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00:00The Noble Prize
00:15One sometimes finds what one is not looking for.
00:18Sir Alexander Fleming.
00:20Alexander Fleming was born in Lockfield Farm,
00:23Arfshire, Scotland, UK, on the 6th of August 1881.
00:27He was born to farmer parents Hugh Fleming and Grace Sterling Morton.
00:32He lost his father due to ill health at a tender age of 7 only.
00:36Fleming studied at Lowdown Moor School and Daval School
00:40and moved to London at the age of 13 to attend the Royal Polytechnic Institution.
00:45After attaining two scholarships for Kilmarnock Academy,
00:49Alexander Fleming joined the research department at St. Mary's
00:54and worked as an assistant bacteriologist to Sir Elmroth Wright,
01:00who was a master in vaccine therapy and immunology.
01:04In 1908, Fleming joined St. Mary's as a lecturer
01:09after being awarded a gold medal in bacteriology and served there till 1914.
01:15Fleming practiced as a venerologist between 1909 and 1914.
01:21He became the first doctor to administer a drug against syphilis.
01:26In 1928, he became a professor of bacteriology at the University of London.
01:32He was a part of the Royal Army Medical Corps as a captain during the World War I
01:38and served in the war field hospitals in France,
01:42where he studied the effect of antiseptics on the wounds.
01:47While serving the field hospitals during the World War I,
01:51in 1914 he reached the conclusion that antiseptics, such as carbolic acid, do more harm than cure.
02:00November 1921 saw the discovery of the antiseptic enzyme lysozyme.
02:06It happened when Fleming dropped a drop of mucus from his nose on a culture of bacteria.
02:12In the quest of finding its effect on the bacterial growth,
02:16he mixed it and studied for a few days,
02:19thus leading to this significant discovery for mankind.
02:23Other body fluids such as saliva and tears were studied with these bacteria
02:28and observed the failure of bacterial growth,
02:31thus rendering natural immunity from a number of health issues.
02:37Today, lysozyme is used in treating cold and throat infections,
02:42athlete's food and also as a preservative in food.
02:46Having seen many soldiers succumbing to death due to sepsis during the World War,
02:52Fleming got deeply involved in his search for antibacterial agents,
02:57after having realized that antiseptics harmed the immunity system in the longer run.
03:02Since 1927, Fleming had engrossed himself in studying about Staphylococci.
03:09It was an accidental finding on September the 3rd, 1928,
03:14wherein one of his fungus contaminated Staphylococci culture,
03:19destroyed all the surrounding Staphylococci culture,
03:23while other Staphylococci colonies somewhat away were normal.
03:28After further investigations and experiments,
03:30he identified this mold as being from,
03:34was known to be Penicillium genus, which hampered bacterial growth.
03:39He initially called it mold juice,
03:41but finally named the substance it produced Penicillium on the 7th of March 1929.
03:48Though he had discovered Penicillium,
03:51but the challenge of stabilizing, purifying and producing it in large quantities still troubled Fleming.
03:57He continued experimenting until 1940 and then abandoned Penicillium.
04:03Just after Fleming abandoned his further research on Penicillium,
04:08Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain,
04:11at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford,
04:14started working on it,
04:15with aim from the US and the British government.
04:18The mass production finally started after the Pearl Harbor accident,
04:22leading to a level of production that changed the phase of battlefield treatment
04:27and infection control since 1944.
04:30Alexander Fleming, Florey and Chain collectively received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945.
04:39The laboratory where Fleming discovered Penicillium is preserved
04:44as the Alexander Fleming Laboratory Museum in St. Mar.
05:00After the ОТ will this�� after a while?
05:01After the technological revolution,
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05:05When they when they were¿,
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05:08So I knew that that they were in this network
05:10in lockdown,
05:25but before now they had a couple of lives done.
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