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- 10 months ago
Τα Πιο Παράξενα Αντικείμενα (Strangest Things)
2021 | Επ. 02.04 | HD
Καταχωνιασμένα μέσα σε μουσεία, εργαστήρια και αποθήκες ανά την υφήλιο βρίσκονται τα πιο αξιοσημείωτα και μυστηριώδη αντικείμενα στον κόσμο. Σήμερα, αξιοποιώντας νέες έρευνες και τεχνολογικά μέσα, μπορούμε να τα μελετήσουμε πιο διεξοδικά από ποτέ.
Μπορούσε μια συσκευή να διαβάσει τον χαρακτήρα σου; Γιατί μια αρχαία χρυσή μάσκα είναι βαμμένη με ανθρώπινο αίμα; Για ποιο λόγο καταράστηκε κάποιος ένα τσουκάλι για κοτόπουλο;
2021 | Επ. 02.04 | HD
Καταχωνιασμένα μέσα σε μουσεία, εργαστήρια και αποθήκες ανά την υφήλιο βρίσκονται τα πιο αξιοσημείωτα και μυστηριώδη αντικείμενα στον κόσμο. Σήμερα, αξιοποιώντας νέες έρευνες και τεχνολογικά μέσα, μπορούμε να τα μελετήσουμε πιο διεξοδικά από ποτέ.
Μπορούσε μια συσκευή να διαβάσει τον χαρακτήρα σου; Γιατί μια αρχαία χρυσή μάσκα είναι βαμμένη με ανθρώπινο αίμα; Για ποιο λόγο καταράστηκε κάποιος ένα τσουκάλι για κοτόπουλο;
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00:00Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
00:30Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
01:00Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
01:30Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
01:34ΚΟΕΡΑΓΥΜΥΟΛΗΣ ΔΗΗΝΣΗсе.
01:37Το ΙΝΑΣ συνάγκωτικό κυκayım,
01:57Αυτός είναι τα ψοχαφιστικά της ψ ΓιατίWouldΑΟΙΜΕΔΙΟΕΟΛΚΣε
01:58μετά από 2,000 δευσίες,
02:03δεδοσίζει σαν είδη μία ρομικία υπηρεία.
02:06Ωραία δίμου μητέρα από τη στραγωγή από την πυρά,
02:11και είναι αττιαφέρον σε μια μαχαρή στραγωγή.
02:14Και τότε, είναι αλετρικό κονέκτυες
02:16που θα πάρει από αυτό το πυράσιο,
02:18μέχρι το στραγωγή.
02:20Ωραία δίμου μήνου,
02:22στραγωγή στραγωγή στραγωγή.
02:26Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE,
02:56Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE,
03:26Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE,
03:56Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE,
03:58Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE,
04:00που θα δημιουργείται αυτή τη δημόσια της δημόσιας,
04:03η δημόσια, οδηγητός.
04:06Φνήθως, η ιδέα είναι ότι κάποιες θέσεις,
04:10παιδιάσεις, παιδιάσεις, τελειάσεις, αλληλεσίες,
04:12ταλές, είναι σχεδίες σε στουσες του παιδιού.
04:16Με 1931, μόνοι 30 χρόνια
04:18από Λαβρή πριν έκανε το ιδέα,
04:21αφήνει το Φινιχνίδι.
04:25Αφήνει το πιο γνώριο,
04:27και λέει το...
04:29Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
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13:27με το πραγματικότητας και ο μοναδικός μονος θεωρεί να πηγηθεί στο πηγού του χώρου.
13:31Και αυτό ήταν κάτι που πήγεται πιθανότητα στο χωρινινή,
13:37ευρωπαϊκό στις 1860 με το πραγματικότητα του φιόρου ο φισιολογιστώ Παλίε.
13:44Μοναδικός φύλλο του χώρου δημιουργούς ότι όλη του φορουλού παιδιόντου δημιουργούς
13:48θα έχει επιτυχίαση της λεπτυοκών της λεπτράντης του χώρου.
13:51Ωραία.
13:52Ωραία.
13:53Είναι καλύτερο πρόκλημα ότι αυτή η αρήγη πρέπει να μιλήσει η αρήγη μας να μιλήσει.
13:58Η αρήγηρια αρήγη είναι σπίτι εδώ.
14:01Η αρήγη αρήγη αρήγη, είναι μόνο διαφορετικό αρήγη.
14:03Αυτή η ερήγη μου θέση.
14:05Η δηλαδή του αρήγη είναι τώρα ο αρήγης αρήγης.
14:09Αλλά αυτό δεν είναι το ίδιο όπως Γαλλης' τελευταία να δημιουργήσει την κατεναιοδοτία από το στόχοδο.
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16:14The psychograph is even exhibited at the Chicago World's Fair.
16:20But it isn't alongside the other technological innovations of the age.
16:25It's over with the freak shows in between the Ripley's Believe It or Not exhibition and the Flea Circus.
16:32It's been relegated to the sphere of pseudoscience, to popular entertainment.
16:39Up to 45 machines are built, but in 1938 the psychograph bubble finally bursts, and Lavery is forced to mothball his machines.
16:52The psychograph may have died in obscurity, but the ghost of phrenology lives on.
16:57Its ideas have permeated into our language to some degree. They're still there.
17:03So when we talk about, for example, things being highbrow and lowbrow, that's a reflection of the old idea that the shape of our brow was somehow connected to our intellect.
17:15That if you had a low brow, you were less intelligent than if you had a nice sort of high forehead.
17:21So despite its controversial past, the idea behind this bizarre machine is the pseudoscience that refuses to die.
17:30In a display case at a museum in northern Peru is a strange mask with a distorted and heavily decorated human face.
17:45The quality of the craftsmanship is outstanding.
17:49But brand new analysis has led experts into a dark world of macabre ancient rituals.
17:55This new research just added an amazing new dimension to our understanding.
18:02Now using cutting edge digital technology, we can examine this strange relic in microscopic detail.
18:11This is the C-CAN mask.
18:15Fashioned from solid gold, it measures 46 centimeters by 29 centimeters.
18:20And at the center of the unusually shaped eyes are beads made from polished amber and emeralds.
18:27It's decorated with a nose clip and intricate ornamental earrings.
18:32Just from looking at the craftsmanship, we can tell it's incredibly valuable.
18:37It is painted a vivid red, the color still bright a thousand years after it was made.
18:43And there is a gruesome reason for that.
18:49Who made it?
18:51What was it for?
18:53And what makes the new research so grisly?
19:00Northwest coast of Peru.
19:02The Pomac Forest, 1991.
19:04A team led by Professor Izumi Shimada is on an archeological dig.
19:14This area is one of only four areas in Peru designated as of special historical interest and protected for that reason.
19:21Beneath the tropical dry forest lie 36 man-made mounds spread across almost 60 square kilometers.
19:28It is all that remains of a lost civilization that flourished along Peru's north coast.
19:35It disappeared more than 600 years ago.
19:39They are called the C-CAN.
19:42It was a very religious society that built massive temples called huacas.
19:49These are built in mud brick and a range tombs around them of important figures in their civilization.
19:59Many of these monumental temples are still visible today, emerging from the forest canopy.
20:06The archeological dig on the site of what was once their capital city is challenging for the scientists.
20:14because it has been extensively looted.
20:19In order to obtain information about this culture, the team of archeologists working on the site had to find a tomb that hadn't been disturbed.
20:30Shimada's excavation focuses on a temple mound known as Huacaloro.
20:34And at the bottom of an 11 meter deep vertical shaft, they find the mother lode.
20:43An untouched C-CAN tomb packed with riches.
20:48They recover over a ton of grave goods, about a third of which are made of metal.
20:55The treasures include crowns, gold feather head ornaments, gold earrings, and a gold ceremonial knife.
21:08But they also find the bodies of two women and two children.
21:13They are arranged around a fifth body in the center of the tomb.
21:17He is laying on the remains of a robe that was covered with hundreds of tiny gold squares.
21:29He has elaborate gold shin ornaments, as well as a big chest piece made of inches deep of beads.
21:37A reconstruction reveals how the women and children were positioned around this man.
21:43Each seems to have been placed in very bizarre poses.
21:49But strangest by far is the man at the center.
21:54He was arranged in a seated position. His body was painted red.
22:00That's not what is strange.
22:04He was placed upside down.
22:08And with his head separated from the body.
22:11The head has been removed and rotated to 180 degrees so it's upright.
22:17And covering the decapitated head?
22:23The weird red mask.
22:25The mask is made of gold.
22:27It has very delicate beaded eyes made from different kinds of stones.
22:32So you see the pupils staring out from the mask at you.
22:34But what's most striking is this bright red paint in which it's been dauged.
22:39It really gives the mask this depth of color which has been preserved incredibly through the centuries.
22:45And these details hide a gruesome secret that has only just been discovered.
22:51The mask is a thousand years old.
22:57It is made from a single gold alloy sheet.
23:01Just half a millimeter thick.
23:04It is a perfect example of the skill of C-CAN craft.
23:08In shaping the mask, there's a real kind of balance to be struck between, you know, keeping it thin enough, but on the other hand strong enough to maintain the features.
23:21The iris and pupil are formed from large pierced amber and emerald beads.
23:28The finishing touch was to add the distinctive red paint.
23:32That stunning red color actually comes from a mineral called cinnabar.
23:38And it's a sulfide of mercury.
23:39Cinnabar has been highly prized as a precious resource by many different cultures around the globe for at least 12,000 years.
23:52It's a fabulous dye and therefore is often used to evoke importance through ideas about blood and rulership and fertility in particular.
24:04We know that the Romans used it in triumphal processions.
24:06Many statues in antiquity were originally decorated with bright red colors.
24:14But this mask is different.
24:17There is something very dark beneath its gaudy paint.
24:26The whole idea of a paint is that you're going to apply a color across a surface.
24:32And for that you're going to need, first of all, a pigment.
24:36That's the substance which actually gives rise to the color.
24:40In the case of the mask, that is the red mercury salt, cinnabar.
24:45You're then going to need some kind of liquid medium which allows it to flow so that you can spread it around.
24:51And finally, you're going to need some kind of binder which will hold it together once you've applied it to the surface.
24:56But new research has revealed something completely unexpected.
25:03In 2021, a study was done to actually analyze the composition of the red material on the surface.
25:14They used a technique which is called FTIR.
25:18This is an infrared technique which actually allows you to detect organic molecules on the surface and identify them.
25:27And with this, they were able to conclude that there was protein.
25:31Further analysis reveals protein from birds' eggs, likely the Muscovy duck, an indigenous domesticated bird reared for food by the Sikan people.
25:44Egg yolks make really good binders. Why? Because they tend to be quite sticky.
25:51Using egg as a binder is an ancient technique known as tempera.
25:58Egyptian Fayyum mummy paintings dating to the first century AD were often produced with tempera paint.
26:06So finding duck egg protein isn't surprising.
26:10But they also discover something else in the paint.
26:13Something shocking.
26:14There was both serum albumin and immunoglobulin G, both of which are proteins present in human blood.
26:26That deep red color comes from blood. Human blood.
26:34Who wears a mask painted with human blood on their decapitated head?
26:40Archaeologists studying the Sikan have found many simple shallow graves in communal cemeteries, believed to be those of commoners.
26:52But the tomb where the mask is found is on an altogether different scale.
26:58Calculations have shown that it took about two weeks to 20 people to just build the structure of the tomb.
27:05And a lot more work went into making all the objects that were put inside.
27:11So quite a lot of economic value, but also the work of many people was invested into creating the tomb for this person.
27:21The use of gold in the mask also gives us clues about the man buried in the tomb.
27:26Access to refined gold, to precious metals, seems to be indicative of the very highest status.
27:36These are the elite lords of the dynasty.
27:39The kinds of objects that we find in the tomb, the mask that was placed on his face,
27:44and how the objects are arranged around him and the quality of these objects show that this person was higher up in the hierarchy of the Sikan society.
27:57As a member of this elite group, the mask's owner would be at the center of Sikan religious practices.
28:03He would have worn a fabulous headdress as well as the mask and gold all over.
28:10And it's quite clear that it's designed to make a noise when he moves, as well as to shine.
28:16It will make this incredible jingling noise when he moves.
28:19And so this evokes the gods, it evokes divinity, it takes people outside of the mundane and into the divine.
28:28So is the presence of human blood on this strange mask part of a religious ritual?
28:34And is the blood willingly given, or is it taken by force?
28:38In 2011, archaeologists studying the lost Sikan civilization make a troubling discovery.
28:51Close to where the mask was found, archaeologists have located over 150 bodies,
28:59which were probably sacrificed in specific rituals around these temples.
29:05The study of the bones has shown that there's no skeletal trauma, so they were probably buried alive.
29:16Bioarcheological analysis of the female skeletons from the tomb where the mask is discovered shows they are healthy before they die.
29:25It suggests they may also have been sacrificed.
29:29So why did these healthy young women have to die?
29:32Next to the body of the man in the center of the tomb were found the bodies of two women.
29:39One of them was posed as if she were giving birth.
29:47And the other one was in a midwifery position.
29:53The positioning of the two women points to the true purpose of this extraordinary burial.
29:57We believe that the Sikan lord is being symbolically reborn into the world, perhaps reborn as a member of the ancestor cult,
30:08someone who's moving on to the next phase of life to be worshipped there.
30:12It explains why the body of the elite man at the center of the tomb is upside down.
30:17It's how he would be born.
30:18There were also two children buried in the tomb and there have been different explanations to their presence in there.
30:30They could perhaps be offerings.
30:32Perhaps they were meant to be companions for the elite member of society after he had been reborn.
30:38Why the head of the elite man behind the mask is decapitated remains a mystery.
30:48But experts believe the most gruesome ingredient in the mask's vivid red paint, human blood, could be meant to aid the rebirth.
30:59Blood in Sikan culture, it appears, was tied to fertility and to life.
31:07So it seems likely the blood is intended to enhance this strange ritual in some way.
31:14So far, the striking gold mask is the only one found with human blood.
31:19But it's also the only one analyzed.
31:25The discovery is so new that until other examples are tested, no one knows if this mask is a one-off or if painting with human blood was common in this lost culture.
31:37Watch this space.
31:38In a museum in Athens sits a plain-looking ceramic jar.
31:49But this really isn't any old jar.
31:53This jar is one-of-a-kind. It has curses, witchcraft and magic.
32:00Now, using digital imaging technology, we can examine the artifact inside and out.
32:06It's become known as the cursed chicken pot.
32:11It is about 11 centimeters high with a spherical base roughly 13 centimeters in diameter and a handle on one side.
32:20At first glance, this is a rather unspectacular, unglazed brown pot like many thousands of others found in archaeological sites in ancient Greece.
32:32But magnify it, and it suddenly stands out.
32:38Because it's covered in faint inscriptions in ancient Greek, scratched into the clay.
32:44This was clearly something done for a significant reason.
32:48And inside the pot, things just get even weirder.
32:52There was actually a head of chicken.
32:58What does the writing on the outside mean?
33:02Why is there a decapitated chicken head inside?
33:06Is this pot really cursed?
33:08This strange thing is discovered in the Agora of ancient Athens.
33:19The Agora of Athens is one of the most prominent marketplaces, industrial places, of really the classical world.
33:25Athens in this period is one of the greatest cities on earth, and the Agora is the heart of it.
33:31The Agora was a civic center, a place of governance, of meeting, of remembrance, a commercial area, the center of the ancient city.
33:43In 2006, a team of archaeologists are digging in an area of the Agora once used by the craftspeople of ancient Athens.
33:57They're excavating in the Agora in this building that's in the heart of the commercial area, and they come across a fairly simple-looking jar.
34:05The jar dates to between 325 and 270 BCE, and at first glance, it looks like any old piece of Greek pottery.
34:19In fact, oftentimes, we just pick them up and sort of throw them in the bucket without much thought, because these things are quite common, right?
34:26So we didn't expect this to be that fascinating.
34:28When the archaeologists look closer, they realize there's something about this jar that is very odd indeed.
34:37There's actually lots of writing on it.
34:39There's about at least 30 or so names that are legible. There's even more names than that.
34:46Examining the pot further, the archaeologists spot another strange clue.
34:51The only two words that we can still make out that aren't individual names are the words we bind.
35:01All very weird, but not exactly groundbreaking.
35:06It's when the archaeologists look inside the jar that things start to turn really bizarre.
35:12There was actually a head of chicken found, and some parts of the body scattered into the jar.
35:23And if that wasn't strange enough, the chicken isn't even the oddest thing hidden inside.
35:31The jar has a nail that goes through it that is pierced from the top and it goes into the base, but doesn't shatter the jar.
35:37There is no way the nail can have pierced the delicate clay material by accident.
35:44The brittleness of a material like terracotta-fired clay is absolutely notorious.
35:53I don't think you embed a nail into a piece of terracotta just for fun.
35:59If you want to pierce it in some way, you can't do it by hitting it.
36:07You've got to be much more subtle and effectively wear away, drill through very, very gently to ensure that you don't get the beginnings of that crack, which will give you weakness.
36:20And so this was clearly something done for a significant reason.
36:28And it just gets weirder, because there's something else in there alongside the chicken remains and the nail.
36:35A small coin was found at the edge of this nail, not legible, so it's been erased so that you can't tell what period or what king was even referred to.
36:43But it seems to be of a kind of small denomination.
36:48Why would someone stuff this strange combination of items into this pot?
36:55If we zoom in on this digital reconstruction, can closer inspection of the strange markings on the surface help explain the pot's true purpose?
37:05The key to understanding the pot is in the names that are inscribed.
37:14Although today we can only make out about 30 individual names, it is very possible that when the pot was made, up to about 55 names were inscribed on the surface.
37:26But it's not the names that tell us what this jar is for.
37:31It's the other text experts have spotted.
37:35The words theumen, ancient Greek for we bind.
37:39There's every reason to believe that this combination of pot and sacrifice and iron nail are part of an act of dark magic.
37:52A binding curse known as a Carataris.
37:57Could this weird pot really be cursed?
38:01Did the ancient Greeks even believe in magic?
38:04We think of ancient Greece as being a society of logic, of reason, but in actually magic, superstition were quite common.
38:15Creating spells and potions and even prayers against your enemies or people you just want to have bad things happen to.
38:23Curses are used for a whole host of reasons.
38:26It was used for business purposes.
38:30It was used to settle lawsuits.
38:32It was used because of hatred.
38:35And in some senses, different sorts of magic were used for love.
38:39In ancient Greek society, it seems everyone's in on magic and curses.
38:45We know that in some cases city-states actually commissioned certain acts of magic.
38:50Also, certain laws prohibited acts of magic.
38:56So, therefore, this is a system that was broadly believed in.
39:00These spells often take the form of a curse tablet.
39:04Normally, they would have been written on a lead sheet, inscribed, folded and pierced with an iron nail.
39:15The curse tablets would have then either been buried with a deceased because they believed the dead person could carry the message quicker to the gods.
39:25Or they would have been placed somewhere where the target of the curse would have frequented.
39:34Maybe the chicken pot is some kind of a curse tablet.
39:38It has names, so it indicates the individuals in which you want to curse, potentially.
39:43We bind, indicates that this object is somehow pointed towards these individuals, that the power of the curse is bounded to these individuals,
39:52which is typical of curse tablets.
39:55The coin found inside the jar also supports this being a curse.
40:00The coin could be paying the gods effectively to carry out the curse.
40:05So, in a sense, you have to always do a little bit of a sacrifice to get the curse that you want.
40:10So, the coin is part of that sacrifice.
40:13But ancient Greek curse tablets don't normally use animals.
40:18So, what's its purpose?
40:22The chicken is what holds the entire curse together.
40:26The commissioner or commissioners of the pot would have tried to imbue the helplessness and the inability to protect itself that the chicken had onto the intended targets.
40:37And the chicken itself is significant.
40:41Because chickens originally come to Europe from distant Asia.
40:44The chicken is still an exotic animal in ancient Greece.
40:49And as an exotic animal, it was particularly well suited to sacrifice.
40:54It was something out of the ordinary.
40:57But if this is a cursed pot, who is it aimed at?
41:02We know that the pot was found below the floor of the Agora in a workshop.
41:10And we also know that the cursed tablets or cursed pot in this case, they were usually buried where the intended targets would frequent.
41:20So, it would stand to reason that this pot or this curse has something to do with competition within the trading guilds.
41:30What kind of curse is being put on these craftspeople?
41:34Oftentimes, when you do curses with many different names, it's usually a judicial case because there's lots of individuals involved.
41:40There are lots of examples of cursed tablets used to affect the outcome of a lawsuit.
41:48The argument that this is a kind of curse pot, if you will, against a competitor, is supported by the fact that cursed tablets were already used in this area.
41:56So, having something like this as another example is not surprising.
42:02Studying the names inscribed on the jar also provides a clue.
42:09About a third of the names inscribed on the pot belong to women, which is actually really interesting.
42:15We do know that lawsuits were not uncommon during this time.
42:20And these types of curses would include not just the opponents in the court case, but any witnesses or supporters of the opponents.
42:31This might explain why there were so many women's names.
42:35These could have been the wives, mothers, daughters of the cursed men.
42:40But did the curse actually work?
42:45We'll never know whether or not the curse of the ancient Agora worked.
42:49And we're not even really sure what it was trying to affect.
42:53Was it trying to end a business?
42:55Or was it trying to actually harm the people who might have worked for a particular business?
43:01But, in a sense, that doesn't matter.
43:04What it tells us is about the strength of belief in magic in ancient Athens.
43:11Is this innocuous-looking pot really a curse carrier designed to inflict magical harm on the name scored into its surface?
43:20Dark magic is the only theory proposed so far that holds water.
43:25No.
43:26No.
43:27order.
43:392 oz.
43:40Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE