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00:02:03Slowly, painfully, life came back to the ruins of Europe.
00:02:26The war was over, but there was no peace.
00:02:31Despair crouched over the continent.
00:02:37Hopelessness circled Europe like a bird of prey.
00:02:41Why?
00:02:43What were the forces?
00:02:46What were the issues in a war that turned nations into rubble heaps and populations into beggars?
00:02:56The people wanted the answers.
00:02:58They wanted to know what happened and why.
00:03:06In the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg, the people of the world came together, for there sat the International Military
00:03:13Tribunal to judge the chief Nazi war criminals.
00:03:20Herman Goering, Rudolf Hess, Joaquin von Ribbentrop, Wilhelm Keitel, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Alfred Rosenberg, Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Julius Stryker, Walter
00:03:37Funk, Hjalmar Schacht, Karl Dönitz, Eric Rader, Balder von Schirach, Fritz Saukel, Alfred Jodl.
00:03:46Martin Bormann, Franz von Papen, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Albert Speer, Konstantin von Neurath, Hans Fritzsche.
00:03:57As individuals and as members of the political leadership of the German Reich and National Socialist Workers' Party, including the
00:04:06Intelligence Service, Gestapo, stormtroopers, general staff and high command of the German Wehrmacht.
00:04:16Justice Robert H. Jackson, the chief American prosecutor, makes the opening statement for the prosecution.
00:04:22The privilege of opening the first trial in history for crimes against the peace of the world imposes a grave
00:04:31responsibility.
00:04:33The wrongs which we seek to condemn and punish have been so calculated, so malignant and so devastating, that civilization
00:04:44cannot tolerate their being ignored because it cannot survive their being repeated.
00:04:50That four great nations, flushed with victory and stung with injury, stay the hand of vengeance and voluntarily submit their
00:05:01captive enemies to the judgment of the law,
00:05:03is one of the most significant tributes that power has ever paid to reason.
00:05:12This inquest represents the practical effort of four of the most mighty of nations, with the support of 15 more,
00:05:21to utilize international law to meet the greatest menace of our times, aggressive war.
00:05:29Therefore, the common sense of mankind demands that law shall not stop with the punishment of petty crimes by little
00:05:36people.
00:05:38It must also reach men who possess themselves of great power and make deliberate and concerted use of it to
00:05:48set in motion evils which leave no home in the world untouched.
00:05:54In the prisoner's dock sit twenty-odd broken men, reproached by the humiliation of those they have led almost as
00:06:07bitterly as by the desolation of those they have attacked.
00:06:11Their personal capacity for evil is forever past.
00:06:16Merely as individuals, their fate is of little consequence to the world.
00:06:23What makes this inquest significant is that these prisoners represent sinister influences that will lurk in the world long after
00:06:32their bodies have returned to death.
00:06:35They are living symbols of the arrogance and cruelty of power, of racial hatred, terrorism, and of violence, symbols of
00:06:47fierce nationalisms and militarism, of intrigue and war-making which have embroiled Europe generation after generation, crushing its manhood, destroying
00:06:59its homes, and impoverishing its life.
00:07:02They have so identified themselves with the philosophies they have conceived and with the forces they have directed that any
00:07:10tenderness to them is a victory and an encouragement to all the evils which are attached to their names.
00:07:19What these men stand for we will patiently and temperately disclose.
00:07:28We will give you undeniable proofs of incredible events.
00:07:34The catalog of crimes will omit nothing.
00:07:41It may be that these men of troubled conscience do not regard a trial as a favor, but they do
00:07:49have a fair opportunity to defend themselves, a favor which when in power they rarely extended even to their fellow
00:07:57countrymen.
00:08:00We will not ask you to convict these men on the testimony of their foes.
00:08:06There is no count in the indictment that cannot be proved by books and records.
00:08:14We will show you their own films.
00:08:18You will see their own conduct and hear their own voices as these defendants reenact for you some of the
00:08:26events in the course of the conspiracy.
00:08:30Their acts, as we shall recount them before you, have bathed the world in blood and set civilization back a
00:08:41century.
00:08:47They have subjected their European neighbors to every scoliation and deprivation.
00:08:56They have brought the German people to the lowest pitch of wretchedness.
00:09:05They have stirred hatred and incited domestic violence on every continent.
00:09:14These are the things that stand in the dark shoulder to shoulder with these prisoners.
00:09:20The real complaining party at your bar is civilization.
00:09:25Count one.
00:09:27That all of the defendants participated as organizers or accomplices in a common plan or conspiracy
00:09:35to commit crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.
00:09:42The aims of this conspiracy were open, notorious, and far different from any conspiracy ever unfolded before a court of
00:09:50justice.
00:09:51It traced its roots to Hitler's 1925 manifesto, Mein Kampf.
00:09:59Pistol shots and then wild firing.
00:10:02The heart leapt as old war experiences were relived.
00:10:10Its history is the history of the Nazi party, which grew from the brawling streets of Munich in the 20s.
00:10:20And from the beginning, Adolf Hitler and his followers were committed to using any means, whether or not they were
00:10:27legal or honorable.
00:10:33Their aim was the highest degree of control over the German community.
00:10:41Their intentions were blatantly put forth in Mein Kampf and the Nazi party program.
00:10:51And they preached their favorite doctrines up and down the land.
00:10:55They said that persons of so-called German blood were a master race, entitled to subjugate or even exterminate other
00:11:05races.
00:11:05They said that the Germans should be ruled under the Führerprincip, or leadership principle, by which each subordinate owed unconditional
00:11:14obedience to his superior, and so on, right up to Adolf Hitler.
00:11:19They said that war was a noble and necessary activity of Germans.
00:11:29And they said that the Nazi party alone had the right to rule Germany, and the right to destroy the
00:11:35party's enemies.
00:11:53Their rise to power was based on fraud, deceit, intimidation, and coercion.
00:12:03Culminating finally in terror and flame.
00:12:11Into that flame went the democratic constitution of the Weimar Republic and the freedom of the German people.
00:12:23For the fires set by the Nazis extended to the very Reichstag, the National Congress.
00:12:31Hans Gassavius, a witness who formerly held a high position in the Berlin police administration, tells of his investigation of
00:12:39the Reichstag fire.
00:12:40To say briefly, first of all, we have found that Hitler had the right to rule under a great propaganda
00:12:52coup.
00:12:54Goebbels took the necessary suggestions here.
00:13:00Goebbels was the first thought of the Reichstag.
00:13:06Goebbels took the right to rule.
00:13:14Goebbels taken over all the forms of the plans.
00:13:21Goebbels took a bullet from his 24 hours.
00:13:23Goebbels took the right to rule the police in the first shock to arrest the false traces.
00:13:35Using the Reichstag fire as a pretext for seizing power, the Nazi conspirators lost
00:13:40no time in tearing Germany away from a policy of peace.
00:13:48Late in 1933, they led their nation out of the disarmament conference, quit the League
00:13:54of Nations, and embarked on a course of secret rearmament.
00:14:07By 1934, the new armaments program, designed by defendants Goering, Schacht and Funk, was
00:14:13going full blast.
00:14:17German industry was again turning out the tools of war.
00:14:27The Krupp plants hummed, and one year later, Goering could announce,
00:14:33Today, from the strong foundation of our National Socialist worldview, the German army rises once
00:14:40again.
00:14:44A few days later, General von Blomberg announced the new law for compulsory military service.
00:14:58The law was signed by defendants Goering, Hess, Frank, Frick, Schacht and von Neurath.
00:15:06The training began.
00:15:20Finally in spring of 1936, the Nazis sent their new troops marching into the Rhineland.
00:15:32Mein Führer, am 7. März 1936 rückten Soldaten des auf das Gebot des Führers wiedererstandenen
00:15:40Heeres über den heiligen Strom unserer Geschichte in die alten Friedenstandorte.
00:15:45Die gelobenen Führer, was immer auch seiner Entschluss entspringe, als dem Träger des deutschen
00:15:52Gewissens unverbrüchliche Treue, Gehorsam und Gefolgschaft, und erweisen durch die nie versiegende
00:15:59Liebe zu Deutschland.
00:16:02The columns grew longer.
00:16:07The sound of boots grew louder on the streets of Nuremberg.
00:16:13But Hitler said,
00:16:14Das deutsche Volk ist kein Volk, dass heute und morgen und übermorgen ein Krieg beginnt.
00:16:22Das liegt dem ganzen deutschen Menschen nicht.
00:16:25Er ist in seinem ganzen Wesen nicht nur friedfertig und friedliebend, sondern vor allem verträglich.
00:16:31Er will arbeiten in unserem Land, dass es Millionen Bauern, die wollen ihr Feld bestellen,
00:16:39die wollen ihre Eltern mit einbringen, dass es Millionen Arbeiter, die wollen ihr Arbeit nachgehen,
00:16:46dass es Millionen Frauen und Mütter, die ihre Kinder, ihre Söhne liebt.
00:16:54The Nazi conspirators in the name of Lebensraum continued to plot new aggressions against peace.
00:17:01In November 1937, Hitler called a special meeting with Defendants Goering, von Neurath, Rader,
00:17:08and Generals von Blaumberg and von Fritsch.
00:17:14The meeting was secret, but Lieutenant Colonel Hossbach, Hitler's personal adjutant,
00:17:20faithfully recorded Hitler's words.
00:17:24Germany's dilemma can only be solved by force, which is never without risk.
00:17:30To improve our military and political position, we have no choice but to conquer Czechoslovakia and Austria simultaneously.
00:17:43The annexation of these two states will provide considerable relief.
00:17:50This meeting set the stage for Nazi expansion, and Act I came only three months later at Berchtesgaden,
00:17:59where Defendant von Papen finally engineered a meeting between Schuschnigg, the Austrian Chancellor, Hitler,
00:18:05and Defendants Keitel and von Ribbentrop.
00:18:08Guido Schmidt, who was Austrian foreign minister at the time, also attended the meeting.
00:18:13Schmidt was asked on the witness stand,
00:18:15Did Hitler demand that Seyss-Inquart be made Minister of Security?
00:18:23Question.
00:18:25Were there also demands made with regards to currency exchange and customs?
00:18:35Hitler told you that you had until February 15th to accept his terms, didn't he?
00:18:40And he told you that if you didn't do so, he would use force.
00:18:54Faced by these threats, the Austrians carried out all Hitler's demands.
00:19:04But the Nazi conspirators weren't satisfied.
00:19:09A month later, when Schuschnigg announced a plebiscite on Austrian independence,
00:19:15Hitler and Defendant Goering demanded that the plebiscite be cancelled.
00:19:20Another ultimatum demanded Schuschnigg resign within three hours.
00:19:27Fearing invasion, Schuschnigg resigned,
00:19:29and finally Defendant Seyss-Inquart was appointed the new Chancellor of Austria.
00:19:38That same day, Goering in Berlin called Kepler at the German embassy in Vienna.
00:19:44The conversation was transcribed.
00:19:47Kepler spoke first.
00:19:49We now represent the government of Austria.
00:19:53Goering, that's right, you are the government.
00:19:55Listen carefully.
00:19:57Seyss-Inquart should send us the following telegram.
00:20:00Take this down.
00:20:01The provisional Austrian government urgently requests the help and support of the German government
00:20:07to prevent bloodshed.
00:20:09Please send German troops as soon as possible.
00:20:13Kepler, SA and SS men are marching through the streets.
00:20:16The civil government has broken down.
00:20:18Seyss-Inquart is the only one who holds power in Austria now.
00:20:22Goering, then our troops will cross the border today.
00:20:33The act joining Austria to Germany was signed by Defendants Seyss-Inquart, Goering, Frick, von Ribbentrop and Hess.
00:20:43Hitler, of course, had said,
00:20:45Germany neither wishes nor plans to meddle in the internal affairs of Austria.
00:20:50Nor does it wish to annex Austria.
00:20:52May 21, 1935.
00:20:55Adolf Hitler.
00:21:01The curtain fell on Act I, but already the Nazi conspirators prepared for Act II, with this 1938 memorandum from
00:21:10Hitler to his high command.
00:21:13It is my unalterable decision to smash Czechoslovakia by military force in the near future.
00:21:20It is the job of the political leaders to choose the politically and militarily suitable moment.
00:21:30Konrad Henlein was the local Nazi political leader.
00:21:33The plan was labeled Operation Green.
00:21:36Defendant Jodel recorded in his diary,
00:21:40Operation Green will be launched by means of an incident in Czechoslovakia that will provoke the need for German military
00:21:46intervention.
00:21:47Determining the exact day and hour of this incident is of the utmost importance.
00:21:53A few months later, Germany signed the Munich Pact with England, France and Italy.
00:21:59This pact involved the transfer of the Sudetenland to Germany.
00:22:03The conspirators called it their last territorial demand.
00:22:11But before the ink was dry, they were making other plans.
00:22:15For Hitler's goal was the complete absorption of Czechoslovakia.
00:22:23And now the Czech president, Emil Hache, was called to a meeting with Hitler and defendants Goering, von Ribbentrop and
00:22:30Keitel.
00:22:30They gave Hache an ultimatum.
00:22:33Bohemia and Moravia would be ceded to Germany immediately.
00:22:37Or Czechoslovakia would be invaded and Prague destroyed from the air.
00:22:42Hache was helpless.
00:22:47Defendants von Ribbentrop and Frick signed the decree making Bohemia and Moravia a German protectorate.
00:22:56Speaking some months earlier about the Sudetenland, Hitler had said,
00:23:00I have given assurances and reiterate them now, that Germany has no more territorial problems in Europe.
00:23:06I am no longer interested in the Czech state.
00:23:09I guarantee it.
00:23:11September 26, 1938, Adolf Hitler.
00:23:22Now, according to more of his adjutant's notes, Hitler reviewed the Nazi plan of violence and treachery from 1934 to
00:23:291939.
00:23:31The notes read,
00:23:32First of all, rearmament.
00:23:34In 1935, the introduction of compulsory military service.
00:23:39After that, militarization of the Rhineland.
00:23:42One year later, annexation of Austria.
00:23:44This greatly reinforced the Reich.
00:23:47The next step, Bohemia and Moravia.
00:23:49Then the Czech protectorate established.
00:23:52Thus the foundation for the conquest of Poland.
00:23:55Basically, I did not organize the armed forces in order not to strike.
00:23:59The decision to strike was always in me.
00:24:05In the name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
00:24:09Sir Hartley Shawcross presents count two, Crimes Against Peace.
00:24:14Charging that all the defendants participated in the planning and waging of wars of aggression,
00:24:19wars in violation of international treaties, agreements and assurances.
00:24:24The first step was the Rhineland and the next step was Austria.
00:24:29The Rhineland is occupied.
00:24:31Austria and Czechoslovakia have been seized by Germany.
00:24:34And now the Nazi conspirators turn to the next problem, the conquest of Poland.
00:24:40Again, an adjutant, Lieutenant Colonel Schmunt, transcribed Hitler's words.
00:24:44The solution to the problem demands courage.
00:24:48Invasion of foreign states and attacks on foreign property cannot be avoided.
00:24:52There can be no question of sparing Poland.
00:24:55We must simply decide on the first suitable opportunity for attack.
00:24:59We cannot expect to repeat the Czech strategy.
00:25:02This time there will be war.
00:25:06Meanwhile, according to their well-established practice, the conspirators stirred up the Danzig issue to create frontier incidents that could
00:25:13justify an attack on Poland.
00:25:17Then on August 23rd, the Nazis signed their non-aggression pact with Russia.
00:25:26Hitler told his high command,
00:25:28Now, Poland is where I want her.
00:25:32My only fear is that some Schweinhund will propose mediation.
00:25:37Appeals were made, twice by the Pope and by President Roosevelt.
00:25:42.
00:25:43.
00:25:43.
00:25:43.
00:25:43.
00:25:43.
00:25:43.
00:25:45.
00:25:45.
00:25:51.
00:25:51the freedom of freedom to go, that the German guerrillas of the state region
00:25:57or the citizens of unabhängig, unabhängig nation,
00:26:03would not attack and especially not there would be a mass of them.
00:26:07And he says, as the question comes now, Finnland, Lettland,
00:26:12Litauen, Estland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands,
00:26:17Belgium, Rostridan, Irland, Valkyrie, Portugal,
00:26:22Spanien, Schweiz, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Poland.
00:26:27My answer!
00:26:33On September 1, 1939, the Nazis sent the Wehrmacht smashing into Poland
00:26:38and into a new world war.
00:26:42France and England, faithful to their mutual assistance pact with Poland,
00:26:46immediately declared war on Germany.
00:26:56The German air force, the Luftwaffe, launched mass attacks on Polish towns and cities.
00:27:06Hitler, as recorded in the notes of Colonel Schmunz, said,
00:27:10destruction of Poland in the foreground.
00:27:12I will give a propagandistic reason for the outbreak of war.
00:27:15It doesn't matter if it's plausible or not.
00:27:17Have no pity.
00:27:19Be ruthless.
00:27:20But as usual, before the attack on Poland, Hitler had told the world,
00:27:24during the difficult months of the past year,
00:27:27the friendship between Poland and Germany has been one of the most promising
00:27:30in the political life of Europe.
00:27:32January 30, 1939, Adolf Hitler.
00:27:41The path of destruction started in Poland,
00:27:44but soon it led north and south across all Europe.
00:27:47And each new aggression was based on Hitler's principle
00:27:50that in war, victory, not right, was what mattered.
00:27:55Non-aggression pact.
00:27:57No matter what the circumstances,
00:27:59we are firmly resolved to maintain the peace between Denmark and Germany.
00:28:03May 31, 1939, signed Ribbentrop.
00:28:08But on April 9, 1940, German troops invaded Denmark.
00:28:34They had two faces, not a scientific meeting through the process
00:28:34The last movement was reached around the world of Virginia
00:28:35It was also the James guy.
00:28:35How many years have backed out?
00:28:35I got fifty was put all their guts at the front.
00:28:42But of that time, Antoine favored trade and Dempation.
00:28:42in view of the friendly relations between norway and germany the german government guarantees to
00:28:47respect the inviolability and integrity of the norwegian state and not to undermine it under
00:28:52any circumstances september 2nd 1939 the german reich but on april 9 1940 german troops invaded
00:29:32norway
00:29:49i assure the governments of belgium holland and luxembourg that germany will not violate
00:29:54their neutrality october 6 1939 adolf hitler but on may 10 1940 german troops
00:30:03invaded belgium holland and luxembourg
00:30:38the firmly established and trustworthy relationship between germany and yugoslavia
00:30:42will bring an element of calm to our nervous continent this piece is the goal of all who
00:30:49are disposed to perform truly constructive work june 1st 1939 adolf hitler
00:30:57but on april 6 1941 german troops invaded yugoslavia
00:31:28these criminal methods of the nazi conspirators brought them early success and by 1941 they
00:31:35had most of europe under their heel
00:31:40now an evil ambition for power and more power drove them on
00:31:45but two of the world's mightiest nations the united states and soviet russia remained to block the nazi
00:31:51drive for world supremacy they had to be dealt with firmly immediately so now germany asked for
00:31:59cooperation from japan her full partner in aggression to the east and from italy her junior partner to the south
00:32:08in berlin they drew up the axis pact the blueprint for a new order
00:32:14and parceled out the continents of the world for axis domination
00:32:27italy was to get the mediterranean sphere
00:32:32japan was to get the orient
00:32:36and to germany would go the rest of the world
00:32:59in june 1941 in violation of their non-aggression pact the nazis sent their armies deep into soviet
00:33:06territory according to military plans long made as usual there was no declaration of war
00:33:17hitler had said today germany tomorrow the world and this was tomorrow
00:33:30ground warfare in the east air warfare in the west
00:33:35the west for now defendant goering's luftwaffe was hurled with full force against the peoples
00:33:39and cities of britain hitler after all had told the reichstag i will blot out their cities
00:33:47and are
00:33:48and are
00:33:48and are
00:34:02and are
00:34:10THE END
00:34:39And then on December 7th, 1941,
00:34:43keeping her end of an infamous bargain,
00:34:45Japan struck at the United States,
00:34:47also without declaration of war.
00:34:51Japanese bombs rained on Pearl Harbor,
00:34:53spreading war finally to the Pacific.
00:35:01The new order was on the march.
00:35:04World War II flamed around the globe.
00:35:10In the name of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
00:35:13General Roman Rudenko presents counts three and four,
00:35:17charging that all the defendants
00:35:18committed war crimes in Germany
00:35:20and in all those countries occupied by Germany.
00:35:29The Nazi conspirators committed crimes
00:35:31against enemy armies,
00:35:33against prisoners of war,
00:35:35against the civilians of occupied lands.
00:35:38They believed in the barbaric doctrine of total war
00:35:42and considered themselves free
00:35:44from the restraints of international law
00:35:46or the established customs of war.
00:35:48Their ruthless policies were ordered
00:35:50in directives like this one,
00:35:51from General Reinecke of the Wehrmacht's High Command.
00:35:55The Bolshevist soldier has lost all claim
00:35:58to treatment as an honorable enemy combatant.
00:36:01Ruthless and drastic measures
00:36:03are to be taken at the least sign of resistance.
00:36:06Active or passive resistance
00:36:07must be broken immediately by force of arms.
00:36:11Prisoners attempting to escape
00:36:12are to be shot without warning.
00:36:15No warning shots are to be fired.
00:36:19More proof of this savage Nazi policy
00:36:21comes from the affidavit of Kurt Lindhoff,
00:36:24former Gestapo officer.
00:36:26There existed in the prisoner of war camps
00:36:28on the Eastern Front,
00:36:29small screening teams,
00:36:31headed by lower-ranking members of the Gestapo.
00:36:34It was the duty of these teams
00:36:36to segregate the prisoners of war
00:36:38who were candidates for execution
00:36:39and to report them to the office of the Gestapo.
00:36:45And a letter from Defendant Rosenberg
00:36:47to Defendant Keitel in 1942
00:36:49stated clearly,
00:36:51a large number of Soviet prisoners of war
00:36:53starved or died
00:36:54due to the harsh weather conditions.
00:36:57In many cases,
00:36:59prisoners on the march
00:37:00could not keep up
00:37:01due to hunger and exhaustion.
00:37:05In numerous camps,
00:37:07no shelter for the prisoners
00:37:08was provided at all.
00:37:11Nor were they given any sort of tools
00:37:13with which to dig holes or caves.
00:37:18Yet when some objected
00:37:20that this treatment
00:37:20violated the Geneva Convention,
00:37:23Defendant Keitel
00:37:23answered with this memorandum,
00:37:26We are dealing with the destruction
00:37:27of a worldview.
00:37:29Therefore,
00:37:29I approve these measures
00:37:31and back them.
00:37:32The criminal treatment
00:37:34of prisoners of war
00:37:35was also practiced
00:37:36against civilian populations.
00:37:40This is proved
00:37:41by the testimony
00:37:42of General von Lohusen,
00:37:43who worked under Admiral Canaris
00:37:45in military intelligence.
00:37:48General Lohusen
00:37:49attended conferences
00:37:50where crimes
00:37:51against whole populations
00:37:52were plotted in advance
00:37:54by the Nazi conspirators.
00:37:57The prosecution asked Lohusen
00:37:59about one such conference
00:38:01on the Fuhrer's train.
00:38:02Zunächst
00:38:03hatte Canaris
00:38:04eine kurze
00:38:05Besprechung
00:38:06mit dem
00:38:06Barmali-Reich-Außenminister
00:38:08von Ribbentrop,
00:38:09in welcher
00:38:10von Ribbentrop
00:38:11die politischen
00:38:12Zielsetzungen
00:38:13bezüglich
00:38:14des polnischen
00:38:15Raumes
00:38:16erläuterte.
00:38:17Zum Zweiten
00:38:19warmte Canaris
00:38:20in sehr eindringlicher Form
00:38:22vor den Maßnahmen,
00:38:25die ihm,
00:38:26Canaris,
00:38:27bekannt geworden waren,
00:38:29nämlich die bevorstehenden
00:38:31Erschiedsungen
00:38:32und Ausrottungsmaßnahmen,
00:38:35die sich insbesondere
00:38:37gegen die polnische Intelligenz,
00:38:40den Adel,
00:38:41die Geistlichkeit,
00:38:43wie überhaupt alle Elemente,
00:38:46die als Träger des nationalen Widerstands
00:38:49angesehen werden sollten,
00:38:50richtigen.
00:39:04Canaris sagte damals
00:39:06ungefähr
00:39:08wörtlich
00:39:09für diese Methoden
00:39:11wird einmal
00:39:13die Welt,
00:39:15auch die Wehrmacht,
00:39:17unter deren Augen
00:39:19diese Dinge
00:39:19stattfinden,
00:39:20für unschuldig.
00:39:25Another of the conspirators
00:39:27charged with directing
00:39:28mass murder
00:39:28was Defendant Frank,
00:39:30Nazi governor of Poland.
00:39:33In his diary,
00:39:34he speaks of the opportunity
00:39:36while the focus of attention
00:39:37was on the Western Front
00:39:39to carry out
00:39:40the wholesale liquidation
00:39:41of thousands of Poles.
00:39:46These atrocities
00:39:47were not restricted
00:39:48to the East.
00:39:49here is the proof
00:39:51in the village
00:39:52of Orador-sur-Glane,
00:39:54France.
00:40:13Here is the proof
00:40:15in the town of Bonn,
00:40:17Belgium.
00:40:34Here is the proof
00:40:35in the San Calisto Caves,
00:40:37Italy,
00:40:39where 350 hostages
00:40:41were carefully listed
00:40:53and systematically murdered.
00:41:04And here is Lidice in Czechoslovakia.
00:41:10In blind retaliation
00:41:11for the assassination
00:41:12of SS man Reinhardt Heydrich,
00:41:15the Nazis murdered
00:41:16all of Lidice's men
00:41:18and sent their women
00:41:19and children
00:41:20into slavery in Germany.
00:41:28But this was not enough.
00:41:33Boys of the Arbeitsdienst
00:41:35were moved
00:41:35into the ruins
00:41:36of Lidice
00:41:36and ordered to level
00:41:38the village to the ground.
00:41:54Lidice was to be
00:41:55the Nazis' example
00:41:56to all occupied peoples.
00:42:07But more terrible still
00:42:09were the concentration camps,
00:42:10which from the beginning
00:42:12had been the conspirators'
00:42:13chief weapon
00:42:14against opposition
00:42:14of every kind.
00:42:16German anti-Nazis
00:42:17were the first victims,
00:42:19but with the war advancing,
00:42:20their numbers swelled
00:42:21to include citizens
00:42:22of all the nations
00:42:23of Europe.
00:42:24Their fate is described
00:42:26by witness Rudolf Huss.
00:42:29I was in command
00:42:30at Auschwitz
00:42:30until December 1, 1943,
00:42:33and estimate
00:42:34that at least
00:42:34two and a half million victims
00:42:36were exterminated there
00:42:37by gassing and burning.
00:42:44At least another
00:42:45half million died
00:42:46due to starvation
00:42:47and disease,
00:42:48making a total
00:42:49of about three million dead.
00:42:53These included
00:42:55approximately 20,000
00:42:56Soviet prisoners of war.
00:43:05The rest of the victims
00:43:07were approximately
00:43:07100,000 German Jews
00:43:09and a great many citizens,
00:43:12mostly Jews,
00:43:13from Holland,
00:43:14France,
00:43:15Belgium,
00:43:17Poland,
00:43:18Hungary,
00:43:20Czechoslovakia,
00:43:22Greece,
00:43:22and other countries.
00:43:29Medical experiments, too,
00:43:31were standard procedure
00:43:32at many concentration camps.
00:43:35These included
00:43:36lowering the body temperature
00:43:37to 28 degrees centigrade,
00:43:39high-altitude tests
00:43:41and pressure chambers,
00:43:43experiments with poison bullets
00:43:45and contagious diseases,
00:43:46and even sterilization.
00:44:15in the name of the French Republic,
00:44:18Chief Prosecutor
00:44:19Francois de Montand
00:44:20closes counts three and four,
00:44:22the final charges
00:44:23of the indictment.
00:44:27All the defendants
00:44:28committed crimes
00:44:29against humanity,
00:44:30including the murder
00:44:31and persecution
00:44:32of all people
00:44:33opposed to the Nazi party
00:44:34and the enslavement,
00:44:36exploitation,
00:44:37and deportation
00:44:38of civilian populations.
00:44:42The slave labor policy
00:44:44was the responsibility
00:44:45of Defendant Sauckel,
00:44:46who admitted in 1944,
00:44:48of the five million workers
00:44:50who arrived in Germany,
00:44:51fewer than 200,000
00:44:53came voluntarily.
00:44:57Forced labor
00:44:58often meant brutal
00:44:59and degrading treatment.
00:45:00As Sauckel himself suggested,
00:45:03all these people
00:45:04must be fed,
00:45:05lodged,
00:45:05and treated
00:45:06so as to get
00:45:07the greatest possible use
00:45:08out of them
00:45:09at the lowest possible cost.
00:45:13And in the words
00:45:14of Defendant Martin Bormann,
00:45:16being tried in absentia,
00:45:17the Slavs should work for us.
00:45:19When we no longer need them,
00:45:21let them die.
00:45:25Slavery was only one aspect
00:45:26of Nazi exploitation.
00:45:28Defendant Goering,
00:45:29in a talk with German
00:45:30occupation authorities
00:45:31in 1942,
00:45:33discussed another.
00:45:35Plunder.
00:45:36God knows you are not
00:45:38sent out to safeguard
00:45:39the welfare of the people
00:45:40under your supervision,
00:45:41but rather to get
00:45:42the most out of them
00:45:43so that the German people
00:45:45can survive.
00:45:46This incessant worry
00:45:47about other people
00:45:48must stop once and for all.
00:45:50I have in front of me
00:45:52reports on what
00:45:52you must deliver.
00:45:54It makes absolutely
00:45:55no difference to me
00:45:56if you say that
00:45:57your people will starve.
00:46:07But Nazi crimes
00:46:09against humanity
00:46:09were not limited
00:46:10to foreign peoples.
00:46:13Defendant Frick,
00:46:14as Minister of Interior,
00:46:16directed a program
00:46:17aimed at aged,
00:46:18insane, or incurable Germans,
00:46:20the so-called useless eaters.
00:46:24Thousands were committed
00:46:25to special institutions.
00:46:27Few ever returned.
00:46:33Evidence proves
00:46:34they were murdered
00:46:34because they were useless
00:46:35to the plans
00:46:36of the Nazi conspirators.
00:46:41But perhaps the greatest crime
00:46:43against humanity,
00:46:44the Nazis committed
00:46:45against the Jews.
00:46:46A campaign of hate
00:46:48and murder
00:46:48that goes to the heart
00:46:50of the Nazi movement.
00:46:56of the Nazi こ
00:46:58are their victims.
00:46:58The U.S. Army, the U.S. Army, the U.S. Army!
00:47:29We're never. We are! We are! We are! We are! We are!
00:47:39Reichsbürger ist nur der Strafangehörige Deutschen oder Haar-Verwandtenflute, der den Zweifballhalten beweist, dass er gewillt und geeignet ist, dem
00:47:51Treue dem deutschen Volk und Reich zu dienen.
00:47:55Eheschließungen zwischen Juden und Staatsangehörigen Deutschen oder Artverwandten Blutes sind verboten.
00:48:33S.S. Major General Stroop, in charge of the Warsaw Ghetto in 1943, had learned his Nazi lessons well.
00:48:41In a secret report, he said,
00:48:44On April 23, 1943, S.S. Chief Himmler ordered the complete liquidation of the ghetto with the use of utmost
00:48:50force.
00:48:59Therefore, I decided to destroy the entire Jewish ghetto.
00:49:03The Jews nearly always left their hideouts, but quite a few remained in the burning buildings
00:49:08and jumped out of the windows only when the heat became unbearable.
00:49:19Life in the sewers was intolerable after the first week.
00:49:22Tear gas canisters were thrown into the manholes and the Jews were driven out and captured.
00:49:31Countless numbers of Jews were liquidated in sewers and bunkers through blasting.
00:49:37The longer the resistance continued, the tougher the Waffen, S.S., police and Wehrmacht became.
00:49:42They always discharged their duties in a tireless and exemplary manner.
00:49:47Little by little, the Nazis were reaching what they called the Final Solution,
00:49:52the total extermination of the Jews of Europe.
00:49:55Peirce described the process well.
00:49:57We had two S.S. doctors on duty at Auschwitz to examine incoming transports of prisoners.
00:50:03The prisoners would be marched past one of the doctors who would make spot decisions as they walked by.
00:50:09Those who were fit for work were sent into the camp.
00:50:12Others were sent immediately to the extermination chambers.
00:50:16Children of tender years were invariably exterminated,
00:50:20since by reason of their youth they were unfit for work.
00:50:24We endeavored to fool them into thinking they were to go through a delousing process.
00:50:35It took from three to fifteen minutes to kill people in the death chamber,
00:50:39depending upon climatic conditions.
00:50:42We knew the people were dead when their shrieking stopped.
00:50:49We usually waited about a half an hour before we opened the doors and removed the bodies.
00:50:53After the bodies were removed, our special commandos took off the rings
00:50:57and extracted the gold from the teeth of the corpses.
00:51:03Much of this loot was then transferred to secret vaults of the Reichsbank
00:51:07at Frankfurt am Main, the bank of Defendant Funk.
00:51:23Labor chief Robert Lye knew that six million Jews died in the Nazis' final solution.
00:51:29In his final words, he wrote,
00:51:57And Defendant Frank said himself before this court,
00:52:01For years, we have fought against Jewelry
00:52:03and have allowed ourselves to say terrible things.
00:52:07A thousand years may pass,
00:52:09but the guilt of Germany will not have been erased.
00:52:23The prosecution rests.
00:52:26The defense begins.
00:52:29They call sixty-one witnesses and introduce thirty-eight thousand affidavits
00:52:33on the defendant's behalf.
00:52:35They submit one hundred and thirty-six thousand more affidavits
00:52:38on behalf of the SS,
00:52:40ten thousand on behalf of the SA,
00:52:42seven thousand on behalf of the SD,
00:52:45three thousand on behalf of the General Staff and High Command,
00:52:48two thousand on behalf of the Gestapo.
00:52:52These attorneys were personally selected by the defendants.
00:52:55Many are well-known German lawyers.
00:52:58And each now rises to plead acquittal for his client.
00:53:03Some make blanket denials of all guilt.
00:53:29Other attorneys lead their clients through a carefully prepared defense.
00:53:36Here, Stryker is examined.
00:53:39The court's office will continue to prove that the Himmler and Schaldenbrunners
00:53:45would have never had anyone who would have made their orders to kill,
00:53:49if they would not have made this propaganda
00:53:51and the education of the German people
00:53:54would have not carried out in this sense.
00:54:23Next comes Kaltenbrunner,
00:54:26It will be made to you as a warning, you would have founded the concentration camp Mauthausen.
00:54:32You would have been opened this camp again.
00:54:36One here, the reporter, Höllriegel, had confirmed.
00:54:42He saw them in this camp.
00:54:45He also confirmed how to be seen at the sighting of the gas chambers, and that is in function.
00:54:56These allegations are false.
00:54:59Every concentration of the Reich, as I know today, and as I know here, is shown by Himmler
00:55:07by the commandment of Polen.
00:55:13Later, the prosecution is allowed to cross-examine the defendants.
00:55:19Rosenberg is questioned.
00:55:24With respect to this forced labour matter, would you say that your ministry was responsible
00:55:31for washing people from their homes into Germany?
00:55:46When you came to the 23rd of May and went to the Reich Chancellery, and Hitler said that
00:55:53he'd give you an indoctrination on the political situation, and his indoctrination was that we
00:55:59left with the decision to attack Poland at the first opportunity.
00:56:04Did you still think that he had no aggressive intentions?
00:56:32Kitel is cross-examined.
00:56:36Yesterday, your attorney showed you this order
00:56:38Dated September 16, 1941
00:56:43It said that immediate, cruel measures were necessary
00:56:46And that human life in the East is absolutely worthless
00:56:51Do you remember the basic idea behind this order?
00:56:54That human life is worthless?
00:56:59Please answer the question
00:57:00You signed this order with this statement?
00:57:08Yes
00:57:09Next, Jodl
00:57:10Do you remember any other reason for such a high mortality rate
00:57:14Among Soviet prisoners of war?
00:57:19I didn't know about these reasons for the mass death
00:57:22They were also completely wrong, I know
00:57:30Now, von Ribbentrop
00:57:32Question
00:57:33Are you telling the tribunal on your oath
00:57:36That you knew nothing of the effect of military pressure on Austria?
00:58:16Then Goering is cross-examined
00:58:19Question
00:58:19At the end of the meeting
00:58:21You used the following words, didn't you?
00:58:24German jury must, as a penalty,
00:58:27Forfeit one billion marks
00:58:29Then the pigs won't commit any more crimes
00:58:34Jawohl
00:58:37Question
00:58:38Do you still say that neither Hitler nor you knew of the policy to exterminate the Jews?
00:58:54Question
00:58:54Question
00:58:55You did not know to what degree, but you knew there was a policy that aimed at the liquidation of
00:59:01the Jews
00:59:02No, on the
00:59:04Jews
00:59:04And not on their
00:59:06Outrottung
00:59:08I just knew that in a single case
00:59:11In this direction
00:59:12was going to happen.
00:59:15Speer takes the stand.
00:59:17Question.
00:59:19You were present on April 23, 1945,
00:59:22when Hitler received the telegram from Göring,
00:59:25suggesting that he take over power.
00:59:28What did Hitler say on that occasion?
00:59:42He explained that he knew that Göring would have said that he was corrupt and that he was a Morphinist.
00:59:50It was but for the attitude that Hitler had as a whole problem,
00:59:55what he then said afterwards,
00:59:59but the capitulation of negotiations can he still make.
01:00:02No, he said it in a way, he said that he said that it is then absolutely right, who does
01:00:07it make.
01:00:14After months of examination and cross-examination,
01:00:17several defendants make final statements to the tribunal.
01:00:21Frank is first.
01:00:45Fung declares,
01:00:56Fung declares,
01:00:58that I had the peaceful decision-making and conscience in that
01:01:02from here on the other hand,
01:01:04that the bind was taken away from,
01:01:06up to the Grown, full and unparalleled things,
01:01:09that we heard here,
01:01:11from then,
01:01:13from the time I could,
01:01:14I was already aware of.
01:01:17I found a deep shame and a harsh and harsh thing in my own self.
01:01:22In this moment we find it the same.
01:01:27Now, Von Schirach speaks.
01:01:38Schacht is next.
01:01:55Staatsbürger und er gab seinen Anhängern ohne Rücksicht auf ihre Fähigkeiten viel bessere Rechte als wie allen anderen Staatsbürgern. Er
01:02:08versprach den Kampf gegen die politische Lüge und hat mit seinem Minister Goebbels und selbst auch niemals etwas anderes betrieben
01:02:20als politische Lüge und politischen Betrug.
01:02:23Er versprach dem deutschen Volk die Festhaltung am positiven Christentum und hat es gelitten, dass die kirchlichen Einrichtungen geschmäht und
01:02:36geschändet und beeinträchtigt wurden.
01:02:39Er hat Verbrecher begnadigt und in seinen Diensten behalten. Er hat alles getan, um seine Versprechen nicht zu erfüllen.
01:02:51Er hat die Welt, Deutschland, nicht bedrogen und belohnt.
01:02:57Speerer wants more.
01:02:58Die ungeheure Gefahr, die in diesem autoritären System liegt, wurde eigentlich erst richtig klar in dem Moment, in dem es
01:03:08dem Ende entgegenging.
01:03:10In diesem Moment konnte man sehen, was das Prinzip bedeutet, dass jeder Befehl ohne jede Kritik durchzuführen sei.
01:03:20Alles das, was hier im Prozess vorkam, an Befehlen, die ohne jede Rücksicht durchgeführt wurden, hat sich letzten Endes als
01:03:33ein Fehler bewiesen.
01:03:35Darum muss dieser Prozess ein Beitrag sein, um in der Zukunft entartete Kriege zu verhindern, um die Grundregeln menschlichen Zusammenlebens
01:03:48festzulegen.
01:03:50Und Keitel again.
01:03:51Ich habe geirrt und war nicht imstande, zu verhindern, was hätte verhindert werden müssen.
01:04:02Das ist meine Schuld.
01:04:05Möge aus der klaren Erkenntnis der Ursachen uneilvollen Methoden und der schrecklichen Folgen dieses Kriegsgeschehens
01:04:16für das deutsche Volk, die Hoffnung erwachsen auf eine neue Zukunft in der Gemeinschaft der Völker.
01:04:30Now Frank.
01:04:31Wir rufen das deutsche Volk, dessen Machträger wir mit waren, von diesem Weg zurück, auf dem wir und unser System,
01:04:41nach Gottes Recht und Gerechtigkeit, scheitern mussten,
01:04:45und auf dem jeder scheitern wird, der ihn zu gehen versucht oder fortsetzt, allüberall in der Welt.
01:04:56The last defendant to speak is Fritsche.
01:04:58Nun, Sie haben von Hitler nichts Gutes erwartet.
01:05:02Und sind betroffen über das Ausmaß dessen, was wirklich geschah.
01:05:07Aber versuchen Sie dann einmal, die Empörung derer zu begreifen, die von Hitler Gutes erwarteten.
01:05:17Und die nun sahen, wie ihr guter Glaube, ihr guter Wille und ihr Idealismus missbraucht wurden.
01:05:27Ich befinde mich in dieser Lage des Getäuschten, zusammen mit vielen, vielen anderen Deutschen.
01:05:36Finally, the summations are delivered to the tribunal.
01:05:40First, the defense.
01:06:02Then, in the name of the United States of America, Justice Jackson delivers his summation.
01:06:11In the testimony of each defendant, these men saw no evil, spoke none, and none was uttered in their presence.
01:06:20If we combine only the stories of the front bench, this is the ridiculous, composite picture of Hitler's government that
01:06:27emerges.
01:06:29It was composed of a number two man who never suspected the Jewish extermination program, although he was the signer
01:06:37of over a score of decrees which instituted the persecutions of that race.
01:06:42A number three man who was merely an innocent middleman transmitting Hitler's orders without even reading them like a postman
01:06:50or a delivery boy.
01:06:54A foreign minister who knew little of foreign affairs and nothing of foreign policy.
01:07:01A field marshal who issued orders to the armed forces but had no idea of the results they would have
01:07:08in practice.
01:07:12A security chief who was of the impression that the policing functions of his Gestapo and SD were somewhat on
01:07:20the order of directing traffic.
01:07:22A party philosopher who had no idea of the violence which his philosophy was inciting in the 20th century.
01:07:32A governor general of Poland who reigned but did not rule.
01:07:38A galliter of Franconia whose occupation was to pour forth filthy writings about the Jews but who had no idea
01:07:47that anybody would read them.
01:07:52A minister of the interior who knew not even what went on in the interior of his own office, much
01:07:58less the interior of his department, and nothing at all about the interior of Germany.
01:08:05A Reich's Bank president who was totally ignorant of what went in and out of the vaults of his bank.
01:08:13A. If you were to say of these men that they are not just, it would be as true to
01:08:19say that there has been no war, that there are no slaves, that there has been no crime.
01:08:27A. This trial must form a milestone in the history of civilization, not only marking that right shall, in the
01:08:36end, triumph over evil, but also that the ordinary people of the world,
01:08:42and I make no distinction now between friend and foe, are now determined that the individual must transcend the state.
01:08:52A. The state and the law are made for man, that through them he may achieve a fuller life, a
01:09:00higher purpose, a greater dignity.
01:09:03In the name of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, General Rudenko delivers his summation.
01:09:09A. We ask him, if he was reassured by the court the investigation of the court.
01:09:16Is his sin?
01:09:19We can give only one answer.
01:09:23These crimes have shown, but not to prove they could not be.
01:09:27Neither the court courts, nor the court court claims, nor the security, nor the courts.
01:09:31They can't prove it because they can't prove it.
01:09:50In the name of the French Republic,
01:09:52Monsieur Antoine de Ribes delivers his summation.
01:10:07Nous rentrerons dans nos pays.
01:10:10Le sort de ces hommes dépend entièrement de votre conscience.
01:10:14Voici qu'ils nous échappent.
01:10:16Notre tâche est achevée.
01:10:22C'est à vous d'entendre maintenant, dans les silences de vos délibérés,
01:10:28le sang des innocents qui réclament justice.
01:11:05Sous-titrage Société Radio-Canada
01:11:21Sous-titrage Société Radio-Canada
01:11:40Sous-titrage Société Radio-Canada
01:11:42Sous-titrage Société Radio-Canada
01:12:04Sous-titrage Société Radio-Canada
01:12:36Death by Hanging
01:12:46Ernst Kaltenbrunner
01:12:49Guilty of War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
01:12:52Death by Hanging
01:13:05Death by Hanging
01:13:10Hans Frank
01:13:12Guilty of War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
01:13:16Death by Hanging
01:13:19Wilhelm Frick
01:13:22Guilty of Crimes Against Peace
01:13:24Guilty of Crimes Against Humanity
01:13:26Death by Hanging
01:13:29Death by Hanging
01:13:38Walter Funk
01:13:39Walter Funk
01:13:41Guilty of Crimes Against Humanity
01:13:46Life Imprisonment
01:13:48Hjalmar Schacht
01:13:50Hjalmar Schacht
01:14:15Hjalmar Schacht
01:14:1820 Years Imprisonment
01:14:2020 Years Imprisonment
01:14:20Fritz Sauckel
01:14:23Guilty of War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
01:14:27Death by Hanging
01:14:31Alfred Jodl
01:14:33Alfred Jodl
01:14:33Guilty of Conspiracy
01:14:35Guilty of Conspiracy
01:14:36Crimes Against Peace
01:14:37War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
01:14:41Death by Hanging
01:14:44Franz von Papen
01:14:46Not Guilty on this Indictment
01:14:48Released
01:14:49Albert Speer
01:14:53Guilty of War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
01:14:5620 Years Imprisonment
01:15:00Constantine von Neurath
01:15:03Guilty of Conspiracy
01:15:04Crimes Against Peace
01:15:06War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
01:15:1015 Years Imprisonment
01:15:14Arthur Seiss Inquart
01:15:18Crimes Against Peace
01:15:19War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
01:15:24Death by Hanging
01:15:27Hans Fritzsche
01:15:28Not Guilty on this Indictment
01:15:31Released
01:15:33Martin Bormann
01:15:34Tried in Absentia
01:15:36Guilty of War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
01:15:39Death by Hanging
01:15:47The trial is over.
01:16:05Seven begin their prison sentences.
01:16:10Goring chooses to die by his own hand.
01:16:13The other ten wait for the gallows.
01:16:32In Nuremberg the people of the world found out what happened and why.
01:16:39But Nuremberg is more than an answer to a question.
01:16:43As Justice Jackson said,
01:16:48This trial is part of the great effort to make the peace more secure.
01:16:52It constitutes juridical action of a kind to ensure that those who start a war will pay for it personally.
01:16:59Nuremberg stands as a warning to all those who plan and wage aggressive war.
01:17:28Nuremberg
01:17:59.
01:18:29.
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