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00:00:00Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020
00:00:30ZDF, 2020
00:01:00ZDF, 2020
00:01:29I've always been drawn to the magic of the ocean.
00:01:59It feels like time slows down.
00:02:10Most people stare up into space with wonder.
00:02:19Yet we have this almost alien world on our own planet just teeming with life.
00:02:29But it's a world most people never explore.
00:02:51Richard Beavers is documenting the ocean's reefs the same way Google maps out streets.
00:02:56Snapping a 360 degree picture every three seconds.
00:03:00This is the 21st country that we've done as part of a global survey of coral reefs.
00:03:05Hidden below the surface of the world's oceans, spectacular gardens of coral.
00:03:10Reefs are where much of the seafood we eat begins life.
00:03:14Reefs are a source of food and income for over 500 million people.
00:03:19It's really about trying to communicate the science as much as doing the science itself.
00:03:25To take people on a journey.
00:03:27An incredible journey under the sea which could be the closest many of us come to seeing an exotic underwater site.
00:03:33Giving anyone with internet access the chance to go on a virtual dive and many of the survey sites.
00:03:40What are you going to do to have to approach during the survey?
00:03:41What are you going to do here?
00:03:42What are you going to do here?
00:03:43Let's take people from the survey.
00:03:48Oh.
00:03:49Okay.
00:03:50No, you're going to be intentional.
00:03:52There's a place where there's somebody who's been in
00:04:05Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020
00:04:35Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020
00:05:05Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020
00:05:35Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020
00:05:37Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020
00:06:39Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020
00:06:41Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020
00:06:43Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020
00:06:45Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020
00:06:47Okay, this one is going to be behind in the back wreath.
00:06:50So what year was this?
00:06:51This is 1975.
00:06:52Right.
00:06:53Okay?
00:06:54This whole area back here was just thick with Acropora palmetto.
00:06:58Okay?
00:06:58The Elkhorn coral.
00:07:00And how much is there left?
00:07:030.01%.
00:07:04Whoa.
00:07:06Something like that.
00:07:07You'll see.
00:07:07Yeah.
00:07:08We'll go out and see.
00:07:17So you want to know what we're looking at?
00:07:43This flat, this is all dead reef flat.
00:07:48This is all dead Elkhorn coral.
00:07:52You can see all the skeletons in place, but there's nothing alive.
00:08:00So this is what the reef looked like in 1971.
00:08:05This is all covered with living corals.
00:08:10This is very typical, very, very typical of the Florida Keys.
00:08:13And 50 years ago, that wasn't the case.
00:08:1730 years ago, that wasn't the case.
00:08:19All of it gone.
00:08:24Phil told me that we've lost 80 to 90% of corals in Florida.
00:08:31I had no idea that these issues were so advanced.
00:08:36I think it might be at this one.
00:08:56Good morning, I'm Richard.
00:08:58Jim Porter, please.
00:08:59Very nice to meet you.
00:09:00And thanks so much for coming down.
00:09:02So all of this stuff that I'm showing you here is from 1976.
00:09:09This is Discovery Bay, Jamaica.
00:09:12Yep.
00:09:12And that's what it looked like then.
00:09:16And this is what it looks like now.
00:09:19This survey sat unanalyzed.
00:09:22Little bits and pieces, but not the whole story.
00:09:27His imagery was designed for scientific purpose.
00:09:30But it doesn't capture you instantly, without explanation.
00:09:35This is what we have lost.
00:09:38This is the way it was.
00:09:39I started my career in love with a place.
00:09:44And those places have diminished.
00:09:48To see that lost is very devastating.
00:09:52A lot of scientists I've met have got really depressed about this issue.
00:09:59Whereas I've had the experience to do 10 years in advertising,
00:10:03where you believe any problem can be solved in a ridiculously short period of time,
00:10:08you've just got to do a bit of creative thinking.
00:10:16That's great.
00:10:17Lovely, thank you.
00:10:18Thank you.
00:10:19Excuse me.
00:10:19Sorry, do you know where Ruth is?
00:10:21Ruth Gates.
00:10:22Um, and the classroom's right in here.
00:10:24All of those screens go up.
00:10:26So we'll go in and have a look.
00:10:36Oh, wow.
00:10:38Wow.
00:10:39Is it cool?
00:10:40Unbelievable.
00:10:43Wow.
00:10:45Okay, um, you know.
00:10:48It's the fact that it's moving.
00:10:50Isn't it amazing?
00:10:51After all the years, 25 years I've been working on a microscope,
00:10:54I can look down a microscope and go,
00:10:56Bloody hell.
00:10:56I like that.
00:10:58That.
00:10:59My understanding was, this was an animal, this was an animal.
00:11:02Yeah.
00:11:02Are they the same animal?
00:11:03They are.
00:11:04But, um, I know they're identical animals.
00:11:07Yeah.
00:11:07But are they the same?
00:11:08They are.
00:11:09They are.
00:11:09So they, they are one animal.
00:11:12Yeah.
00:11:12It's one animal.
00:11:13Okay, but they're not considered, I thought a polyp was an animal, not a coral was an animal
00:11:22with lots of polyps.
00:11:23Does that make sense?
00:11:25A coral is an animal with lots of polyps.
00:11:27But a polyp isn't an animal.
00:11:29Well, it's part of the animal.
00:11:32Right, because this is a, no one's ever explained what a coral is.
00:11:37Your amazement is, why did you not know that?
00:11:39One is, is, why didn't I know that?
00:11:40I'm stoked you didn't know that.
00:11:41And it's the...
00:11:42You're a smart guy.
00:11:43Yeah.
00:11:43What's wrong with you?
00:11:48I get completely overwhelmed sometimes underwater, on a reef, because I can't believe that these
00:11:56structures are just sort of created by these simple organisms, or seemingly simple organisms.
00:12:00I have the utmost respect for corals, because I think they've got us all fooled.
00:12:04Simplicity on the outside doesn't mean simplicity on the inside.
00:12:08We think we're really evolved because we're highly complex beings.
00:12:11We can do lots of things.
00:12:12We have opposing thumbs.
00:12:14But corals, they've decided, forget the external complexity.
00:12:18Let's just be really sophisticated in a quiet way.
00:12:23A coral individual is really made up of thousands of small structures called polyps.
00:12:31Each polyp is a circular mouth surrounded by tentacles, and they can combine to be millions of them
00:12:43across a single animal.
00:12:44They have inside their tissues, small plants, these micro-algae, a million per centimeter squared.
00:12:54The plants that live inside them photosynthesize, and the animal uses that for their food.
00:13:00They essentially have food factories, living inside of themselves.
00:13:05So as the animal grows, what you see is the animal is growing over the skeleton, and depositing
00:13:12the skeleton underneath it.
00:13:14They photosynthesize during the day.
00:13:25At night, the plants really essentially sleep, and the animal comes active.
00:13:30They expand their polyps.
00:13:32The tentacles come out.
00:13:33And now, anything that swims by is caught by these stinging cells that are on the tips
00:13:40of the tentacles.
00:13:42There are many different species of corals, and the different species of corals are different
00:13:49shapes.
00:13:50Some are very boring to look at.
00:13:52They look like big rocks on the bottom.
00:13:54Some are incredibly beautiful to look at.
00:13:56They have huge, huge branching patterns, or massive plates.
00:14:02Some of them look like petals of a flower.
00:14:06These are foundation species.
00:14:09They have all these other organisms that depend on them.
00:14:13They are the reason we have reefs.
00:14:16A consortium of organisms that cooperate together, that now manifests in this massive structure
00:14:24that can be seen from space.
00:14:38There's a famous reef in American Samoa called Airport Reef.
00:14:43We heard that there was an area where the corals were turning white.
00:14:49Because we'd been there previously to do a survey, we wanted to go back and take the same
00:14:54images of the game.
00:15:09I was truly shocked by what I saw.
00:15:13The reef was white as far as the eye could see.
00:15:17To be honest, I didn't have the knowledge to know how to process it.
00:15:21Was this dead?
00:15:24Was it alive?
00:15:33This is Airport Reef.
00:15:37Before, so this is in December.
00:15:43That's it now.
00:15:43When Richard saw that white coral, it was a turning point for him.
00:15:57I think I admitted to him that I thought this was far more deadly than some of the other
00:16:04things that are facing reefs.
00:16:06And so what we've seen since the early 1980s when this first occurs, we've actually lost
00:16:11an enormous amount of coral just due to this phenomenon alone.
00:16:14I think that was the first time that he saw the enormity of the issue.
00:16:18That this was a threat across the planet to coral reefs, which would happen very quickly and
00:16:25cause a lot of damage.
00:16:29Back in the 80s, we started looking at this weird phenomenon.
00:16:34Large sections of reefs were turning white, literally over a couple of weeks.
00:16:38And no one really knew why this was.
00:16:44As we did more and more experiments, it turned out that it wasn't a disease.
00:16:49It wasn't too much light.
00:16:51And the only thing you could do in an experiment that would cause corals to go white was to
00:16:56raise the temperature by two degrees Celsius.
00:16:58By the end of my PhD, we were putting cautious words in the literature saying, well, you know,
00:17:08maybe this is global warming and this is one of the early impacts on reefs.
00:17:19We look at climate change as if it's an issue in the air.
00:17:23And you go one or two degrees Celsius, does that really matter?
00:17:28But when you talk about the ocean, it's like your body temperature changing.
00:17:34And imagine your body temperature rises one degree centigrade or two degrees centigrade.
00:17:40Over a period of time, that would be fatal.
00:17:43And that's the seriousness of the issue when you look at it in terms of the ocean.
00:17:50Coral bleaching itself is a stress response, much like a fever in humans is a stress response.
00:17:58If the temperature spikes just a little bit above their normal range, corals will start to leach.
00:18:07The small plants that live inside their tissues, their ability to photosynthesize and feed the animal host is impaired.
00:18:15The animal essentially senses that I've got something inside of me that is not doing what I expect it to do.
00:18:22And as happens with us, when we get a bacteria, we try to get rid of it as quickly as possible.
00:18:29That's exactly what these animals do.
00:18:30They try to get rid of those plants that are no longer functional and leave behind the transparent naked tissue.
00:18:38They've lost the very most important food source that they have, so it's starting to starve.
00:18:48When the coral bleaches, the flesh becomes clear.
00:18:53And what you're seeing is its skeleton underneath.
00:18:55So the bright white that you see in the pictures is just the skeletons everywhere.
00:19:02If it's a very clean white look about the coral, it will still be alive.
00:19:09It's not allowing anything else to grow on it.
00:19:13It will generally not grow.
00:19:15It will generally not reproduce.
00:19:17It is likely to die.
00:19:19You'll see these fuzzy micro-algae.
00:19:28The whole surface suddenly become much, much fuzzier to look at.
00:19:35That's an indication that that coral has died.
00:19:44Oh, can you mark that one?
00:19:46Coral bleaching is very difficult to communicate.
00:19:51You see a picture of a beautiful white reef.
00:19:54Is that a good or a bad thing?
00:19:57So we need to communicate it in a different way.
00:20:00I was flying on a plane, and I watched a film, Chasing Ice.
00:20:15That film was about the documentation of the disappearing glaciers.
00:20:19And it suddenly dawned on me that we had almost identical projects.
00:20:25So pretty much as soon as I got off that plane, I contacted the director.
00:20:29The cameras are shooting every hour, but we're only showing every, you know, week or two weeks.
00:20:34Richard sent me an email completely out of the blue, and he attached two photographs,
00:20:38one of a healthy coral reef and one of a dead coral reef.
00:20:42And when I saw those photos, the light bulb immediately went on.
00:20:45It's like, if you can document that change, you can reveal this to the public in a powerful way.
00:20:51So we knew from the start that there was something that we wanted to get involved with.
00:20:54These were chosen, these images.
00:20:56We started talking pretty early on about what a time-lapse camera could look like,
00:21:00but we were missing this one piece.
00:21:02We needed a wiper system or something that would keep the glass clean.
00:21:06When Richard and the team wanted to do underwater time-lapse,
00:21:09they approached us to design something.
00:21:12So this one is a little dirty.
00:21:14We designed a magnetic arm that pulls a windshield wiper around this glass dome
00:21:20and keeps it clean for long periods of time.
00:21:22When we first met them, the deadline seemed just absurd.
00:21:26Nobody's done anything even close to this.
00:21:29We had all of the issues associated with just dealing with the time-lapse, the camera,
00:21:33but we also had just so many unknowns.
00:21:36When you have a camera system that you need to be submerged in salt water for months on end,
00:21:48that is subject to huge storms and hurricanes.
00:21:52At depth, with all the tremendous pressure of billions of gallons of water pressing down,
00:21:59that is very, very difficult to do.
00:22:01If we're tethered to a Beagle board, a Raspberry Pi, an SSH in,
00:22:05I need at least 12 volts, probably get away with 11.
00:22:07Well, then we could use a 12 to 5 for the Beagle.
00:22:09Necessate 300 milliamps, 12 minutes a day.
00:22:127.2 watt hours.
00:22:137.2 watt hours, yeah.
00:22:15Okay.
00:22:15Cool.
00:22:16Well, I think this is going to be pretty easy.
00:22:20They're 3D printing parts.
00:22:21They're building custom circuit boards.
00:22:23They're building custom wireless hotspots.
00:22:26It is really, really complicated.
00:22:27A person in boat wirelessly connects to a computer in a case,
00:22:34which is hardwired to an umbilical cable that goes down to a router inside an underwater housing
00:22:41that communicates wirelessly to the camera.
00:22:46When you're done, you just unplug it.
00:22:49This is by far the most complicated thing I've seen still by viewing to the blue.
00:22:54At the time, Jeff and Richard had no idea that I was a coral nerd.
00:23:01Secretly, I'd been sitting in my office really stoked that I was even in the same room
00:23:06as this project about coral was going on, and we were helping support it
00:23:10because I wanted more than anything to do something for the coral.
00:23:13These are lobophilia.
00:23:15The chalices are either oxypora or echinophilia, mondastria, phobites, phavia, platygyra.
00:23:24Actually, that might not be.
00:23:25I got involved in the aquarium industry at a pretty young age.
00:23:29Growing up in the mountains and in Colorado actually made my obsession with the ocean a little bit worse.
00:23:35You see on this coral, there's like a lot of life, but then there's a lot of like death here.
00:23:40So this is just skeleton.
00:23:42So that could very well be because it got too close to this euthilia perhaps,
00:23:45and they fought with each other, and this one stung that one to death right there.
00:23:49He just loves coral.
00:23:52Even to the point where he has coral reef tanks at his house with no fish in them.
00:23:56And nobody has coral reef tanks with no fish in them.
00:23:59The beauty of coral, or why I enjoy coral more than fish,
00:24:03is because if a coral dies, it's your fault.
00:24:05As long as you don't mess up and like crash your tank or kill that coral,
00:24:10then they're all going to continue living.
00:24:12They're just perpetual machines.
00:24:13They don't really have a life expectancy, more or less.
00:24:16They just kind of continue to go on as long as their environment allows them to.
00:24:21That's the same with like jellyfish too.
00:24:23Jellyfish technically live forever, but they just get eaten by so many things that it doesn't happen.
00:24:29For me, the most interesting thing in nature is symbiosis.
00:24:35Two separate organisms that have adapted to each other and are now benefiting each other.
00:24:42They're working together, and the first thing that comes to my mind is an anemone and a clownfish.
00:24:50The anemone provides protection for the clownfish,
00:24:54and the clownfish usually provides food for the anemone.
00:24:56It's a mutually beneficial relationship.
00:25:01In the case of a coral, it goes deeper than that.
00:25:06The symbiont itself is incorporated in the organism.
00:25:10The coral doesn't exist without these little tiny plant cells.
00:25:15They are completely reliant on each other, and you don't have one without the other.
00:25:22That relationship between the two of them is the most interesting thing in the world to me.
00:25:27The unterschy
00:25:28is what he does to mundan.
00:25:41The coral doesn't exist without...
00:25:44The ocean itself contains a whole lot of information.
00:25:46It's the object
00:25:50.
00:26:04.
00:26:06.
00:26:08.
00:26:09.
00:26:10.
00:26:11.
00:26:12.
00:26:13.
00:26:14.
00:26:15.
00:26:16.
00:26:17Das ist so spannend, was ich hier passiert.
00:26:20Es wird das erste Mal, dass wir die Frage stellen können.
00:26:24Ja.
00:26:25Aber die Parceloperas könnten über Nacht gehen, können sie?
00:26:27Ja, viele Parceloperas sind bereits weg.
00:26:30So, sie sind jetzt komplett weg?
00:26:31Sie sind bereits weg.
00:26:32Aber die Monteporas sind die wichtigsten Reef-Building-Korale?
00:26:35Montepora und Parietes Compressor hier sind die zwei.
00:26:38Und Lutea, die große, die du gesehen hast.
00:26:40Und was ist die Tissue-Thickness auf Parietes?
00:26:42So, sie können sich um 0.5 cm.
00:26:45Sie können die Fertilize-Gammetes carryen.
00:26:48In Hawaii, wir haben eine sehr hohe Proportionen der Chorale-Species.
00:26:57Wir wussten, das wäre sehr schwer,
00:26:59zu entscheiden, wo die Kamera zu stellen.
00:27:02Und wir wussten, wir müssen das,
00:27:05woher die Bleachung ist.
00:27:08Good morning, Marc.
00:27:09Good afternoon, Richard.
00:27:11Es ist...
00:27:13Getting a little depressing.
00:27:15Yes.
00:27:16I read your e-mail,
00:27:17which was, you know,
00:27:18about the El Nino starting earlier this year.
00:27:20Marc Akin provided us with the tools
00:27:22to be able to understand where we should be going.
00:27:25So, what we're looking at at this point...
00:27:26I work for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
00:27:29or NOAA.
00:27:30We use satellites to look at the sea surface temperatures
00:27:33that cause coral bleaching.
00:27:35The one thing the temperatures have shown us,
00:27:37with no question,
00:27:39is the oceans have been warming.
00:27:41Temperatures in the ocean go through normal cycles.
00:27:45If the temperature were staying constant,
00:27:48then all those ups and downs would be around that average temperature.
00:27:53But now, we've reached the point that we changed that average.
00:27:58Your warm temperatures keep getting warmer and warmer and warmer.
00:28:04The first widespread bleaching event occurred in the early 1980s.
00:28:1197-98, this was the first global scale mass bleaching.
00:28:18A lot of corals bleached, a lot of corals died.
00:28:222010, only 12 years later,
00:28:25we saw the second global scale mass bleaching.
00:28:30Now, only five years later,
00:28:33we've got the potential of the third global scale mass bleaching event.
00:28:39Basically, at this point,
00:28:41about two-thirds of the northwestern Hawaiian islands
00:28:45are seeing a level of warming where you're usually seeing bleaching.
00:28:50The stress levels are fine.
00:28:52I'm zooming in on Hawaii,
00:28:54and you can see here,
00:28:55it's 4.7 degrees hotter than it should be at this time of year.
00:29:00And you look at some of the other hot spots around the world,
00:29:03it's 11.3 degrees, 5 degrees hotter,
00:29:068.2 degrees hotter than it normally would be.
00:29:09There's this big heat wave that's travelling around the planet,
00:29:12and it's killing corals wherever it's going.
00:29:16This is a small window of opportunity that we've got right now
00:29:20to be able to capture this bleaching event
00:29:22and communicate it in a massive way.
00:29:25Yeah, there's no plug in here right now.
00:29:27Normally, we would have done extensive field testing with these cameras,
00:29:30given how complicated they were,
00:29:31but they just needed to be put in the water.
00:29:46Well, we have a lot of bags.
00:29:48I'm not sure how happy the airport people are going to be.
00:29:55One-on-one.
00:29:56So, guess what we're up to right now?
00:30:01We're whittling plastic away from the underwater solar panel.
00:30:04Otherwise, we can't take it on a plane.
00:30:1299.5.
00:30:14Is that good?
00:30:16So, based on the data that we got from NAWA,
00:30:20we decided to put cameras down in Hawaii, Bermuda, and the Bahamas.
00:30:28We'll go down.
00:30:29We'll scout.
00:30:30We'll find a bunch of spots.
00:30:31We'll mark the GPS coordinates right around that corner.
00:30:50This was completely different from any other scuba diving I've done,
00:30:55and any other scuba diving that one would normally do.
00:30:59This was construction underwater.
00:31:02You're working in an environment that humans weren't built for.
00:31:06You also can't communicate with your team,
00:31:08other than through sign language.
00:31:11And we are not good at it.
00:31:13So, the camera gets mounted flush to this display.
00:31:16And we can adjust the height of this.
00:31:18We can adjust the angle of this.
00:31:25You're in zero gravity.
00:31:26So, if you're trying to get leverage to put something into the ground,
00:31:29you don't have that.
00:31:30You're floating.
00:31:31You're buoyant.
00:31:32Is that thunder?
00:31:33That's a weather alert.
00:31:34I hear crackling sound.
00:31:35Yeah.
00:31:36Is that static?
00:31:37I hope that's not lightning.
00:31:38Oh, my God, that's lighting.
00:31:39Do you hear that?
00:31:40Yes, I hear it in my microphone.
00:31:41I think you should probably turn the cameras off.
00:31:42I don't know.
00:31:43Can we get the metal thing down?
00:31:44I kind of don't want to touch it.
00:31:46Because of this vacuum-sealed glass down,
00:31:47I think you should probably turn the cameras off.
00:31:52I don't know.
00:31:53Can we get the metal thing down?
00:31:55I kind of don't want to touch it.
00:31:56Because of this vacuum-sealed glass down,
00:32:01we couldn't actually change any of the settings inside on the cameras.
00:32:06So, they attach this wire going to a box on the boat on the surface.
00:32:10You have a cable attached to a stationary device underwater,
00:32:14and it's plugged into a very delicate piece of equipment.
00:32:17Boom, we're in.
00:32:18Now, let's see if this is going to behave today.
00:32:22And you can sit there on the boat with a tablet,
00:32:25and you can adjust the settings,
00:32:27and you can see what the camera's doing underwater.
00:32:30Watch this cable.
00:32:33Are we...
00:32:34Can you move us a little closer?
00:32:36I'm just nervous.
00:32:37Just back!
00:32:38We're getting too tight!
00:32:39Hold it.
00:32:40Hold it.
00:32:41Hold it.
00:32:42Hold it.
00:32:43Hold it.
00:32:52The wind just took us.
00:32:53The stern anchor didn't hold.
00:32:55We're just drifting.
00:32:56We're just drifting.
00:33:11Bummer.
00:33:12Hold it.
00:33:13Hold it.
00:33:14Hold it.
00:33:15Hold it.
00:33:16Hold it.
00:33:17All right, so let's take a look.
00:33:19So basically, you've got a few millimeters of water in there,
00:33:22probably splashed on an electrical connection,
00:33:24probably blew the 12-volt fuse.
00:33:25You're probably fine.
00:33:26It did blow the 12-volt.
00:33:27Here is what that's looking like at the moment.
00:33:28We've kind of tore her apart to access her and attempt to clean.
00:33:33Jiminy Cricket, look at that mess.
00:33:34Okay.
00:33:35We're going to be just fine.
00:33:36I basically would like you to take a 12-volt directly from the battery.
00:33:40Go.
00:33:41Go.
00:33:42Go.
00:33:43Go.
00:33:44Go.
00:33:45Go.
00:33:46Go.
00:33:47Go.
00:33:48Go.
00:33:49Go.
00:33:50Go.
00:33:51Go.
00:33:52Go.
00:33:53Go.
00:33:54Go.
00:33:55Go.
00:33:56Go.
00:33:57Go.
00:33:58Go.
00:33:59Go.
00:34:00Go.
00:34:01Go.
00:34:02Go.
00:34:03Go.
00:34:06All right, let's give this one more try.
00:34:09All right.
00:34:10There goes everything.
00:34:12Do we have a new message?
00:34:16We're good.
00:34:19Ah, we're connected!
00:34:24That does look killer.
00:34:26Look at that!
00:34:27That is brilliant, man.
00:34:30I have a file on my computer.
00:34:32We're done!
00:34:34What?
00:34:36We're done!
00:34:38We're done!
00:34:40Yeah!
00:34:42I'm so happy right now.
00:34:44This is awesome.
00:34:50After that,
00:34:52there was nothing to do but wait.
00:35:02As a kid growing up,
00:35:26I always had this sweet spot for taxonomy,
00:35:30which I don't really know how to put my finger on that.
00:35:34I always wanted to know what things were,
00:35:36and I wanted to know the scientific name.
00:35:40So I fell in love with catching all these little critters
00:35:43and coming back and having a bunch of guides
00:35:45to help me figure out what they were.
00:35:47And so when I got into coral,
00:35:50there were only a handful of resources from one guy,
00:35:54this guy, Charlie Barron.
00:35:56Every time I was looking something up,
00:36:00there he was.
00:36:02There are about 340 species of coral
00:36:04on the Great Barrier Reef.
00:36:06There's one just over there that's about six meters high.
00:36:10He's the first guy to really go down and start cataloging corals,
00:36:14and I wish I could be that guy,
00:36:16but I was born a little too late.
00:36:18Here we have thousands upon thousands of species
00:36:20all interacting together in a complex way.
00:36:22Corals, unlike any other form of life on Earth except man,
00:36:26have the capacity to build their own environments,
00:36:28to create their own habitats.
00:36:30Think of a city.
00:36:44Corals are experts at creating high-rises.
00:36:48They're basically creating this incredible dimensionality,
00:36:53this three-dimensional framework.
00:36:55The more complex a structure,
00:36:58the more biodiversity can potentially live there.
00:37:01In a healthy coral reef system,
00:37:05the entire landscape is covered with coral.
00:37:08They're competing for space with one another.
00:37:11They grow over and under.
00:37:13You look at the Great Barrier Reef,
00:37:16it's really the Manhattan of the ocean.
00:37:18This hugely diverse and complex city.
00:37:22And like in a city,
00:37:24the fish are living in very specific places.
00:37:26It's a bit like a neighbourhood.
00:37:29You go back to a neighbourhood
00:37:31and you see the same people.
00:37:33The same fish is living in the same piece of coral
00:37:36week after week.
00:37:38They live there pretty much their entire life.
00:37:40In the morning and the afternoon,
00:37:43you actually have traffic on the reef.
00:37:45You've got fish which have, like,
00:37:47spent the night on the reef
00:37:49and then they go out to feed
00:37:50and all swim together.
00:37:52So they're busy places.
00:37:55When the sun starts coming up,
00:37:58you actually have a morning chorus,
00:38:00which is similar to what we get
00:38:01when we hear the birds waking up in the forest
00:38:03when the sun comes up.
00:38:05When you listen closely,
00:38:06you hear things purring.
00:38:08You hear the grunts and the groans
00:38:10of so many different animals.
00:38:11It's not a silent world at all.
00:38:13It's actually pretty noisy.
00:38:17Each fish, each animal,
00:38:18has its own job.
00:38:19It does its own thing.
00:38:21There are fish that farm.
00:38:23They actually grow little plants or algae
00:38:26and they'll go pick a piece of algae
00:38:29and plant it and look after that area.
00:38:31There are crabs and lobsters
00:38:33and little shrimps that will do things
00:38:35like defend corals.
00:38:37There are strange partnerships,
00:38:39like moray eels,
00:38:40which will hunt with coral trout.
00:38:43Completely different fish,
00:38:44but they work together to hunt across the reef
00:38:46and they share the meal.
00:38:48One of the things you notice,
00:38:51this sort of crunching noise,
00:38:52and this is the parrotfish.
00:38:54These are fish that have beaks
00:38:55and they actually eat the coral
00:38:57and they're crunching away the coral.
00:38:59When that coral passes through the parrotfish,
00:39:02it comes out as sand.
00:39:03So in fact, every single beach,
00:39:05you're basically walking on parrotfish poo.
00:39:12Coral reefs are hugely important for the ocean
00:39:15because they're essentially the nursery.
00:39:17And they say something like 25% of all marine life
00:39:21relies on coral reefs.
00:39:23We've got half a billion to a billion people
00:39:27that rely on coral reefs
00:39:29as their main source of food.
00:39:33Without that protein,
00:39:34they're going to be malnourished.
00:39:36Their culture, their way of life,
00:39:39their economies are all reliant
00:39:41on healthy coral reefs.
00:39:43And many of the new drugs
00:39:45that are coming to help humans
00:39:48come from the sea.
00:39:50There's a drug called prostaglandin
00:39:52that comes from sea fans
00:39:54and that fights cancer.
00:39:56There's another one called bryostatin
00:39:58that comes from coral rhizoans
00:40:00and it fights cancer too.
00:40:02There are so many things that we don't know yet
00:40:05that could help society
00:40:07through the novel chemistries
00:40:08that we find on coral reef organisms.
00:40:11Coral reefs are producing a breakwater
00:40:16that's protecting us from big waves,
00:40:18from cyclones.
00:40:20They're better than the ones
00:40:21that we can produce
00:40:22because they're growing it
00:40:23and rebuilding it all the time.
00:40:27The corals are the real basis
00:40:30of that ecosystem.
00:40:31You can't have a city without buildings.
00:40:34And you can't have a coral reef without the corals.
00:41:04So we went back to the Bahamas
00:41:06to retrieve camera number one
00:41:08after its time.
00:41:10We're gonna keep our fingers crossed
00:41:34and hope we have plenty of footage.
00:41:36Hoping that there's at least a month and a half.
00:41:48Bingo.
00:41:54That's out of focus.
00:42:00All of these are out of focus.
00:42:02This is a big bummer.
00:42:09In focus.
00:42:10And then the first one after that's out of focus.
00:42:14And it progressively gets worse.
00:42:16You see that?
00:42:18All this footage is out of focus.
00:42:22And pretty much useless.
00:42:24I hope they worked elsewhere.
00:42:26I hope they worked elsewhere.
00:42:30I hope they worked elsewhere.
00:42:53We're out of focus here.
00:42:54I thought we were okay.
00:42:55Damn it.
00:42:56So how bad are the images?
00:42:57Bad.
00:42:58Not usable.
00:42:59But unusable.
00:43:00And so it's already soft.
00:43:01Yeah.
00:43:02And there it gets softer and softer and softer.
00:43:03I've never heard of manual focus changing over time.
00:43:07Hawaii bleached.
00:43:08It had the worst bleaching it's ever had.
00:43:10It's just that we didn't manage to capture it.
00:43:14We put a lot of effort in getting those cameras down and we thought we'd done everything right.
00:43:27And it's a huge knock back.
00:43:29Es ist nur, dass wir nicht so gut haben.
00:43:32Wir haben viel Arbeit gemacht.
00:43:36Wir haben die Kameras gemacht.
00:43:38Und wir haben gedacht, dass wir alles richtig gemacht haben.
00:43:41Und es ist ein enormes Knotback.
00:43:43Es ist mehr so, weil wir die Zeit gegen uns wussten.
00:43:47Wir wussten nicht, wie lange das Event war.
00:43:50Ich habe die letzten Werte für den Australischen Regionen gesehen.
00:44:01Es ist definitiv warmer, als es für eine lange Zeit ist.
00:44:04Das Coastal Area wird wahrscheinlich weiterhin warm.
00:44:07Ja.
00:44:08Wenn man in der Blechung ist, das ist ein gutes Zeichen.
00:44:12Ja.
00:44:13Natürlich, es bedeutet horrible Dinge für den Reef.
00:44:1530 Sekunden.
00:44:17Zack und Trevor went all in and just fixed the problems.
00:44:22We changed to a fixed lens.
00:44:24And it allowed us to get rid of all of the focus issues that we had.
00:44:28We have such a better system going.
00:44:31I'm much more confident it's gonna work.
00:44:34I'm standing on one of the two and a half thousand or so enormous platform reefs that make the
00:45:04Australia's Great Barrier Reef.
00:45:06Very few people can realize that this is the largest structure ever made by life on earth.
00:45:11These reefs extend along the tropical coastline of Australia.
00:45:15A distance of over two thousand kilometers.
00:45:18The length of the entire east coast of the United States of America.
00:45:22I always wanted to go to the Great Barrier Reef.
00:45:25I want to see it for its beauty and always wanted to get there.
00:45:29That's the goal.
00:45:30Always been the goal.
00:45:32Dude, you're about to see the GBR from the air.
00:45:44That's actually a very exciting thing.
00:45:51It's just amazing to think about how massive it is.
00:45:57And it's fallen alive.
00:46:01The higher rates.
00:46:02I don't know.
00:46:03Jessica, I would like to hear theories in the Phlusive Netherlands.
00:46:04It are a wonderful 한� количеictual remains for us.
00:46:05It's rather no one of the different发生.
00:46:06It's safe to find thestr organisms here.
00:46:07It's almost no one, it was
00:46:18totally invisible to the earth.
00:46:23Next up the lurking surface, the lovely crest of the Esto eingeavian 찻,
00:46:26So we're sending two teams to the southern Great Barrel Reef.
00:46:47We're sending Jeff and Zach to Keppel,
00:46:50and we're sending Andrew and team to Heron.
00:46:56The camera's in.
00:47:25And it's running.
00:47:28The most smooth that any of these have gone.
00:47:32It was so much smoother than Hawaii.
00:47:40And then we waited.
00:47:43Waited for that warm water to come.
00:47:46Already biologists say some corals are dying bleached white, a sign in the first stage
00:47:55of death.
00:47:56You're talking an event similar to the rainforest of the world turning white over a very short
00:48:01period of time.
00:48:03Everyone will be jumping up and taking notice, wondering what the hell is happening.
00:48:08You may think, well, this is just a cycle that we go through.
00:48:11Good morning.
00:48:12Coral bleaching in Hawaii has gained a lot of attention.
00:48:16This certainly isn't a natural cycle.
00:48:19This is a phenomenon directly attributed to climate change, and it's something that we've
00:48:26only seen in recent years.
00:48:27One of the ways of looking back in time with the reef is to take coral cores or slices through
00:48:38coral.
00:48:39You can look at growth rings in corals in the same way as you can look at growth rings
00:48:41in trees.
00:48:46You can see a regular, normal growth pattern.
00:48:49This coral grows at around a centimeter and a half per year, every year, right up until
00:48:551998, where you start to see the signature of a coral bleaching event.
00:49:01By tracking back in time, by looking at the history of the reef, we're absolutely certain
00:49:05that what we're seeing now is not a natural fluctuation.
00:49:09The cause is unequivocally global climate change driven by emitting carbon into the atmosphere.
00:49:17I think a lot of people don't realise that climate change is happening because most of
00:49:21the extra heat trapped by greenhouse gases has been transferred to the oceans.
00:49:28When you burn fossil fuel, that's burning oil, gas or coal, carbon dioxide goes up into
00:49:34the atmosphere.
00:49:36carbon dioxide has the property that it's able to trap heat.
00:49:40So the more you have in the atmosphere, the greater the amount of heat trapped by the
00:49:45earth.
00:49:46It's a bit like putting extra wool into your sweater.
00:49:50What people don't know is that 93% of the heat that's trapped is going into the ocean.
00:49:57That's a lot of energy.
00:49:58If the oceans weren't doing this job of absorbing the heat, the average surface temperature of
00:50:04the planet would be 122 Fahrenheit.
00:50:11There are rates of change going on in tropical oceans, which if projected forward, it means
00:50:16that coral reefs are a likely casualty of any global climate change.
00:50:21I published that in the peer reviewed literature.
00:50:25At that point in time, people weren't quite ready for that.
00:50:28And I had a lot of colleagues that were confronting me, challenging me, attacking me.
00:50:33He was ridiculed for this, for being an alarmist.
00:50:38But over time, he's been proved right time and time again.
00:50:43I just love the reef.
00:50:46That's why I did this thing.
00:50:47That's why I came here when I was 18 to this island and started to study the reef.
00:50:50It wasn't because I thought it was going to disappear or I was trying to battle a problem
00:50:55called global climate change.
00:50:57It's unfortunate that I can't look at this thing and still see the beauty.
00:51:01I see the problems.
00:51:06This wonderful thing, this thing that's been around for a very long time, is threatened
00:51:10in our lifetime and on our watch.
00:51:13And however hard we try to get people to listen, it seems to be lost in the wind.
00:51:31Storms and the weather is really the controlling factor right now.
00:51:50The wind and the storms continue rolling through and we get cloud coverage, we might not see
00:51:56a whole lot happen here at Keppel.
00:51:58Tropical cyclone Winston, the strongest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the southern hemisphere.
00:52:11For the first time, we felt like we were in the right place at the right time.
00:52:15And when Hurricane Winston happened, all of that changed.
00:52:20It caused a lot of cold water and a lot of rain to come to the southern Great Barrier Reef.
00:52:25A lot of me is happy that the corals aren't going to bleach here.
00:52:28It actually makes me ecstatic to think that they're going to make it through this event.
00:52:33But at the same time, we've tried so hard to capture this.
00:52:38We essentially had to make a really difficult decision to stick to our original plan with
00:52:43less than ideal odds or we go check out some of these other portions of the Great Barrier
00:52:49Reef that were getting really warm.
00:52:50All of this to the north of New Caledonia and below and even these splotch areas of alert
00:52:57level two.
00:52:58It's just nothing short of catastrophic for the coral.
00:53:02We know now that New Caledonia is bleaching, Blizzard Island is bleaching.
00:53:09So I guess it is a simple decision in some ways that we should just pick up and move over
00:53:13and re-sit up at those new locations.
00:53:17The problem is the time-lapse cameras.
00:53:19It'll take weeks to move those systems and we'll have missed the bleaching.
00:53:24We're going to have to figure something else out.
00:53:30I went to turn my computer off and there was this message from Jeff saying, how soon can
00:53:35you pack?
00:53:38We were going to abandon these camera systems and do manual underwater time lapses every
00:53:47single day.
00:53:48I think we as a team realized that there was no going back.
00:53:54We headed up to Lizard Island and the other portion of our team went out to New Caledonia.
00:53:58so they needed to get some effort and to take some effort.
00:54:04It's been successful to see you she saw at the beginning of the day before the loop.
00:54:09I know that someone put it in that Tutaj and School of Third on there.
00:54:14We're going to have to combine our aber french temptations.
00:54:17We aren't working on a supper before choosing the shark.
00:54:20Theyensionale región Gangneauowsca 바uca離ère.
00:54:22They need to be people sommes across the building for the world near the future.
00:54:25We could be here to our region, but we're Kiara channel to see you as a team.
00:54:27Es ist der Most Amazing Reef und es ist einfach so heiß.
00:54:54Es fühlt sich einfach wie eine Batschung.
00:55:08Anybody order a large Coke?
00:55:12Here we are, talking about coral reef bleaching and global climate change.
00:55:17And here's our other problem.
00:55:20When we went to Lizard Island we didn't have our time lapse cameras anymore.
00:55:25The idea is to take one tripod and one camera and get as many shots as we can in as many positions of as many pieces of coral as we can.
00:55:32And to repeat that every single day.
00:55:35Get on the boat at 9.15.
00:55:37Go out to your first sight.
00:55:40You would find your markings for the tripod.
00:55:43Put down each leg at the correct height.
00:55:45And then you would have reference points that you could then attach the laser beams to.
00:55:49And then I had a lamination of the first day's shots.
00:55:52And then you would take two minutes of footage.
00:55:54And then you pick everything back up.
00:55:56Move on to the next sight and do the same thing over again.
00:55:59And then again.
00:56:00And again.
00:56:01And you do that essentially 25 times a day.
00:56:04Between Jeff and I we had 60 sites.
00:56:10The reason we built the time lapse systems was it seemed absurd to have people camped on the beach at multiple locations.
00:56:17And having to go down and do what a machine is designed to do.
00:56:20Logistically it was a nightmare.
00:56:22Getting in the right position.
00:56:24And you're fighting the current.
00:56:26So you're getting bounced around a lot.
00:56:28Your knees are bleeding everywhere.
00:56:30Your body is cut up.
00:56:31You're tired.
00:56:36Well it got to the point where you're spending four hours a day under water.
00:56:39Weird things start happening.
00:56:43I don't know if it's funny.
00:56:47It's uh.
00:56:48You do what you have to do.
00:56:52It's you.
00:56:53It's a shame.
00:56:54Untertitelung. BR 2018
00:57:24We were getting reports that the corals in New Caledonia were doing something completely weird.
00:57:44Richard was there, and he said,
00:57:45It's the craziest thing I've ever seen. I don't know what it is.
00:57:48The locals didn't know what it was.
00:57:50We didn't know what was happening.
00:57:55And I asked Richard to explain it to me.
00:57:58He said, I don't know what it is. It's glowing.
00:57:59This was different.
00:58:22The corals were fluorescing.
00:58:29They're producing a chemical sunscreen to protect themselves from the heat.
00:58:38You can't even describe it.
00:58:40They were the most vivid colors I've ever seen.
00:58:45This is the most beautiful transformation in nature.
00:59:06The incredibly beautiful phase of death.
00:59:14And it feels as if it's the corals saying,
00:59:20Look at me.
00:59:23Please notice.
00:59:25Please notice.
00:59:48Untertitelung des ZDF für funk, 2017
01:00:18Untertitelung des ZDF für funk, 2017
01:00:48Untertitelung des ZDF für funk, 2017
01:01:18Untertitelung des ZDF für funk, 2017
01:01:20We designed something originally to do this project without emotions
01:01:25and when we began doing this manually at Lizard Island
01:01:29you have the emotional ties to it
01:01:32you are down there and to sit there for a month
01:01:35and every single day watch something new around you die
01:01:40that you saw yesterday
01:01:41it's just difficult
01:01:43you forget what it looked like at the beginning
01:02:11and some days when you go back
01:02:15you're sitting down there looking at it now
01:02:18and it doesn't look real
01:02:19you can't even accept it
01:02:24and then you open your eyes
01:02:30and it's dead as far as you can see
01:02:32it's algae and dead coral skeletons
01:02:59and you're under a seat
01:03:00you can see
01:03:02when you support your eyes
01:03:05you're within the edges
01:03:06to form your eyes
01:03:08and your eyes
01:03:09and your eyes
01:03:09as far as you can see
01:03:11let's have less on your eyes
01:03:12let's have less on your eyes
01:03:12you can see
01:03:14Es ist eine Flesch, eine livinge Tissue, das ist rotting weg.
01:03:44Es ist schuldig, wirklich.
01:04:14Ich habe eine Flesch, eine Flesch, eine Flesch.
01:04:44Aber ich glaube, ich habe noch nie gedacht, dass wir das sehen können.
01:04:59Ich glaube, ich bin nicht so froh, weil es so schwer ist hier.
01:05:05Vielen Dank.
01:05:35When coral bleaches and dies, you're losing the coral animal.
01:05:43And that's a shame because it's a beautiful thing.
01:05:45But a coral is a fundamental part of a huge ecosystem.
01:05:51It is, in a way, just like the trees in a forest.
01:05:54If coral reefs are lost, we're affecting the life of a quarter of the ocean.
01:06:00The little fish disappear, the big fish disappear,
01:06:02and then you can look at humans as one of the big fish.
01:06:10It's easy to think about the fate of an individual species.
01:06:15But what is a little harder to explain,
01:06:19it's the beginning of an ecological collapse of the entire ecosystem.
01:06:25It's more than the species, the genus, the family, the order.
01:06:30We're talking about the possibility that entire classes of organisms would go extinct.
01:06:36When scientists say they're researching climate change and coral reefs,
01:06:44it's not about whether or not climate change is happening or not.
01:06:47It's really the uncertainty between knowing whether it's going to be bad or really bad.
01:06:53When we look at ocean temperatures,
01:06:56there are a range of projections of how they're going to change into the future.
01:07:00If you take the average,
01:07:02in about 25 years, all across the planet,
01:07:05the oceans become too warm for coral reefs to survive.
01:07:10That means they'll bleach every year,
01:07:12and they won't be healthy enough to recover.
01:07:14Coral reefs will not be able to keep up.
01:07:17They will not be able to adapt.
01:07:19And we will see the eradication of an entire ecosystem in our lifespan.
01:07:27That is a very gloomy statement.
01:07:31But unfortunately, it is true.
01:07:35Everything on our planet is connected.
01:07:40What we're doing is pulling out the card called coral reefs
01:07:43from this house of cards.
01:07:46And the real fear is that we'll take out enough of those cards
01:07:49where the whole thing will just simply collapse.
01:07:53If we can't save this ecosystem,
01:07:56are we going to have the courage to save the next ecosystem down the line?
01:08:02Do we need forests?
01:08:05Do we need trees?
01:08:08Do we need reefs?
01:08:09Or can we just sort of live in the ashes of all of that?
01:08:15We're actually just going to Charlie Veran's house.
01:08:39He used to literally sit behind a desk for hours a day
01:08:43using Charlie Veran's coral lists to ID things.
01:08:48Like, he was the boss.
01:08:49He was the information that I used on a daily basis
01:08:52to learn everything that I know of corals.
01:08:56And now I'm about to go sit in his living room
01:08:58and interview him.
01:09:01That's quite a big step.
01:09:02I'm Zach.
01:09:08Pleased to meet you.
01:09:22When I was in college studying evolutionary biology,
01:09:28I actually got a job at an aquarium.
01:09:30And so for five years, I grew coral,
01:09:33used all of your work to teach myself
01:09:35as much of coral taxonomy as I possibly could.
01:09:37Oh, okay, yeah.
01:09:38So I was very nervous about it coming here.
01:09:41I'm not the sort of person to be nervous about.
01:09:43No, no, no.
01:09:44But I guess I just want to hear your perspective
01:09:47of the change that you've seen over time.
01:09:50Then it was a totally different mindset
01:09:54because the reef was there forever.
01:09:57There was no question about it.
01:09:58I even wondered why you would want to make it a marine park
01:10:02because it's so big
01:10:03and nothing's going to touch the Great Barrier Reef.
01:10:05But it's changed enormously.
01:10:07And this bleaching and the degrading of the Great Barrier Reef
01:10:10that I've seen in my lifetime,
01:10:12it really upsets me.
01:10:14Up at Lizard, we essentially have fluorescing or bleached corals
01:10:18going through their entire transition to death
01:10:21and being covered in algae.
01:10:22Cover the whole thing.
01:10:23Yeah, way to go.
01:10:24Yeah, the whole horrible, horrible, ghastly mess.
01:10:27Yeah, it was actually quite difficult while we were up there.
01:10:30I got quite frustrated a few times
01:10:32where I just didn't want to be there anymore.
01:10:34I didn't want to watch it anymore.
01:10:35I was over it.
01:10:38I'm glad I'm not your age.
01:10:41You know, I'm ready to check out
01:10:43when the Great Barrier Reef gets trashed
01:10:45because it's been the most love thing
01:10:48in the physical world of my life.
01:10:50You know, I've been diving on it for 45 years.
01:10:52But I'm damned if I'm ever going to stop
01:10:54until I go completely sanire.
01:10:57I'm going to keep going.
01:10:59And as long as I can influence people, I will.
01:11:01Because you have to.
01:11:02I've got no choice.
01:11:04You've got no choice, I'm afraid.
01:11:05You've got to keep at it.
01:11:06Yeah, yeah.
01:11:06You've got to.
01:11:08Because otherwise, you're not going to like yourself
01:11:10when you're an old man.
01:11:11You're going to like yourself much more
01:11:14if you can say,
01:11:16well, I sure tried to turn that around.
01:11:18And maybe I did influence people here and there.
01:11:22Don't let anything stop you.
01:11:24Losing the Barrier Reef
01:11:41has actually got to mean something.
01:11:45You can't let it just die
01:11:47and it becomes an old textbook.
01:11:50It's got to cause the change that it deserves.
01:11:57Us losing the Great Barrier Reef
01:11:59has got to wake up the world.
01:12:04A really interesting situation.
01:12:06Over the next 30 years,
01:12:07we're going to be facing shifting ocean temperatures
01:12:10and conditions.
01:12:11And that's just a matter of fact
01:12:13because we've got 0.5.
01:12:19I usually get to these things
01:12:21and you start kind of almost shaking.
01:12:25I definitely have a little bit of nervousness going.
01:12:29How much talking is too much talking?
01:12:31Is getting personal a bad thing?
01:12:34Like, talking about heart.
01:12:35This one was one of the more difficult sides
01:12:37for me to go back to a month later.
01:12:39Really good to show that it actually affected you.
01:12:43Right, okay.
01:12:44I think that's really important and good.
01:12:47As long as you don't start crying.
01:12:49Yeah, yeah.
01:12:49Yeah.
01:13:02So over the last two years,
01:13:05we've been amassing a huge amount of bleaching imagery
01:13:08from all over the world.
01:13:10Now Zach's going to show you some of that imagery.
01:13:12So if you want to pop up, Zach.
01:13:18We spent the last four months in Australia
01:13:21and we documented the ongoing bleaching event.
01:13:24And so I wanted to just show you
01:13:26what our team was able to document.
01:13:27We're going to see how amazing we have been going on.
01:13:29We're going to be here.
01:13:31We'll see you in a minute.
01:13:32And we're going to be here.
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01:22:02Are you guys excited?
01:22:03Let's go diving!
01:22:33I could see a stingray!
01:23:03And that's because there's been a big shift.
01:23:33at which the climate is changing.
01:23:35And that's within our power today.
01:23:39It's all achievable.
01:23:41It's not like we don't have the money.
01:23:43It's not like we don't have the resources.
01:23:45It's not like we don't have the brains.
01:23:47This is inevitable.
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