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00:02The Statue of Liberty, an iconic wonder of the modern world.
00:09One of the paradoxes about the Statue of Liberty is it's totally famous and totally unknown all at the same
00:16time.
00:19What secrets is she hiding?
00:23And why was this landmark built on this particular site?
00:27When people arrive here, you're in awe of Lady Liberty and the New York skyline,
00:32and people rarely look down and realize that there's a really rich history below their feet here.
00:37Today, investigators are using pioneering technology to discover the secret inspiration behind her incredible metal design.
00:46She's an amazing statue from the outside, but when you go inside, it's even more interesting.
00:51Following a trail of clues that leads to a lost wonder of the ancient world.
00:57Can they solve the question that has puzzled people for over a century?
01:02It is a human face, and so what face did he use?
01:06To solve these mysteries, we'll deconstruct and uproot this mighty monument.
01:15We will piece together the secrets of the statue's construction to unearth the astonishing ancient history at the heart of
01:23this groundbreaking landmark.
01:34At the entrance to New York City stands a mighty guardian, the Statue of Liberty, one of the most famous
01:44monuments in the world.
01:47Built as a gift from France to America to mark 100 years of independence, she has become an icon woven
01:55into the fabric of the United States.
01:58But what do we really know about this enigmatic lady?
02:05There are all kinds of unknowns, there are secrets about the Statue of Liberty, there are mysteries, and it's really
02:12a lot of fun to try to uncover them.
02:18Looking out over New York from a staggering 265 feet, the statue is an enduring symbol of freedom.
02:28Made from 62,000 pounds of purest copper, supported by an ingenious metal skeleton, erected atop a mysterious 11-pointed
02:40star, she tramples on the chains of oppression with her enormous feet.
02:50Enlightening the planet with her torch, she's one of the world's most recognizable landmarks.
02:56But what was the real inspiration for this magnificent statue?
03:00Who is this mysterious lady?
03:07This question still baffles the experts today.
03:11Historian and author Ed Berenson has spent years trying to unravel the identity of New York's most famous resident.
03:19When we try to figure out what the inspiration for the Statue of Liberty was, we have to make our
03:26own interpretations because Bartoli didn't write down very much.
03:32Today, Ed joins a team from the National Park Service that is using laser scanning technology to create the most
03:40accurate ever three-dimensional image of this statue.
03:45It's the perfect opportunity to get a detailed view of her face.
03:53I guess for me seeing it in 3D in close-up, it's funny to see how stern her face is.
04:01I mean, it's a stern expression.
04:03It's true, yeah.
04:03It is a stern expression.
04:05She's got a lot of responsibility.
04:08She represents liberty.
04:12Completed in 1886, the Statue of Liberty was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Bartholdi.
04:23Experts believe his statue is modeled on Libertas, the Roman goddess of freedom.
04:30Right from the beginning, the real name of the Statue of Liberty is liberty enlightening the world.
04:37The same goddess of freedom also appears on the great seal of France.
04:43But is there more going on here?
04:48At first glance, the statue is a mix of symbolic and classical influences.
04:56She carries a torch in her right hand, leading the way to enlightenment.
05:02She wears a flowing Roman robe.
05:07At her feet lie broken chains, a symbol of freedom from oppression.
05:14In her left hand, she holds a tablet with the date of American independence.
05:20But underneath the symbolism, hiding below the huge seven-pointed crown that adorns her head,
05:26could this be the face of a real person?
05:37What was the inspiration for the face?
05:40Was it something that he had in his mind, in his memory,
05:43or did he actually have a real human being who was his model?
05:47We don't know, because he didn't say.
05:51Despite this lack of evidence, many people claim that Bartholdi based the statue's features on a real person.
06:00Theories range from his wife to his mother.
06:04When he came to New York in 1871, he wrote to his mother every single day.
06:10And those letters have survived.
06:14But in none of his letters does Bartholdi ever mention that she inspired the face of Lady Liberty.
06:21If it had been his mother's face, why didn't he say something to her?
06:25I think she would have been pleased.
06:29Ed wants to solve this mystery once and for all.
06:36Kenny.
06:37Hi. How are you?
06:38I'm Ed. Nice to meet you.
06:39Nice to meet you. How are you?
06:40Good.
06:41Kenny Long used to work for England's Metropolitan Police Force.
06:46He specializes in identifying known criminals in large crowds.
06:52The tool of his trade is his brain.
06:57Kenny is what's known as a super recognizer.
07:00Say, for example, I look at your face.
07:03Unfortunately, I'm not going to forget that face now.
07:05So I'd never do nothing wrong if I was you.
07:07So you have better abilities than, say, a computer with facial recognition software.
07:13I've recognized someone from the back of their head before for a bank robbery.
07:17His expertise has led to hundreds of criminal convictions.
07:24So, in the case of Liberty versus the People, who are the prime suspects?
07:29I've got a number of pictures of people connected to the history of the Statue of Liberty.
07:35Ed starts with the person Bartholdi was closest to.
07:39Charlotte Bartholdi, the mother of the sculptor.
07:43And we know that Federico Auguste Bartholdi and his mother were very close.
07:49Next up is another potential candidate.
07:53Bartholdi's wife, Jean-Émilie, whom he married late.
07:59He was 46 years old when he got married.
08:03Another possibility is that it might not be the face of a woman at all.
08:09Bartholdi's brother, Charles, whom he was very close to.
08:13And there was, in fact, recently a theory that Bartholdi used his brother's face.
08:21So out of these potential suspects, who is the face of Lady Liberty?
08:28At face value, it's a tall order.
08:32Kenny is more used to working with police mug shots than historical photos and paintings.
08:46I want to discount some people first.
08:49So looking at this image here...
08:50That's his brother.
08:51Look at his ear right there.
08:53It's very, very flat.
08:54Not much detail at all.
08:56If you go to the Statue of Liberty and look at the model, it has lots of detail inside the
09:00ear.
09:00So straight away...
09:02I'm going to take that one down.
09:03You can take that down.
09:06So what does Kenny make of Bartholdi's wife?
09:09The eyes are too close together.
09:11The jaw is too rounded.
09:12So I don't think there was no inspiration whatsoever for me at all.
09:15The eyes are very close together.
09:17Very, very close.
09:18That only leaves one prime candidate.
09:22Bartholdi's mother.
09:24Wow, there's a lot of similarities I like in this quite a lot.
09:27Looking at both the images now, next to the Statue of Liberty, it looks so close.
09:32It's just like looking the same person to me.
09:37It's an extraordinary revelation.
09:40Ed believes they may have solved the mystery of her true identity.
09:48Now that you point out these resemblances, which are really convincing, it makes me wonder whether he used his mother's
09:57face without quite realizing it.
10:00It's very possible. Very possible.
10:02Which would explain why he didn't mention it to her.
10:05Because he wouldn't have known, would he?
10:07He wouldn't have known.
10:13The statue's creator may have secretly used a familiar face as his model.
10:19What other surprises did he leave behind?
10:22Now investigators dig beneath her feet for answers.
10:27Why was she built atop an 11-pointed star?
10:33And did a lost wonder of the ancient world inspire her once gleaming metal form?
10:56The Statue of Liberty, a modern megastructure familiar to billions across the world.
11:05Nearly 150 years ago, her designer, a French artist, Frederic Martoldi, knew what he wanted his statue to look like.
11:15But his biggest problem was finding a place to put her.
11:20National Park Service archaeologist Joel Dukes is on a mission to uncover why this location was chosen.
11:27It could have been at the mouth of the harbor, which is several miles up this way.
11:31It could have been on Manhattan at the tip or even in Central Park.
11:34Ultimately, though, they decided on Liberty Island.
11:39So why was Lady Liberty built on this very spot?
11:45Hiding in plain sight beneath the statue's feet is a military fort.
11:50It's shaped like an 11-pointed star.
11:55And is far older than the statue and its pedestal.
12:00Thousands of precisely carved granite blocks make up its walls.
12:05And inside sits the statue's foundations.
12:09A massive slab of solid concrete, 20 feet deep and weighing 27,000 tons.
12:18But why was it abandoned?
12:21And why was the statue built within it?
12:27Could the unusual shape provide a clue?
12:30Fort Worth is a star fort. It has 11 points on it.
12:33And the interesting thing is that it's unique among the forts in New York Harbor.
12:38In fact, this is the only fort of its kind in the entire United States.
12:44So why was the design chosen for this particular site?
12:49Joel thinks he's found a clue.
12:53The construction team has uncovered a curved wall running alongside the existing star-shaped one.
13:00Here's the island.
13:02Here's the fort with the 11 points.
13:04And the outer wall curved around each of the points like this.
13:08What we suspect is that the wall went around the fort at one point.
13:13The more he examines it, the more Joel believes it might be something else altogether.
13:19So what it looks like is this isn't actually a wall.
13:21What this is is the foot or two, a support for a moat.
13:26A moat indicates the fort's occupants needed 360-degree defenses.
13:32Meaning the threat of attacking ships wasn't all they were worried about.
13:37Protecting from a land invasion would have been part of the defenses at this fort.
13:43The fort's unique 11-pointed shape gave defenders a huge advantage.
13:49Dramatically increasing their fields of fire and reducing blind spots.
13:54Cannons positioned on one side of the fort could fire across to the other.
14:00Hitting anyone attempting to scale its walls.
14:07The fort's low profile allowed for thick granite ramparts, protecting it from cannon fire.
14:16But the development of more powerful artillery and explosive shells meant the fort was soon outdated.
14:22And it gradually fell into disrepair.
14:30The problem with the development of the fortification of New York Harbor was often that once the fort was completed,
14:36the technology advanced so far that the fort was pretty much obsolete by the time it was built.
14:41But Joel thinks this unusual and outdated design might be the very reason why the statue was built on this
14:48spot.
14:50Once the fort became obsolete, they began to repurpose it for different things such as a barracks and a quartermaster's
14:55and even a lighthouse keeper's quarter was put out there.
14:59Joel believes that because the fort was no longer of military importance, it could be easily and cheaply repurposed.
15:07This time as the ideal base for a huge statue.
15:11I think that it was really fortunate to find Fort Worth.
15:14I think the star design fits really well with the pedestal and the statue out there on Liberty Island.
15:21The statue's creators had found the perfect plot for Lady Liberty.
15:26But had they unwittingly chosen a site of huge archeological importance?
15:32What can brand new discoveries from this site tell us about the history of New York and the United States?
15:40And how did they build such a gigantic statue?
16:01The Statue of Liberty.
16:04It was built on top of an abandoned 19th century fort on a small island in New York Harbor, no
16:11longer of military value.
16:16But archeologist Joel Dukes believes the site could hold even more historical importance.
16:24With all the modern developments going on here in New York City, it's hard to imagine that there's some really
16:28amazing history out here.
16:34Buried in the ground behind the statue, archeologists have made a strange discovery.
16:42Underneath the topsoil lie tens of thousands of opened oyster shells.
16:53Together they form a thick layer that stretches in a wide band across Liberty Island, surrounding the statue.
17:07The shells couldn't have simply washed up here.
17:10So where did they come from?
17:12And can they reveal the secrets of this island's past?
17:20This is one of the oyster shells that we've recovered from the site, and 99% of what was recovered
17:25here were oyster shells.
17:28It's early morning, and a crew is conducting structural repairs around the statue.
17:35So Joel is on the lookout for any more shells that might be uncovered.
17:38The ground's frozen.
17:42Investigators keep artifacts found on Liberty Island here, in the National Park Service archives.
17:50So this box is one of 22 from the site, and they hold over 6,800 artifacts that were excavated.
18:00Remarkably, it wasn't just oyster shells that were found.
18:05And the discovery of a storage pit convinced archeologists this waste was man-made.
18:11The material that came out of it, in addition to being oyster, was a variety of man-made objects out
18:17of stone and ceramics.
18:20These ancient piles of trash are called middens.
18:25But the question is, whose trash is it?
18:29And why did these people come to Liberty Island?
18:34One of the most interesting items we find that helped us date the deposit was this point, small arrowhead, made
18:40of jasper.
18:41And it's one of the clear indicators that they were Native Americans that made this deposit.
18:49Over centuries, the Native Americans exploited the oyster-rich waters and fertile soil.
18:56Until the arrival of Europeans eventually pushed them out of these lands.
19:02But one mystery still puzzles investigators.
19:06Why did they choose to live on a remote island, rather than the mainland?
19:11Joel believes the answer lies on neighboring Ellis Island.
19:16Behind me is the immigration station.
19:18Beneath it, we found a shell midden, just like the one that was over on Liberty Island.
19:24Joel thinks these two distinct deposits are a clue to how this landscape looked in the distant past.
19:35Scientists unearthed middens not only on Liberty Island, but also beneath the main immigration building on nearby Ellis Island.
19:45The alignment of the middens suggests they are part of the same trash heap.
19:50It would mean the two islands were once connected to each other, and possibly to the mainland.
19:59Thousands of years ago, these islands were just two small hills, surrounded by tidal flats and marshes.
20:07Over time, erosion and rising sea levels transformed the hills into small islands.
20:14Right in the middle of the harbor.
20:20Thousands of years, people were coming here.
20:23Native Americans seasonally were coming here and exploiting the resources and living here.
20:27And I think the whole depth of history here is pretty amazing.
20:33Without realizing it, the statue's creators had chosen a location rich with the history of North America.
20:40But how exactly would her creators build such a massive statue?
20:46And where did the inspiration for her metal design come from?
21:06The Statue of Liberty
21:07The Statue of Liberty, one of the most iconic sights in the world.
21:12Her creator, the French sculptor Frédéric Bartholdi, chose to build his statue on an island once inhabited by Native Americans.
21:21He may have even based her face on his own mother.
21:26But what was the inspiration for the rest of her?
21:31Why did it take the form it did?
21:33It's not clear. You have to really kind of enter on to a process of discovery in order to figure
21:38that out.
21:41The widespread view is that she is based on Libertas, the Roman goddess of freedom.
21:47And at first glance, the resemblance is clear.
21:52But there's one glaring difference.
21:55Her most iconic feature is out of place.
21:59The huge seven-pointed crown that adorns her head is never seen on Roman depictions of Libertas.
22:06Could her crown unlock the lady's secret identity?
22:11Ed thinks Bartholdi was actually looking even further back in time.
22:17To a monument that experts believe featured a very similar-looking headpiece.
22:22This is the Colossus of Rhodes, and this was an image from the middle of the 19th century.
22:28This is what people then thought the Colossus of Rhodes must have looked like.
22:33The giant statue was one of the seven ancient wonders of the world.
22:39110 feet tall, it was built to represent Helios, the Greek god of the sun.
22:45It stood on Rhodes more than 2300 years ago, but was destroyed just 66 years after it was built.
22:54It was a great statue, a huge statue, carrying a torch with a crown that had spokes on it.
23:02And those spokes represent the rays of the sun.
23:07So, is Liberty really a secret homage to the Colossus of Rhodes?
23:13To find out, we need to discover what this ancient statue really looked like, rather than relying on 19th century
23:21illustrations based on guesswork.
23:28On the Greek island of Rhodes,
23:32Architect Katerina Manoussou has spent decades hunting for this lost wonder.
23:38Legend has it the Colossus stood straddling the entrance to the port.
23:58But this image is vastly different from the Statue of Liberty.
24:03So, was it really here? Or could it actually be much more similar to Liberty, both in terms of its
24:10appearance and positioning?
24:13Scientific examination of the area has persuaded Katerina that the Colossus could never have stood at the harbor.
24:37The Colossus was made of bronze, which would have sunk after its collapse.
24:44But following extensive searches, no remains have ever been found on the sea floor here.
24:54Katerina is convinced the statue did exist, it just wasn't built where most people think.
25:01Which means it could have also looked more like the Statue of Liberty than previously thought.
25:08Katerina heads away from the harbor entrance, towards the palace of the Grand Master, overlooking the port.
25:17Archaeologists have discovered that this wall encases a much older solid stone slab.
25:22It's the perfect size for a huge plinth.
25:40The palace was built in the 14th century, long after the Colossus collapsed, but Katerina believes it marks the spot
25:48where the huge ancient statue would have stood.
25:51Not straddling the harbor, but towering above it, just like Liberty.
26:08The legend of the Colossus sees it straddling the harbor with its legs apart.
26:16But this is a medieval misconception that has been passed down through time like a game of whispers.
26:24With no evidence and ancient descriptions.
26:33Historians are now certain the Colossus never stood at the entrance to the harbor.
26:40Instead, it must have been positioned inland, towering over the harbor on a huge stone pedestal.
26:47Just like the Statue of Liberty.
26:52New York investigator Ed Berenson believes Katerina's theory.
26:58He thinks that the Statue of Liberty's creator had already guessed the truth.
27:04We know and Bartholdi said that in terms of the structure, the Colossus of Rhodes that straddled the opening of
27:13Rhodes,
27:13well that couldn't be real because it wouldn't have been able to stand up and he understood that.
27:21So is this really where Bartholdi got his inspiration from?
27:26We know that he was interested in colossal statues.
27:30He was amazed by them and he said that he wanted to build something just like that.
27:35What Bartholdi did is he amalgamated the two.
27:38He took the Goddess of Liberty and he fused it with the Colossus of Rhodes and out of that came
27:45the Statue of Liberty.
27:47The statue's creator set out to build an ancient Colossus in a modern world.
27:54But how did they construct a statue far bigger than her ancient predecessor?
28:00And how has she survived so much longer?
28:19The Statue of Liberty.
28:21The Statue of Liberty.
28:23Its maker wanted to resurrect the God-sized monuments of the ancient world.
28:30Bartholdi's key inspiration, the Colossus of Rhodes, collapsed after just 66 years.
28:36So how did he build something even bigger without suffering the same fate?
28:42And how did the choice of materials affect how she looks today?
28:47When she first went up, she wasn't green at all.
28:50That always amazes me.
28:5562,000 pounds of the purest copper make up the statue's skin.
29:01Hammered into over 300 plates.
29:04Each plate is just 0.09 inches thick.
29:09A layer of green patina, in parts as thick as the copper itself, covers every surface.
29:18But stripping away 130 years of oxidation reveals the lady's true color.
29:26When first built, she would have looked like a gleaming golden colossus of ancient times, towering over 19th century New
29:34York.
29:38So why did Bartholdi choose copper plates?
29:43Especially when the Colossus of Rhodes was built very differently, using the ancient method of bronze casting.
29:51You think these are close enough to the pouring head?
29:54Yeah.
29:58Paul Cavanaugh is a veteran metal worker and sculptor.
30:03To make the Colossus, it was necessary for each section to be cast into bronze, and then the bronze would
30:13be joined together.
30:15Jeff Boccaccio and his team still use the bronze casting method.
30:20They have the skills to investigate what techniques it took to build the Colossus.
30:28The team uses sand to create a mold.
30:31Then they pour molten bronze into it.
30:34Up, up. Good. Stop. Here we go. Ready?
30:38It's a potentially dangerous moment.
30:41Back, back.
30:43When it hits the mold, the bronze cools down and takes its inverted shape.
30:53The Red Star.
30:53Experts believe workers cast the Colossus of Rhodes in large sections.
30:58Each stood five feet tall and weighed up to 250 pounds.
31:04Workers mounted the skin on an internal frame made of iron bars.
31:10And riveted each large section together.
31:14The people of Rhodes used an abandoned siege tower as a scaffold to reach the statue's crown.
31:20A dizzying 110 feet off the ground.
31:25For strength, the metal was an inch thick below the knees where it supported the most weight.
31:30To stop it being top-heavy, it tapered to a quarter of an inch near the head.
31:37But instead of bronze, Martoldi chose copper, a metal not suitable for casting.
31:44Copper meant his workers had to use a special technique called repoussé, which involves shaping the metal by hammering from
31:51the reverse side.
31:53They created a negative wooden form.
31:57Then, in using all sorts of different little techniques, they were able to hammer into the wooden form and then
32:05have it hold its shape.
32:06So it could be riveted to the inside structure.
32:11Paul assesses the two techniques.
32:14He believes that cast bronze is the superior method.
32:18Casting bronze for a large monument like the Colossus is much better.
32:24The Colossus would be a lot stronger than the sexual liberty.
32:31When exposed to the elements, copper turns green over time.
32:36And compared to cast bronze, copper repoussé is weaker and more labor-intensive.
32:42So why did Martoldi choose it?
32:46Despite all its flaws, it has one major advantage.
32:51It was much, much less expensive than cast bronze.
32:56It was just a technique to save a lot of money.
33:01According to legend, the Colossus of Rhodes was built using captured bronze weapons from a recent war.
33:08But Frederic Bartoldi didn't have this advantage.
33:12He was limited by money and had to drum up funds to realize his vision.
33:18The Statue of Liberty was made as a gift.
33:21And I think that the way those things work is the person who controls the purse string controls what material
33:28is chosen.
33:29So Bartoldi had to somewhat go along with that.
33:34Despite it not being first choice, the world has grown to love the statue's green copper tint.
33:42And Liberty has lasted far longer than her ancient ancestor, the Colossus of Rhodes, even if she was built using
33:48an inferior construction technique.
33:51But thin copper sheets are far too weak to support such a massive structure on their own.
33:57So what secret methods did her engineers use to ensure she would stand the test of time?
34:18For more than a century, the Statue of Liberty has stood proudly on its plinth, watching over New York Harbor.
34:31The famous Colossus of Rhodes, on which it was modeled, was shorter and built of sturdier stuff.
34:37Yet it was destroyed by an earthquake after just 66 years.
34:43How did Liberty's engineers ensure she would outlive her ancient Greek ancestor?
34:50Veteran structural engineer Donald Friedman is one of America's leading specialists in renovating historical buildings.
34:58He's investigating how the Statue of Liberty has stood the test of time.
35:05She's an amazing statue. When you look at her from the outside, you know, you see what everybody has always
35:10come here to see.
35:11But when you go inside, you see the structure and it's even more interesting.
35:17Underneath her robe lies a vast hidden lattice of intricate metalwork.
35:24A huge central pylon anchors her to the pedestal and acts as a spine for layers of steel girders, supporting
35:38a framework of thin metal bars that attach to her copper skin.
35:51So how did this seemingly fragile frame make her stronger than anything that had come before?
36:01To solve this mystery, Don first wants to understand exactly how the Colossus collapsed.
36:11Nice to see you.
36:14Don works with veteran physicist Neville Ryger, who has been researching the fate of the Colossus of Rhodes for over
36:2020 years.
36:21This is what we think that the Colossus looked like.
36:25It stood pretty much with its legs close together, certainly not straddled over the harbor.
36:32Neville has built a computer simulation to investigate why it fell.
36:39It would have failed at the ankles, but would have brought the entire structure down.
36:45And that's what they saw lying on the ground for 700 years.
36:51Don believes the Statue of Liberty's creator may have taken this into account.
36:57If you look at a person, we're big in the middle and then we get narrowed down towards the ankles,
37:01and that's the weakest part of a statue.
37:05The narrow legs and ankles of the Colossus made it susceptible to collapse.
37:12So Liberty was designed to have a wide flowing robe around the base.
37:19The robe would make her more structurally sound.
37:26That would also help her deal with a more likely threat.
37:31Strong winds.
37:33The sculpture itself is a very thin, copper skin.
37:37And even with a good shape, and even with the good geometry that the dress gives it,
37:42there's still the issue of how do you make this strong enough to withstand the wind pressure that's blowing on
37:46it on a day like today, for example.
37:49So why hasn't the wind ripped off Liberty's thin, copper skin?
37:55In order to provide the structure for this massive sculpture,
37:58the artist employed one of the most famous engineers of the era,
38:01and arguably the best engineer in France at that time.
38:07Bartholdi recruited a rising star of the construction industry,
38:11who would go on to complete the famous Eiffel Tower in France.
38:17Gustav Eiffel.
38:20Inside that thin copper skin, you've got a wrought iron braced frame that is the main structure of the statue,
38:27designed by the engineer Gustav Eiffel.
38:29And it's very similar to the tower that he built in Paris a few years later.
38:36The statue's strength comes from its solid central pylon,
38:40made of four columns reinforced with crossed diagonal girders.
38:48This supports a second steel frame,
38:51which attaches to the statue's skin with flexible rods and strips of metal.
38:59These strips are held in place with copper saddles,
39:04so that the two layers move independently.
39:10The connections between the skin and the skeleton act as a spring,
39:14allowing the statue to sway and flex.
39:22You have potentially a lot of movement of the skin from one side to the other,
39:27relative to the structure that's in the middle.
39:30And if it weren't allowed to move, it would start to rip itself apart.
39:36Back at his office, Don investigates the effects of wind on the statue's skeleton.
39:41This frame is doing what Eiffel designed it to do,
39:44which is to take all of this wind load and transmit it down to the base, down to the plinth.
39:49This spring technique was one of the first of its kind,
39:52and it paved the way for many other high-rise structures.
39:57At the time that Eiffel designed this, this is one of the best frames in the world.
40:03I mean, this is just an amazing design for the 1880s.
40:06Even today, using the materials he was using and with the constraints he had for construction,
40:11I'm not sure we could do very much better.
40:20On the outside, the Statue of Liberty resembles the gods of the ancient world.
40:24But inside, she is a modern engineering marvel.
40:29Her face may have inadvertently been based on a real person,
40:33but this great monument has grown in people's hearts and minds to take on a unique identity of her own.
40:40It is what one art historian called a hollow icon.
40:45That is, it doesn't have any definite meaning written into it.
40:50And so that allows us to speculate, and it also allows the meaning of the Statue of Liberty to evolve
40:57with the times.
40:59The Statue of Liberty is the lifetime accomplishment of Frederic Bartholdi,
41:05who overcame colossal obstacles to build an ancient wonder in 19th century New York.
41:18Liberty's creator may have taken inspiration from the Colossus of Rhodes.
41:24But this iconic lady stands taller and stronger, thanks to the ingenious structural innovation hidden within.
41:35The island she calls home is an archaeological treasure trove, rooted in the birth of a nation.
41:44Once a gleaming copper leviathan, the Statue of Liberty has evolved to become one of the most important symbols of
41:52the modern world.
42:10Now, check out the lernen of the Statue of Liberty, to be in a world of science for a history.
42:11I think we have an ancient Scholar and the Herald River.
42:11What can we add now and come to an ancient place?
42:12The Statue of Liberty is a sacred promise?
42:12The The Statue of Liberty.
42:15The Statue of Liberty, to be the Statue of Liberty, to complete a place.
42:15The Statue of Liberty has revealed a massive failure that have been taken to the orbit of the alleys.
42:18To be continued...
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