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00:001945, the Empire has united behind Britain to fight and win a second world war.
00:15But when the heady haze of victory has cleared, the British people are left exhausted.
00:24The nation shattered by austerity and debt.
00:34The prestige and ideals of empire are fading.
00:41As the empire crumbles, imperial attitudes live on.
00:47Britain and her empire must confront the legacy of intolerance, paternalism and prejudice.
00:58Most of us are white in the head, but feel black inside.
01:04We aren't black or white.
01:07We are a lonely, lost, sad and displaced group of people.
01:14Come and integrate, you see.
01:17But how can I?
01:19What is there in my culture you value?
01:25We were told England was the greatest country in the world.
01:31We came here, and to our surprise, found you wouldn't accept us.
01:37How's Britain's first? How's Britain's first?
01:41The old idea of empire is repugnant to us today.
01:46But the colonies are a legacy, which we inherited, and which cannot just be thrown off.
01:56It's a special Forest, فقط a Darwinian, and andrzy jour ada, but to our passions are extraordinary.
02:06It is more than just a find one knowledge bay.
02:13I had to get a happy look of isn't it?
02:16It is more.
02:17It is more than the potassium in the world.
02:19It was officially in the world.
02:21Bye.
02:241953, the coronation of Elizabeth II.
02:34Her Majesty, coming now under the Admiralty Arch, coming into the square, and the crowd
02:42receives them as only a British crowd in London could.
02:46Although imperial in its symbols and splendour, the event heralds a new, multiracial Commonwealth
02:54of Nations.
02:56In 1949, India had become the first non-white republic within the Commonwealth.
03:04Amidst the coronation procession, India's Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru.
03:11I think the development of the Commonwealth is of great significance.
03:17This kind of free association of countries with different interests, different outlooks,
03:23trying to understand each other, is a very great thing.
03:30But life in post-war Britain is hard.
03:33People are struggling to rebuild their lives.
03:35Housing and jobs are scarce.
03:40Wartime rationing continues.
03:43In a letter to the daily worker, Mary Mullinder.
03:46I am fed right up to the teeth when I do my shopping.
03:51I've got just enough money to get my bare rations.
03:55We should cut down on coronation spending and on the armed forces.
03:59I am fed right up to the people of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
04:09I am fed right up to the people of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
04:18Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, and Ceylon, according to their respective laws and customs.
04:41No longer Empress, the Queen is crowned head of a Commonwealth of Nations.
04:53God is the Queen! God is the Queen!
04:57God is the Queen!
04:59God is the Queen!
05:01God is the Queen!
05:03God is the Queen!
05:05God is the Queen!
05:06From around the Commonwealth, people send radio messages to the new Queen.
05:11I am Haji Jamil from Singapore.
05:14From Nigeria, I do congratulate you on the expression of your coronation.
05:19From Sarawak, Bolu.
05:21On behalf of the youth of India, I beg to bestow my heartiest congratulations.
05:25On behalf of the entire seven million Africans of Tanganyika.
05:29Felicitations and good wishes of the people of Pakistan.
05:32This country is from Hawkes Bay, New Zealand.
05:34And I come from Tristan da Kula.
05:36Daddy say, it's the loneliest island in the world.
05:45But the coronation celebrations are short-lived.
05:48The British people have had enough of post-war hardship.
05:52They want a better life.
05:55And Britain's white Commonwealth can offer it.
05:59Dad's taking me to Australia.
06:05He says that's the best place for me to get on his life.
06:08You too can go to Australia for only ten pounds.
06:11Australian advertisements tempt Britain's workers to emigrate.
06:15I want to talk to you about immigration.
06:17An underpopulated Australia fears encroachment from its Asian neighbours.
06:22British workers are offered passage for just ten pounds.
06:28Australian Minister for Immigration, Arthur Caldwell.
06:32It is my hope that for every foreign migrant there will be ten from the United Kingdom.
06:38These millions of new citizens will push back our frontiers, expand our industries and build us into a powerful nation.
06:46Thousands of disillusioned Britons apply for the ten pound scheme.
06:57A foundry worker in Wales.
07:01I've decided to make a move.
07:03I'm only working a 44-hour week just now with no overtime or bonus.
07:09So really it's a hand-to-mouth existence.
07:13I'm a young man yet.
07:15I'm good for another 20 years work out there.
07:21A young mother from Newcastle.
07:25The children will have a better chance.
07:27There's no class distinction.
07:30Accent has nothing to do with it.
07:32What their mother and father were will not stop them getting on out there.
07:38If they've got a brain.
07:40In just ten years following the war, over 500,000 Britons emigrate to Australia and New Zealand.
07:54More than 400,000 to Canada.
08:05On board the liner Asturias, a ship steward.
08:10It's always distressing watching the final farewells.
08:15They often play old songs over the tannoy and everyone weeps.
08:20A lot of them feel they won't ever see their loved ones again.
08:24Australia really is a long way away.
08:28Grab your feet.
08:32And let your hands.
08:35Leave your return.
08:40With your skin.
08:43Just a break your feet.
08:48To the sunny, sunny side of the sky.
08:53From Chesterfield, Albert Walker, bound for Melbourne.
08:57I took my last view of England.
09:00And tears were very near.
09:03I thought of all its beauty and all those lovely times I'd had.
09:08I suddenly realised that I may never see it again.
09:15And then I thought of all the advantages I was going to.
09:18A new country.
09:20A new job.
09:22New people.
09:24A new life.
09:26A new life.
09:27New people.
09:29A new life.
09:30A new life.
09:31Why am I happy? Why am I gay? Me and my baby just moved out today
09:44To Happiness Street, Corner Sunshine Square
09:49How did we, a young family from Northumberland, come to be on board this luxury liner
09:57En route to a distant continent to start a new life
10:01The decision to emigrate from England to Australia is not an easy one to make
10:07It means leaving friends and family and leaving the country in which you were born
10:13Do I think I've done a wise thing?
10:17Ask me in ten years' time when the Bairns are leaving school and I'll tell you
10:21Matt Dickinson, en route for Melbourne
10:25Many of the migrant ships are luxury liners
10:30With everything free except drinks at the bar
10:34The five-week voyage to Australia is like a holiday cruise
10:38At the equator, Matt Dickinson and his family enjoy the traditional crossing-the-line ceremony
10:47The children were amazed by the sight of Neptune's court
10:56And the antics of the crew and the normally-stayed passengers
11:00The sight of big-built Scotchmen in brassiers
11:05And small-built lasses in oversized men's pants is really quite funny
11:09All the Bairns got a real ducking by Neptune's helpers
11:17And I got my share
11:19After five long weeks, they arrive in their new home
11:35Entering Sydney Harbour, Marjorie Black
11:43Everyone held their breath
11:47My first view of Australia
11:49The sun was brilliant and warm
11:52Blue sky and sparkling water
11:55Most people were impatient to get ashore
11:59But I was a little frightened
12:02A ship's welfare officer calms the growing fears
12:10We had to tell them that kangaroos wouldn't be jumping down the streets
12:17A couple of elderly ladies were scared stiff
12:23That there would be nothing but hordes of aborigines to greet them
12:27I felt a pang of despair
12:31That I could never cope in this strange place
12:34And that the whole trip was a mistake
12:37On arrival, families are sent to government hostels
12:46From London, 17-year-old Susan Jenkins
12:53When we got out of the bus at the hostel and saw all these huts
12:58We felt like we'd arrived at some sort of concentration camp
13:02Our first reception in Australia
13:08Then there were these people talking in really strong Australian accents
13:15I didn't like it at all
13:18It was a dreadful place
13:21I began to think I'd spend the rest of my days in this tin hut thing
13:27But most migrant families soon find homes in the suburbs
13:35And begin the search for work
13:37Manual jobs are plentiful
13:40Matt Dickinson was a grocer in Northumberland
13:45In Australia, he finds work with a railway gang
13:51You have no idea what a relief this new start is
13:55I drew my first pay on the 24th of January
13:58It was £19.06 for the week
14:01My last pay in England was £7.06
14:0519-year-old Duncan Fisher works in a foundry in Western Australia
14:13There's a certain amount of hostility at work towards poms
14:18They say things like
14:20The only good pom is a bloody dead pom
14:23That sort of thing
14:24It's taken me a long time to work out how the Australian mind works
14:29The word bastard is a term of endearment
14:32For instance, bloody pom or bloody pommy is an insult
14:36But pommy bastard is okay
14:39Australia welcomes 100,000 European immigrants a year
14:51But refuses entry to almost all non-white applicants
14:59The government imposes a policy known as White Australia
15:03Which even discriminates against those of Commonwealth origin
15:07Australian Secretary of Immigration, Peter Hayden
15:13Only those applicants who can be regarded as being of European origin
15:20May be permitted to settle in Australia
15:22Australians are nervous about minorities who form ethnic colonies in our cities
15:30The White Australia policy provokes strong opposition from Britain and the Commonwealth
15:39In a letter to the Times, Sally Shan from London
15:44It's all wrong for Australia to bar immigrants from coloured Commonwealth countries
15:52India is overpopulated and starving
15:56And yet when Australia needs immigrants, it goes to Germany and Greece
16:01A few years ago, the Germans were hated all over the world
16:05Now they're welcomed in Australia
16:08But it isn't just would-be immigrants who are affected by the concept of a white Australia
16:18For decades, Australia's indigenous population, the aborigines
16:27Have suffered racial discrimination
16:29The removal of their homelands
16:32And the destruction of their traditional way of life
16:35Auburn Neville, Commissioner for Native Affairs, 1937
16:41The problem is one that will eventually solve itself
16:45There are a great many full-blooded aborigines
16:49They are not getting enough food
16:52And they're being decimated by their own tribal practices
16:56In my opinion, no matter what we do
17:01They will die out
17:03The population of so-called full-blooded aborigines
17:10Is rapidly being outnumbered by those of mixed descent
17:13It is planned that eventually all will be absorbed into white society
17:20For 40 years, the government follows a policy of assimilation
17:29Many children identified as of mixed descent
17:35Are removed from their families
17:37And placed with white foster parents
17:40Or in church missions and orphanages run by whites
17:44We have the power to take any child from its mother
17:50At any stage of its life
17:52I have no wish to break up families
17:56But other aspects must be considered beside sentiment
18:00We must weed out the light-coloured children
18:05In 1949, Millicent is taken from her family
18:11I was so afraid and unhappy
18:17I didn't understand what was happening
18:20I was four years old
18:23That night, we would cry ourselves to sleep
18:28It was the last time I was to see my parents
18:34Tens of thousands of children
18:41Both those identified as full-blooded
18:44And those of mixed descent
18:46Have been sent to institutions for assimilation
18:49Many are subjected to brutal treatment
18:55Philip Prosser
18:58Every little thing you did
19:02Was a sin
19:03And you were punished
19:04They hit you with anything they could get hold of
19:08I was accused of something I hadn't done
19:13I was given sex across my arms
19:16And flogged from my shoulders down to my legs
19:20All they contributed to our future
19:25Was an unreparable scar of loneliness
19:29Mistrust and hatred
19:31Fears that have been with me all my life
19:36On leaving school
19:40Many aborigines suffer from unemployment
19:43Depression
19:45Addiction
19:46Welfare authorities will take many of their children
19:52Away from them
19:531926
20:00Stony Indians parade in the streets of Banff
20:04In the Rocky Mountains
20:05Canada's indigenous peoples
20:09Are also victims of discrimination
20:11Stony Indian
20:14Isaac rolling in the mud
20:16When we gave up the land
20:19We gave up our rights
20:21That is why we feel as if we're in confinement
20:27With all the white people's laws and regulations
20:31We were brought up free
20:36Now we feel the imprisonment
20:40Canada has become independent from Britain
20:48But, like Australia
20:51It inherits the prejudices of empire
20:54By the 1940s
20:59Large numbers of white Canadians are moving further north
21:03The Canadian government encourages the nomadic Eskimos
21:08The Inuit
21:09To live in small, fixed settlements
21:12In a report on settlement life
21:17Henry Larson
21:18Conditions are appalling
21:21Destitution
21:24Filth
21:25And squalor
21:25Are gradually undermining the health of these people
21:28And if not checked
21:31Will result in their extermination
21:33Inuit
21:39Abe Uqbik
21:41There are only very few of us Eskimos
21:45But millions of whites
21:47Just like mosquitoes
21:49It is something very special
21:53And very wonderful
21:54To be an Eskimo
21:55We are like snow geese
21:58If an Eskimo forgets his Eskimo ways
22:02He will be nothing
22:04But just another mosquito
22:05A white resident in Frobisher Bay
22:12This may be a doomed culture
22:15But we are not replacing it
22:18With anything worthwhile
22:19We have made every mistake
22:22In the British colonies
22:24And then some
22:26Many native peoples throughout Canada
22:35Struggle to survive
22:36One third are dependent on welfare
22:40The infant mortality rate
22:43Is double the national average
22:45Life expectancy
22:47Is one of the lowest in the world
22:50Over the next 30 years
22:58The indigenous peoples of the empire
23:01Will struggle
23:02To overturn the legacy of racism
23:04Chief Dan George
23:10Of the Coast Salish people
23:12Do you know what it's like
23:16To have your race belittled
23:18What it's like
23:20To be without pride in your race
23:22It's like not caring about tomorrow
23:25For what does tomorrow matter
23:28It's like having a reserve
23:31That looks like a junkyard
23:33Because the beauty in the soul is dead
23:36Come and integrate you see
23:41But how can I
23:44What is there in my culture you value
23:50By the end of the 1950s
24:10Black nationalism is weakening
24:13Britain's hold on its African colonies
24:15In southern Rhodesia
24:20Power lies with the white settlers
24:22They are determined to maintain
24:26The heritage of their founding father
24:28Cecil Rhodes
24:29A white farmer
24:33Hamish Usher
24:35Cecil Rhodes was a man with a vision
24:38An inner voice
24:39Beckoned him to build a great country here
24:42In a land once abandoned to savagery
24:45My great-grandfather
24:47Helped carve a living out of the virgin forest
24:50The silence of centuries
24:53Was broken at last
24:54By the sounds of civilisation
24:56By the ring of axe and hammer
24:59And the beat of steam engines
25:02220,000 white Rhodesians
25:11Rule over 4 million Africans
25:14White farmers control 70% of the best land
25:18Leaving most Africans with small, infertile holdings
25:23The way in which the blacks are being treated by the whites
25:33Is the cause of all the unrest today
25:36The Europeans have cheap native labour
25:40Which they exploit at the expense of African advancement
25:44The white man has deprived us
25:51Of all our rights
25:52In the land of our birth
25:54Our state is pitiable
25:57Throughout the 1960s
26:05A wave of nationalism sweeps across Africa
26:08But fearful of South Africa's racist influence
26:13Britain refuses to grant southern Rhodesia
26:16Her independence
26:17Until Ian Smith's white government
26:21Yields to black majority rule
26:23Smith's supporters are incensed
26:28I most certainly think the British government
26:32Has let us down
26:34And personally I think they stink
26:36I think it's a disgrace
26:37And I'm terribly ashamed of the fact
26:39That I was even born in England
26:40They could have really built up the empire
26:42Instead of which they seem to have gone out of their way
26:44To destroy their empire
26:45The basic African definitely is not in a position
26:50To take over government
26:51The African in no other sphere
26:54Have proved themselves capable of anything
26:57Why is it that in Britain
26:59They seem to think that one thing
27:00The African is capable of doing is governing
27:02In a letter to the Rhodesian Herald
27:07Harry Hart, July 1964
27:10I don't know what Mr. Smith is waiting for
27:15England has continually shown itself
27:19To be treacherous to deal with
27:21If Mr. Smith decides to take independence
27:25Then we are all behind him
27:29This is the Rhodesian Broadcasting Corporation
27:33Here is the Prime Minister of Rhodesia
27:36November 1965
27:38Ian Smith seizes power
27:40A unilateral declaration of independence
27:43We are a first western nation in the last two decades
27:47To have the determination to say
27:49So far and no further
27:52God bless you all
27:54Rhodesia embarks on a path to South African-style apartheid
28:02Britain has lost control to white nationalists
28:06In her last remaining African colony
28:09Over the next 15 years
28:19Rhodesia is engulfed by violent civil war
28:22Ian Smith's Rhodesian army
28:29Fights against two African guerrilla factions
28:321972
28:40Protesters riot against the government's racist policies
28:45Leader of the communist-backed ZANU guerrillas
28:50Robert Mugabe
28:52Our objective is the liquidation of imperialism and colonialism
28:58Through armed struggle
29:03We will set up a democratic state
29:07As the battle rages in the countryside
29:18African civilians are caught in the middle
29:21An African villager
29:28If we report the terrorists
29:31They come and kill us
29:34If we do not report them
29:36The soldiers come to torture us
29:39We just don't know what to do
29:42A soldier in the Rhodesian army patrols a village
29:50Suspected of harbouring guerrillas
29:52You go into a village
29:55After one of your mates has been killed
29:57And you feel bad
29:59And they say they've never seen or heard of a terrorist
30:03And you beat the hell out of them
30:07We are going to take this man with us for questioning
30:14But he won't be harmed, you're right
30:16Atrocities are committed by both sides
30:2130,000 African civilians are killed
30:24White Rhodesians are also victims
30:3248,000 decide to leave
30:39Many move to South Africa
30:42April 1980
30:47The war in Rhodesia is over
30:50Robert Mugabe's ZANU-PF party
30:54Has won the country's first free elections
30:57Britain's empire in Africa
31:02Has gone
31:04As leader of independent Zimbabwe
31:10Mugabe extends a hand of friendship
31:13To the 100,000 whites who choose to stay
31:16Oppression and racism
31:20Must never again find scope
31:23In our political and social system
31:25It could never be a correct justification
31:29That because the whites oppressed us yesterday
31:33When they had power
31:34The blacks must oppress them today
31:38Long live our independence
31:43London is the place for me
31:54London, this lovely city
31:59As thousands leave Britain for the white Commonwealth
32:02The British government calls for workers from the Caribbean
32:06To help build a post-war economy
32:08By 1962
32:12Over 250,000 West Indians have arrived in Britain
32:16Tempted by the promise of work
32:18And a better life
32:20Jamaican poet Louise Bennett
32:26What a joyful news Miss Matty
32:29I feel like me heart going burst
32:32Jamaican people colonizing England in reverse
32:36Them a poor out of Jamaica
32:41Everybody's future plan is for get a big time job
32:45And settle in the motherland
32:48To live in London you are rarely comfortable
32:51Because the English people are very much comfortable
32:56But the government's open-door policy
32:58Awakens prejudice within many Britons
33:02Reporting for the Kingston Star, Richard West
33:06At Waterloo Station and Saturday afternoon
33:10A policeman watched the hundreds of West Indians
33:13Who had just come off the boat train
33:15Well, that's the last of them he said with a pleased smile
33:19But his taxi driver friend replied
33:22Too bloody late, mate
33:24The country's been overrun already
33:25Arriving in London from Barbados
33:31Colin Gemmert
33:33The English are clever
33:35They ran their empire by a confidence trick
33:39We were given an English education
33:42We were told England was the greatest country in the world
33:46We came here and to our surprise
33:50Found you wouldn't accept us
33:52Many British people have struggled to rebuild their lives since the war
34:01They resent the growing influx of black immigrants
34:07The British working class fall for 70 years or more
34:12To drag itself up to a decent standard of living
34:16Now they come in and reap all the benefit
34:19A landlady in Salford
34:26I don't take blacks
34:29I'm sorry for the darkest that I am
34:33But I know what the neighbours are to say
34:35Look at Mrs. So-and-so
34:38She really has come down in the world
34:41Most immigrants are offered menial jobs
34:47Regardless of their training and skills
34:50They want us to work
34:53But not anywhere
34:54Look at all the West Indians in London Transport
34:58When I look around the city of London
35:03I do not find educated colored men working in banks
35:06Or as policemen
35:08You can't get a good job
35:10The sort of job you are capable of doing
35:13You have to take what you can get
35:15What other people do and want
35:18West Indian activists campaign against the growing racism
35:24From Trinidad, Claudia Jones
35:27If all the colored people were thrown into the sea
35:32It wouldn't solve the housing problems
35:35Or provide enough jobs
35:36One reason behind the race prejudice
35:40Is that Britain is an imperial country
35:44But colored people are now demanding their freedom
35:48And expect to be treated as equals
35:51But in 1962
35:55The Conservative government passes the Commonwealth Immigrants Act
35:59Restricting entry to Britain from within the empire
36:02West Indians dub it the Colour Bar Bill
36:07Many white Britons are appalled
36:11Is this really the best way to integrate people
36:16How do immigrants already here feel to be told
36:21Yes you can stay
36:23But we don't want any more of your sort
36:26These policies will lead to exactly the social disaster they want to avoid
36:33Fear and ignorance
36:36Fear and ignorance
36:38But racial hostility towards black Britons continues to grow
36:43If Trinidad pulls you like you are
36:45You're going to cut because of the color of the skin
36:48What can I do about this?
36:49Nothing, nothing
36:49By 1968
36:53The entry of thousands of Asians into Britain
36:56Many expelled from the former colony of Kenya
36:59Prompts the Labour government to pass a second Commonwealth Immigrants Act
37:04For some however
37:08The controls are not enough
37:10In a speech in Birmingham Conservative MP Enoch Powell
37:16In 15 or 20 years there will be in this country
37:21Three and a half million Commonwealth immigrants
37:25Whole areas will be occupied by the immigrant population
37:30It is like watching a nation busily engaged in heaping up its own funeral pile
37:37I am filled with foreboding
37:40Like the Roman
37:41I seem to see the River Tiber foaming with much blood
37:46Powell is thrown out of the Shadow Cabinet the day after his Rivers of Blood speech
37:55But a national poll shows that 74% of the population agree with him
38:05I think it is monstrous that the man has been sacked from the Shadow Cabinet for telling the truth
38:12We want a complete ban on immigration
38:15Or we want all post-war immigrants sent back to their homelands
38:19I love my country
38:22I can see it being run down by a load of traitors
38:25I want my own culture, my own ear
38:28What I've fought for
38:29Oscar Hahn of the West Midlands Race Relations Board
38:35If Mr Powell wants to tell more than one million citizens of this country
38:41That because they're coloured, they're unwanted here
38:44This is an act of brutality from which this country could never morally recover
38:49Throughout the 1970s
38:55Many Commonwealth immigrants become increasingly isolated within British society
39:01Indian-born factory worker
39:06Indian-born factory worker, Rampal
39:07I often wonder in my heart
39:10Why English people do not think well of coloured people
39:14My children will think of themselves as Indian
39:20And will live as Indians
39:22Because so long as their colour is not white
39:26English people will not regard them as British
39:301997
39:41After 155 years
39:44Britain hands over the rule of Hong Kong to China
39:48Now Hong Kong people are to run Hong Kong
39:53That is the promise
39:56And that
39:58Is the unshakable destiny
40:01At the stroke of midnight
40:06The Union Jack is lowered for the last time
40:09In the Daily Mail
40:11Alan Massey
40:13Now it really is the end
40:16A few islands too small and poor to manage on their own
40:22May still be coloured pink on the world's map
40:25But with the return of Hong Kong to China
40:28The lights of the Empire have been extinguished
40:31What then is the legacy?
40:36The 20th century saw the British Empire reach its greatest extent and might
40:48But two world wars weakened Britain's power
40:56In just 20 years
41:00Most of the Empire was handed back to its people
41:03Many of those who served the Empire
41:10Are proud of the legacy they left behind
41:13Diplomat's wife, Joan Alexander, was in Africa for 10 years
41:20I know the popular image of old colonials is gin-swilling so-and-so
41:27But it wasn't like that at all
41:30I honestly feel that we were doing something
41:33We felt we were making a contribution to the country
41:37The growing generation should seek out those colonial men and women
41:42Who have a tale to tell
41:44Because whether they liked it or not
41:47They followed the flag and did their duty
41:51Education, technology, sport, law and democracy
42:00All are positive legacies of Empire
42:03Commonwealth countries which once oppressed their indigenous peoples
42:12Are striving to redress the wrongs of the past
42:15In 1992
42:21Australia's Prime Minister, Paul Keating
42:24Acknowledged the suffering of the Aborigines
42:27We took the traditional lands
42:31And smashed the traditional way of life
42:34We brought the diseases
42:36And the alcohol
42:38We committed the murders
42:42We took the children from their mothers
42:46We practiced discrimination and exclusion
42:50It was our ignorance
42:54And our prejudice
42:55But the negative legacy of the British Empire
43:07Still blights the lives of many in the former colonies
43:11In 1947
43:16Britain lost its greatest possession
43:19India
43:21Amitabh Par
43:24As their final act before relinquishing colonial control
43:29The British decided to divide India
43:33The result was a human catastrophe
43:38Independent India and Pakistan have to deal with this legacy of partition
43:48In January 2002
43:53People flee across the border once again
43:57As India and Pakistan fight over the possession of Kashmir
44:01British journalist Peter Preston
44:09New Delhi and Islamabad are locked in the time warp of half a century ago
44:14Only the nuclear warheads in their arsenals are new
44:20Kashmir is the world's most punishingly futile crisis
44:24Fifty years on
44:28The mess that we Brits left behind
44:30Returns to haunt us all
44:3320 years after Rhodesia's independence
44:48Robert Mugabe heads a repressive regime in Zimbabwe
44:52His war veterans
44:56Some former guerrillas from the 70s war of independence
45:00Are seizing land from white farmers
45:03The land is ours
45:06We are not part of British Empire
45:09We are not an extension of Britain
45:12So, Mr Blair
45:14Dozens of farms have been invaded by huge crowds wielding axes and sticks
45:27Shouting and singing and demanding land
45:30My initial reaction was to get out
45:38Evacuate the farm
45:40But how do you make the decision to walk out on your life
45:45Your home
45:46Everything you've worked for
45:49All the people that depend on you
45:51By 2002
45:5795% of white farms have been seethed by Mugabe's forces
46:02But the legacy of empire
46:10Is most evident in Britain itself
46:13In 50 years
46:16The face of Britain has been transformed
46:18Britain's multicultural society
46:25Embraces people, cultures and religions
46:29From all over the former empire
46:31But sometimes this diversity ignites racial tension
46:38In the summer of 2001
46:43Violent race riots between whites and Asians
46:47Christians flared in Britain's northern towns and cities
46:53In Bradford, Manawar Jan Khan
46:56The empire has faded from the subcontinent
47:01But within our streets
47:03The white Sahids still make the decisions
47:06We are the new generation of Asian young people
47:13British citizens born and bred
47:15Free from the shackles of empire
47:17Yearning to be given fair and equal treatment
47:21Today, white, black and Asian Britons search for a new national identity within Europe
47:32The prejudices of empire
47:37The prejudices of empire are finally fading
47:39Oxford professor
47:42Tapan Rai Chowdhury
47:43Of course there are problems when people from very different cultures come to live together
47:51The picture 50 years ago
47:54The picture 50 years ago was very different
47:57But the problem today owes more to deprivation
48:03Than to intolerance and cultural bigotry
48:06In my experience
48:09This is the most tolerant society in the world
48:13I am deeply optimistic about the future of multicultural Britain
48:19modernization
48:35Oh
48:36Oh
48:36Oh
48:37Oh
48:37Oh
48:46Oh
48:47Oh
48:47Oh
48:48Oh
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