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1997 | Επ. 2/3 | HD
Ο Κριμαϊκός Πόλεμος (The Crimean War)
Ο Κριμαϊκός Πόλεμος (1853-1856) έπαιξε σημαντικό ρόλο στη σύγχρονη ευρωπαϊκή ιστορία. Μέσα σε λίγα χρόνια μετά την ολοκλήρωσή του, τρία έθνη αναγεννήθηκαν από τις στάχτες του – Γερμανία, Ιταλία και Ρουμανία. Στη Ρωσία, η ήττα δημιούργησε τις συνθήκες για μία μελλοντική επανάσταση. Στη Βρετανία, οι λάθος χειρισμοί της πολεμικής προσπάθειας οδήγησαν στην πτώση της κυβέρνησης. Οι αναφορές από την πρώτη γραμμή του πολέμου από τον πρώτο πολεμικό ανταποκριτή, Ουίλιαμ Χάουαρντ Ράσελ της Times, τόνιζαν την τρομακτική αλαζονεία των αριστοκρατών Βρετανών αξιωματικών και πυροδότησαν ένα εγχώριο κίνημα προς κοινωνικές μεταρρυθμίσεις. Αυτή η σειρά που αποτελείται από τρία επεισόδια, χρησιμοποιεί αναφορές, καθώς και επιστολές και ημερολόγια για να αναβιώσει τη σύγκρουση.
Αυτό το επεισόδιο αναλύει την επική επίθεση της Ελαφράς Ταξιαρχίας, όταν μία παρεννοημένη Διαταγή έστειλε στρατεύματα κατευθείαν προς το ρωσικό πυροβολικό κατά τη διάρκεια της μάχης της Μπαλακλάβα. Επίσης παρουσιάζει τη Μάχη του Ίνκερμαν και το έργο της Φλόρενς Νάιτινγκεϊλ.
Ο Κριμαϊκός Πόλεμος (The Crimean War)
Ο Κριμαϊκός Πόλεμος (1853-1856) έπαιξε σημαντικό ρόλο στη σύγχρονη ευρωπαϊκή ιστορία. Μέσα σε λίγα χρόνια μετά την ολοκλήρωσή του, τρία έθνη αναγεννήθηκαν από τις στάχτες του – Γερμανία, Ιταλία και Ρουμανία. Στη Ρωσία, η ήττα δημιούργησε τις συνθήκες για μία μελλοντική επανάσταση. Στη Βρετανία, οι λάθος χειρισμοί της πολεμικής προσπάθειας οδήγησαν στην πτώση της κυβέρνησης. Οι αναφορές από την πρώτη γραμμή του πολέμου από τον πρώτο πολεμικό ανταποκριτή, Ουίλιαμ Χάουαρντ Ράσελ της Times, τόνιζαν την τρομακτική αλαζονεία των αριστοκρατών Βρετανών αξιωματικών και πυροδότησαν ένα εγχώριο κίνημα προς κοινωνικές μεταρρυθμίσεις. Αυτή η σειρά που αποτελείται από τρία επεισόδια, χρησιμοποιεί αναφορές, καθώς και επιστολές και ημερολόγια για να αναβιώσει τη σύγκρουση.
Αυτό το επεισόδιο αναλύει την επική επίθεση της Ελαφράς Ταξιαρχίας, όταν μία παρεννοημένη Διαταγή έστειλε στρατεύματα κατευθείαν προς το ρωσικό πυροβολικό κατά τη διάρκεια της μάχης της Μπαλακλάβα. Επίσης παρουσιάζει τη Μάχη του Ίνκερμαν και το έργο της Φλόρενς Νάιτινγκεϊλ.
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00:01Σε 2,25 αυτοί, 1854,
00:03μια μόνο μυαλό σκεφαλού σέγγελ να μετάξει 600 μέρους της βρίκτικής καθόλου
00:07μετά την ιστορία.
00:08Ήωωωωω, Οκέφτερ Λαντρικ,
00:10ένα από την ανάγκης τραυματοί,
00:13το βασίλον το μεγάλο κυφάλι,
00:15μάλλον.
00:16Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
00:46...told in the words and pictures of those who were there.
01:16Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
01:46In October 1854, a British fleet was anchored in the Narrow Bay at Balaclava Harbour on Russia's southern shores.
01:55Britain, France and Turkey had invaded the Crimea, intent on destroying the Tsar's Black Sea stronghold at Sebastopol.
02:04On October 25th, a Russian army attacked the British camp just outside Balaclava, trying to push them back into the sea.
02:13Early that morning, they forced the Turks to abandon their artillery positions defending the town.
02:21From a hilltop just outside Balaclava, the British commander, Lord Raglan, could see the Russians across the valley, dragging away the captured guns.
02:36Now, all that could stop them was the cream of the British cavalry, the Light Brigade.
02:42The Light Brigade down in the valley couldn't see the Turkish guns behind this hill.
03:04The only guns they could see belonged to the main Russian army at the far end of the valley.
03:09Cavalryman Albert Mitchell described what happened next.
03:13We could see the enemy had placed a number of guns across the lower part of the valley, nearly a mile and a half from us.
03:20At the same time, a field battery ascended a hill on our left front, where it was placed in a position facing us.
03:26Things were in this state when Captain Nolan came galloping down and handed a paper to Lord Lucan.
03:30Lord Raglan wishes the cavalry to advance rapidly to the front.
03:39Follow the enemy and try to prevent the enemy carrying away the guns.
03:43Troop horse artillery may accompany. French cavalry is on your left. Immediate.
03:49Cavalry commander Lord Lucan asked for clarification. Nolan replied...
03:54Lord Raglan's orders are that the cavalry should attack immediately.
03:58Attack, sir? Attack what? What guns, sir?
04:03There, my lord, is your enemy. There are your guns.
04:08The brigade was ordered to advance down the valley towards the main Russian position.
04:14Raglan's message had been misunderstood.
04:17A 34-year-old Irishman, William Howard Russell, the world's first war correspondent, was watching from the hillside.
04:23They swept proudly past, glittering in the morning sun in all the pride and splendour of war.
04:32We could scarcely believe the evidence of our senses.
04:35Surely that handful of men are not going to charge an army in position.
04:40Alas, it was but too true.
04:42Suddenly, Captain Nolan rode up to Light Brigade Commander, Lord Cardigan.
04:47Was he trying to redirect the charge?
04:50Before he could speak, a shell splinter pierced his chest.
04:53Russian guns on both sides of the valley, as well as in the battery ahead, were now pouring a tremendous cannonade on the advancing cavalry.
05:04The Allied commanders on the heights could finally see the charge for what it was. Spectacular, but suicidal.
05:11They saw perfectly that at the end of the valley, there were Russian guns waiting for them.
05:19And they thought that it was completely against all the rules of the military art to charge guns this way.
05:32So that's why the General Bosquet had this famous words,
05:39C'est magnifique, mais ce n'est pas la guerre. C'est de la folie.
05:44Madness or not, the Light Brigade was now galloping towards the guns.
05:48As we drew near, the guns in our front supplied us liberally with graven canister, which brought down men and horses in heaps.
05:55Up to this time, I was going on all right, but missed my left-hand man from my side, and thinking it might soon be my turn, offered up a short prayer.
06:00O Lord protect me, and watch over my poor mother, Private Albert Mitchell.
06:07Galloping behind Mitchell was Butcher Jack Fahey, still wearing his butcher's apron and wielding his axe.
06:14Nearer and nearer we came to the dreadful battery, which kept vomiting death on us like a volcano,
06:20till I seemed to feel on me cheek the hot air from the cannon's mouth.
06:23At last we were on it. Half a dozen of us leapt in among the guns at once, and I, with one blow of me axe, brained a Russian gunner, just as he was clapping the linstock to the touch hole of his piece.
06:36Having smashed through the line of guns at the end of the valley, the Light Brigade were confronted by massed ranks of Russian cavalry.
06:46They charged again, until overwhelming numbers forced them to retreat.
06:50Lord Cardigan's dashing second in command, Lord George Padgett, who had kept a cheroot clenched between his teeth throughout the charge, led his men back through the carnage.
07:02The Light Brigade now had to run the gauntlet of Russian cannons again, but relief was at hand.
07:09A French cavalry regiment, the Chasseurs d'Afrique, had been waiting for an opportunity to help the retreating Light Brigade.
07:16They charged the Russian battery on the hillside, forcing the gunners to withdraw.
07:21The brigade struggled back, down the valley.
07:23Wounded men and dismounted troopers flying towards us told the sad tale.
07:39Demigods could not have done what we had failed to do.
07:43At 35 minutes past 11, not a British soldier, except the dead and dying, was left in front of these bloody Muscovite guns.
07:53William Howard Russell.
08:04362 horses were killed.
08:14Of some 630 men who charged, 110 were killed in action.
08:23196 were wounded.
08:25And 57 taken prisoner.
08:26For the rest of the war, the Light Brigade were to be little more than spectators.
08:29But the Russians never forgot the British courage at Balaclava, nor risked another encounter with their cavalry.
08:33Reports of the battle sent home concentrated on the valour of the Light Brigade.
08:34The stupidity of sending cavalry to the light brigade.
08:35to charge cannons was forgotten.
08:36to charge cannons was forgotten.
08:37Poets, penitents, men, and men.
08:38For the rest of the war, the Light Brigade were to be little more than spectators.
08:42But the Russians never forgot the British courage at Balaclava, nor risked another encounter with their cavalry.
08:57Reports of the battle sent home concentrated on the valour of the Light Brigade.
09:00The stupidity of sending cavalry to charge cannons was forgotten.
09:05Poets, painters, and the press all rushed to turn disaster into glory.
09:10Within weeks, the poet laureate Alfred Lord Tennyson had immortalised the Light Brigade in verse.
09:16Tennyson recorded his poem for posterity in 1890.
09:19All in the Valley of Death rode the 600.
09:30Forward the Light Brigade.
09:32Was there a man dismayed?
09:33Not though the soldier knew someone had blundered.
09:37There's not to make reply.
09:38There's not to reason why.
09:40There's but to do and die.
09:43Into the Valley of Death rode the 600.
09:49While Tennyson was writing his poem at home, a Scottish painter and illustrator, William Simpson, had arrived in the Crimea.
10:02The Battle of Balaclava had taken place before I arrived, but it was necessary for me to give pictures.
10:09I could easily make sketches on the ground, but I had to trust those on the spot for a description of the events.
10:15The most important eyewitness Simpson consulted was the Light Brigade commander, Lord Cardigan.
10:22But he took several visits to his yacht in Balaclava Harbour before the artist's third sketch met with Cardigan's approval.
10:29I went on board a third time and was rewarded with the warmest praise, and was able to send it home with the expression of Lord Cardigan's highest admiration.
10:37The real truth was that in the last sketch, I had taken greater care than in the first two to make his lordship conspicuous in the front of the brigade.
10:47Simpson's vetted watercolors received the same privileged treatment as Raglan's own dispatches from the front and were sent home on the first available ship.
10:58Though there was no censorship, William Howard Russell's reports and ordinary soldiers' letters were often delayed in Balaclava to ensure that the official version of events got home first.
11:08Two weeks after Balaclava, the Russians camped on the Heights at Inkerman, prepared for another assault on the Allies across the valley.
11:19At four o'clock in the morning on November the 5th, Pyotr Al-Abin made a note in his diary.
11:24The rain has made thick mud, which makes our recent more difficult.
11:29The regiments are beginning to move. Our horses are being saddled.
11:34We put the samovar on the embers of the fire and drank our fill of tea, perhaps for the last time.
11:41The regiments are standing at attention. It's time to close my diary.
11:47And will I ever open these precious pages again?
11:50The Russian plan was to steal across the river at dawn and advance up the hill to attack the British batteries,
11:59while a continuous barrage from inside Sebastopol distracted the French.
12:04Once again the British were unprepared. Russian guns were devastating the British camp before the Allies even knew what was happening.
12:10The men of the Division had just returned off trench duty and some were preparing breakfast, others enjoying a short sleep,
12:19but were soon aroused by a rough salute from the enemy's guns ploughing up the ground and tearing the tents down about their ears,
12:26and the poor fellas half of them naked under the blankets.
12:29Sergeant Richard Barnum, 2nd Division.
12:31The 2nd Division's commander was General Pennyfather, whose rule of thumb in battle was,
12:39whenever you see a head, hit it.
12:41This was good advice for a battle of skirmishes, fought in thick fog and on ground covered with dense scrub.
12:4628-year-old Captain Henry Clifford was with a group which hurried to Pennyfather's support.
12:53In a letter home he wrote,
12:54Dear friends and relations,
12:57At daybreak fire of musketry was heard to our extreme right.
13:01On reaching the ground of the 2nd Division it was evident from the role of musketry the enemy was in great force and had driven back our pickets.
13:09Most unfortunately the weather was very foggy and we could only be guided by the sound of the firing.
13:14Suddenly Clifford saw a large group of Russians emerging from the fog, only 15 yards away.
13:25It was a moment or two before I could make General Buller believe they were Russians.
13:30In God's name I said, fix bayonets and charge.
13:34He gave the order and in another moment we were hand to hand with them.
13:38I drew my sword and cut off one man's arm, who was in the act of bayoneting me,
13:41and a second, seeing it, turned round and was in the act of running out of my way when I hit him over the back of the neck and laid him dead at my feet.
13:49I saw one poor fellow's head carried away by a shot and some 10 or a dozen blown into the air by a shell.
14:00Elsewhere on the battlefield things were going better for the Russians.
14:04Under cover of their artillery, Captain Haldozievich and his men swiftly overran the British sandbag battle.
14:09Forward with a bayonet, shouted I. I scrambled up the battery and saw by their red coats that we were engaged with the English guards.
14:18They retired about 400 yards and opened a fire of rifles upon us.
14:25Twenty year old Sergeant Timothy Gowing of the 7th Fusiliers saw the Russian assault from the sharp end of their bayonets.
14:31Our loss was heavy. Three generals fell and every mounted officer.
14:36But our men fought to the bitter end and stood triumphantly on the rocky ridge, cheering for victory.
14:41The guards, all must admit, set their glorious example.
14:45For if they had to die, they acted upon the old 57th motto, let us die hard.
14:50British officers on horseback made easy targets and the high rank of many of the casualties convinced the Russians that victory was at hand.
15:04Early that morning when General Bosquet first heard firing, he had offered French assistance to General Cathcart and Lord George Brown.
15:13This had been politely refused.
15:16With Cathcart now dead and Brown badly wounded, Bosquet decided to act anyway.
15:20Sweating, our uniform sticking to our backs with the rain.
15:25We chased each other through the bush and someone got hit with the butt of a rifle and someone got a bayonet in the stomach and someone got a bullet between the eyes.
15:37They just kept coming and we had to continue the massacre.
15:41It was kill or be killed.
15:43Sergeant Paul Zak, Regiment of Suaves.
15:45Finally, the British brought up their own artillery, which together with the French assault proved decisive.
15:54The Russians retreated.
16:02General Bosquet described the abandoned sandbag battery as an abattoir.
16:07The battle had lasted eight hours and 10,000 Russians lay dead.
16:15The following day, Captain Clifford, who painted these watercolours, came across one of the Russians he had wounded during the battle.
16:26This morning, as I passed the Russians, prisoners and wounded, a man amongst them ran up and called out to me and pointed to his shoulder bound up.
16:34It was the poor fellow whose arm I had cut off yesterday.
16:39He laughed and said, Bono Johnny.
16:42I took his hand and shook it heartily and the tears came in my eyes.
16:47I had not a shilling in my pocket.
16:50Had I had a bag of gold, he should have had it.
16:53Our loss has been a sad one and we are but ill able to stand such victories.
16:59The Allies' victory at Inkerman had taken them no nearer Sebastopol, but had inflicted horrendous casualties on both sides, for which the medical staff and facilities were to prove utterly inadequate.
17:16O'errely thousands had died of disease and on the battlefield.
17:44And yet the British had very little in the way of organised medicine for the growing numbers of sick and wounded.
17:50The French army had uniformed vivandires, at least one to each regiment.
17:55The vivandires looked after the rations and repaired the men's clothes, as well as tending the sick and wounded.
18:02The British had no equivalent.
18:05Each regiment had been allowed to bring out six wives per hundred married men, but such women were neither uniformed, trained nor paid.
18:14Some managed to eat out a living doing laundry, but many ended up needing nursing themselves.
18:19Fanny Jubilee, the 24-year-old wife of a well-to-do cavalry officer, was shocked at the British situation.
18:26We have no ambulance wagons, they are nearly all broken down, or the mules are dead, or the drivers are dead or dead drunk, as well one as the other as far as usefulness goes.
18:39The French have provided transports for us for some time. Why cannot we tend to our own sick? Why are we so helpless and so broken down?
18:48Worse still, the main British hospital was housed in a filthy barracks at Scutari in Turkey, three or four days by ship from the Allied base at Balaclava.
18:59But one woman in London who had been following the war in the press was determined to do something to help.
19:08Florence Nightingale was the 34-year-old manager of a women's hospital in Harley Street, London.
19:13She wrote to the government proposing a private expedition to Scutari.
19:19She was quickly appointed superintendent of the female nursing establishment of the military hospitals in Turkey,
19:26and 38 nurses were selected to accompany her to the barracks hospital.
19:31The British medical authorities had given the hospital a clean bill of health. Nightingale was unconvinced.
19:37Barrack Hospital Scutari, 25th of November.
19:42When we came here there was neither basin, towel, nor soap in the wards,
19:47nor any means of personal cleanliness for the wounded except the following.
19:51Thirty were to be bathed every night, but this does not do more than include a washing once in 80 days for 2,300 men.
20:00The consequences of all this are fever, cholera, gangrene, lice, bugs, fleas, from the using of one sponge in many wounds.
20:11With the funds at her disposal she bought soap and basins and organised the complete cleaning of the hospital.
20:17Every day she paced the miles of corridors, then returned to her room writing letters full of new requests to the authorities at home.
20:24January 8th, 1855.
20:28The fact is that I am now clothing the British Army.
20:32The sick were re-embarked at Balaclava for these hospitals without recovering their kits,
20:37also half-naked besides.
20:40And when discharged from here they carry off small blame to them,
20:44even my knives and forks, shirts of course, and hospital clothing also.
20:48In all our corridors I think we have not an average of three limbs per man.
20:59We have four miles of beds, and not 18 inches apart.
21:04Yet in the midst of this appalling horror, we are steeped up to our necks in blood.
21:10There is good.
21:11As I went my night rounds among the newly wounded, there was not one murmur, not one groan.
21:18The strictest discipline, the most absolute silence and quiet prevailed.
21:23Only the step of the century.
21:26The poor fellows bear pain and mutilation with unshrinking heroism,
21:30and die, or are cut up without a complaint.
21:34The myth of Florence Nightingale is this rather serene woman floating down the corridors at night,
21:45holding the lamp and gazing tenderly at the wounded,
21:48which is very far from the real Florence Nightingale.
21:52She did in fact walk around the barracks every night in order to see that the soldiers were being well cared for,
21:58to see if there were any who wanted to talk to write letters home.
22:01She took a very close interest in them, but she wasn't this ethereal figure.
22:05She was a very practical woman.
22:07She liked to do some nursing, but she knew that that was not what her great skill was.
22:13She was able to cajole and threaten the orderlies, so they kept the place clean in a way it never had been before.
22:19She was able to persuade the doctors that they had thought of the changes themselves.
22:24She was above all a brilliant administrator.
22:26As cleaning became the nurse's main duty, Welsh nurse Elizabeth Davis was one of several who felt they could be more useful in a strictly medical role nearer the front.
22:37Against Florence's wishes, she left Scutari and went to Balaclava.
22:41One soldier there had been wounded at Alma by a shot which passed through his left breast above the heart and came out below the shoulder blade.
22:49His wound had not been dressed for five weeks, and I took at least a quart of maggots from it.
22:54From many other patients I removed them in handfuls.
22:57When the wounds were regularly attended to, these men soon got well.
23:00I do not believe that maggots ever occur in cases where the wounds are properly cleansed and dressed.
23:07I always consider their presence as proof of neglect.
23:13Interestingly enough, at the same time as Florence Nightingale was collecting her nurses in London,
23:18in Russia there was a realisation that nothing was being done for the wounded in Sebastopol.
23:22So one of the Grand Duchesses set up a group known as the Sisters of Mercy, who were taken to Sebastopol to nurse the wounded there.
23:34They arrived after Florence Nightingale had arrived, but they were able to have a more immediate effect probably than Florence Nightingale did,
23:41because they were on the spot, they actually went down and looked after the wounded on the battlefield.
23:45Russia's top surgeon, Nikolai Peragoff, was invited to take charge.
23:52Like Nightingale, Peragoff was convinced that administration, not medicine, plays the major role in helping the sick and wounded.
23:59I spend from eight in the morning until six at night in the hospital, where the blood flows in rivers.
24:07Arriving in Sebastopol 18 days after Inkerman, I found over 2,000 wounded,
24:12all lumped together lying on dirty mattresses, soaked with blood.
24:17Who do they take these soldiers for?
24:20Who will fight well when he is convinced that the wounded will be thrown down like dogs?
24:28Surgical operations were performed simultaneously on three operating tables.
24:33Peragoff could complete an amputation in seven minutes,
24:36undertaking or supervising some 5,000 operations in ten months.
24:39Russian nurse Yek Yatarina Bakunina served with Birakov in the nobles' assembly,
24:44working long hours in the operating rooms.
24:48In one letter she describes a typical night.
24:51Everything in the Grand Hall was ready.
24:54Glasses, vodka, the samovar was boiling.
24:58At 11pm we heard the sounds of firing and immediately the main ceremonial doors were thrown open,
25:03and then the words would ring out.
25:06This one to Nikolaevsky battery.
25:08That meant he was slightly wounded.
25:11This one to remain here.
25:12That meant there would be an amputation.
25:15This one to the Gushin house.
25:17That meant there was no hope.
25:18But bullets, bayonets and shells were not the main killers of the war.
25:28Having successfully fought off two attempts to force them back into the sea,
25:32the British felt secure in the natural harbour of Balaclava.
25:36But they had reckoned without the weather.
25:38On November the 14th, 1854, Fanny Jubilee was on board ship in Balaclava Harbour
25:58when the hurricane struck.
26:00Ships were crushing and crowding together, all adrift, all breaking and grinding each other to pieces.
26:08By 10 o'clock we heard the most frightful wrackle was going on amongst the ships at anchor.
26:13And some of the parties started for the rocks.
26:16The next tidings were that the Prince, the Resolute and the Rip Van Winkle,
26:21the Wanderer, the Progress and a foreign bark had all gone down.
26:26And out of the hole, not a dozen people saved.
26:3321 British ships and 14 French ships went down in the storm.
26:36Most of the army's warm clothing and medical supplies were lost, just as winter began.
26:44Lieutenant Richard Llewellyn at the 46th Foot had arrived in Balaclava aboard the Prince,
26:49with 600 reinforcements for his regiment only a week before.
26:53They were now camped out with 25,000 other British soldiers in their summer tents across the plain above Sebastopol.
26:59November the 15th. Nothing could stand before the full force of the wind.
27:06Clothing, pots and kettles and men in pursuit were whirled away.
27:10Eight men of my regiment died during the day and 150 were obliged to go sick.
27:15The Prince has been dashed to pieces against the rocks and her cargo, which included 42,000 greatcoats and large store of winter clothing, medicines and ammunition, entirely lost.
27:29The authorities say they would sooner have lost two regiments.
27:33In fact, the approaching winter would cost the British far more than two regiments.
27:40Supplies which weren't sunk in the storm were left rotting in Balaclava Harbour,
27:45as a combination of impassably muddy roads and chronic inefficiency prevented their delivery to the front.
27:51Two days later, Lieutenant Llewellyn made another note in his journal.
27:56November the 17th.
27:58I rode to Balaclava today through a sea of mud in which the British Army waded to and fro,
28:05on foot or pony back, driving arabers, oxen, mules, dromedaries,
28:10engaged in the hopeless task of getting daily food to camp.
28:14Here a commissariat wagon had overturned in the mud the day's rations of a regiment.
28:19There, a huge gun lay on its side and blocked the way.
28:24All the way down, the track was haunted by a string of mules bearing the daily quota of sick men to Scutari,
28:32and marked by the bodies of the animals that have died in harness.
28:37Fanny Jubilee watched with alarm as the British base deteriorated.
28:42If anyone should ever wish to erect a muddle balaclava in England,
28:46I will tell him the ingredients necessary.
28:50Take a village of ruined houses in the extremest state of all imaginable dirt.
28:55Allow the rain to pour in until the place is a swamp of filth ankle-deep.
29:00Catch about a thousand sick Turks with a plague and cram them into houses indiscriminately.
29:06Kill about a hundred a day and bury them so as to be scarcely covered with earth,
29:10leaving them to rot at leisure.
29:14Collect from the water all the offal of the animals slaughtered,
29:18together with the occasional floating human body,
29:22and stew them all together in a narrow harbour,
29:25and you will have a tolerable imitation of the real essence of balaclava.
29:29As the weather worsened and autumn turned into winter,
29:35the British Army found itself bogged down in bureaucracy.
29:38The Commissariat, which was in charge of providing food and equipment and clothing for the soldiers,
29:45was a branch of the Treasury, so that it was always trying to save money.
29:49And they had also taken on, as employees, hidebound officials who had no flexibility at all,
29:56and would allow nothing to be handed out unless they had received forms,
29:59often in duplicate, perhaps triplicate.
30:02And so it was really curtailed by a series of rules and regulations,
30:07which unfortunately the people running it were too unimaginative to think they could break.
30:13With animal fodder among the supplies left to rot in balaclava harbour,
30:16the starving horses were reduced to eating each other's tails.
30:20For the men without adequate rations or warm clothing,
30:24trench duty was a nightmare in the long hours of sniper fire and occasional shelling.
30:30December the 6th.
30:32Today we count 160 dead out of the 600 men of our regiment who landed a month since.
30:38The men have been five nights out of seven in the trenches.
30:42All the regiment, not incapacitated by sickness, went into the trenches last night.
30:49Returning this morning, they were at once, and without breakfast,
30:54sent down to balaclava on fatigue to carry up bags of biscuits on their backs,
30:59whence they are now returning just in time to go into the trenches again tonight.
31:03Our men are being worked and starved to death.
31:06Their feeble stomachs reject the ration of greasy pork,
31:11and we have never got the sugar, rice or vegetables to which we are entitled.
31:16Take with this that the men are usually wet through,
31:19that their clothes are torn to pieces, and their wretched government boots soulless,
31:24and we have sufficient reason for the death rate.
31:26Lieutenant Richard Llewellyn.
31:27Many soldiers simply froze to death in their trenches and were only discovered by the next shift.
31:37Others were bayoneted where they had fallen asleep from exhaustion while on duty.
31:41Indeed, the Russians believed that winter was their strongest ally.
31:44As naval officer Piotra Leslie put it,
31:49We've got a real Russian winter.
31:52There has been such a big snowfall that it comes above the knee,
31:55and to add to it, there are frosts at night.
31:58There hasn't been such a winter in Sebastopol for a long time.
32:02We don't know how to thank God for such weather.
32:05It is very unpleasant for our enemy.
32:07Of those who have surrendered to us,
32:09there hasn't been one whose hands or feet haven't been frostbitten.
32:12Our soldiers and sailors are just saying,
32:16let the Russian winter get its teeth into the English.
32:26Standing knee-deep in ice and snow, often for days at a time,
32:30is certainly biting its way into what was left of Llewellyn's 600 men.
32:35December the 28th.
32:37Our regiment is now reduced to 60 duty men.
32:40Many have been frozen to death and crippled with frostbite.
32:48At Balaclava Hospital, Welsh nurse Elizabeth Davies
32:52described the first cases of frostbite she saw in the Crimea.
32:56The toes of both the man's feet fell off with the bandages.
32:59The hand of another man fell off at the wrist.
33:01It was a fortnight to six weeks since the wounds of many of the men had been looked at and dressed.
33:10Of the three privates in this picture,
33:12William Young on the left was the only one wounded in combat.
33:15Henry Burland in the centre suffered frostbite in the trenches.
33:19He had his feet amputated at Scutari and his legs at Portsmouth.
33:24John Connery on the far right survived the battles of the Alma and Incomen unscathed,
33:29but suffered three amputations for frostbite.
33:32Many senior officers simply went home for the winter on so-called urgent private affairs.
33:38Fanny Jubilee noted in her journal,
33:41Lord George Padgett is gone home.
33:44Thirty-eight other officers, profiting by his example, have sent in their papers.
33:50While such fair-weather soldiers were warming themselves in their London clubs,
33:53some of the rank and file were being flogged for cowardice or shot for desertion.
33:59Padgett, however, found himself snubbed in his club
34:03and returned to the Crimea in the spring.
34:06But by then, thousands of his fellow soldiers were no longer alive to greet him.
34:12Some images of the war that reached London conveyed the misery of conditions in the field,
34:18but others were heavily idealised.
34:20Captain Frederick Dallas of the 46th Fort indignantly noticed,
34:24An illustrated newspaper with pictures of us here.
34:27Only dressed as we ought to be, not as we are.
34:31I can assure you that to this date, the 12th of January,
34:34we have neither the huts, fur hats, boots or anything in the picture.
34:42It would be months before such Crimean knitwear
34:44as the so-called balaclava woolen helmet and the cardigan were to arrive in the British camp.
34:50The best the men could do was to grow their own head warmers.
34:55The punch cartoon view of the situation ran.
34:58Well, Jack, here's good news from home.
35:00We're going to have a medal.
35:02Well, that's very kind.
35:04Maybe one of these days we'll have a coat to stick it on.
35:07As conditions and morale declined,
35:11Captain Dallas watched the British commanding officer with contempt.
35:15Lord Raglan rode up on a sleek horse a day or two ago,
35:19and all he remarked was,
35:21The artillery horses appear insufficiently clad.
35:25God forgive him.
35:27Two months ago, he could have got as many ships as he wished
35:30and loaded them with wood, with mules from Constantinople,
35:33with forage, with in fact every preparation for fighting against winter.
35:36But no, nothing was done.
35:39He rides rarely through the middle of the camp.
35:42The soldiers don't know who he is,
35:45and the officers run away to avoid having to salute him.
35:48The winter conditions were at nobody's fault,
35:54but the commissariat were supposed to provide rations and warm clothing,
35:59and had they done so, the effects of the winter
36:01would have been very, very much less severe than they were.
36:04The responsibility was with their commissary general, Filder,
36:09and behind him, of course, was Raglan,
36:12and Raglan must take the ultimate responsibility.
36:14There's no doubt in my mind that if the Duke of Wellington
36:19had been alive and had been commander-in-chief there,
36:22then Filder, the commissary general, would have swung from the gallows.
36:26If Raglan couldn't see the problem, the times could.
36:30The noblest army ever sent from these shores
36:33has been sacrificed to the grossest mismanagement.
36:36Incompetence, lethargy, aristocratic auteur,
36:40official indifference, favour, routine,
36:44perverseness and stupidity, rain, revel and riot
36:48in the camp before Sebastopol,
36:50in the harbour of Balaclava, in the hospitals of Scutari,
36:54and how much nearer home, we do not venture to say.
36:58In London, the failure of aristocratic management in the Crimea
37:02was seen as a metaphor for the failure of aristocratic management
37:05of government generally, and the times threw its weight decisively
37:08behind a campaign to get rid of the current government.
37:11This culminated in January 1855 in a vote of confidence
37:15in the House of Commons.
37:17The government was so heavily defeated that the result was greeted
37:19not with the usual cheers and rattling of papers,
37:22but merely nervous laughter.
37:23British officers and men were more critical of their commanders in the field,
37:29as Colonel Charles Ash Wyndham wrote to his brother.
37:33I shall be surprised if I see the generals in authority now in the Crimea
37:38handed down to posterity as anything but a comfortable, easy-going, gentleman-like set of do-nothings,
37:44who are only fit to scribble a dispatch to the Secretary of War.
37:47If this weather lasts a fortnight, this army is ruined, absolutely.
37:56Having seen his regiment decimated, Lieutenant Richard Llewellyn himself fell ill,
38:01and in March 1855 was shipped home and resigned from the army.
38:05Inside the cupboard of the journal he had kept during the campaign,
38:09he scribbled one final note.
38:10The destruction of my regiment, which was affected during the months of November, December, January and February,
38:17was not owing to any shortcoming on the part of the regiment.
38:21It was a case of murder.
38:22It was a case of murder.
38:23The End
38:24The End
38:25The End
38:26The End
38:27The End
38:28The End
38:29By February 1855, as the siege ended its fourth month,
38:43the Allied camp had moved eight miles closer to Sevastopol.
38:47The distance from Balaclava simply exacerbated the problem of supplying a camp of 80,000 French troops and 45,000 British.
39:05But as the Commissariat failed to meet the needs of this huge army, once again middle-class professionals back home came up with a solution.
39:19Florence Nightingale and her nurses had turned the tide of the medical crisis.
39:24Now civilian engineers in Britain offered to build a railway from Balaclava to the front line.
39:29The Turks provided 200 Montenegrin and Croatian labourers from the far-flung outposts of the Ottoman Empire to prepare the ground.
39:42At the beginning of February, they were joined by 500 skilled navvies who arrived from Britain to lay the track.
39:51All right.
40:03Soon, Russell was reporting huge progress.
40:06The navvies are working away heartily, pulling down the rackety houses near the post office at Balaclava so as to form the terminus of the Grand Crimean Central Railway, with branch line to Sevastopol.
40:17They have landed a large quantity of barrows, beams, rails, spades, shovels, picks and other materials.
40:26On February the 8th, the navvies started to lay the first rails.
40:30I was astonished to see the progress of the railway.
40:33The navvies work famously and do more work in a day than a regiment of English soldiers do in a week.
40:39To be sure, the navvies have yet in them the stamina of English living, which has long since been worked out of our poor fellows.
40:48Captain Henry Clifford.
40:49On February the 23rd, the first load of commissariat stores was carried from Balaclava to the British camp.
40:57A fortnight later, the photographer Roger Fenton arrived in Balaclava.
41:02Fenton was the 36-year-old son of an MP and a founder member of the Royal Photographic Society.
41:08On reading of the war, he was keen to go and see for himself.
41:13I resolved to go at once to the front and take Sevastopol.
41:17By photography.
41:20Fenton had photographed the royal family, and this connection eased his introduction to the high command in the Crimea.
41:25It may also have inclined him to a less critical portrait of the war than he had read in the papers.
41:32Everything seems in much better order than the times led me to expect.
41:36There is great activity with the railway workers.
41:39Here, a stationary engine is being erected to drag bricks up the hill, where the road is at present steep,
41:44and huts are growing up very fast for the timekeeper and workman.
41:50Among the supplies belatedly arriving in the camp was winter clothing.
41:53Fenton persuaded some of the officers to dress up in it for his camera.
41:58By the time it arrived, however, it was far too warm to wear.
42:02Once again, the commissariat had done too little, too late.
42:06The Russians inside Sevastopol were also receiving supplies and reinforcements.
42:12One new arrival was a 26-year-old artillery officer, Leo Tolstoy.
42:17In a letter to his brother, he wrote,
42:18Dear Sergei, I'll give you an idea of the state of our affairs in Sevastopol.
42:24The town is besieged from one side, the south, where we had no fortifications when the enemy approached it.
42:29Now we have more than 500 big caliber guns on this side, and several lines of earthworks.
42:36Positively impregnable.
42:38I spent a week in the fortress, and the last day used to lose my way among these labyrinths of batteries, as though in a forest.
42:45The enemy can't get any further.
42:47At the slightest advance, he's showered with a hailstorm of missiles.
42:54The siege never succeeded in completely cutting off Sevastopol, and a second Russian army hovered nearby, harassing the Allies and keeping supply lines to the city open.
43:07Russian sailors, their ships sunk to blockade the Allied Navy, helped man the city's defenses.
43:14Lieutenant Captain Piotr Leslie looked confidently at the enemy outside the city walls.
43:20We now have two Sevastopols, and there isn't much difference between them.
43:24The other Sevastopol has even outdone the real Sevastopol.
43:28If the newspapers are to be believed, a railway has been built there.
43:31But from our heights you can't see it yet.
43:34And how marvellous it will be when we drive them away, and the railway and wooden huts remain in our hands.
43:42Outside the city, Roger Fenton was equally envious of the Russian defenses.
43:47Up to the present time, the Russians have decidedly the best of it, that is, the siege.
43:53Though whenever they attack, they lose heaps of men.
43:55Every morning sees some fresh work commenced or finished by the Russians.
44:01Sometimes a new rifle pit is finished in the night.
44:04Sometimes two or more are connected together by a trench, so as to form a kind of advanced battery.
44:12Often between attacks a burial truce was arranged, so that the no man's land which separated the two front lines could be cleared of the dead and dying.
44:21William Howard Russell described one such occasion in the Times.
44:25The sight was strange beyond description.
44:28French, English and Russian officers were walking about saluting each other courteously as they passed,
44:33and occasionally entering into conversation, and a constant interchange of little civility,
44:37such as offering and receiving cigar lights, was going on in each little group.
44:40But while all this civility was going on, we were walking among the dead, over blood-stained ground covered with evidence of the recent fight,
44:51and through the midst of the crowd stalked a solemn procession of soldiers bearing their departed comrades to their long home.
44:58After such brief respites, trench warfare resumed with a vengeance.
45:06Captain Hugh Hibbert of the 7th Fusiliers likened the men going down to the trenches to sheep en route for the slaughterhouse.
45:14Not knowing when it will come to one's own turn to receive an ounce of lead for breakfast,
45:18What about six pounds of iron in the stomach as a cure for the cholera?
45:26Morale among the Allied troops was low. Boredom was setting in, and there was a feeling that anything would be better than this interminable game of cat and mouse.
45:35My dear mother, I do not know when we are to get out of this place, or take Sebastopol.
45:42I am heartily sick of the trenches, new batteries, new mortars, and I do not know what else, and the Russians as bad if not worse than ever.
45:50There is no honour or glory to be got in the trenches, where you sit and smoke your pipe and maybe get shot by a sharpshooter.
45:58I would 10,000 times sooner fight a couple of decent battles in the field than go shave your head with a mist twice a week and no good done by it,
46:08for I say, Sebastopol never will be taken until invested. And where are they meant to do that?
46:15Lieutenant William Young, 29th March 1855.
46:19At least the railway ensured there was no shortage of ammunition. On Easter Monday, April the 9th, the Allies began their second bombardment of the besieged city.
46:31General Semyakin of the Russian infantry wrote to his wife that evening.
46:36At five past five in the morning, the gentlemen Europeans opened fire along the entire line of Sebastopol's fortifications.
46:43Both sides began to ring out with thousands of guns of large calibre.
46:47The photographer, Roger Fenton, went out to watch the bombardment.
46:53The ground here is covered with cannonballs, and I took care to keep well behind the hill in going down,
46:59for I could hear the whirr, and thus that the balls were coming up the ravine on each side.
47:04The 68-pounders especially almost burst the ears, and the shot from them sounded like an express train that had broken off the line and leapt up into the air.
47:11The shot and shell did not disturb me, so much as the awful clangour, as if all hell had broken loose and the legions of Lucifer were fighting in the air.
47:23I could only see the Russian redoubt indistinctly. The mist was so thick and the smoke hung heavily.
47:28But it was easy to see that they were not firing one gun to our four. It must have been uncomfortable in their quarters.
47:34The situation in Sebastopol remains the same, with ceaseless artillery fire from both sides. It is sad on the heart. But Sebastopol still stands.
47:52Everything broken or ruined during the day is repaired overnight, despite the firing, so that by morning it is as though nothing has happened.
48:05Leo Tolstoy was posted to the fourth bastion, the most dangerous of Sebastopol's fortifications.
48:11Between shifts, he worked on three short stories, the Sebastopol sketches, which were published during the siege.
48:17Despite being fiction, they were to earn the young writer a reputation as a war correspondent to rival Russell's.
48:25April 14th. I am living in Sebastopol. Our losses already amount to 5,000, but were holding out not merely well, but in such a way that our defence must clearly prove to the enemy the impossibility of ever taking Sebastopol.
48:41In the evening, wrote two pages of Sebastopol's sketches.
48:50Yesterday, a shell exploded near a boy and girl who were playing horses in the street.
48:56They put their arms round each other and fell down together.
48:59The war had become a stalemate. Sebastopol had been under siege for six months with no end in sight for either side.
49:16Tolstoy began writing his second story of the siege, Sebastopol in May.
49:21Six months have now passed since the first cannonball came hurtling over from the bastions of Sebastopol to churn up the earth on the enemy's works.
49:35Ever since then, thousands of shells, cannonballs and bullets have been fired from the bastions at the enemy trenches and from those trenches back at the bastions.
49:44And the angel of death has hovered ceaselessly above them.
49:48But the dispute which the diplomats have failed to settle is proving to be even less amenable to settlement by means of gunpowder and human blood.
49:58Britain and France had been at war with Russia for a year, but the war was to continue for another 12 months.
50:05Britain and France had been at war with Russia for another 12 months.
50:06Britain and France had been at war with Russia for another 12 months.
50:35Britain and France had been at war with Russia for another 8 months after afternoon.
50:36Alright,luca, United das Cold areas.
50:39Britain and France had been at war with Russia for yesterdays in 뭐야 and across the lastBecause God Day.
50:41units ofestoral Police on overseas were told that Russia would dare to isolate and curate,
50:46However she was devastated.
50:48Britain and France had been at war.
50:52Britain and France still had been a much more mighty central war with Russia and country warship.
50:55Britain had begun and ask for a assault to be pistol,
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