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00:00These are stories of the saints.
00:30Place your hands on the Holy Gospels and swear to tell the truth before the Lord your God.
00:58I don't know what you wish to ask me. Perhaps you might ask me things I cannot answer.
01:04You must answer everything.
01:07Some questions I will answer. On certain matters I have no right to speak.
01:11You must answer every question asked of you, truly.
01:14I do nothing except by revelation.
01:23You must answer.
01:28I swear to tell the truth about the things I know concerning the faith.
01:37What is your name?
01:46Joan. I am Joan the Maid.
01:49You believe you were sent by God?
01:52Yes. To save France. It is what I was born for.
02:02Where were you born?
02:04In the town of Don Remy near the village of Greu.
02:16Where was the principal church?
02:17In Greu.
02:18Where were you baptized?
02:21In the church of Don Remy.
02:26My father was called Jacques, my mother Isabel.
02:28It was my mother who gave me my belief.
02:30Joan was born into the middle of the Hundred Years War, which was actually a series of wars over the control of what is now modern day France.
02:39On the one side there were the English and the French Burgundians, and on the other side there were the French Armagnacs, of course resulting in a civil war.
02:48And the ultimate question was, who would become king of France?
03:09You believe God hates the English?
03:11I know nothing of God's love or hatred for the English, but I know the English will soon be driven out of France.
03:18Joan experienced the horrors of this war.
03:23Many of Joan's neighbors were murdered by the English, their homes were ransacked and burned, and their women were raped.
03:39And it's in the midst of this violence, that Joan first heard the voices.
03:51The first time I was afraid.
04:08After the third time I knew it was sent by God, I knew it was the voices of angels.
04:15Saint Michael, and then Saint Margaret and Saint Catherine.
04:19The voices told me they would show me what to do, that it was ordained by God.
04:23What did the voice tell you?
04:25That I, Joan, must go away and raise the siege laid to the city of Orléans.
04:31But how?
04:32At first I must make my way to Robert de Baudricourt, at the fortress of Vaucouleur.
04:37That he would give me people to go with me to meet my king.
04:41I must meet Baudricourt, please.
04:43I know, please.
04:44Can you help me?
04:45I must go in the castle, because...
04:48No, no, no, no, no, no, not you.
05:04Please, sir, I must go inside.
05:05I must meet the Dauphin.
05:06God has commanded me to meet the...
05:07For the last time, girl, you may not pass.
05:09Not yesterday, not today, before, not tomorrow.
05:12God said so.
05:14Please.
05:27Are you all right, child?
05:30No.
05:31No.
05:32I have no more time to waste.
05:34No one will help me.
05:35I have no more time.
05:37I need to see Baudricourt.
05:38And I am the only person who can restore the kingdom for friends.
05:42It is God's will.
05:43I have no choice.
05:44I have no choice.
05:45God willing, I will take you to Baudricourt and lead you to the king.
05:53To present yourself to the Dauphin, you'll need fine clothes.
05:59I know of a woman at the edge of the Market Square who makes fine dresses.
06:04It has been revealed to me how I should appear before the Dauphin.
06:12One of the messages that was revealed to Joan by the voices was to dress in men's clothing,
06:18which was unthinkable.
06:23Joan was finally taken to the Dauphin's castle in Chinon.
06:32Now, for security reasons, to be undercover,
06:35Charles always dressed in ordinary clothes to blend in.
06:39Joan had never laid eyes on the Dauphin.
06:42But when she went in there, she walked right up to him.
06:46Apologies, my lord, that will remove.
06:48Most noble Lord Dauphin, I am sent by God to bring aid to you and your kingdom.
06:56I humbly ask that you turn over your kingdom to the king of heaven,
07:00whose revelations have guided me here and will continue to guide me on the field of battle.
07:03The Lord our God has made it known to me that he will restore you to your original estate.
07:07I see before me a girl.
07:17I am not...
07:19A headstrong girl, clothed in the finery of a man.
07:23What would compel a daughter of France to do as you have done?
07:26Everything I do and every word I speak now is given to me by God and spoken to me by the angels.
07:33I have been sent to answer your most fervent prayers.
07:37There is one other possibility, of course, and it must be ruled out.
07:50For the Dauphin, trusting in Joan immediately, this was unthinkable.
07:56So she was questioned by men of the church for weeks.
08:01And then her maidenhead had to be verified.
08:04Establishing her virginity was essential.
08:07She is a virgin.
08:15You are the daughter of a farmer.
08:17How can you hope to deliver his victory on the field of battle?
08:21I know nothing of war, only that I will go boldly into combat
08:24and leave the rest to our Lord God and none other.
08:30What do you ask of us?
08:33I ask for horses, armor, and arms for me and the company of men.
08:39What sign did you give your king that you were from God?
08:42Go ask him.
08:44I'm asking you.
08:46I have always told you you will not drag that out of me.
08:49If you want to know, go ask him.
08:53It was said that Joan told the Dauphin things about himself that she could only have known by revelation.
08:59And that's how he came to fully believe that she had received the word of God.
09:06Oh God, please help us to be brave, to be courageous.
09:12Please grant us strength and protection.
09:16Which did you like better? Your standard or your sword?
09:20I liked my standard 40 times more than my sword.
09:23I bore my standard when we went forward against the enemy to avoid killing.
09:27I have never killed anyone.
09:29For our king, for our people, for our nation of friends, our God calls us to Orléans!
09:38No one knew how or where Joan acquired her skills.
09:50On horseback, as a warrior, as a military planner.
09:55They just didn't know.
09:58They just didn't know.
09:59They only knew that she had them.
10:02And so they followed her into battle.
10:05It's impossible for us today to imagine the reality of medieval warfare.
10:12It was blind fury, man-to-man slaughter from every direction.
10:17It was pure mayhem.
10:28Starting with Orléans, Joan and her forces did all of their fighting between May and July of 1429.
10:37In a roughly 10-mile radius along the Loire River.
10:42And each victory further decimated and demoralized the enemy.
10:55And the turning point came in June at the Battle of Pate,
11:10in which half of the English army was either killed or injured.
11:15or injured.
11:16Joan sent word to the English more than once.
11:33She was offering them the chance to avoid further bloodshed.
11:37You men of England, you have no right to this Kingdom of France.
11:43The King of Heaven orders and notifies you through me, Joan the Maiden, to leave your fortresses and go back to your country,
11:50or I will produce a clash of arms to be eternally remembered.
11:54This is your third and final warning.
11:57I would have sent this letter more properly, but you detained my herald.
12:00Please send him back to me, and I will send back some of your men we've captured.
12:05Joan the Maiden.
12:09Joan was a ruthless commander.
12:14And it might be true that she never killed anyone herself.
12:18But she was responsible for the deaths of countless men on the battlefield.
12:23And it may not be true that she was killed.
12:24That she and her you made you the killer.
12:25Jen bought you?
12:26Jon.
12:27Worse and she make as terrible as
12:41you are yellingly at,
12:44...
12:45Ioine what I do...
12:51After battle, she personally tended to the wounding, to her own men, and to the English.
13:21Joan led her army on a relentless march north.
13:30Now every victory on the battlefield took her one step closer to her ultimate goal.
13:37And on July 17, 1429, in the Cathedral in Wren, where every French king from the 11th century on was crowned,
13:46the Dauphin was made King Charles VII.
13:50Deus este famulus tuus, coronatus repliatur gratia tua. Amen.
14:20Long live the king! Long live the king!
14:32And now God's will is done. He willed that I raise the siege of Orléans. He willed that I take you to this city to receive your holy consecration to show that you are a true king to whom the kingdom of God rightfully belongs.
14:50Daughter of France. Thanks to you, God's will be done.
14:58Daughter of France. Daughter of God.
15:02Do you believe you are daughter of God? Yes.
15:06How do you know? The voices.
15:09The voices call you daughter of God, daughter of the church, daughter of great-hearted.
15:15The voices call me Joan the Maid, daughter of God.
15:18How do you know it is not evil spirits speaking to you?
15:23The voices are from God. It is not evil spirits that torment me.
15:30It is you who makes me suffer. And you. And you. And you. And you.
15:43The day after Charles was crowned, he started a lengthy peace process because he had grown tired of war.
15:50As a reward to Joan, Charles elevated her family to the class of French nobility, which was really a way of just pensioning her off.
15:59Because Joan wanted to keep fighting.
16:02But she had served a purpose.
16:05To the king, she had fought to place on the throne.
16:09She had become an annoyance and a liability.
16:14Joan was then injured during an attempted attack on Paris,
16:18an attack that the king later called off because it interfered with his negotiations with the English.
16:25Then, she ran out of ammunition and had to retreat from the siege of La Charité.
16:32And at a battling campagne,
16:38she was finally cornered and captured by Charles' enemies,
16:45the Burgundians.
16:46As Joan was moved from place to place,
16:49King Charles never once lifted a finger to rescue her or pay her ransom.
16:55The Burgundians sold Joan to the English for about 10,000 pounds.
16:59And she was then taken to their stronghold in Rouen.
17:03She was kept from going to mass and she was humiliated and belittled again and again at the hands of the English guards and the Burgundian and English judges.
17:20There was another examination to determine her virginity.
17:21There was another examination to determine her virginity.
17:35Now the English and the Burgundians were very eager to portray Joan as a whore and a fraud, just to shame and completely discredit her.
17:54She's intact.
17:55In January of 1431, the trial began.
18:07The first phase, which was the longest, was the procès d'office, which went on for three months.
18:16That was followed by the ordinary trial, which lasted two months.
18:23Then there was the relapse trial.
18:27And that was over in a matter of days.
18:30Pierre Cochon, who organized the entire trial, was an enemy of the new French king, Charles VII.
18:37And he had personally brokered the sale of Joan to the English.
18:43The vicar of the Inquisition of Rouen was the only other official judge.
18:49The Cardinal of Winchester and the Bishop of Terouin were present.
18:54And so were these special assessors, as they were officially known, who were appointed by Cochon.
19:00Sixty of them in all.
19:04They were English and Norman prelates, or church dignitaries.
19:09They were masters of canon law.
19:11They were masters of civil law.
19:14And they were the special masters from the University of Paris.
19:20Now if it seems excessive, it was.
19:24Because this was not a normal trial.
19:26Joan was provided with no advocate, which was her right.
19:31Now there were some friendly faces in the room, but they had to be very careful.
19:36They were like spies.
19:39Would you like a woman's dress to wear?
19:42Give me one and I will take it and go, otherwise I will not take it.
19:45I am content with this attire since it pleases God that I wear it.
19:49In what form, size, appearance and manner of dress does Saint Michael come to you?
19:55As I have told you already, he comes in the form of a true and honest man.
19:58Is he naked?
20:01You think God cannot find clothes for him?
20:04Did he tell you that he was Saint Michael?
20:07I saw the angels with my own eyes and you will get no more out of me on this point!
20:13When did you last hear the voice?
20:17Yesterday.
20:19And today.
20:21I was sleeping and the voice woke me.
20:23And what did the voice say?
20:25I prayed to the voice to counsel me on how I should answer.
20:28And it said to answer bravely.
20:31It said that God would help me.
20:32In what way will God help you?
20:36I don't know.
20:38But he will.
20:40So, will you leave the determination of all matters of good and evil to Holy Mother Church?
20:47I love the Church and wish to sustain her with all my power for our good Christian faith.
20:54Answer my question.
20:56Will you leave the determination of all matters of good and evil to Holy Mother Church?
21:03As for my own good works, I must put my faith in the kingdom of heaven.
21:08Will you abide by Holy Mother Church in all matters of good and evil?
21:14I will abide by God who sent me.
21:17By the Holy Virgin and by all the saints in paradise.
21:20I believe they are all one and the same.
21:22God and the Church.
21:24Why do you make it complicated? It is not.
21:26Why?
21:28Why do you refuse to wear the woman's clothing that was offered to you that would allow you to hear Mass?
21:38For my clothes, for everything I have done at God's command, I expect nothing but the salvation of my soul.
21:44And I would rather die than revoke what God has told me to do.
21:48Do you believe that you are in a state of grace?
21:51If I am not, may God put me there.
21:52And if I am, may God keep me there.
21:58Her accuser's only tactic was to increase pressure, to break her down.
22:05They did this for five relentless months.
22:08Will you revoke your words and deeds?
22:10I will abide by God.
22:12No, that's not enough.
22:15I do not understand you. What higher authority could there be than God in heaven?
22:19Where is your God now?
22:22Has he not promised to save you?
22:25That does not concern your trial.
22:27By revelation, you say?
22:29He promised to come help you by revelation.
22:33Where is he?
22:34He is coming.
22:35When? When is he coming?
22:36I will be freed by a great victory. The voices have told me so.
22:40Maybe the voices have betrayed you.
22:43No. This is what I was born for.
22:48Since you refused to submit to the authority of the church militant,
22:53this is your formal admission of guilt.
22:57This is what you must sign. This is how you will save yourself.
23:00My guilt.
23:02You have feigned deceitfully to have had revelations and apparitions of God.
23:10You have blasphemed God and his saints.
23:11Never.
23:13You have worn misshapen clothes against natural decency.
23:17You have desired and caused cruel effusion of human blood.
23:21English blood!
23:22You have despised God and his sacraments!
23:25Never have I done this! Never have I done this!
23:27Do you know the punishment that awaits if you refuse to admit to all your crimes?
23:32Do you want to be subjected to torture?
23:37This is your last chance.
23:39Do you want to die?
23:41Do you want to burn at the stake?
23:43The blood in your skull will boil!
23:51And the flesh will be seared from your body before you die!
23:56You can save yourself.
23:59Admit your errors.
24:01And sign this document of abjuration.
24:05Now.
24:13I will sign it.
24:37I will sign it.
24:43We can't forgive.
24:48In the Lord's name.
24:50Amen.
24:51Amen!
24:53You are spared from burning.
24:58It is our judgement that you spend the rest of your days in perpetual imprisonment.
25:03Dressed appropriately in female dress.
25:06And weeping for your faults.
25:08Here.
25:09In Roi.
25:13A
25:24In Roi.
25:25A
25:27A
25:28A
25:29A
25:36A
25:38A
25:38A
25:39A
25:40A
25:40A
25:42A
25:42I don't know.
26:12Why are you wearing men's clothes again?
26:31And who made you take them?
26:33I am wearing them of my own free will.
26:35Have you heard the voices of St. Margaret and St. Catherine again?
26:39Yes.
26:40What did they tell you?
26:42God sent them to express his great pity for me.
26:45When I signed that paper, I damned myself to save my life.
26:48You believe that the voices are St. Margaret and St. Catherine?
26:53Yes, they are from God.
26:54You told us that you lied when you said that they were the voices of St. Margaret and St. Catherine!
27:04I did not mean to say that.
27:07All that I said and renounced that day,
27:09I did because I was afraid of the flame.
27:11It was against the truth.
27:14I would rather make my penance once and for all by dying and to endure the torment of prison any longer.
27:22In my life, I have never before done anything against God or against the faith.
27:31In recanting, I saved my life, but I damned my soul.
27:34Everything I told you during the trial was the truth.
27:41As best I knew it.
27:45I thought God would keep me safe in this life.
27:47Now I understand.
27:51And his will be done.
27:54For the third and JFK.
27:55I think he who I told you that.
27:56He would have done it.
27:57I think he who had done it.
28:00Yeah.
28:01I felt good.
28:02For the future.
28:02He would have done it.
28:34May I have a cross, please?
29:04On this day, the 30th of May, in the year of our Lord, 1431, in the city of Rouen,
29:16I, Pierre Cochon, appointed chief adjudicator in the inquisition of the woman before you,
29:25the maid Joan, do hereby claim she has fallen again into the grave errors she had observed,
29:32that she has blasphemed and despised God, that she has gone against nature in her appearance,
29:41that she has been the cause of unspeakable bloodshed, and that she shall be tied to the stake and burn unto death.
29:51In the name of the Lord our God, his Son Jesus, and all his saints,
29:59I pronounce this woman, the maid Joan, a heretic, and officially condemn her to die this day.
30:32Oh, my God.
31:02Ah!
31:05Ah!
31:10Ah!
31:14Ah!
31:18Ah!
31:32It was said that when Joan gave up the ghost, a white dove was seen soaring into the sky.
31:51The story was told that after the fire went out, the body was reduced to ashes.
31:58Everything ashes, except the heart, which was completely intact and filled with blood.
32:10So the executioner covered it with oil and charcoal and sulfur, and it still wouldn't burn.
32:19The executioner later accosted two monks and he begged for forgiveness.
32:23He said, I burned a holy woman.
32:35The Hundred Years' War more or less came to an end in 1453,
32:43when the French finally drove out the English invaders.
32:53Three years later, in the Archiepiscopal Palace of Rouen,
32:57after petitions and rulings from Rome,
33:00and the testimony of all those who were left who knew Joan,
33:05and who witnessed the travesty of her trial.
33:08Every judgment against Joan was vacated.
33:13It was nullified.
33:14It was nullified.
33:17Her fame spread throughout France.
33:19Her legend grew.
33:21But it took about 500 years before she was beatified
33:25and then canonized by the very church whose officers had burned her at the stake.
33:30Warrior or mystic, can anyone even answer that question?
33:42At the heart of absolutely everything is her faith.
33:48Her absolute, unshakable faith.
33:52It's sacred. It's sacred. It's sacred.
34:13We're grateful to everything.
34:15We're grateful.
34:17That's very good idea.
34:19What are the procedures for beatification, canonization?
34:25How has that changed over the years?
34:27Going back, of course, to the first century, too,
34:31which we understand I think the procedure was there was no procedure.
34:34Early on, it was sort of popular acclamation.
34:37And the idea was, certainly for the martyrs, they were considered saints.
34:41But then as time wore on, we went to the place where we are now,
34:45which is basically, it has to start locally.
34:47So there has to be a local devotion.
34:50The person is called a servant of God.
34:53And then when that is approved by the Vatican, they're called venerable.
34:56And then when they get their first miracle, they're called blessed.
34:59So that's called beatification.
35:01And then when they have two miracles, they're canonized.
35:04So it's much more formal.
35:05And the idea is that the church wants to guard against the possibility that someone would, you know, had something in their background that would be untoward.
35:14And so a longer process means more investigation.
35:18So it's a long, long process.
35:19But isn't, isn't there something untoward in everybody's background?
35:24Well, I mean, really untoward.
35:26I mean, the thing about Joan, that she looked like a crazy woman.
35:31Well, Joan of Arc is not like any of the other saints.
35:33I always think of all the saints, she's the one I think most people would have trouble with today.
35:38I mean, if Francis came, I love the poor.
35:41I'm working with the poor.
35:43Even Maximilian Kolbe, who, you know, I'm going to sacrifice my life.
35:46But this idea that I'm hearing voices and I'm going to lead the army of France to defeat England, that's a little awkward for people.
35:53It is, it is.
35:54So how do we, in a sense, try to reconcile the warrior, Joan, with her faith?
36:01How do we reconcile this carnage with faith?
36:06I always like to think of her as more of a liberator.
36:09That's how I look at her.
36:10Not as a warrior, but as someone who is delivering her people from under the heel of English oppressors.
36:16A teenage girl, not even from Paris, from the provinces, unlettered, hears voices that tell her to take a role in the political affairs of France and England at a major time of upheaval,
36:28and winds up getting people to listen to her, and winds up leading an army, and winds up having the claims that she makes evaluated in ecclesiastical courts.
36:37It's so strange that you couldn't make it up.
36:40It's the same thing as Jesus.
36:41I mean, I always wonder what was his first talk like, you know, after he began, right there in Nazareth.
36:46What was his first?
36:47Well, they didn't like it.
36:48They didn't like it.
36:49They didn't like it at all.
36:50They said he's a nut.
36:51You know, I think Joan is someone who also trusts her experiences.
36:54Yes.
36:55She trusts what she sees, and she is faithful to that.
36:58And I think that is very much along the lines of the rest of the lives of the saints.
37:02You know, even though they are, you know, sort of set upon and ignored and sometimes opposed, they trust it.
37:10I always like to think of her in high school for some reason.
37:13I like to think of her-
37:14She's the patron saint of-
37:15In the cap-
37:16Of high school students.
37:17Of 10 strong teenagers.
37:18Well, of oddball people in middle school who are not looked on very kindly, maybe, by their fellows,
37:26and who nonetheless have some love and some devotion so deep and so pure in her.
37:32She's probably illiterate.
37:34I mean, she had no power.
37:35Joan the maid, they called her.
37:37I mean, she was feeding pigs.
37:39I mean, what was she doing?
37:41And further, her dress.
37:43Mm-hmm.
37:44That makes sense.
37:45The male dressing, which I'm not an anthropologist or historian of the ordinary life of people
37:50in the middle ages, but I don't believe a woman dressing as a man is going to go over well.
37:56They frowned on it.
37:57They frowned on it.
37:58They still do sometimes.
37:59They do?
38:00Yeah, I hear that.
38:01I don't know why.
38:02And also, the prizing of virginity.
38:05Mm-hmm.
38:06When she was canonized, she was canonized as a virgin, not as a martyr.
38:10This is the crazy thing.
38:11It took, what, 500 years for her to be canonized?
38:13I mean, what's that about?
38:15Also, the interest in the area for our church, sorry fellas, I have to say it, between a woman's waist and her knees.
38:24The fascination.
38:25I mean, their fascination with having to be sure she was, quote unquote, intact.
38:31Well, the virginity, of course, is seen as a form of purity back then.
38:34Yes.
38:35But also, there's been a lot of scholarship recently that's talked about women retaining their virginity as kind of an emblem of their power.
38:44Right?
38:45That they are keeping it to themselves and it's not for them to give away.
38:50So that's a kind of revisionist idea of what it means to be a virgin martyr.
38:54On the one hand, you don't want to elevate virginity per se.
38:57On the other hand, in a patriarchal time, you know, when a woman was the possession of either her father or her husband.
39:04That's right.
39:05It could be a radical act, right, of kind of self-determination, self-definition.
39:09The other way she inspires me is in her moments, because that's what makes me see her humanity and makes me think I have a shot with my little sinful self.
39:20That when she refuses, you know, she signs the paper, they cudgel her into signing this thing that she was, you know, would, you know, was, this was all heretical and blah, blah, blah.
39:33And then she goes back and she's so consoled by God that God isn't angry or the voices, the saints, Catherine, Michael, Margaret, are not punishing to her.
39:46But then she comes back and says, you know, I have to recant this.
39:49I lied to you because I was afraid of being tortured.
39:53It's a very human moment, which is very human.
39:55But isn't that what we all do, too, is that we get up in the morning, we say our prayers, whatever, and think, today will be the day that I'm not judgmental, cruel, you know, unkind, X, Y, Z.
40:09And, but you have a chance throughout the day if you listen to that voice.
40:15I mean, don't we all have it, whether you're Catholic or not?
40:18Yeah, the voice of your conscience and, you know, the Jesuits have a saying that we're all loved sinners, right?
40:23And so we're the saints.
40:25I mean, they were all, they weren't divine, right?
40:28They did difficult things.
40:30They were human beings who sinned from time to time.
40:32So, you know, the old saying, no, no saint without a past, no sinner without a future.
40:37Nope.
40:38I love that.
40:39Can I get a tattoo?
40:40No saint without a past.
40:42You're just giving me so much hope, Jim.
40:45I have a history of ministries.
40:46I love that.
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