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00:00In this room we have a lot of World War II items, this is where some of the Hitler items are housed, this is Hitler's tea set.
00:11A lot of American soldiers sourced very unusual artifacts, we have some Eva Braun items down there, we have a Hitler shirt.
00:23Can you show me the swatch?
00:24This is the swatch, and this is the blood stain. That whole little corner here is all Hitler's blood.
00:34The American soldier just took out a knife, cut a piece off, put it in his pocket, and off he went.
00:40He didn't think a lot about it, he didn't think 80 years later people were going to try to extract DNA off of it.
00:45Responsible for some of humanity's worst atrocities, Adolf Hitler is one of the most studied people in history, but despite this, he remains an enigma.
01:03Because he's so guarded about his own personal history, there remain questions that continue to puzzle historians.
01:13His ancestry is shrouded in mystery.
01:15Hitler appears to have felt ashamed about his family.
01:18There's been this rumor for a really long time that Hitler had Jewish ancestry through his grandfather.
01:25His psychological state is hotly debated.
01:27There's a very long history of trying to diagnose Hitler, who is one of the most enigmatic figures who ever lived.
01:35Some have denied that he had any illness at all. I've always argued that there's good medical evidence to the contrary.
01:43His sex life is a secret he took to his grave.
01:46He didn't seem to have the same libido men of his age would have had.
01:51And he remains the subject of persistent rumors about his health.
01:55Hitler felt uncomfortable in his own body. He didn't want to undress in front of anyone ever.
02:01Now, 80 years since his death, can science provide answers?
02:08Looks like a real solid sample.
02:10Can a blood-stained piece of fabric unlock the secrets contained in Hitler's DNA?
02:16We've found something really interesting.
02:21When these findings emerged, I was simply flabbergasted.
02:26Can we finally understand history's most notorious tyrant?
02:30This was how Adolf Hitler wanted to be seen in the 1935 propaganda film Triumph of the Will.
02:51This was a documentary film commissioned by Hitler himself.
02:57This is the staging of Hitler as a messiah, as the chosen one, as the person who's descending from heaven to earth in order to save Germany.
03:08It's natural for people to want a savior and Hitler presented himself as the messiah.
03:15He was the man who had the answers.
03:20He was theãy!
03:21Is Hafnung
03:37que se sienta como un líder de la vida de la mejor sangre
03:42y se sienta con la guía de la nación
03:46y se decidió mantener esta guía,
03:50darme y darme a mí.
03:56Promete a crear una sociedad nacional-socialista que podría durar mil años,
04:02Hitler llevó a Alemania en su primer capítulo.
04:07¡Suscríbete al canal!
04:37What will his fate be?
04:41He decides, before the Soviets take Berlin, to take his own life.
04:53As the Third Reich crumbled, Hitler's personal valet, Heinz Linger, bore witness to the tyrant's final moments.
05:01Mr Linger, is Hitler really dead?
05:04Yes.
05:05I was the last one who said goodbye to him, and the first, after his suicide, to enter the room in the bunker.
05:15And how did he kill himself?
05:18He shot himself, and Eva Braun took poison.
05:22Hitler was determined that his most intimate secrets would die with him.
05:28Hitler made sure that his body would be destroyed so that there would be no traces left that would contradict the artificial version of himself that had been created.
05:56But while his body was destroyed, Hitler left something behind that at the time would have seemed inconsequential.
06:10His blood.
06:11Now, an international team of experts will test the DNA in this bloodstained swatch.
06:20And if it does belong to Hitler, they will attempt a world first.
06:24To sequence his genome.
06:33I am a geneticist who specializes in ancient and forensic DNA.
06:37I am probably best known for having led the genetic and statistical identification of the remains of King Richard III, who was found in a car park in Leicester in 2012.
06:47I am a historian of Nazi Germany, based in the University of Potsdam.
06:54We already have historical documentation about Hitler.
07:00But we don't have something like this, his DNA.
07:03This will change the way we think about Hitler, add to our understanding of him, and be something that we'll be talking about for a long time to come.
07:13I think this is going to be a really interesting and potentially difficult case.
07:23I often collaborate with people in Germany, and they would not touch this.
07:28Anyone we went to in Europe wouldn't touch it.
07:31That gives us some idea of the shadow that Hitler still casts over Europe.
07:36So we have to tread very carefully.
07:39I really agonized about whether or not I wanted to be involved, and that's because of who it is.
07:47But it's also an extremely interesting project because of who he is.
07:52There's been huge amounts of interest in his mental health.
07:57And we know that there's a genetic component to psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders.
08:04But we know it's also about environment and upbringing and so on.
08:11No matter what we find, that would never excuse anything that Hitler did.
08:18People with psychiatric disorders do not go on to do the sorts of things that Hitler did.
08:25My concern is that by not approaching this, it makes him and DNA almost like a taboo.
08:35And I think that's wrong.
08:37We need to demystify what we can and cannot tell from somebody's DNA.
08:47Eighty years of scientific breakthroughs have transformed our understanding of human genetics.
08:53The famous helix structure of DNA was identified soon after the end of World War II.
09:00Over the decades that followed, research progressed into its uses, particularly in forensics.
09:06And at the dawn of the 21st century, the Human Genome Project made a major breakthrough.
09:12We are here to celebrate the completion of the first survey of the entire human genome.
09:17With the power of this discovery comes, of course, the responsibility to use it wisely.
09:23Our individual genomes contain countless clues.
09:28To our propensity for physical features and disease.
09:32For psychiatric and neurodevelopmental traits.
09:35And to our ancestry.
09:38And because DNA remains long after we die, geneticists can now shine new light on figures from history.
09:48So in terms of doing genetic analysis like this, provenance, understanding where the sample has come from is key.
09:57So does the sample said to be from Adolf Hitler's sofa stand up to scrutiny?
10:03The grandson of the American soldier who cut the swatch from the sofa has been traced to Italy.
10:13So Eric, this swatch that we are trying to get DNA out of was from your grandfather.
10:19He was the one who got it.
10:21My grandfather was the information officer under General Eisenhower during the war.
10:26And so he had access to people in places that very few people had.
10:31When the Allied forces came together in Berlin, he was there.
10:37And he would have been, I believe, in the first group of Americans that entered Hitler's bunker.
10:46I don't know how long after Hitler killed himself, that visit would have occurred.
10:52The bodies were gone, but there was blood on the sofa.
10:59My grandfather cut the swatch of blood.
11:04It's such a powerful memento.
11:07For him, it was a true symbol of the death of Hitler in the end of the war.
11:13Eighty years later, we're sitting across the table from one another, talking about the possibility of getting DNA.
11:21You know, good on you, Grandad.
11:25It seems that the swatch itself came from Hitler's bunker.
11:35But does the blood on the fabric belong to Hitler himself?
11:40To find out, a forensic geneticist will collect a sample.
11:44We like to call ourselves the island of misfit cases, where all the most difficult things go when they're stuck.
11:54So over here is the swatch, and right there is the blood.
11:58Excellent. Yeah, you can definitely see the discoloration.
12:01Yeah.
12:02I've done a lot of sampling in my life, but this one brought me some anxiety.
12:06I'm not going to even lie about it.
12:13Yeah, classic dead red-bron staining.
12:15It looks like a real solid sample.
12:18When you're working on something with historical relevance, it's a destructive process.
12:25You want to take a sample that is likely to give you some information,
12:29but with every kind of increase in size of that, you're destroying more and more of the original object.
12:37I'm going to take just a small little... about that. Is that okay?
12:41Yeah.
12:44When he handles something this historic, you know, when you see it happen, it's definitely stressful.
12:51What we need is going to vary on the sample type, how diluted it was, how old it was.
12:59Just making sure that everything's sealed.
13:01We don't want anything to get in or get out.
13:04You can certainly tell that you had a blood stain there.
13:06It's just how much is that impacted by the age.
13:11You're talking about a very small sample.
13:14In theory, everything will work out just fine, but until you get in the lab, you just don't know.
13:21So is it really Hitler's blood?
13:24And if it is, will the DNA reveal anything after degrading for 80 years?
13:29A swatch of blood-stained fabric cut from a sofa in 1945 has been taken for analysis to determine if it is Adolf Hitler's blood.
13:48What we're desperate to know is whether or not we've got enough DNA that we can even do the analysis, because without that, that's the end of the project.
14:06After multiple rejections from European institutions, uncomfortable testing anything associated with Hitler,
14:13an American forensics lab will work on identifying any DNA in the sample taken from the museum.
14:23We have had samples much older than 80 years that we've tested and been able to obtain really good results from.
14:29But at the same time, if it is not kept well, we have samples five or six years old that are so degraded that it is very difficult to get usable information from.
14:43So our extraction process begins with adding specific chemicals that reveal DNA from deep within the nucleus.
14:54We want DNA in water and that's it.
15:00So far this looks like a sample that could have some blood on it.
15:04It's more red than the fabric is.
15:06Oh, my gut feeling is that there's something there that is not just an empty piece of fabric.
15:15It's ready to go on our instrument.
15:18So this will tell us how much DNA is present in our sample.
15:23Your first steps are doing the DNA extraction and then you want to determine is this human blood and is it from a male?
15:32It is one of the most nerve wracking parts of this process.
15:35It is one of the most nerve wracking parts of this process.
15:45So results are there is human DNA.
15:51It appears to be male degradation shows that it has failed, which is expected.
15:55We expect DNA from 80 years ago to be degraded.
15:59So that is a good sign that this is very likely the DNA that you're expecting it to be and not some new and fresh contaminant.
16:09So the initial findings seem positive.
16:15The sample is blood.
16:17It is from a man.
16:19And the DNA is not recent.
16:21But how can genetics confirm it to be Hitler's blood?
16:25So the piece of DNA that we use to do the identification that this is Hitler is the Y chromosome.
16:30We humans, we have got 23 pairs of chromosomes.
16:36You get one half of each pair comes from mom and the other half comes from dad.
16:41Chromosome pairs number one to 22, they're the same between men and women.
16:45They're known as our autosomes.
16:47But we've got chromosome pair number 23 here.
16:51Those are known as our sex chromosomes.
16:53So women have got two copies of this rather large X chromosome.
16:57Men have got an X chromosome, but they've also got this tiny little Y chromosome.
17:04But it's going to be really important for this project.
17:08Because the Y chromosome that a man has, it comes down to him down through the male line.
17:13So if we can find a male line relative of Hitler and look at their Y chromosome type,
17:19we can see if it matches that from the DNA from the sample.
17:27In Belgium, journalist Jean-Paul Mulders has spent years tracking down Hitler's blood relations.
17:37About 15 years ago, I read that strange story of a man who during the 70s claimed to be Hitler's son.
17:45My initial thoughts was, this must be bullshit in fact.
17:58People lie, but DNA doesn't.
18:02I had to find out whether it was true or not.
18:05Using stamps licked by Hitler's supposed son, Jean-Paul obtained a DNA sample.
18:14Having the DNA of Lorette is one thing. Obtaining the DNA of Hitler relatives is another one.
18:20Working with a genealogist, Jean-Paul began to identify living male relatives of Hitler.
18:26You cannot contact them. If you call them by phone, they simply do not answer.
18:33So I started to visit relatives of Hitler in Austria and ask them for a DNA sample.
18:40Some of them react aggressive and said, I don't want to have anything to do with this.
18:46I thought at that moment it won't succeed. We are here for nothing and we will go back with empty hands.
18:55We visited one more relative of Hitler.
18:59He was very friendly and he said, oh, a bit of saliva. Is that all you want?
19:04He took the swab and put it in his mouth and gave it back.
19:07Here you are, have a nice day. And it was a nice day because I had the DNA of the relative.
19:12The results were crystal clear. It didn't match with the saliva on the stamps belonging to Jean-Marie Lorette.
19:22So Jean-Marie Lorette was not at all the son of Adolf Hitler.
19:28Now, many years later, this sample provides a definitive way to test whether the blood from the sofa is in fact Hitler's.
19:37So let me show you the Y chromosome results.
19:45This is the male line relative from JP Mulder's sample.
19:50And then let's bring you the one in from the swatch.
19:54Look at that.
19:56There's an exact match between the male line relative and the DNA from the sample from the swatch.
20:03They're identical. So does that mean that the blood sample really does belong to Hitler?
20:10This is a really important moment in any investigation like this.
20:16You know what, Alex? It looks like we've got Adolf Hitler's DNA.
20:20When you can kind of go, yep, it's him. We've got him.
20:28I'm so pleased with the result. I feel like we can go forward with confidence, really.
20:33For the first time in history, Adolf Hitler's DNA has been identified.
20:38The question now, is there enough DNA left after 80 years to reveal anything useful about history's most studied man?
20:48Whilst we're alive, we have got really nice long strands of DNA and we can sequence modern DNA incredibly easily.
21:01After death, our DNA starts to degrade. It starts to be cut into smaller and smaller fragments until eventually there is nothing left to sequence.
21:12Can DNA offer answers where historians have so far failed?
21:19And will this groundbreaking evidence reveal what Hitler was so keen to hide?
21:24After several rounds of sequencing, the Hitler DNA sample has been rebuilt into this.
21:43A reconstruction of the whole genome of history's most enigmatic tyrant.
21:48So, this is it. This is Adolf Hitler's genome.
21:57So, this reconstruction is an incredible achievement. How close do you think it is to the entire thing?
22:04We have got some gaps, but we've managed to get pretty good coverage for the genome, so I'm as happy as we can be.
22:11And we can start to get information about his health.
22:16You cannot see evil in somebody's DNA, but you can say things about whether or not they are genetically predisposed towards certain conditions.
22:26We're looking for something about Hitler's ancestry and we're looking for mutations in his DNA, insertions, deletions.
22:35It brings a completely new slant, a new angle on someone who was responsible for the most terrible crimes committed in modern history.
22:45It's really an irony that Hitler, who had his own body destroyed, did not manage to conceal his DNA.
22:53And that now, in the 21st century, we can try to recover some of the secrets that Hitler wanted to conceal himself.
23:04So, how does this new genetic information interact with what we already know?
23:09Can the genome shine new light on the dimmest reaches of the Hitler story, his early life?
23:17Hitler was born in a place called Braunau am Inn, on the border of Germany and Austria.
23:24He wrote in his memoir slash manifesto, Mein Kampf, that this was fate, that it was his destiny to unite these two nations, Austria and Germany.
23:38He famously started Mein Kampf with this sanitized version of his childhood while in reality, he really had a lot of adverse life experiences.
23:54He was surrounded by death from an early age when he was 13 years old.
23:59His father died and at the age of 18, his mother died.
24:03Hitler's mother, Clara, had to bury not one, not two, but four of her children who died at very, very young ages from diphtheria.
24:16Adolf and his younger sister, Paula, were literally the only two survivors.
24:23Combined with that, his father, Alois Hitler, was a very physically violent alcoholic.
24:32And he beat Adolf.
24:35Alois took every opportunity to exert his authority relentlessly on the young Adolf.
24:44We don't want to say anyone who's been abused or anyone who's experienced neglect in their early life is going to end up doing terrible things.
24:53That's not the case.
24:54But these early adverse life experiences do play a critical role.
25:00Hate often does come from this sense of feeling angry, feeling badly treated, feeling alienated from society, maybe as a result of early negative experiences.
25:17This is the former village of Dollersheim in Lower Austria, where generations of Hitler's ancestors lived and died.
25:32Today, almost nothing remains.
25:35We're here in what is left of Dollersheim, which, as you can see, is now a military training area, but up until 1938 was a thriving community.
25:46One of the descendants of this community is Bernhard Lair.
25:53Im Juni 1938 wurde das Waldviertel geräumt.
25:59Die Leute mussten alles liegen und stehen lassen, hatten die Aufgabe, sich andere Immobilien und Häuser zu suchen.
26:07Von hier stammt zum Beispiel mein Vater ab und darum bin ich mit dieser Geschichte vertraut geworden.
26:19Die Ortschaft hatte Gasthäuser, Geschäfte, Landwirte, sogar ein Arzt, sogar ein Zahnarzt lebte in Dollersheim.
26:28Davon ist kaum was noch übrig.
26:32Die Natur hat es rückerobert, kann man sagen.
26:37Despite its importance in Hitler's family story, the German army was ordered to forcibly resettle all 2,000 villagers,
26:47before bombing their homes as part of training exercises.
26:51Zerstört man so was?
26:56Militärs wussten über dieses Gebiet, dass man das nutzen kann für ein Manöver.
27:03Es gab in den 30er Jahren Journalisten, die auch nachweisen wollten, dass Hitler vielleicht auch zu einem Teil die Vorfahren auch von der jüdischen Bevölkerung kamen.
27:14Wir wissen es nicht.
27:16Aber es sieht ganz danach aus, dass Hitler die ganze Region hier zu räumen etwas verbergen wollte, etwas aus seiner Vergangenheit.
27:27Could it be that Hitler was trying to destroy evidence around his true ancestry?
27:39So where does this rumor come from that Hitler had Jewish ancestry?
27:42It's been around for a very long time, since the late 1920s, early 1930s,
27:47that Hitler's grandmother, Maria Schickelgruber,
27:50had worked for a period of time in a Jewish household and had got pregnant.
27:55Foreign media got hold of this, made a big thing out of it,
27:58and Hitler was clearly quite concerned about the potential damage it would do,
28:03and therefore he took steps to publish an official version of his family tree,
28:08which made clear that there was no Jewish ancestry.
28:11Can Hitler's DNA shed light on the ancestry of his grandfather?
28:17This is where the Y chromosome data actually backs up that Nazi version of his family tree,
28:23because the Y chromosome is showing that Hitler is indeed Hitler,
28:27or he wouldn't get that DNA match with the male line relative.
28:30If he had Jewish ancestry, that match wouldn't be there.
28:34So we can actually put that rumor about Jewish ancestry to bed based on the DNA.
28:39Exactly. Now we know for certain.
28:43DNA has answered one of the biggest questions about Hitler's ancestry.
28:47But can it offer new insights into why he may have behaved as he did?
28:53About 20 years ago, I studied Hitler's life.
28:57There's a vast amount of information available that was collected,
29:02and I was absolutely convinced at that time that he had a whole variety of neurodevelopmental conditions,
29:09and I published on this.
29:12Many people obviously challenged me.
29:14They didn't like it. They disagreed with it.
29:18So are there any clues as to whether he was affected by any conditions,
29:22and if so, what they might have been?
29:30This is Linz, Austria's third city,
29:33and the closest thing that Hitler had to a hometown.
29:37This is a plaque that commemorates that this hotel was once a school,
29:48and that one of its most famous school children was the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein.
29:55However, this plaque fails to mention
29:57the other most famous school child to attend this school, Adolf Hitler.
30:03Hitler had dreams of being an artist,
30:08and he talks about this from something like the age of 12.
30:12He said his father was absolutely adamant that this would not be the case.
30:17As a school pupil, he was quite idle and lazy.
30:22He didn't make any effort in school. He didn't concentrate. He didn't do his homework.
30:29He was unteachable. Nobody could tell him anything.
30:33So whilst he was quite intelligent and clever, if a subject didn't interest him, he just entirely neglected it.
30:42Was Hitler just an unhappy, absent-minded child?
30:46Or does his DNA indicate something more fundamental that might help explain his behaviour?
30:56Hitler's DNA results have been sent to a world-leading team at Aarhus University
31:01to assess his genetic propensity for psychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions.
31:07We are doing genetic analysis where we are looking at thousands of individuals with a psychiatric condition
31:14by using something called the polygenic score.
31:18A polygenic score assesses an individual's genetic markers for a certain condition or disease.
31:25It compares these with a large population sample to chart the individual's relative likelihood of developing the condition.
31:35We were very surprised when we saw that he was such an outlier on several conditions.
31:42We found that actually very astonishing.
31:48So we have been looking at his score for childhood neurodevelopmental onset conditions.
31:54We can maybe start with the score for ADHD.
31:58So what you can see here is the distribution of the score.
32:02You can see you have this bell curve and in the middle you have a lot of individuals with an average score.
32:08And then you can also see for ADHD he is towards the end.
32:12So he has a score that is higher than the average with common variants that associates with ADHD or increases the risk for ADHD.
32:21Mm-hmm.
32:23Hitler's possible genetic propensity for ADHD seems to be reflected in his poor performance at school.
32:31But what about evidence from his adolescence as his personality became more clearly formed?
32:37With ADHD, those people are usually described as being lazy.
32:44But it's a question of interest.
32:47When the person with ADHD focuses on something of interest, then they have the capacity to hyperfocus.
32:55That profile does fit with Hitler, particularly in school.
33:00And indeed, you can find evidence of ADHD throughout his life.
33:05He was hyperactive, he was impulsive, he was always on the go.
33:09You can see how disastrous the management of the war would be for somebody who had ADHD like Hitler.
33:17Evidence of Adolf Hitler's behavior before his reinvention as the Nazi demagogue is relatively scarce.
33:38But August Kubitschek's account of his teenage friendship with Hitler is an invaluable source for psychiatrists interested in the dictator's state of mind.
33:50The benefit of the Kubitschek memoirs is that they are the only source about Hitler in his childhood and teenage years.
33:56And a very good source in the sense that Kubitschek himself was not politically active.
34:04Kubitschek and Hitler's first encounter was here at the Municipal Theater, where the two of them discovered their shared love of music and the opera.
34:14He was a remarkably pale, skinny youth about my own age, who was following the performance with glistening eyes.
34:28Once after the performance, I accompanied him home.
34:31When we took leave of each other, he gave me his name.
34:35Adolf Hitler.
34:36Hitler and Kubitschek's mutual passion for music created a strong bond and they became close friends.
34:45He was totally obsessed with opera.
34:48He spoke to his friend August endlessly about opera.
34:54But Hitler was very controlling and dominating.
34:59He would talk in monologues.
35:02He would harangue his friend.
35:03It was a genuine friendship, but the only one in his life.
35:11He was always convinced that he was right.
35:14He would talk for hours, heatedly, passionately, often violently.
35:19And I would listen.
35:21Completely under his spell.
35:22Hitler clearly struggled with social relationships.
35:28Can this be explained simply by the higher than average likelihood of ADHD found in his genome?
35:34For a lot of neurodevelopmental disorders, we see very often that if you have one condition, there's a high probability of also having another condition.
35:44So we have also been looking at Hitler's score for autism.
35:51If we look here at the distribution of autism in the population, you can see that Hitler is really, really lying high at the right end.
36:00He has a very high score, and he actually belongs to the top 1%.
36:07Top 1%?
36:08This suggests that, I would say, quite a high probability that he might have had some autistic behaviours or symptoms of autism.
36:18What's really interesting seeing these high polygenic scores is that people were already speculating about whether or not he had these conditions.
36:30They're really striking results.
36:32I can hardly express how staggered I was to find support for my findings from genetics, because I had taken quite a lot of criticism for describing Hitler as having autism, for ADHD, and for other things.
36:53We can't reduce his behaviour to these diagnoses.
36:57Autism is a disability and a difference.
37:04It's a disability in the sense that people who are autistic struggle with social relationships and communication.
37:12They struggle with that first kind of empathy.
37:14We call it cognitive empathy, which is just the ability to recognise what someone is thinking or feeling.
37:21Autistic people have excellent attention to detail and excellent pattern recognition skills, and they tend to kind of focus on particular topics, sometimes called obsessions.
37:35So they go into great depth in a very systematic way.
37:39Long before politics, Hitler's obsessions were music and art.
37:49And in 1907, he moved to Vienna to pursue his dream of becoming a painter.
37:54He'd already left school, he'd given up on everything in his life to that point, and only had this one idea in mind, which is taking the entrance exam for the Academy of Fine Arts.
38:09This status was quite important for him.
38:11Hitler seemed to have been obsessed with being an artist.
38:17He really believed he was good enough.
38:19So he was always very passionate about that.
38:22But it seemed that it was not his actual calling.
38:26Hitler had invested all his hopes into entering the Vienna Academy.
38:31But he was rejected, twice.
38:34He spent the next few years drifting in Vienna, eking out a living selling paintings in the street.
38:50A major change of fortune came with the outbreak of the First World War.
38:55So how did the move to military life suit Hitler's possible autistic traits?
39:001914 was one of several turning points in Hitler's life.
39:06The First World War gave him a new opportunity to find employment, to find meaning when all his dreams of becoming an artist had actually been dashed.
39:19Hitler left Austria and moved to the Bavarian capital of Munich in Germany.
39:24When the announcement of war was made in Munich, Hitler claims he was there that day.
39:31And he joined up with the 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment.
39:36At that point, he is willing to follow orders in function in this very structured hierarchical way where other people tell him what his boundaries are and what he can do within those boundaries.
39:52Hitler thrived in the army.
39:55Hitler thrived in the army.
39:57He won an iron cross for bravery and was promoted to the rank of corporal.
40:02Hitler's entrance into the army is absolutely fascinating because he found a structure there.
40:09Another feature of autism is what we call preservation of sameness, wanting routine, wanting the same routine every day.
40:18He didn't have friends in the army. He didn't relate to the other soldiers. If you ever look at a photograph of Hitler in the army, he's always at a side.
40:31Germany was at the mercy of the Allies. We celebrated. Not only because the war was over, but because it seemed that we had put an end to German militarism forever.
40:45After the war, Hitler returned to Munich. In the chaos, it had become a hotbed of revolutionary activity on the left and right of politics.
40:55Hitler worked for the army as an informant sent to monitor the activities of extreme parties.
41:02He was soon drawn to the right-wing nationalist views of one group in particular, the NSDAP, which became known as the Nazi Party.
41:14It's not uncommon for a person with autism to have very black and white thinking.
41:23This black and white thinking makes people vulnerable to join extreme groups. And of course, Hitler did that.
41:31Of course, in the general population, the vast majority of autistic people are highly moral. They're excessively moral.
41:40Now that that's totally different from Hitler, who was amoral and perverse.
41:46The first fellow who heard him speak in a beer keller in Munich, he said, what a gob he has. We could use him.
41:54We could use him. And because of that, he was made their leader.
42:01Hitler's genetic propensity for autistic and ADHD traits does seem to align with what we know from history.
42:10Could these findings help explain Hitler's behaviour in later life?
42:16At Trinity College, Cambridge, a leading autism expert will assess his polygenic scores.
42:24Simon, this is the one for autism. So he's in the top 1% for autism on the polygenic score.
42:32Yeah.
42:33We've got another polygenic score around ADHD and he's coming at the 80th percentile.
42:39It is amazing how the scientists have managed to extract these scores from the DNA.
42:44But the process of science is all about critical review and scrutiny.
42:51Going from biology to behaviour is a big jump.
42:55It's an indication of a predisposition, but it's not a diagnosis.
43:00Yeah. By looking at genetic results like this, there's a risk of stigma.
43:05People out there might feel, is my diagnosis being linked with somebody who did such monstrous things?
43:13The vast majority of these individuals do not do bad things.
43:17We've just got to keep that in mind so that it doesn't become out of balance.
43:22It would be very easy for people to look at this result and say,
43:25was the whole of Hitler's behaviour to do with autism?
43:30Exactly.
43:31And I think that would be the wrong conclusion to draw.
43:34The risk is reductionism down to genetics when there are so many other factors that could be playing a part.
43:40We know that genes don't operate in isolation, they operate in an environment.
43:44And I'm glad that Alex is here as the historian to just remind us about the importance of social factors.
43:51Yeah.
43:53He clearly experienced an unusual level of suffering during his childhood.
43:58Loss, yeah.
43:59And loss.
44:01To me, the experience of neglect and abuse would be much more relevant to understanding why somebody grows up with hate and anger,
44:09rather than the genetics.
44:11The two interplay.
44:12And in Hitler's case, autism and ADHD cannot explain his cruelty in later life.
44:20But perhaps one other polygenic finding from his DNA can.
44:25Genetic tests have also shown that Hitler's polygenic score for antisocial behaviour,
44:31a measure of psychopathy, is in the top 10%.
44:34I think that we're quite entitled to use criminal autistic psychopathy to describe Hitler.
44:44It highlights, number one, his criminality.
44:47Number two, his autism.
44:49And number three, his psychopathy.
44:50So it's a very complex mixture.
44:51Hitler is one in a million or maybe one in a billion.
44:59The shy, unusual boy who failed at everything he had strived for, had put his unique mind to reinventing himself as a messianic leader, inspiring godlike devotion.
45:12But strip away the theatrics, and Hitler was still a man.
45:18No amount of power could help him to overcome the limits of his body.
45:22And when the scientists explore what Hitler's DNA might reveal about his physique, something truly extraordinary is exposed.
45:34We've had some results come back, and there's something really, really interesting in it.
45:42He's got a deletion for one letter of his DNA, but that really affects the protein that is implicated in sexual development and development of sexual organs.
45:58Really significant finding.
46:00It seems this was manifested in his personal life, in his personal relations.
46:07He had, throughout his life, difficulty establishing intimate relationships.
46:10Oh my goodness.
46:14This is going to be quite big.
46:18Could this finding help to answer one of the most persistent rumours around Hitler?
46:27And Hitler's DNA blueprint of a dictator concludes next Saturday, slightly later, at five past nine.
46:33Gillian Anderson stars as a secret passion burns during the Troubles.
46:37Trespasses is streaming now, and tensions simmer tomorrow in an atmospheric new drama will secret surface in summer water at nine.
46:43Silver Water at nine.
46:44IstouchÓ
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