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00:01Hey, what do you say we light a giant match on Jupiter, the largest room of explosive gas in our solar system?
00:09Jupiter has methane, a gas that's famous for its bright burning.
00:13Plus, there's metallic hydrogen, which, under the planet's extreme pressures, turns into a potent fuel.
00:20However, when we try to start a fire, nothing happens. There are no expected explosions.
00:26Now, why is that? And can we fix that if we really, really want to blow up Jupiter?
00:32Jupiter is the titan of our solar system, the biggest planet we have nearby.
00:37It's 11 times wider than us. If Earth was a nickel, Jupiter would be a basketball.
00:42It's hanging out as the fifth one from the Sun, right after Mars.
00:46It's also more than 300 times heavier than our Earth, and twice as heavy as all the other planets combined.
00:52Because of this enormous mass, it acts as a moon magnet.
00:57Jupiter has 95 known moons.
00:59The most famous of them are the Galilean satellites ā Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.
01:05They were discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610.
01:09Jupiter also has some rings. Now, they're not as fancy as Saturn's, though.
01:13Just faint rings made of dust, not ice.
01:16Because of that, they don't reflect light as brightly, and we can't see them with a naked eye.
01:20Jupiter also has the shortest day in our solar system ā only about 10 hours.
01:26But it takes the planet about 12 Earth years to go around the Sun one time.
01:31But the most important thing about the planet is that, unlike Earth, it's not solid.
01:36Jupiter, as well as Saturn, are the so-called gas giants ā planets made mostly of gases.
01:43Gas giants are mainly composed of hydrogen and helium, the same stuff that makes up stars.
01:48Jupiter and Saturn also have a dash of other, heavier elements.
01:53This doesn't mean that the entire planet is just a ball of gas.
01:56The pressures inside are so harsh that molecules can't stay in that form.
02:01Their outer layers are made of compressed molecular hydrogen.
02:05As we dive deeper, it turns into a layer of liquid metallic hydrogen.
02:09Finally, there's a potential rocky core deep down.
02:12From the outside perspective, it looks like layers of clouds in their atmospheres.
02:18Jupiter also has these stripes and swirls that look like patterns.
02:21Now, in reality, they're chilly clouds made of ammonia and water, floating in a mix of hydrogen and helium.
02:28Its famous great red spot is actually a massive storm that's been raging for hundreds of years.
02:34This storm itself is bigger than our whole Earth, and it's twice as fast as the Earth's fastest possible storms.
02:40So, this is the problem we encounter when we try to light a fire on Jupiter.
02:46If you somehow manage to stand on Jupiter without any solid surface,
02:50while not caring about the titanic gravity and the crazy storms,
02:54fire needs oxygen to burn.
02:56And Jupiter's atmosphere doesn't have any.
02:59No oxygen, no flames.
03:01Well, let's assume that we have a magic match that can generate its own oxygen.
03:06That should work, right?
03:07Well, unfortunately, Jupiter is so massive that you would need an insane amount of oxygen to do that.
03:13Perhaps way more than the entire solar system has.
03:17You might have heard that Jupiter protects us from dangerous asteroids.
03:20It's so gravitationally strong that it attracts all the objects that could have hit Earth otherwise.
03:26In general, Jupiter experiences from 30 to 100 collisions per year.
03:31Well, these meteorites falling on Jupiter didn't cause explosions either.
03:35Even the most powerful crash on Jupiter didn't.
03:39It happened with a comet called Shoemaker-Levy 9 in 1994.
03:44The comet broke into pieces in 92, some as big as half a mile.
03:49And then, in 94, it got a little too close to Jupiter.
03:53The impact was incredibly dramatic.
03:55Over six days, 21 fragments hurtled into Jupiter's atmosphere at great speeds.
04:01The planet's atmosphere heated up to 53,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
04:04Like a ripple effect from a tossed rock into a pond, the impacts created colossal plumes.
04:11They reached up to 1,900 miles above Jupiter's clouds.
04:15Dark clouds of impact debris scarred Jupiter's atmosphere for months,
04:20gradually fading away in the planet's winds.
04:23Now, this impact told us a lot of interesting things about Jupiter.
04:26For example, the dark impact clouds acted as wind tracers and revealed high-altitude winds in Jupiter's stratosphere.
04:34Changes in Jupiter's aurora helped us learn more about the planet's magnetosphere.
04:39And finally, it provided insights into Jupiter's chemistry.
04:43Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 sparked NASA's interest in addressing the risks of impacts like that on Earth.
04:49This, in turn, helped us to learn more about comets and impacts in general.
04:57Saturn, the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in our solar system, is also a gas giant.
05:03Like Jupiter, it's not just a plain ball of gas.
05:06Even though it's mostly made of hydrogen and helium, at Saturn's center, there's a dense core of metals, like iron and nickel, surrounded by rock.
05:15What's interesting is that it's much lighter than Jupiter.
05:18It's only 95 times heavier than Earth.
05:21Saturn has stripes in yellow, white, reddish-orange, pink, and green.
05:26Who came up with that color palette?
05:28But winds in the upper atmosphere can reach a staggering 1,090 miles per hour, even faster than on Jupiter, and unimaginable compared to Earth.
05:38They look like colorful belts covering the planet, finishing with fascinating rings.
05:43Now, these rings are made up of bits and bobs from comets, asteroids, and shattered moons.
05:48There's even a Cassini division, a gap that separates some of these ring layers.
05:54Now, what about Uranus and Neptune?
05:55They're also giants, and for a while, scientists believe that they belong to the same family as Jupiter and Saturn.
06:02However, after a while, we discover that they belong to a different category, ice giants.
06:09Again, they're not some giant ice cubes floating in space.
06:13Instead, they're mostly made up of heavier substances, like water, ammonia, and methane, which could freeze into icy layers in their atmospheres.
06:21This is what sets Uranus and Neptune apart from gas giants.
06:24Despite sharing some similar traits, like awful storms.
06:31Our solar system isn't the only one that has planets like that.
06:35There are also extrasolar gas giants, categorized by their atmospheric properties, from ammonia clouds to entirely cloudless.
06:43For example, there are hot Jupiters, a separate category for, well, very hot Jupiter-like planets.
06:50They're gas giants that settle too close to their stars.
06:54For example, Kelt 9b and Kepler 7b are so close to their suns that one year on them lasts just 18 hours.
07:02Recently, we also discovered a little hot Jupiter.
07:06This planet, called HIPP 67522b, is only a few million years old.
07:12Sounds like a lot, but it's nothing on a cosmic scale.
07:16Our own moon is about 4.5 billion years old.
07:18Now, this discovery challenges the norm.
07:23Most hot Jupiters out there are way over a billion years old.
07:27We're still not sure how this one formed so quickly.
07:30What's even more interesting is how these hot Jupiters end up so close to their stars in the first place.
07:36Theories abound.
07:37Some say they formed right there, despite scorching conditions.
07:41Others believe they ventured in from outer space.
07:45For example, icy materials made together in a drifting rogue planet.
07:50And when it passed around the star, it got attracted by gravity and stayed in orbit.
07:55Maybe it happened early on, when the star was wrapped in a gas and dust cocoon.
07:59Or later.
08:01Scientists will need more research to say for sure.
08:03There are also weird oddballs.
08:08No, not me.
08:09Gas dwarfs.
08:11They're also called mini-Neptunes.
08:13They're smaller versions of gas giants that have rocky cores swaddled in thick hydrogen and helium blankets.
08:20They're called after-Neptunes because, after being a bit smaller than this planet, they share a lot of similar traits.
08:27Their size ranges from about 2 to 4 Earths.
08:29Usually, it's a world with a hefty atmosphere, mainly filled with hydrogen and helium.
08:34And perhaps, layers of ice, rock, and even liquid oceans beneath the surface.
08:39If a planet like that didn't have much gas in its wardrobe, we'd call it an ocean planet instead.
08:46We're not sure why they exist, and they defy some scientific norms.
08:51Like hot Jupiters, these planets require more exploration.
08:59That's it for today.
09:01So hey, if you pacified your curiosity, then give the video a like and share it with your friends.
09:06Or if you want more, just click on these videos and stay on the bright side.
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