- 1 hour ago
Deep inside a quantum computer, physicists have successfully engineered a completely new phase of matter called a "time crystal," a bizarre structure whose atoms constantly move and repeat patterns not in space, but across time itself. While it doesn't actually slow down the clock like a sci-fi movie, this mind-bending quantum physics breakthrough literally defies the second law of thermodynamics by perpetually oscillating without ever losing or requiring any energy. Our latest science documentary breaks down the insane quantum computing technology required to create these perpetual-motion-like structures in a freezing laboratory vacuum. Click to watch now and uncover the incredible truth behind how human beings literally hacked the fundamental laws of nature to create a crystal that lives on its own timeline! Animation is created by Bright Side.
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This video is made for entertainment purposes. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, safety and reliability. Any action you take upon the information in this video is strictly at your own risk, and we will not be liable for any damages or losses. It is the viewer's responsibility to use judgement, care and precaution if you plan to replicate.
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FunTranscript
00:01Inside a chunk of diamond smaller than your fingernail, scientists have just discovered something that shouldn't exist.
00:08Not just a new material, a new phase of matter. And it breaks the very rules of time itself.
00:15The biggest problem is, no one fully understands how it works yet. Not even the people who made it.
00:21So, let's take a peek and try to figure it out.
00:25The story started over a decade ago. Scientists created the first time crystal.
00:30Sounds like some mysterious component for a time machine, but it's something even weirder.
00:37Take a regular crystal and check it out under a microscope.
00:41Like everything around us, it consists of molecules and atoms.
00:45What makes crystals special is that their atoms are arranged in a repeating pattern.
00:50A salt crystal, for example. If we look at it, we'll see a repeating pattern inside it.
00:55And this pattern is the same everywhere, no matter how large or small the piece of salt is, or what
01:01shape it is.
01:03In the whole crystal, it's unchanged. And it will remain the same no matter how much time has passed.
01:10You might also know that all the atoms around us are constantly moving.
01:14Even at very, very low temperatures, when everything freezes and nothing can stop them.
01:20Their movement is random, chaotic, and unpredictable.
01:23They're just jiggling in space.
01:25But time crystals have their own special quirk.
01:29Not only are their atoms arranged in the same pattern, just like regular crystals,
01:34but these atoms also moved in a looped, endlessly repeating dance.
01:39It's super weird.
01:41The atoms in time crystals are like an endless dance party.
01:44All the guests repeat the same moves in the same order over and over again.
01:49The movements in these dances can be basic and simple, or overly complex and chaotic.
01:56But they're always looped in time, hence the name.
02:00Now, just to clarify, these crystals aren't the kind we're used to.
02:04They don't look like gems, diamonds, emeralds, or anything like that.
02:08Actually, they don't look like much at all.
02:11The beautiful name, time crystal, describes a new, very strange kind of matter.
02:16The changes in quantum states, which is what we call the weirdly looped dancing atoms.
02:23But even after scientists discovered them, there was something even crazier about them.
02:27These dance movements, for some reason, persist, even at absolute zero temperature.
02:33In all normal materials and objects, if we cool atoms down to such a crazy degree, they would freeze, lose
02:40energy, and stop moving.
02:42In time crystals, they continue their endless dance as if nothing happened.
02:48Oh, and that was only the beginning.
02:51Scientists also got stunned because the existence of time crystals seemed to violate the second law of thermodynamics.
02:58Now, this law states that over time, any system becomes random and distorted.
03:03For example, a warm coffee will distribute its heat and become cold.
03:08Ice dropped in the water will eventually melt and unite with it, making water colder, and so on.
03:14At first, they thought that time crystals broke this law because it seemed like their atoms can move indefinitely, like
03:21a perpetual motion machine.
03:22It seemed like not only do they move constantly, in the same pattern, no matter what happens to them, but
03:29they don't need any energy to do so.
03:32But then it turned out that they do require energy after all, either from lasers or magnetic fields.
03:38So even though they're little marvels, they don't break our physics laws.
03:43Um, yet.
03:44There were theories that this stuff could exist.
03:47Time crystals were first predicted in 2012 by a theoretical physicist, Frank Wilczek.
03:53Not all physicists accepted the theory at the time.
03:56Many believed that the crystals would violate the second law of thermodynamics, which means breaking physics.
04:02But the universe really doesn't care what scientists think.
04:06And Frank Wilczek won a Nobel Prize for one of his works.
04:10Still, some scientists were skeptical about this, until time crystals were invented for the first time in 2016.
04:18Research from the University of Maryland managed to create one.
04:21They did it like this.
04:23First, they took a regular crystal and cooled down the atoms inside it to near absolute zero, almost stopping them.
04:30Then they started shocking these atoms with lasers, and made the atoms switch between different states repeatedly without absorbing any
04:38energy from the laser.
04:39You could say that the laser gave them a beat and made them dance by themselves, without anyone's help.
04:46The result was the first time crystal ever.
04:49This was an amazing breakthrough.
04:52And ever since then, physicists kept studying time crystals to see what else these guys could do.
04:58The biggest problem was that such perpetual motion only truly exists forever in ideal time crystals.
05:05And since the time crystals in our experiments weren't ideal, they lasted only a few minutes before they melted and
05:11started behaving like regular matter again.
05:14But that didn't stop scientists.
05:16They wanted to make time crystals stable and usable.
05:20In 2021, they made another breakthrough.
05:23Researchers at Google collaborated with a bunch of big universities and used Google's quantum computer to create a much bigger
05:30and much more stable time crystal.
05:33If we managed to implement this property, these crystals could help us get closer to full-fledged usable quantum computers.
05:41One of the biggest problems for this technology was memory.
05:44But the loop dances in time crystals might help us store information on a quantum level.
05:50That would be absolutely insane.
05:54Now, another thing scientists aimed at was a new kind of ultra-precise clock.
05:59Time crystals could also help us with that.
06:02And now, in 2025, they finally achieved big new successes.
06:07They took time crystals even further and created a time quasicrystal.
06:12It's like the jazz version of a time crystal.
06:15More complex, a bit more chaotic, yet still coherent and weirdly beautiful.
06:20A team led by the researcher Chong Zhu created an atoms dance that was based on the golden ratio.
06:27The same perfect number we see in nature in seashell spirals and sunflowers.
06:33In most time crystals, Adam danced to a simple beat like tick-tock, tick-tock.
06:38In time quasicrystals, they gave these guys a melody in Phrygian scale over a Fibonacci-timed beat.
06:46In simple words, their movements became complex, not looping anymore.
06:51Yet it still feels like actual structured dance, not random noise.
06:56Like a mosaic where no tiles repeat exactly, but still form a wonderful pattern.
07:01They started with a tiny chunk of diamond.
07:04Then they started hitting it with high-energy nitrogen atoms,
07:07knocking some of the diamond's carbon atoms out of place.
07:10That left behind empty pockets.
07:12Electrons rushed in to fill them, creating little quantum systems inside the diamond.
07:18Each of these pockets was highly microscopic.
07:21And the final system had over a million of them interacting together.
07:25Then came the microwaves.
07:28Using the magic of two overlapping pulses and golden ratio,
07:32they stirred the quantum particles into this bizarre, orderly, not-looped time rhythm.
07:37And just like that, the time quasicrystal was born.
07:42What they got was a stable, non-repeating atomic rhythm in time.
07:47Something that, mathematically speaking, shouldn't be possible.
07:50And it's an entirely new phase of matter.
07:54So this isn't just a cool physics trick.
07:57It's a doorway into a part of the quantum world we barely understand.
08:02Normally, when you pump energy into a system,
08:04it either settles into a pattern or falls apart in chaos.
08:08But this one did neither.
08:10It found a new kind of order.
08:13But more than that, it might unlock technologies we haven't even dreamed of yet.
08:18Quantum systems like this could be shockingly stable,
08:21which is gold for quantum computers.
08:25Finally, quantum memory is on the horizon.
08:27Quantum computers could use these time quasicrystals to store data long-term.
08:33Next, quantum sensors could use their incredible sensitivity
08:37to detect even the tiniest changes in the environment.
08:41And finally, the ultraclock we mentioned before?
08:44It's coming too!
08:46These crystals would help timekeeping devices be ultra-precise.
08:50Of course, we don't need this in daily life,
08:53but it will be incredibly useful in science.
08:56Strangely enough, it turns out that the same fragility
08:59that made these crystals difficult to handle
09:01also made them perfectly tuned detectors.
09:04All this is theory for now,
09:06but as scientists continue to study this,
09:09some usable tech might not be far behind.
09:15Earth.
09:16The year is 500 million CE.
09:19Two million years ago,
09:21the sun splashed a huge bundle of energy into space.
09:24It destroyed Earth's magnetic field
09:26and burned the entire surface of our planet.
09:28Now, our world resembles a lifeless desert.
09:32All the oceans have dried up,
09:34rivers of magma flow all over the surface,
09:37and the sky is filled with black clouds of ash.
09:41Humans have already colonized other planets,
09:44so everything is okay.
09:46In the middle of this apocalypse,
09:47a small crystal covered with volcanic dust
09:50lies under a thick layer of solidified magma.
09:54But it's not just a crystal.
09:56It's a five-dimensional memory crystal.
09:59In simple words,
10:00this is a very cool flashcard.
10:02But what is it doing here?
10:04And what data is hidden on it?
10:06It stores everything you need to know
10:08about humans as a biological species.
10:11The year is 2024 CE.
10:13Scientists have recorded information
10:15to a unique memory card.
10:17They've engraved the sequence
10:19of the entire human genetic code
10:20in the very structure of this 5D crystal.
10:23The invention consists of nanoscale voids
10:27in a vitreous silicon dioxide material.
10:30I can continue with other complex scientific words,
10:33but let's better focus on the properties of this crystal.
10:37The small flashcard can hold hundreds of terabytes of information
10:41thanks to nanotechnologies,
10:43even though all the information about the human genome
10:46is only 800 megabytes of data.
10:48But the coolest thing is the crystal's invulnerability.
10:53You can throw it in an oven
10:54with a temperature of 1,800 degrees Fahrenheit,
10:57which is about the same temperature of lava.
11:00You can put it in the freezer
11:02or leave it in the ice of Antarctica.
11:04You can throw it off a cliff
11:05or trample it underfoot.
11:07The information will remain readable.
11:10Of course, reading it requires special equipment,
11:13such as an optical microscope or a polarizer.
11:16In any case, if a representative of another civilization
11:19finds the crystal,
11:21they will probably figure out how to use it.
11:25Another cool thing is that the crystal material
11:27can be stored for many billions of years,
11:30which makes it one of the most reliable
11:31information storage systems in the world.
11:34Now, the crystal is stored in Austria,
11:37in the memory of Mankind Archive,
11:39along with other important holders of information
11:42about humanity.
11:44We need to preserve all this for future generations
11:47or extraterrestrial civilizations,
11:49or in case an apocalypse happens
11:51and people forget who they are
11:53and where they come from.
11:55Also, the 5D crystal will help resurrect humanity
11:58in case of its destruction.
12:00If some advanced intelligence from another galaxy
12:03finds the crystal and reads the information,
12:05it will be able to recreate humankind.
12:08Hopefully, they'll have the technologies
12:10capable of creating life.
12:13Take a look at this number.
12:15That's 10 septillions.
12:17This number is many times the age of our universe,
12:20and it would take 10 septillion years
12:22for the most powerful computer to solve a problem
12:25called random circuit sampling.
12:27This task has no practical purpose
12:29and doesn't solve any difficult issues.
12:31Scientists created random circuit sampling
12:35to measure the computing power of computer chips.
12:37And here's what it's all about.
12:40Google has created a quantum computing chip
12:42called Willow
12:43that could solve random circuit sampling
12:45in a few minutes.
12:48A stunning result
12:49that can significantly accelerate the development
12:51of all technologies on Earth
12:53in the coming years.
12:55A chip the size of a small mint candy
12:58was invented in California.
12:59Already, scientists are confident
13:02that Willow is capable of making a huge leap
13:05in the field of medicine development.
13:07What will happen next?
13:09The creation of thermonuclear reactors,
13:11the enhancement of AI,
13:13the invention of endless energy sources,
13:16and much more.
13:17For example,
13:19quantum computing and AI
13:20will be able to read MRI images
13:22at the atomic level.
13:24Quantum computers will evolve much faster
13:27than traditional ones.
13:28There's a lot of technical data
13:30that shows why quantum computers
13:32are so superior.
13:33But let's check out one crazy idea
13:36that explains quantum computers' advantages.
13:39It says that quantum chips exist
13:41in many parallel universes at once.
13:44And this corresponds to the idea
13:46that we live in a multiverse.
13:48In simple words,
13:50a quantum computer can simultaneously
13:52perform more tasks in different states.
13:54It's hard to understand,
13:56but here's an example.
13:58Take a rat and put it in a large maze.
14:01It will study every corridor
14:02and every corner
14:03and spend a lot of time
14:05before exploring the maze completely.
14:07But a quantum rat
14:08will be able to explore
14:09every corner of the maze
14:10at the same time
14:12as if it has many clones
14:13or one common mind.
14:15A quantum computer does the same thing.
14:19See this robot walking awkwardly
14:21around the room?
14:22And here is another robot on wheels
14:24that randomly drives
14:25from side to side.
14:27Who do you think controls these robots?
14:29A scientist?
14:31AI?
14:31A program?
14:33The answer is much stranger.
14:35These robots are controlled by
14:37mushrooms.
14:40Mushrooms are interconnected
14:41through mycelial networks
14:42that resemble human brain cells.
14:45They transmit impulses to one another
14:47and communicate in ways unknown to us.
14:50But what if they could transfer
14:51these impulses to something mechanical?
14:55Scientists from the USA
14:56decided to conduct such an experiment.
14:59They took the king oyster mushroom
15:00and grew its mycelium
15:02into the electronics of a robot.
15:04Of course, its motion was chaotic,
15:06but scientists still believe
15:08the experiment was a success.
15:10They managed to transfer
15:12the electrophysiological activity
15:14of the mushrooms
15:14to the outside world.
15:16That is,
15:17they created a biomechanical device.
15:20Mold and fungi
15:21are very tenacious.
15:23They can survive in harsh conditions
15:25and adapt to environmental changes,
15:27which is why they're so convenient
15:28to use in cybernetics.
15:31Scientists have taken a small step
15:33toward big discoveries.
15:35If today,
15:36mushrooms can transmit a signal
15:38and make a robot move,
15:39then, in the future,
15:41scientists hope to develop
15:42better ways of communicating
15:44with a live system.
15:45With this technology,
15:47we will know the reactions
15:48of mushrooms
15:49to various environmental changes.
15:52For example,
15:53mushrooms will be able to react
15:54with nerve impulses
15:56in places where toxic waste is released.
15:58We will record these signals
16:00and neutralize the effects
16:01of pollution.
16:03What if mushrooms can also respond
16:05to changes inside our bodies?
16:07Imagine swallowing a capsule
16:09with mushroom spores
16:10that are connected to nanorobots.
16:13Mushrooms enter your organism,
16:15scan your body,
16:16and transmit information
16:17to a computer.
16:19Then, the doctor
16:20prescribes treatment for you.
16:21But the coolest thing
16:23is that, in the future,
16:24the technology
16:25could go even further.
16:27What if we could translate
16:29mushroom signals into words
16:30and communicate with them?
16:32It might sound too psychedelic,
16:34but why not?
16:37We all know that plastic
16:39is not the best thing
16:40for our planet.
16:40The good news is that
16:42scientists have created
16:43living plastic,
16:44which can decompose itself
16:46within several months.
16:48In 2016,
16:49a special type of bacteria
16:51was discovered
16:51at a plastic recycling plant
16:53in Japan.
16:54The bacteria are capable
16:56of degrading
16:57a particular type of plastic.
16:59Over the years,
17:00scientists have discovered
17:01other similar bacteria
17:02and upgraded them,
17:03making bacteria
17:05eat plastic more greedily
17:06with the help
17:07of produced enzymes.
17:09It would be awesome
17:10if soon people would use
17:12self-destructing plastic
17:13much more often.
17:15You've probably seen
17:16how doctors examine
17:18the brain in the movies
17:19or in hospitals.
17:20They apply a sticky gel
17:22and put a helmet
17:22with a dozen electrodes
17:24connected to the head
17:25of a patient.
17:26These electrodes are,
17:27in turn,
17:28connected to a computer
17:29that displays information
17:31about the activity
17:32of the human brain.
17:33All this is a rather
17:35inconvenient
17:36and time-consuming process.
17:38But recently,
17:39scientists have found
17:40a much easier way.
17:42Temporary electronic tattoos.
17:44A liquid ink
17:45applied to the head
17:46is as effective
17:47and accurate
17:48as conventional electrodes.
17:50And unlike them,
17:51ink is much easier
17:53to customize.
17:54Electronic tattoos
17:55are set up faster
17:56and they're more comfortable
17:58for the client.
17:59The technology
18:00is a real breakthrough
18:01in the field of diagnosis
18:02and brain monitoring.
18:04The special ink
18:05is made from
18:06conductive polymers.
18:07Doctors spray it
18:08from a custom
18:09inkjet printer
18:10directly onto
18:11the patient's head.
18:13The next step
18:13for scientists
18:14is to make the ink
18:15more convenient
18:16so that it can be applied
18:18to different types
18:18of hair and hairstyles.
18:21That's it for today.
18:22So hey,
18:23if you pacified
18:24your curiosity,
18:24then give the video a like
18:26and share it
18:26with your friends.
18:27Or if you want more,
18:28just click on these videos
18:29and stay on the bright side.
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