مؤتمر _الأربعين حرامي_ يعيد تشكيل الشرق الاوسط - القاهرة 1921 - فيديو Dailymotion

قناة وقال الراوي

في دردشة اليوم نتحدث عن مؤتمر القاهرة عام 1921 كان حدثًا محوريًا، حيث ترأس ونستون تشرشل هذا الاجتماع السري الذي دام عشرة أيام بهدف إعادة تشكيل الشرق الأوسط بعد الحرب العالمية الأولى. جاء المؤتمر لمعالجة الوعود البريطانية المتناقضة للعرب والفرنسيين واليهود، والضائقة الاقتصادية الناتجة عن التكاليف العسكرية الباهظة. أسفرت القرارات عن إنشاء دول جديدة مثل العراق والأردن تحت حكم ملوك هاشميين، وتحديد مصير فلسطين بتقسيمها لتطبيق وعد بلفور، وتأكيد مناطق النفوذ الفرنسية. ومع ذلك، تركت هذه الترتيبات إرثًا معقدًا من الصراعات المستمرة، لا سيما فيما يتعلق بالقضية الفلسطينية وحقوق الأكراد، مما يؤكد أن قرارات تلك الأيام العشرة لا تزال تؤثر على جغرافيا المنطقة وسياساتها حتى يومنا هذا. اسمع الدردشة للنهاية ولا تنسى التأكيد على اشتراكك بقناة #وقال_الراوي وتفعيل التنبيهات 🔔 ليصلك الجديد.

Transcript

00:00Today we will delve into a very important part of the history of our region.

00:04Cairo Conference of 1921

00:07This conference was a turning point, honestly.

00:10The sources we have show us how Winston Churchill

00:14Who was the Minister of Colonies at the time?

00:16He came here to Cairo, and with him, as you say, is a team of British experts.

00:21Exactly

00:22They tried in only ten days

00:24I imagine ten days drawing a completely new map of the Middle East.

00:29The main goal was to save the employee.

00:31Britain was in big trouble after World War I.

00:34What exactly is the problem?

00:36The situation was very bad

00:39Britain was and made promises that were completely opposite to each other

00:42Like what?

00:43They promised the Arabs a large Arab state in exchange for their help against the Ottomans.

00:48This is the well-known correspondence between Hussein McMahon and

00:51Okay

00:51At the same time, they were secretly in agreement with France in the Sykes-Picot Agreement to divide the region between them.

00:56Eggs collapsing?

00:57And he also promised the Zionists to immediately suppress the Jewish people in Palestine.

01:02So what's the contradiction?

01:04All of this together

01:04Davy on this, the terrible military expenses

01:07Especially in Iraq

01:08It was costing them £30 million a year.

01:12This is in addition to the twentieth revolution that took place there.

01:14A huge amount at the time, for sure.

01:16very

01:17This is in addition to the economic crisis in London itself.

01:19And the tensions were increasing

01:21France expelled King Faisal from Syria

01:24And Palestine the situation was boiling

01:26Understood

01:27It had to be a quick move.

01:29Only ten days to decide the fate of an entire region

01:32This is a bit crazy

01:33Where did they meet?

01:35At the Supreme Hotel, of course, here in Cairo.

01:38Churchill brought with him about 41 British officials and experts.

01:4241?

01:42Yes

01:43To the point that they were sometimes rude to them and said:

01:46The 40 thieves

01:47My name is Gharib

01:49There were very well known names among them.

01:50T.E. Lawrence, who is Lawrence of Arabia

01:53Gertrude Bell, Iraq expert

01:55Sir Percy Cox, Governor of Iraq

01:58Sir Herbert Somall, High Commissioner in Palestine

02:00People are wondering

02:02Of course

02:02So what was the stated goal of this conference?

02:06The goal was clear and direct.

02:07We must unify our policy

02:09We reduce costs, preserve Britain's interests and win.

02:13The central idea was

02:14So what is it?

02:15This is the honorable solution

02:16It seems like he was their lifeline.

02:19It was honestly a very smart solution from their point of view.

02:22The idea was simply that they would bring the sons of Sharif Hussein bin Ali.

02:26Who was their ally in the war against the Ottomans

02:29Ah, Sharif Mecca

02:30yeah

02:30And they appoint them as rulers over new kingdoms and emirates that operate.

02:34But of course under the British mandate

02:36The mandate is like a commandment

02:38Something like this is a system they made after the World War

02:41To manage the areas that were under the Ottoman Empire

02:45The important thing is that Ibn Sharif Faisal remained king of the open

02:48Okay

02:48His brother Abdullah remained the prince of East Jordan.

02:51This is an area, by the way, that was separated specifically for him.

02:53They did several things at once.

02:56They look good in front of Sherif Hussein

02:58They kept their promise.

03:00Even partially means

03:01somewhat

03:01They ensured that the new rulers would remain loyal to them.

03:05Most importantly, they reduced his military expenditures.

03:08Exactly like this

03:10Dark primary target

03:11Reducing expenses

03:12Faisal's installation in Iraq, for example

03:15They made a formal referendum like this.

03:16Sir Percy Cox, you fixed it, right?

03:18The result was 96% in Faisal's favor.

03:22It's fixed

03:23Of course

03:23As for the remaining obligations

03:26It means the Psycho-Specco agreement.

03:28The conference implicitly confirmed it.

03:29That means it's done

03:30Syria and Lebanon

03:32They preferred to remain under the French mandate.

03:33Okay

03:33And in the Arabian Peninsula itself

03:35They tried to strike a balance at first.

03:37Between Sharif Hussein in the Hijaz

03:39Ibn Saud

03:40Whose power was increasing in Najd

03:41But in the end it means

03:43When Ibn Saud's power increased a lot

03:45They abandoned Sharif Hussein

03:46It is the interests that control in the end.

03:48But certainly not all problems

03:50It was solved so easily, right?

03:52Sources say there were very thorny issues.

03:54naturally

03:55There are two particularly large files.

03:57The conference is either

03:58Their deadline

03:59Either with the ashes alone

04:00This is what planted problems for the future.

04:03We are still living in it

04:04Like what?

04:05First Palestine

04:06East Jordan is finished

04:07It remained the emirate of Abdullah

04:08Okay

04:09But west of the river

04:10The main part of Palestine

04:12Preference under the direct British mandate

04:14for him?

04:15To implement the Balfour Declaration

04:16And they work to establish a national homeland for the Jews

04:18Oh, that's the big problem.

04:20Terschel himself

04:21The strange thing is that he was optimistic.

04:23He thought that Arabs and Jews

04:25They can live together in peace

04:27But of course

04:28Actually they lied very quickly

04:30The conference is almost over

04:32And a little bit

04:33Violence and major problems began.

04:36In the plague of the same year 1921

04:38Grid is really getting worse

04:40In light of all these complexities

04:41And the second issue that was thorny

04:44Kurds

04:45The fate of the Kurds

04:46There were very strong Kurdish uprisings at that time.

04:49They are making their own independent state.

04:52Especially in northern Iraq

04:53oil-rich Mosul region

04:55This is a historical demand for them.

04:57naturally

04:58And Churchill himself, by the way.

04:59I start to sympathize with this idea.

05:01But who strongly opposed it?

05:04Percy Cox and George Bell

05:06for him?

05:06Their argument was that the new Iraq

05:08It is not possible without the resources of this region

05:10Especially petroleum

05:12It means the economic interest of the new Iraq

05:15More important than the Kurds' ambitions

05:17It means satisfying interests

05:18What was the final decision?

05:20Postponement of the matter

05:21And finally, in 1925

05:23Mosul province was officially annexed to Iraq.

05:26Thus, the opportunity for the establishment of a Kurdish state narrowed.

05:30And decades of Kurdish conflicts and demands began.

05:33Churchill himself was afraid of it and expected it

05:36It is clear that the main objective was to put the British house in order at the lowest possible cost.

05:41So how did they actually manage to reduce all these costs in Iraq?

05:45From 30 million to much less

05:48A smart strategy on their part too.

05:50indirect mandate

05:52It means rule by local rulers loyal to them.

05:55Most importantly, there is a very heavy reliance on the British Royal Air Force.

06:01Planes means

06:02yeah

06:02The idea was that aircraft could suppress any disease or uprising quickly and at a much lower cost than burning large ground forces.

06:10Did I succeed?

06:11I was very successful in reducing spending.

06:13As you said, expenses decreased from more than 30 million pounds to less than 5 million in just two years.

06:19Huge difference

06:20Here we can remember the famous incident of Churchill falling from a camel near the pyramids before the conference.

06:27The princesses then commented and said, “How can great men fall?”

06:33It was as if it was a prophecy that the empire itself would fall after that.

06:37The impact of the decisions of this conference may still be felt today.

06:41Of course

06:42His shit is so complex and complicated.

06:45I mean, on the one hand, he actually established the countries on the list up to now, with its limits.

06:49Jordanian and Iraqi costume

06:51And the idea of indirect rule was approved.

06:53Okay

06:54But on the other hand, and this is more important, it is possible

06:57He is the one who sowed the seeds of major regional conflicts.

06:59We are still suffering from it

07:01Palestinian issues, of course

07:03And the Kurdish issues whose people's demands have been lost

07:05Even the instability in countries like Iraq

07:08Why this instability?

07:09Because many of the people of this country felt that the rulers, the borders, and all these arrangements...

07:14It was imposed on them from outside

07:15From the colonial powers

07:17It is not a source of their own will

07:18I mean, they were very practical decisions from Britain's point of view at the time, but...

07:23There was no vision for the distant future?

07:25Exactly

07:26It was a mixture of colonial pragmatism

07:28At the same time, historical shortsightedness is very clear.

07:31Well, this brings us to an important question.

07:34I wonder what our area would look like today.

07:38If the decisions that were taken in Cairo more than a century ago were this

07:42If only she had looked a little further than the immediate interests of the British Empire.

07:46A difficult question, of course.

07:48I mean, if they had really taken into consideration the desires of the people living on this earth more...

07:53Could we have avoided the conflicts that have torn us apart for generations and destroyed our countries?

07:57If there was a different approach to the Palestinian issue, for example?

08:00Or if a Kurdish state had been established?

08:02Who knows? Maybe yes, maybe not.

08:04But what is certain is that these decisions had a very deep and lasting impact.

08:09The question will remain open

08:11I think his headache will continue to haunt us a lot.

08:14On the impact of Egyptian decisions taken quickly and from a religious perspective from a past century

مؤتمر _الأربعين حرامي_ يعيد تشكيل الشرق الاوسط - القاهرة 1921

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