- 6 tuần trước
The Idea of Australia - Season 1 Episode 2
Danh mục
😹
Vui nhộnPhụ đề
00:00Hãy subscribe cho kênh lalaschool Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
00:30Hãy subscribe cho kênh lalaschool Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
01:00Hãy subscribe cho kênh lalaschool Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
01:29Hãy subscribe cho kênh lalaschool Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
01:59Hãy subscribe cho kênh lalaschool Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
02:29Hãy subscribe cho kênh lalaschool Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
02:59Hãy subscribe cho kênh lalaschool Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
03:01Hãy subscribe cho kênh lalaschool Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
03:05Hãy subscribe cho kênh lalaschool Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
03:07Hãy subscribe cho kênh lalaschool Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
03:09Hãy subscribe cho kênh lalaschool Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
03:11Hãy subscribe cho kênh lalaschool Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
03:41Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
04:11Hãy subscribe cho kênh lalaschool Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
04:41Hãy subscribe cho kênh lalaschool Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
05:11Hãy subscribe cho kênh lalaschool Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
05:13Hãy subscribe cho kênh lalaschool Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
05:15Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
05:17Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
05:19Hãy subscribe cho kênh lalaschool Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
05:21Hãy subscribe cho kênh lalaschool Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
05:23Hãy subscribe cho kênh lalaschool Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
05:25Hãy subscribe cho kênh lalaschool Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
05:27Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
05:29Hãy subscribe cho kênh lalaschool Để không bỏ lỡ những video hấp dẫn
05:32We need to care about our constitution.
05:34We need to care about where Federation brought us.
05:36We could choose not to care about it
05:38and have generations not understand why it is
05:41that our democratic institutions and principles
05:43are so strong and set us apart.
05:45That would be a catastrophe.
05:49Britsy?
05:50Cookie!
05:51Where are you?
05:52I don't know.
05:53What's up?
05:54Can you make an Australia Day Barbie at my place?
05:56Bit of cricket?
05:57For a lot of white Australians
05:59they think in terms of British settlement
06:01rather than the actual creation of the legal structure
06:04as the beginning of Australia.
06:05When Cook takes possession of the eastern side of the territory
06:10it's generally known as New Holland.
06:12It's linked to ancient ideas of Terrastralis, a great southern land.
06:16Well, Australia didn't exist.
06:18There was no such thing as Australia.
06:20We became a series of colonies administered by England
06:23that were almost like their own separate countries
06:25and in fact could have become their own separate countries.
06:29The idea of Federation started when Henry Parks,
06:32who was the Premier of New South Wales,
06:34accepted a dare from the English Governor
06:36to see if he could unite the colonies into one nation.
06:40Parks thought it could be done within a year.
06:42In fact, it took eleven.
06:44And by that stage he was dead.
06:46You know, there was a lot of discussion that was happening
06:50during that eleven year period
06:52about what sort of society it was that they wanted to create.
06:55There were people arguing that women should be formally recognised
06:59in the constitution.
07:01The New Zealanders, who at one point were going to be part
07:04of the Australasian Empire,
07:06were arguing that the First Peoples should be recognised.
07:09Now, to section six of the constitution.
07:12The states will be all these ones,
07:14this little one here, and New Zealand.
07:17They just need to accept our offer.
07:19Which, of course, they will.
07:21There were Irish groups and others
07:23who were arguing that it should be a republic.
07:25So to get Federation was quite a coup.
07:29The day the Commonwealth of Australia was inaugurated,
07:321st of January 1901.
07:34Unlike today, it was hot and windy.
07:36Imperial troops and horse-drawn floats
07:39paraded through the city and up here on Oxford Street.
07:42Thousands of flags waved in the breeze
07:44and 10 especially-commissioned triumphal archers adorned this route.
07:50Now, I have stood right here for Mardi Gras,
07:53and I know Sydney loves to party,
07:55so that first New Year's Day of the new nation
07:58must have been quite the spectacle.
08:01Now, on the evening of New Year's Day 1901,
08:18celebrations for the great and the good
08:20ended up at the Sydney Town Hall.
08:22There's our first Prime Minister, Edmund Barton,
08:26and our second, that lover of the Ouija board, Alfred Deakin,
08:31who claimed Federation was a miracle.
08:35Also in the House, Samuel Griffith,
08:37no relative of mine but instrumental in writing our Constitution.
08:44Now, it had been a long day
08:45and the VIPs were getting tired of speeches.
08:47They were just looking for a drink.
08:49In fact, poor Samuel Griffith's toast to the Commonwealth
08:53was drowned out twice.
08:55Eventually, the speeches stopped, but the party did not.
09:09The toast for the Australian Commonwealth
09:12was not properly delivered
09:14because all these men were three sheets to the wind.
09:18And the interesting thing here is,
09:21where were the women? Where were their wives?
09:24Meanwhile, the women, many of whom had been passionate campaigners
09:31for Federation, were relegated up here in the upstairs gallery.
09:36They had hoped to civilise Australian politics,
09:39but on this night they were merely spectators of the revelry below.
09:45It's no surprise so many women thought temperance a good idea.
09:49Perhaps they thought this young nation needed to sober up
09:53before it had listened to them on fair wages, full suffrage,
09:57and protections against domestic violence.
09:59Despite their separation of the sexes,
10:02it was quite the opening night bash for a nation.
10:06Celebration of a nation!
10:08Give us a hand!
10:10Celebration of a nation!
10:12Let's make it grand!
10:14We were no longer just South Australians or Queenslanders,
10:17Victorians or Westralians, New South Welshmen or Tasmanians.
10:21We were Australians.
10:23Come on, give us a hand!
10:28A nation had been made.
10:30But the document establishing the new form of government
10:33had some gaps.
10:36Still does.
10:38What we don't see reflected in our constitution are rights
10:43for every Australian.
10:47If you look at our constitution,
10:48we borrowed cut and paste from the United States.
10:50So we borrowed the federal system from the United States,
10:53we adopted the Senate,
10:54took parliamentary responsibility and responsible government
10:56from the Westminster system from the UK.
10:59But where we stopped was the cut and paste
11:01of the US Bill of Rights.
11:03We don't even have a statement that we're all equal.
11:06We are the only liberal democracy in the world
11:09that doesn't have a Bill of Rights.
11:15The concept at the time was parliaments as representative bodies
11:21would be the most appropriate body to balance rights.
11:25And on one level that has strength to it,
11:28that you want your parliamentary body to be doing that.
11:34We have politicians telling us,
11:35don't worry, responsible government protects you
11:37and protects your rights.
11:38Why any Australian would believe politicians
11:41when they're selling to you a concept
11:42which means they're less accountable to us
11:44and to our rights is astonishing to me.
11:47The fact that there is no reference to citizenship rights
11:50has meant that the government of the day
11:54has a lot of power in relation to the restriction
11:58of people's rights.
12:00We begin with the latest on the coronavirus outbreak.
12:03Australians overseas are this morning
12:05scrambling to come home
12:06as authorities prepare to shut the country's borders.
12:09Not to include a Bill of Rights,
12:11not to include equality provisions,
12:13has had a huge impact on our nation
12:15and what we are today.
12:17It enabled ongoing discrimination
12:19against First Nations people
12:21who were not even treated as humans.
12:30And that's continued throughout our history.
12:32We cannot help but wonder
12:34why have we taken the white Australians
12:38just on 200 years to recognise us as a race of people?
12:44Our history guides us in understanding
12:47how we got into these problems
12:49and if we're blind to the history
12:51it'll be harder to fix things.
12:55History has proved that taking a pen
12:58to the Constitution is no easy task.
13:02Just eight out of 45 referendums
13:05have been successfully passed.
13:07I actually think we need more referenda, not less.
13:12But part of the problem we face
13:14is that there's a great unknown
13:17in the holding of a referendum,
13:18a feeling that we're changing the Constitution.
13:21This is massive.
13:22And yet the Constitution is made to change.
13:24It's made to be changed.
13:25It has the provision in it
13:27through the section on changing the Constitution.
13:30We must stop thinking of our Constitution
13:32and Federation as a frozen moment.
13:35It's a living document
13:37that requires a degree of creativity
13:39and an imagination
13:41about what kind of a nation
13:42we need to be in a modern context.
13:44But the systems of power
13:46that have evolved in practice
13:48have made that very difficult.
13:50When the voice referendum was proposed
13:52it was 25 years since the last one
13:54so we don't do them very often.
13:56The idea for a voice came from the people
13:59and it will be decided by the people.
14:02The Voice Yes campaign launched a hopeful fanfare.
14:06But only one referendum has ever passed in Australia
14:10without bipartisan political support.
14:13The Coalition, like all Australians,
14:15wants to see Indigenous disadvantage addressed.
14:18We just disagree on The Voice being the solution.
14:21We've got one of the great democracies, no question about it,
14:24in terms of one man, one vote, one woman, one vote.
14:27But the truth is you can't change the Constitution with a referendum
14:31if you get one side of politics that opposes it.
14:33It doesn't matter what it is.
14:35This voice is risky, divisive and permanent.
14:38So if you don't know, vote no.
14:40Do we want to become an advisory body to the colonial system?
14:45If you don't know, vote no!
14:48The No campaign galvanised support amongst undecided voters
14:53and uncertain communities.
14:55Never even heard of it.
14:57So it's voice to parliament.
14:59I'm not sure at the moment, but most probably no for now
15:04because I'm not sure what happens if I say yes.
15:07There were a lot of people from Meineke, the Woods,
15:11that actually voted no.
15:14As refugees or as people who've come here to call Australia home,
15:20you just want to keep a low profile.
15:22And it was seen that if you voted yes, you'd be a troublemaker.
15:28They were saying that if we vote yes, they're going to come and take our land,
15:33take my house because of where I live and the zoning and everything else.
15:37One of the goals is to tear down the war memorials
15:40and replace them with the fake genocides of the Aborigines.
15:43I object to a minority group controlling what happens in Australia.
15:50The fear, fear sells, man.
15:52But we are so easily manipulated, I think.
15:55That's the problem.
15:56Or they believe what they hear on social media
15:59or from their misinformed friend.
16:01Have you Googled it?
16:03The voice, the proposal, the referendum.
16:06Have you Googled it?
16:07You know what?
16:08I have not had heaps of time.
16:10It's just, yeah.
16:11Busy.
16:12Yeah.
16:13Pretty much.
16:14Life.
16:15Yeah.
16:16It's not good enough to say, I don't know, therefore I'm going to vote no.
16:24Go and find out.
16:25That's part of what democracy is about.
16:26That's why we give you the vote, folks.
16:29There are always many and varied reasons why the winds of change are held back and constitutional reform fails.
16:38The tragedy is that the referendum came at a time when Australians were starting to feel the impacts of a severe economic downturn and a rise in cost of living, a rise in interest rates, forcing up rents.
16:53The result clear within minutes of the count getting underway.
16:57Tonight's result is not one that I had hoped for.
17:00This is the referendum that Australia did not need to have.
17:04Leaving voices of anger on both sides.
17:07My greatest regret, if I were to think about it carefully, is not saying firmly enough to the Prime Minister that we should delay the referendum.
17:20Australia was not ready for that referendum.
17:24For Australians to consider constitutional change, timing, it seems, is all important.
17:31If we look back to the referendum on the Republic, that was 1999, a quarter of a century ago.
17:36Australians had given the thumbs down to a Republic.
17:4054.7% said no to a Republic, with 45.3% in the yes camp.
17:47And we still aren't revisiting that question in our constitution.
17:51What was squandered with the Republic referendum wasn't just the opportunity to become a Republic and stand on our own two feet and to be seen to stand on our own two feet.
18:00The loss in that referendum made it harder for the next one.
18:04The loss of this one, the voice, the most recent one, is going to make it that much harder again for any future attempts to have a referendum, no matter how important the issue might be that we need to resolve.
18:15And just because we have one of the longest continuing democracies in the world doesn't mean we should be too scared to update our constitution to reflect modern times.
18:25So we're dreamers and yet every now and then we're put to the test and fear comes in and we pull back from doing the brave thing.
18:33There has never been a more intense period of change.
18:36The industrial revolution was huge.
18:38But we are facing change on change on change on change.
18:43And yet we can't use the constitution as one of the tools in our kit to be able to adapt.
18:53Now that isn't just sad, that's dangerous.
18:56And our constitution could be an aspirational document.
18:59And I don't believe that our constitution reflects the society that we are or the society that I certainly want us to be.
19:06But as successful referendums have shown, constitutional change is possible with a hard fought contest over ideas.
19:16Australia can no longer tolerate legal racial discrimination against its indigenous people.
19:23The result of the referendum on the Aboriginal question was a resounding triumph for the Aboriginal cause.
19:28It's from such debate that seminal questions are asked about what our idea of Australia is.
19:35and what we want to become.
19:38There's an inscription around this building that asks the question,
19:42should Australia be a place of greed and worship of materialism or a paradise to last a thousand years?
19:49It comes from a poem that was written around the time of Federation,
19:52but it's still a pretty good question, don't you think?
20:05For a largely law-abiding bunch, this nation of ours has been forged from a long line of rule-breakers.
20:16We love the idea of sticking it to authority.
20:23It's a trait we adore in our folk heroes and film characters.
20:27One of the new guys, first day on the job and he rips me off ten grand.
20:30And you've done some bad things, sweetie.
20:36Our politicians.
20:37I tell you what, any boss who sacks anyone for not turning up the day is a bum.
20:42And most of all, in our sports stars.
20:45Adam Goods was booed.
20:47Well, some of our sports stars.
20:49So, where does this maverick streak come from?
20:56What Australians don't understand is that we were the Guantanamo Bay for the British Empire.
21:06At least 3,600 political prisoners were transported to our colonies in the 19th century.
21:14And these people were sentenced for protest, reform, for outright rebellion.
21:22Britain was built on a series of hierarchies.
21:25It was built on landed privilege.
21:27It was an aristocratic country.
21:29It was based on property.
21:31And so, the radical colonial democrats were wanting to instate a radical ideal of equality.
21:36The fear of the British was that there would be a revolution in Britain, as occurred in France.
21:51These people were transported en masse to Australia.
21:55Some of the leading orators, political activists of the age.
22:01And they made a difference.
22:02Like, Eureka Stockade.
22:11The uprising of gold miners in 1854 gave claim to Eureka as the birthplace of Australian democracy.
22:20No taxation without representation, and having the vote, and removing the property franchise.
22:27Eureka was critically important as a moment.
22:30And around the same time, the union movement erupted.
22:35Unions were organising unskilled workers for the first time in Britain and the United States.
22:42And there's an explosion of working class radicalism.
22:45It's the job of the trade unions to look after wages, hours of work, and fair treatment.
22:53Australia has had a very vibrant union history.
22:58And it was a very militant movement.
22:59People power continues to rise and shapes the party political system we know today.
23:07The Labour Party formed which would be a political arm for the union movement because they realised that they actually needed to be organised and in government if they are going to improve the conditions of workers.
23:19The Labour Party emerges as the first effective organised working class political organisation in the world.
23:29Like all political parties, the ALP has evolved from its roots.
23:35But what is also striking about the reforming 19th and early 20th century is what has been airbrushed from the storytelling.
23:43This period of radicalism celebrated as his story.
23:51I think the thing that has surprised me most about studying Australian history is that I couldn't see myself in that history necessarily.
24:00The history that I was studying didn't have women in it.
24:03It's extraordinary how they are absent from the history and yes they were there in far fewer numbers than the numbers of the convicts, the male convicts that were sent out, but they were there.
24:19A number of women who were transported for petty theft, property offences or for political offences were put into female factories on their arrival in Australia.
24:29Serving the needs of the colony for mass female labour.
24:36That meant they were all brought together and they networked.
24:42It was always said there was a counterculture called the Flash Mob.
24:47Flash Mob were a group of women convicts who were wild.
24:53She bumped into me.
25:00And they were violent, terrible morals, they'd all been prostitutes.
25:05Women who had given up on respectability.
25:11Assigned to female factories with terrible working conditions in the 1840s, they revolt against the system.
25:18There's the we are all alike incident where these women just have had enough with the rot food they're given.
25:25And they bring in the police and they say, who's the ringleader?
25:29Who's in charge? Who caused this riot?
25:32And they say, we are all alike. We are all alike.
25:35It's sort of a, we're all Spartacus moment.
25:37You won't read about them in the history books because essentially men wrote the histories.
25:43And they didn't think that things that women were doing were relevant, necessary.
25:50I certainly didn't learn about Australia's radical women from traditional education.
25:57It's not what's celebrated. It's not what we think is the foundation of our culture as these radical progressive women.
26:02I will not be lectured about sexism and misogyny by this man. I will not.
26:09Certain vested interests don't want women to progress and be treated equitably.
26:16But I legitimately don't understand what the threat is from women.
26:21I personally am the most non-threatening creature except for maybe when I'm in the lodge.
26:29And then, you know.
26:31But even then I didn't do anything threatening. I just frowned at someone.
26:41In Australia we've had about 140 years of feminist activism.
26:45From about the 1880s right through to the present day.
26:50And two demands characterise women's activism.
26:55And they are the demand that women be safe from men's violence.
27:00Can we really believe that we're protesting asking for women not to be assaulted?
27:06That demand has been there for 140 years.
27:12Intertwined with that demand, that is the demand for the economic independence of women.
27:19Until women had economic independence they would not be free.
27:23They could not be self-determining.
27:25And we are far from achieving that ideal yet.
27:29Oh, life's a bugger.
27:31Saga.
27:34Yet Australia was once at the forefront of advancing female rights.
27:40This nation seen as a beacon across the globe.
27:44As an Australian woman I'm proud that we led the world on female suffrage.
27:49In 1902 women were given not only the right to vote but also to stand for federal election.
27:54Gaining the ballot of course was seen as a major form of power.
28:02If women could only get political power they would then be able to achieve all these reforms that they wanted.
28:08It was going to be a place where there were welfare payments.
28:12Where there was a widow's payment.
28:14Where there were maternity allowances.
28:16We had changes to arbitration legislation that saw workers in Australia have the best conditions in the world.
28:22A Labour government was elected very much by female voters.
28:28So all of these things led to Australia in this period to be seen as a land of experiments, a social laboratory.
28:37All of these progressive ideas were going to actually come to fruition in Australia.
28:43And then there's the First World War.
28:44The new myth that was created from there was that Australians were not these progressive radicals.
28:59But were these virile young men who were prepared to put their lives on the line.
29:04In the making of the Australian nation and the formation of our identity, the horror and commemoration of war has loomed large.
29:21It's impossible to come to these sacred places and reflect on the loss and sacrifice of so many and not be moved.
29:32And yet the interplay between the battlefield and the national character is a complex one.
29:38It conjures a clash between myth-making and truth.
29:45Also, too, a suppressed and selective telling of our history.
29:50We celebrate and acknowledge the sacrifice in those wars, First World War, Second World War, Korea, Vietnam, etc.
30:01We should also acknowledge the people who fought in what I call the Australian wars.
30:07There are the British wars, the American wars and the Australian wars.
30:14And the Australian wars are how the Australian people, our First Nations, fought against the British.
30:22What an heroic story.
30:24It's what Australia is.
30:25It's what it was founded on, is this violent territorial struggle for the continent.
30:32That's what made the nation a hundred years of war.
30:37Thousands and thousands of Aboriginal people died.
30:40We pretend like it just didn't happen.
30:42Well, I'm here today to tell you that it did happen.
30:46And my great grandmother survived it.
30:49And so did my Kaukadoo ancestors.
30:52We survived it.
30:53And we're here to tell you that it happened.
30:55I think it's fair to say that over time, most nations have been formed and forged through war.
31:09Australia had a war.
31:10It had a long, protracted guerrilla war that went on and took enormous goals.
31:15But we didn't factor that into the notion of the formation of the nation.
31:18We had to wait for World War One to be retrospectively invented as the war that formed the nation.
31:35And there's the battle at Gallipoli that was lost, let's remember.
31:39It was an absolute balls-up.
31:42A seminal moment in our history, mythologised, of course, on film.
31:48Get away!
31:53Out of those losses and defeats emerged this story that the Australian nation was made on the shores of Gallipoli.
32:02The First World War did so much damage to the country, but nations gain their strength.
32:14They gain their legends and they gain their mythology through genuine sacrifice.
32:19The sacrifice which forms the Australian soul.
32:23Well, the Anzac myth is very important because people gave their lives fighting for their country.
32:29But it's not the only thing that defines our country.
32:35But at the time, actually, World War One was hugely divisive.
32:40The Prime Minister argued for conscription.
32:43By referendum in 1916 and 1917, the people rejected the proposals.
32:48It was pretty dicey putting these questions to enfranchised men and women, particularly putting these questions to women.
32:56Prime Minister Billy Hughes thought women would put their family interests first and not the national interest.
33:03And he actually said women voters were on probation.
33:06And we'll be watching how they vote.
33:11And if they don't vote for the national interest in his case, conscription, well, we'll have to think about their citizenship.
33:18I mean, it was a shocking claim, but it shows you too how radical it was still then that Australian women had the vote and defeated referenda twice.
33:28Meanwhile, in central western New South Wales, a propaganda campaign springs up.
33:35A grassroots movement determined to boost Australia's dwindling number of diggers.
33:40William Thomas Hitchin was a local of Gilgandra.
33:45He and his brother, they would often get together and have an evening smoke and a chat about the casualties in the trenches over in France and in Turkey.
33:55They came up with this idea of doing what we would call a snowball recruitment scheme.
34:05And the idea was to start here at Gilgandra, march the way through to Sydney.
34:11And as they passed through each town or village, they would send out call of Cooey.
34:21And the hope was that they would get one recruitment per mile.
34:26On the day of October 10th, 1915, out of a shire of 4,000 people, 3,000 people turned up.
34:35There were bands playing and there was people cheering and they marched down and went slowly but surely.
34:45And each township along the way had like a fate or a little festival.
34:50There's lots of other like-minded people who choose to join them and go off and fight.
34:54By the time they got to Sydney, they were faced with a crowd of 100,000 people.
35:06And so from that success, there was an additional eight more recruitment drives done throughout New South Wales.
35:15And there was a total of about 1,200 more volunteers to go over into the First World War.
35:22November the 11th, 1980.
35:29Battered and tired, we were going home.
35:34After World War I, people thought, what were we fighting for?
35:39You know, there was a real cynicism throughout the 1920s about what Anzac meant and what the war meant.
35:45And then as we move forward, you know, in the 1960s and 70s, Australia is fighting in Vietnam.
35:51And Anzac Day feels like, what does Anzac Day mean? Is it militaristic?
35:56And in fact, Anzac Day was, you know, really on the wane during that period, perhaps rejecting what war is.
36:03It's at the height of the peace movement.
36:05It's not until the 1990s that new life is breathed into an old mess.
36:11It was a very conscious decision of John Howard, the then Prime Minister, to invest deeply in the memorialisation of war to give Australians a sense of identity around the Anzac tradition.
36:28Today, we do pay homage to those men and women who either offered or gave their lives in war.
36:37It was a sort of Anglo-Celtic white dreaming. This is who we are as Australians.
36:41It was forged in the trenches of World War One.
36:45With the huge observance of Anzac Day, the numbers of young Australians that were going to Gallipoli and the Western Front, there is an argument that Howard struck something deep in the Australian psychology with Anzac.
36:55Howard was speaking to the country. He was speaking to the identity of the country. He wanted to express the spirit of Australia.
37:06John Howard says right at the end of his autobiography that the sight of thousands of young Australians wrapped in the Australian flag warms the hearts of Australians.
37:18It's never warmed my heart. If I feel anything out of the Anzacs, and I do, I feel sadness. I feel immense sadness.
37:24The Anzac myth was seen to be an easier way to talk about Australian identity that didn't have to take into account the multicultural story or the story of Indigenous dispossession.
37:36You need to be very careful about how we define our myths, what those myths are based on, and how we use them. They can be abused.
37:46There's usually only one day of the year when everyone's favourite toss of the coins is legal.
37:51Most Australians know something about Anzac Day.
37:57It's synonymous of an Anzac Day that two-ups played throughout Australia.
38:00It is the Australian way.
38:02But what else do they know?
38:04Do they know that Aboriginal people served at Gallipoli?
38:07All else are guards. Most unusual guard this in all the Empire's armies. Original Aboriginal Anzac.
38:15My father was Herbert Staley Lovett. He was born on Lake On The Mission, and this is him here on my jumper.
38:28He was one of nine boys. He went to the First World War in 1917. There was four of them all up. The four Lovett brothers were the only four brothers in the whole British Empire, just serving two world wars.
38:45They thought that it'll pay dividends at the end, because you had input into keeping the country safe. But that only applies to white people apparently.
38:58Australians persisted with the idea that men, white, working class men mainly, should be settling on the land.
39:08Come World War One, it was agreed return soldiers must be put on the land as farmers.
39:15In Victoria, it was so extensive, the soldier settlement scheme, that one fifth of all land changed hands.
39:21The whole concept of soldier settlement didn't include Aboriginal people. Did not include Aboriginal people.
39:33Why didn't my father get what everyone else got?
39:39There's a sort of further tragic irony that in order to find enough land to settle soldier settlers, they were also taking over Aboriginal reserves.
39:47The soldiers coming back from World War One are given land. Aboriginal people get picked up and moved off into other places.
39:57Like many other Indigenous diggers, the Lovett brothers were not only denied soldier settlement land, but kicked off the reserve where they had lived before the war.
40:07Their land was gone, given to five returned soldiers, non-Aboriginals, and the mission had closed.
40:18They actually wanted everyone off there, so they destroyed the church, and there used to be a well there, and they filled that up with stone.
40:30So there went the water supply. So it was a real act of determination to rid people of that area.
40:41Today, this land is estimated to be worth millions of dollars.
40:46I've been fighting pretty hard for compensation for Dad for the last goodness knows how long.
40:52It's been a really hard battle.
40:56In 2021, the Victorian State Government commissioned an artwork to commemorate the contribution of the Lovett brothers and their fellow Aboriginal Anzacs.
41:07Is that the best you can give my father?
41:09Is that the best you can give my father?
41:11Recognition on a silo.
41:18I don't ask for anyone's charity.
41:22I do what I do.
41:23I'm proud of who I am.
41:24I'm proud of my father.
41:27I'm proud of my old uncles.
41:30All my families.
41:31I love this awesome picture by Tom Roberts depicting the opening of our first parliament in 1901.
41:53It is, in fact, 269 lifelike portraits of the most important people who were in attendance that day, including, of course, our first parliamentarians who created the new laws for a new nation.
42:10You'd think a painting like this would have been commissioned for all Australians to be cherished for generations, but it was, in fact, promptly crated up and sent back to the king.
42:21It only came home in 1958 after Menzies asked his adored queen if perhaps maybe we could borrow it back.
42:32It's still officially on loan.
42:38There is still an extraordinary extent to which Australia still looks towards Britain.
42:43Up until the mid-1980s, God Save the Queen was still your national anthem.
43:02Australians like to think of themselves as fiercely patriotic, green and gold.
43:06And yet you still have an Englishman as your head of state.
43:13I find that bizarre.
43:15I find that ridiculous.
43:16God Save the King
43:22You know, why do we still have this Union Jack in the key spot of the Australian flag?
43:26Because we can't be bothered because it doesn't matter.
43:28We appoint Australians as Governors-General, but they're responsible to the Queen of England, or the King of England now, and not to our government.
43:35Now, that's absurd.
43:36Why do we accept it?
43:37That's childlike to accept it.
43:38And we do.
43:39I think in many ways, Australia is a conservative country.
43:44And I think the pragmatic view of the Australian people on so many issues is,
43:49well, I'm prepared to change arrangements.
43:53Just tell me the reason.
43:55If it's a good reason, I'll make the change.
43:58So what that means, of course, is if it ain't broke, we don't need to fix it.
44:02This is a very strong model of a democracy that is proving that it has strength and continuity, and the public generally takes confidence from its strength and history.
44:15The cold reality of our warm relationship with Britain is that a friend in need is not necessarily a friend indeed.
44:23With Britain in dire straits during World War II, they were unable to come to Australia's aid.
44:34Singapore, now Japanese, where impregnable batteries have roared their last.
44:40The fall of Singapore in 1942 is about the folly of relying on a great power for protection.
44:46Political leaders throughout the late 1920s and 1930s took at face value the kinds of guarantees and assurances from London that if Australia was ever attacked by the Japanese or a major Asian power, that Britain would send its fleet.
45:0316,000 Australians were taken prisoner.
45:06The British could no longer afford to have an empire.
45:10Australians had to face up to the collapse of the defence and economic nexus of this relationship.
45:14The relationship around which they'd built the whole idea of themselves as a people, all of a sudden that was being taken from underneath them in decisions they neither sought nor welcomed, but it forced Australia to come up with a new idea of itself or to attempt to find one.
45:30We had a new enemy and a new ally. American troops came to Australia.
45:35We have clearly shifted from Great Britain as our great protector to the United States as our great protector.
45:46We have tied ourselves more and more and more and more to the relationship with the United States and in the process we have surrendered more and more and more of our sovereignty.
45:55In the making of the nation, in times of peace and war, prosperity and hard times, Australia has tethered itself to Britain or America or both.
46:08A new security alliance for the Indo-Pacific region.
46:13Australia will become the seventh nation in the world to operate nuclear powered submarines.
46:19The decision we have made to not continue with the attack class submarine and to go down this path is not a change of mind, it's a change of need.
46:25So in the aftermath of the AUKUS announcement, and this of course meant that Australia was ditching its deal to buy French submarines, the French ambassador said to me, I can understand, he said, why you have gone back to Uncle Sam in a way, he said, but I can never understand why you have gone back to Mummy.
46:46And this symbolised, I guess, this kind of confusion as to why Australia would see its strategic future bound up with the remnants of Britain.
47:01But could we really be comfortable with an idea of Australia that lets go of its old family ties and becomes a truly independent nation?
47:11If we don't have a great protector, yeah, we'd have to make different decisions about how we defend ourselves, how we protect ourselves in a very uncertain world, and it would take tough decisions. But it's not impossible.
47:23Politicians have gone ahead and worked with China or worked with Indonesia or worked with India or worked with the Pacific now. It works. It functions in the fact it's to our advantage.
47:33The British heritage is still one of the keys to unlocking the character of this nation. And that is a problem if you're trying to forge a different kind of identity.
47:48The death of the Queen meant we had to defer even more in our grief and our recognition of her passing.
48:00The time of a coronation is the time to talk about the monarch's impact on Australia.
48:04And the crown is not above politics to us because the symbol of that crown represented the invasion, the theft of land, and in our case, the exterminating war.
48:17And then there's this whole pylon, especially on stand.
48:21It was so inappropriate to do it on the occasion of the coronation of the King of Australia.
48:29You know, and that's kind of, I think, the motto for Australia at the moment. Now is not the time.
48:34And people say, well, when is the time? That's the question for Australia.
48:38When is the time to talk about the monarchy? When is the time to talk about sexism?
48:41When is the time to talk about terra nullius? When is the time to talk about racism?
48:44When is the time to talk about racism? When is the time?
48:48If we're to build a nation fit for purpose for the next century, we must grapple with our past to make sense of today and to help us create a better tomorrow.
49:00Perhaps now really is the time.
49:05Next, the fight to claim Australia.
49:08The law really conceptualises land as a thing to be used, to be owned, parceled up, privatised, built on.
49:17The rush for riches.
49:19Once upon a time, it would have been news when somebody bought a $10 million house.
49:23They're now buying $20 million houses, $50 million houses, $100 million houses.
49:27And the hope that looking back, it was the first time an Australian court had recognised native title.
49:34Hallelujah!
49:36Can help us move forward to protect and preserve this ancient continent.
49:41A crown cannot be shared.
49:52The campaign for the throne of England ramps up as tensions rise and a battle brews when King and Conqueror continues Sunday 8.30 on SBS and On Demand.
50:03And on Demand.
50:04.
Hãy là người đầu tiên nhận xét