Appendicular Skeleton _ Learn Skeleton Anatomy

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Explore the Appendicular Skeleton: Unlock the framework of human movement and flexibility. This intricate system of bones, comprising the upper and lower limbs, shoulders, and pelvis, enables us to walk, run, grasp, and manipulate our environment. Discover the 126 bones that make up this dynamic skeleton, from the scapula to the phalanges, and learn how they work together to facilitate everyday activities. Dive into the fascinating world of appendicular skeleton anatomy and gain a deeper understanding of the incredible machinery that is the human body

Transcript

00:00The human skeleton is broadly divided into two main groups.

00:03The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body,

00:07providing support and protection for vital organs.

00:11The appendicular skeleton, on the other hand,

00:14comprises the bones of the limbs and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton.

00:20These appendicular bones are crucial for movement, manipulation, and locomotion.

00:25They include the shoulder girdle, the upper limbs, the pelvic girdle, and the lower limbs.

00:31Understanding their structure and function is fundamental to comprehending human anatomy and biomechanics.

00:38The pectoral or shoulder girdle consists of two bones, the scapula and the clavicle.

00:44This girdle serves as the connection point between the upper limbs and the axial skeleton.

00:49It provides a stable base for the extensive range of motion seen in the arm.

00:55The shoulder girdle also offers numerous attachment sites for muscles.

00:59These muscles are responsible for moving the shoulders and the entire upper limb.

01:05Its design allows for both strength and flexibility, essential for daily activities.

01:11The upper limbs include the bones of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand.

01:16The humerus is the single bone of the arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow.

01:22It articulates proximally with the scapula and distally with the forearm bones.

01:27The forearm contains two bones, the radius and the ulna.

01:31These bones articulate with the humerus at the elbow joint.

01:35The ulna is generally considered the larger of the two forearm bones, particularly at its proximal end.

01:41The wrist, also known as the carpus, is composed of eight carpal bones.

01:47These small, irregularly shaped bones are arranged in two rows.

01:52A common mnemonic to remember them is, some lovers try positions that they can't handle.

01:57The eight carpal bones are the scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform, trapezoid, trapezium, capitate, and hamate.

02:07Distal to the carpals are the hand bones.

02:10The hand includes five metacarpals, which form the palm, and 14 phalanges, which make up the fingers and thumb.

02:16The pelvic girdle is a robust ring of bones that connects the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.

02:23It is firmly attached to the vertebral column, providing strong support for the upper body.

02:29The pelvic girdle consists of two large hip bones, one on each side.

02:34Each hip bone is a complex structure formed by the fusion of three distinct bones, the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis.

02:41These fused bones create a stable basin that protects internal organs and transmits weight to the lower limbs.

02:49The male and female pelvises exhibit notable differences, primarily due to adaptations for childbirth in females.

02:57The female pelvic brim, which defines the inlet to the true pelvis, is typically larger and wider than that of a male.

03:05This wider opening facilitates the passage of a baby during birth.

03:09Furthermore, the angle of the pubic arch is significantly greater in the female pelvis, usually exceeding 90 degrees.

03:17In contrast, the male pubic arch is narrower, generally less than 90 degrees.

03:23The male pelvis is also typically deeper, with a more constricted pelvic outlet, compared to the female pelvis.

03:30The lower limbs consist of the bones of the thigh, leg, and foot.

03:33The femur, the longest and strongest bone in the body, is the sole bone of the thigh.

03:39It articulates proximally with the hip bone and distally with the leg bones at the knee.

03:45The leg contains two bones, the tibia and the fibula.

03:49The tibia, commonly known as the shin bone, is the larger and medial bone, bearing most of the body's weight.

03:57The fibula is a slender bone located laterally to the tibia.

04:01The patella, or kneecap, is a sesamoid bone that protects the knee joint and enhances the leverage of the quadriceps tendon.

04:09The foot is a complex structure designed for weight-bearing, propulsion, and shock absorption.

04:16It comprises three main groups of bones, the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

04:22The ankle, or tarsus, consists of seven tarsal bones.

04:27These tarsal bones include the calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and three cuneiforms.

04:33Distal to the tarsals are the five metatarsals, which form the arch of the foot.

04:37The toes are made up of phalanges, with five proximal, five distal, and four middle phalanges, as the big toe has only two.

04:46The human foot possesses intricate arches formed by the interlocking arrangement of its bones and supporting ligaments.

04:54These arches are crucial for the foot's function, acting as natural shock absorbers during movement.

05:01They also play a vital role in distributing body weight evenly across the foot.

05:05There are two primary types of arches, longitudinal and transverse.

05:11The longitudinal arch runs from the calcaneus to the heads of the metatarsals, with distinct medial and lateral parts.

05:18The transverse arch extends across the foot, spanning the cuneiforms and the bases of the metatarsal bones.

05:24The transverse arch won't be one of them.

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