On his southern border, he's under pressure from barbarians called the Vandals.
24:39He can't afford to send troops north.
24:42He decides it's easier to send payment than risk taking on the Huns.
24:48The Romans were stretched militarily.
24:50It seemed to them to make more tactical and strategic sense to pay off the Huns than to fight them.
24:58And it also, in some sense, made more economic sense.
25:01After all, it's not inexpensive to put armies in the field and charge them with going after Attila.
25:08Better simply to pay him off.
25:13Soon, Attila and Bleda are receiving 700 pounds of gold a year in exchange for peace.
25:26In sort of modern terms and kind of mafia terms, Attila is running a very large protection racket.
25:33That influx of gold fueled Attila's power and growth,
25:39and he could expand the number of people that he could support because of this easy gold coming in.
25:57It's clear that Constantinople only pays when it has to, in order to get the Huns off Roman soil.
26:05When Attila's breathing down their neck and standing not very far away from Constantinople, then they pay.
26:12When Attila's gone back home to Hungary, oh, well, suddenly we stop paying.
26:16And we don't pay again until we're forced to.
26:20Nevertheless, Attila and his co-ruler Bleda were able to amass a large fortune.
26:28They used the gold to fuel their war machine, but also turned it into valuable treasures, some of which survive
26:36to this day.
26:42At the National Museum of Hungary, Gergely Zenth protects some of the most precious Hun artifacts ever found.
26:54It's very interesting, that in this world, there are different terms of ronda-rรฉgรฉszs,
27:02as we call them Ozitun or Depo.
27:18These discoveries expose how the Han elite used gold extorted from the Romans to show off their wealth.
27:34They are also called polychrome-like iron granite.
27:42Now archaeologists are on the hunt for more of the Han's lost gold and the tomb of the legendary King
27:48Attila himself.
27:57In Kazakhstan, the team think they found precious Han treasures that were made from gold once extorted from the Roman
28:05Empire.
28:07The gold objects were probably made to decorate special clothing.
28:12In the Gung era, there were also things that were supposed to be used to wear.
28:17There were certain types of clothing, certain types of decorations and so on.
28:24But the things that we find here are not used to be used in life.
28:33Now the team wants to solve the mystery of why the Huns hid treasures here in Elton-Kazgan,
28:40and whether famous Huns like Attila could be buried here.
29:05If this is a Han graveyard, the unearthed buildings could be tombs.
29:11And the valuable treasures suggest that they are buried here.
29:20In 2014, the team uncovers three catacombs containing bodies.
29:27Could they be about to uncover the lost tomb of Attila hidden in Kazakhstan?
29:40According to historical records, Attila, King of the Huns, died in the spring of 453.
29:49His mysterious death occurred on the night of the polygamous king's wedding to a young German princess named Ildiko.
30:00He'd overeaten. He had drunk too much. He was getting older.
30:04And he overindulged himself to the point that evening that some sort of hemorrhage occurred.
30:10And he either bled to death or he choked on his own blood and died.
30:16This is not how a warrior should die. This is not the way to go out.
30:22And the image of him dying, which the Romans want to say, well, he just got drunk.
30:35But it's another detail of Attila's death that has captivated people for centuries.
30:40The story of his funeral.
30:45Attila's body is said to have been placed in three coffins.
30:49One of lead, one of silver, and one of gold.
30:53Then, according to legend, slaves were picked to bury the king and his priceless coffin.
31:02So what happens is these people dig a grave for him and they put him in it.
31:07But then those people are killed so that that tomb can't be found.
31:10So he disappears.
31:13And legends develop and people try to find this site.
31:18If Attila's tomb were found, it would have expensive prestige artifacts.
31:23It would also have his sword.
31:26It may also have bodies of animals that were killed on the occasion of his funeral.
31:33He was also buried with much gold and silver and plunder.
31:36And that yet to be found.
31:41In Kazakhstan, archaeologists are investigating a theory that the site of Alten Kazgan could be a Hun graveyard.
31:51Could Attila be buried here?
31:54The treasures they've unearthed, like an elaborate belt buckle, point to this site being linked to Hun elites or even
32:03kings.
32:17But when the teams send off the bones they've discovered for analysis, the results show that they were buried too
32:24recently to be Hun kings.
32:41The bodies were buried inside walls built by the Huns, but more than 700 years later.
32:57The team now think that Alten Kazgan was unlikely to have been used by the Huns as a graveyard.
33:04To figure out what this site was used for, and how it relates to the rise and fall of the
33:09Huns, they'll need to uncover new clues.
33:12But if Attila's lost tomb isn't here, where is it?
33:20There is a sensation.
33:23Love it.
33:25It makes them with the fun of Madh๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ.
33:27It's a gift that a man has always engaged in a fantasy and a's.
33:30You have a chance to write an AOL with imagination in his life.
33:33He can imagine himself a narrative and realize this dream that when all those treasures be buried.
33:40I think this question should be addressed to Indiana Jones.
33:44he probably knows where to find the prison of Attila.
33:48There, where the prison was,
33:50where he is considered a journal and other sources,
33:56where all the authorities went.
33:58In principle, the area where the prison was known,
34:01I don't think they were sent to him somewhere,
34:04in the sense, they were sent far away.
34:07Probably somewhere there and killed him.
34:12Attila's headquarters was in an area called Pannonia.
34:16His court's exact location is unknown,
34:19but Pannonia was in the south of Hungary.
34:24The village of Tapios and Martin,
34:27near Hungary's capital, Budapest.
34:29According to myth, this is where Attila is buried.
34:33His tomb was said to be hidden somewhere in this trench,
34:36but to have been plundered a few centuries ago.
34:42In Hungary, Attila is revered as the father of the nation.
34:48Many Hungarian kings have claimed to be direct descendants of Attila.
34:54They said that their ancestor, Arpad,
34:57who conquered Hungary in the ninth century,
35:00was related to Attila.
35:02And that the Magyar tribe Arpad led,
35:05were in fact the last of the Hans.
35:09In some ways, being a descendant of Attila would be problematic,
35:13the scourge of God.
35:14On the other hand, a great warrior.
35:16This is a good image.
35:19Now scientists think they can use genetics
35:22to figure out if the Magyars are indeed related to the Huns,
35:26and even find out where the Huns came from.
35:34In Hungary, Tibor Torok is investigating a link
35:38between the country's founders,
35:40a tribe called the Magyars,
35:41and their supposed relatives, the Huns.
35:45Hungarian chronicles describe the Hungarians,
35:49the people of Arpad, who was the leader,
35:54as the relatives of the Huns.
35:56And we see whether there is a really,
35:58there is a connection between the conquering Hungarians
36:01and the Huns before.
36:04Tibor relies on archaeologists
36:06to identify Magyar and Hun bones.
36:10Then he takes DNA samples.
36:12So we are extracting DNA from the skull,
36:16a special part of the ear channel.
36:18It enters, actually, the inner ear inside.
36:21When the skull is very good like this,
36:24we just drill in.
36:26And if the skull is fragmented, we can cut it out.
36:30What was surprising to us,
36:32we found that the elite of the conquering Hungarians
36:37contained a considerable proportion of eastern lineages
36:40around Lake Baikal and northern Mongolia.
36:47Analysis of Hun remains reveals something similar,
36:50a link to the east as far as Mongolia.
36:54But it's not possible to make any direct link
36:57between the Magyars and the Huns
36:59because of the amount of mixing that took place
37:01between populations.
37:05What we learned about archaeogenetics is people
37:08always mix with each other.
37:09That's a rule.
37:12But could the results at least have revealed the origin
37:15of the Hun hordes that invaded Europe?
37:18Did they originally come from near Mongolia?
37:28In Kazakhstan, archaeologists are investigating one of the world's
37:33few known Hun sites.
37:35They've ruled out the site as being a graveyard
37:37or the final resting place of Attila.
37:40Now, they're mapping the shape of the architectural remains
37:43to look for clues about what they were used for
37:48and whether the construction techniques
37:51could reveal new clues about the Huns' background.
37:56The first step is to dig until they reach the layer
37:59on which the structure was originally built.
38:01The work is done by hand and shovel
38:04to avoid damaging remains hidden underground.
38:11Fallen stones are recorded
38:12and stored away from the dig site.
38:16They'll be used to restore the walls
38:18once the excavations are complete.
38:26The team hopes to uncover clues about the construction
38:29that could be linked to other cultures.
38:3320.
38:3525.
38:36Minus 20.
38:37So, Yul, now the road, the point of the road.
38:43Yes, the point.
38:44From you.
38:45One building in particular interests Evgeny.
38:50This building is of such an interesting form.
38:52This is a wall with the ends.
38:56We call it a slain.
38:57We call it a skull.
38:59We call it a skull.
39:00We call it a skull.
39:03We call it a skull.
39:03Evgeny realizes that the characteristic bone shape of the wall
39:07could have been used elsewhere.
39:11And, of course, such buildings should also be in some places.
39:14We were looking for analogies.
39:16Here, in Kazakhstan, we couldn't find such analogies.
39:18That is, there are stone buildings of different forms.
39:22But, of such forms, the only analogies that is known for us,
39:26is in Zabaykal and Mongolia.
39:34This discovery suggests a cultural link between the Huns and the Mongolian region.
39:40But, just like the genetic results,
39:43it doesn't prove that the Huns necessarily originated in Mongolia.
39:47Historians do have another theory about the origin of the Huns, though.
39:51A link to an ancient tribe of nomads warriors who lived near China called the Xiongnu.
39:58Since the 18th century, some historians seek to establish a link
40:03between the links of the 4th and 5th centuries and the Xiongnu of the previous period.
40:10There is indeed a resemblance between the names,
40:13because the Chinese name of Xiongnu was pronounced Huang or Hun at the time.
40:23Just like the Huns, the Xiongnu were nomadic horse riders.
40:28They devastated the north of China for 300 years before vanishing.
40:34But three centuries separate the disappearance of the Xiongnu
40:38and the arrival of the Huns in Europe in 370.
40:43To my mind, any link with the Xiongnu would have to be very tenuous.
40:49The Xiongnu lived a long time ago in a galaxy far away compared to the Huns.
40:54So, maybe, but even to say yes doesn't help you very much.
41:01Genetic identity is not social or cultural identity.
41:07And there is a tendency in the modern world to say that genetics tells us who we really are,
41:15whereas identity is primarily a cultural factor.
41:19So, we have to be very careful with that.
41:22For now, all historians can say for sure is that the Huns came from the immense steppe grasslands.
41:33Attila and the Huns are giving up their deepest secrets,
41:36with new clues unraveling the truth about their mysterious reputation.
41:43Archaeologists will continue to look for new treasures.
41:49And for evidence about what happened when Attila clashed with the Romans.
41:54What happened?
41:54What happened?
41:58What happened?
42:00What happened?
42:07I don't know how old it happened.
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