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Disaster Transbian episode 77
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00:00She was a rusa and she was called Laika, she was a very normal girl.
00:11She passed from being a corriente animal to being a moon star.
00:19All I want is a little out of love to take the pain away.
00:27Can't storm to the end, I'll transform each time.
00:34All I want is a little out of love to take the pain away.
00:41Can't storm to the end, I'll transform each time.
00:45Can't still fall in love with you.
00:50I will love you till I die.
00:56And I will love you all the time.
01:02So please put your sweet hair in life.
01:10And float in space and drift in time.
01:18All I want is a little bit of love to take the pain away.
01:23I die, get thrown in space, just you and I.
01:32Laika, born circa 1954, died November 3rd, 1957.
01:39Was a Soviet space dog who was one of the first animals in space and the first to orbit the Earth.
01:45A stray mongrel from the streets of Moscow, she flew aboard the Sputnik 2 spacecraft launched into low orbit on November 3rd, 1957.
02:04As the technology to de-orbit had not yet been developed, Laika's survival was never expected.
02:12She died of overheating hours into the flight on the craft's fourth orbit.
02:18Little was known about the effects of space flight on living creatures at the time of Laika's mission.
02:24And animal flights were viewed by engineers as a necessary precursor to human missions.
02:33The experiment, which monitored Laika's vital signs, aimed to prove that a living organism could survive being launched into orbit
02:42and continue to function under conditions of weakened gravity and increased radiation,
02:47providing scientists with some of the first data on the biological effects of space flight.
02:54Laika's death was possibly caused by a failure of the central R-7 sustainer to separate from the payload.
03:02The true cause and time of her death were not made public until 2002.
03:07Instead, it was widely reported that she died when her oxygen ran out on day six, or as the Soviet government initially claimed,
03:19she was euthanized prior to oxygen depletion.
03:23In 2008, a small monument to Laika depicting her standing atop a rocket was unveiled near the military research facility in Moscow that prepared her flight.
03:35She also appears on the monument to the conquerors of space in Moscow.
03:44Moscow newspapers were first, then headlines around the world echoed the news.
03:49Russia had blasted a man-made moon into outer space.
03:53On every continent and in every land, the story of Sputnik 1 dominated the front pages.
03:58The Soviets had scored a scientific first, and the Moscow propaganda mill busily trumpeted the news.
04:06Animation showed what Sputnik 1, with its four aerials, looked like.
04:10The
04:36After the success of Sputnik 1 in October 1957, Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet leader,
04:49wanted a spacecraft launched on November 7, 1957, the 40th anniversary of the October
04:56Revolution.
04:57In March 1917, a demonstration in St. Petersburg starts over a simple demand for a higher bread
05:03rationed, gets out of hand, includes a new demand, transfer of power from the Tsar to
05:08an elected parliament.
05:10The Tsar reacts in customary fashion, turns his troops loose on the demonstrators, but
05:15something goes wrong.
05:17The army joins the people.
05:20With incredible swiftness, the Tsar's regime falls.
05:23A.N.
05:24Kerensky, a young lawyer, is made Minister of Justice in a provisional government in which
05:28many parties are represented.
05:30The revolution belongs to the people.
05:32I propose to defend it against any attack, whether from the left or from the right.
05:38Kerensky arrests the Tsar and his family and announces that free elections are to be held.
05:44The German general staff arranges for the return of Lenin, who has been exiled by the Tsarist
05:49government.
05:50Leon Trotsky arrives a month later from Canada.
05:53Summer 1917.
05:55Kerensky becomes head of the provisional government and proclaims Russia a republic.
06:01Universal suffrage, power to be vested in an elected constituent assembly, freedom of speech
06:07and press.
06:10Equal rights for women.
06:12Lenin speaks on the Kerensky Republic.
06:15They imagine that serious political questions are decided by voting.
06:19As a matter of fact, they are decided by class war.
06:25The class war is quick and relatively bloodless.
06:28Lenin's Bolsheviki seize the railroad stations, telegraph lines, electric plants and government
06:33offices and declare themselves in business.
06:37Construction had already started on a more sophisticated satellite, but it would not be ready until December.
06:44This satellite would later become Sputnik 3.
06:49Meeting the November deadline meant building a new craft.
06:53Khrushchev specifically wanted his engineers to deliver a quote, space spectacular, a mission
07:01that would repeat the triumph of Sputnik 1, stunning the world with Soviet prowess.
07:07Planners settled on an orbital flight with a dog.
07:11Soviet rocket engineers had long intended a canine orbit before attempting human spaceflight.
07:19Since 1951, they had lofted 12 dogs into suborbital space on ballistic flights, working gradually
07:28toward an orbital mission set for some time in 1958.
07:33To satisfy Khrushchev's demands, they expedited the orbital canine flight for the November
07:39launch.
07:41According to Russian sources, the official decision to launch Sputnik 2 was made on the 10th or
07:4712th of October, leaving less than four weeks to design and build the spacecraft.
07:53Sputnik 2, therefore, was something of a rushed job, with most elements of the spacecraft being
08:00constructed from rough sketches.
08:03Aside from the primary mission of sending a living passenger into space, Sputnik 2 also
08:09contained instrumentation for measuring solar irradiance and cosmic rays.
08:15The craft was equipped with a life support system consisting of an oxygen generator and devices
08:21to avoid oxygen poisoning and to absorb carbon dioxide.
08:25A fan, designed to activate whenever the cabin temperature exceeded 15 degrees Celsius, 59 degrees
08:34Fahrenheit, was added to keep the dog cool.
08:37Enough food, in a gelatinous form, was provided for a seven-day flight, and the dog was fitted
08:44with a bag to collect waste.
08:46A harness was designed to be fitted to the dog, and there were chains to restrict her movements
08:53to standing, sitting, or lying down.
08:56There was no room for her to turn around in the cabin.
08:59An electrocardiogram, monitored heart rate, and further instrumentation, tracked respiration
09:06rate, maximum arterial pressure, and the dog's movements.
09:14In many ways, Soviet life is similar to life in the United States.
09:30But government control is much broader, thus lessening individual freedom of choice.
09:36Watch for examples of this as you view the film.
09:54Although famous old St. Basil's Cathedral in Red Square is now a museum, the churches of
10:00the Soviet Union apparently operate without governmental restriction.
10:05The Russian Orthodox is still the major denomination, but there are countless synagogues, Catholic
10:10and Protestant churches, and mosques of the Moslem.
10:15The churches are well attended, noticeably by the aged.
10:20Religion is frowned upon in Soviet schools.
10:23Most young Russians are educated to believe that atheism is the true faith.
10:28That's fucking interesting, man.
10:29That's fucking interesting.
10:31The downtown streets of a big city like Moscow look much like those of a busy city in the
10:36United States, without the familiar signs and trademarks.
10:41While the sidewalks are crowded, the streets are almost empty.
10:45No need for traffic signals here, because very few people own automobiles.
10:50The government stresses the production of heavy goods rather than consumer products.
10:57Consequently, public transportation is both rapid and regular, with the average bus fare
11:03the equivalent of 12 and a half cents.
11:05American cities are famous for car-dependent sprawl.
11:09That's probably one of the first things most people associate with America after apple pie,
11:13baseball, and driving in soul-crushing traffic.
11:16But this wasn't always the case.
11:18American cities don't have to be sprawling just because the country itself is big.
11:23And up until the Second World War, they weren't.
11:27They were just as compact as cities found almost anywhere else.
11:32But after the 1940s, America started on a totally different pattern of development and began
11:36their great suburban experiment.
11:39But herein lies the problem.
11:41Because this American pattern of development builds places that do not financially support
11:45themselves.
11:46And the only reason they're still there is because American cities are a Ponzi scheme.
11:50in case
11:51in case
11:52in case
11:53in case
11:54in case
11:55in case
11:57you can say what you want about this country and I love this place.
12:02I love the freedoms we used to have.
12:04I love it when it didn't take a fucking catastrophe to get us to care for one another.
12:09I love the fact that we're on camera all the time from all angles.
12:12It just seems to me, seems to me, that only a really low IQ population could have taken
12:20this beautiful continent, this magnificent American landscape that we inherited.
12:25Well, actually we stole it from the Mexicans and the Indians, but, hey, it was nice when
12:30we stole it.
12:31It looked pretty good.
12:32It was pristine.
12:33Paradise.
12:34Have you seen it lately?
12:35Have you taken a good look at it lately?
12:36It's fucking embarrassing.
12:37Only a nation of unenlightened half-wits could have taken this beautiful place and turned
12:42it into what it is today.
12:43A shopping mall.
12:44A big fucking shopping mall.
12:45You know that?
12:46That's all you got.
12:47That's all you've got here, folks.
12:48Mile after mile of mall after mall.
12:50Many, many malls, major malls and mini malls.
13:06They put the mini malls in between the major malls, and in between the mini malls, they
13:12put the mini marts.
13:13And in between the mini marts you've got the car lots, gas stations, muffler shops, laundromats,
13:15cheap hotels, fast food joints, strip clubs, and dirty bookstores.
13:18Hot dogs, corn dogs, triple bacon, cheeseburgers, deep fried butter, pork fat, and cheese whiz,
13:23mayonnaise soaked, barbecued mozzarella patty melt.
13:25Laika was found as a stray wandering the streets of Moscow.
13:31Soviet scientists chose to use Moscow strays since they assumed that such animals had already
13:38learned to endure conditions of extreme cold and hunger.
13:42She was a five kilogram, eleven pound, mongrel female, approximately three years old.
13:49Another account reported that she weighed about six kilograms, thirteen pounds.
13:56Soviet personnel gave her several names and nicknames, among them Kudryavka, Russian for
14:03Little Curly, Zuchka, Little Bug, and Limunchik, Little Lemon.
14:08Laika, the Russian name for several breeds of dogs, similar to the Husky, was the name popularized
14:15around the world.
14:16Its literal translation would be barker, from the Russian verb layat, to bark.
14:22According to some accounts, the technicians actually renamed her from Kudryavka to Laika,
14:28due to her loud barking.
14:30The American press dubbed her Muttnick, tee hee hee hee hee, Mutt, plus the suffix Nick,
14:37as a pun on Sputnik, or referred to her as Curly.
14:41NBC News presents a special report on the Russian launching of a second Earth satellite.
14:46And now to guide this report here in New York, is NBC News commentator Meryl Muller.
14:51Good afternoon.
14:53A dog knocked a goat right out of the world's attention today.
14:57Oh yeah?
14:58In a masterpiece of propaganda timing, the Soviet Union announced it had launched Sputnik
15:03number two, carrying a live dog.
15:05This is reportedly history's first spacecraft.
15:08Scientific success lies a grim military warning.
15:11Confirmed now by Anglo-American scientists, the rocket that launched Sputnik number two
15:16is capable of carrying a ton and a half hydrogen bomb warhead more than 5,000 miles to a target.
15:27The kind of thing that a month ago would have sounded like a joke,
15:32but in Washington now, anyone who cares to laugh at this does so at his own risk.
15:37The Russians are talking about shooting up something that will hit the moon,
15:41and possibly even make some kind of mark on it, visible from the Earth.
15:45When that shaggy dog gets back to outer space, can we all go out and have another race?
15:53Will he still feel a coon or just howl at the moon?
15:57When that shaggy dog gets back to outer space, oh, they'll pin a red, red ribbon in his hat.
16:04For being the only dog that's been up there, he'll be the dog in every town.
16:10When that sputnik comes back down, for he has been the highest in the air.
16:17Change to Leica, Leica cigarettes.
16:20Made of the best eastern tobaccos, known far and wide for their fine flavor.
16:25Well, there it is.
16:33Her true pedigree is unknown, although it is generally accepted that she was part husky,
16:39or other Nordic breed, and possibly part terrier.
16:43NASA refers to Leica as a, quote, part Samoyed Terrier.
16:48A Russian magazine described her temperament as phlegmatic, saying that she did not quarrel with other dogs.
16:56The Soviet Union and United States had previously sent animals only on suborbital flights.
17:02Three dogs were trained for the Sputnik 2 flight, Albina, Mushka, and Leica.
17:08Soviet space life scientists Vladimir Yazdavsky and Oleg Gozenko trained the dogs.
17:16To adapt the dogs to the confines of the tiny cabin of Sputnik 2,
17:20they were kept in progressively smaller cages for periods of up to 20 days.
17:26The extensive, close confinement caused them to stop urinating or defecating,
17:31made them restless, and caused their general condition to deteriorate.
17:36Laxatives did not improve their condition,
17:39and the researchers found that only long periods of training proved effective.
17:45The dogs were placed in centrifuges that simulated the acceleration of a rocket launch,
17:52and were placed in machines that simulated the noises of the spacecraft.
17:57This caused their pulses to double, and their blood pressure to increase by 30 to 65 tours.
18:04The dogs were trained to eat a special high-nutrition gel that would be their food in space.
18:13Before the launch, one of the mission scientists took Laika home to play with his children.
18:19In a book chronicling the story of Soviet space medicine, Vladimir Yazdavsky wrote,
18:25Laika was quiet and charming.
18:27I wanted to do something nice for her.
18:29She had so little time left to live.
18:32Yazdavsky made the final selection of dogs in their designated roles.
18:37Laika was to be the, quote, flight dog, a sacrifice to science on a one-way mission to space.
18:44Albina, who had already flown twice on a high-altitude test rocket, was to act as Laika's backup.
18:53The third dog, Mushka, was a, quote, control dog.
18:57She was to stay on the ground and be used to test instrumentation and life support.
19:03Before leaving for the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Yazdavsky and Gazenko conducted surgery on the dogs,
19:13routing the cables from the transmitters to the sensors that would measure breathing, pulse, and blood pressure.
19:21Because the existing airstrip at Toretum, near the Cosmodrome, was small,
19:27the dogs and crew had to be first flown aboard a 2-104 plane to Tashkent.
19:33From there, a smaller and lighter Il-14 plane took them to Toretum.
19:39Training of dogs continued upon arrival.
19:42One after another, they were placed in the capsules to get familiar with the feeding system.
19:48According to a NASA document, Laika was placed in the capsule of the satellite on October 31, 1957,
19:56three days before the start of the mission.
20:00At that time of year, the temperatures at the launch site were extremely low
20:05and a hose connected to a heater was used to keep her container warm.
20:10Two assistants were assigned to keep a constant watch on Laika before launch.
20:16Just prior to liftoff, on November 3, 1957, from Baikonur Cosmodrome,
20:22Laika's ver was sponged in a weak ethanol solution and carefully groomed,
20:28while iodine was painted onto the areas where sensors would be placed to monitor her bodily functions.
20:35One of the technicians preparing the capsule before final liftoff stated,
20:40quote,
20:41After placing Laika in the container and before closing the hatch,
20:45we kissed her nose and wished her bon voyage, knowing that she would not survive the flight.
20:57Accounts of the time of launch vary from source to source, given as 5.30.42 Moscow time or 7.20 Moscow time.
21:0610 seconds.
21:26Powerosis for the start of the process at the recovery line.
21:33About 30 seconds.
21:38Power use current-unt� and moduleJesus in a row.
21:44Customer one- logging and kro Geshehla was a normal American.
21:49The last range of the second phase is enca waffle.
21:51Bye.
21:56To be continued...
22:26Like those of the planets are elliptical, with a far point, the apogee, and a near point, the perigee.
22:56After many such orbits, most satellites encounter enough atmospheric drag at perigee to slow them up a little.
23:04This drag eventually causes them to plunge into denser atmosphere and be burned up by friction.
23:10With a high enough perigee, some satellites will remain in space virtually forever.
23:18Music
23:20Hoot me, hoot me with you.
23:33At peak acceleration, Laika's respiration increased to between three and four times
23:49the pre-launch rate.
23:51The sensors showed her heart rate was 103 beats per minute before launch and increased
23:57to 240 beats per minute during the early acceleration.
24:03After reaching orbit, Sputnik 2's nose cone was jettisoned successfully.
24:08However, the Block A core did not separate as planned, preventing the thermal control
24:15system from operating correctly.
24:18Some of the thermal insulation tore loose, raising the cabin temperature to 40 degrees
24:23Celsius, 104 degrees Fahrenheit.
24:27After three hours of weightlessness, Laika's pulse rate had settled back to 102 beats per
24:33minute, three times longer than it had taken during earlier ground tests, an indication
24:40of the stress she was under.
24:42The early telemetry indicated that Laika was agitated, but eating her food.
24:47After approximately five to seven hours into the flight, no further signs of life were received
24:54from the spacecraft.
24:56The Soviet scientists had planned to euthanize Laika with a serving of poisoned food.
25:03For many years, the Soviet Union gave conflicting statements that she had died either from asphyxia
25:10when the batteries failed or that she had been euthanized.
25:14Many rumors circulated about the exact manner of her death.
25:19In 1999, several Russian sources reported that Laika had died when the cabin overheated
25:26on the fourth day.
25:29In October 2002, Dmitry Moleshenkov, one of the scientists behind the Sputnik 2 mission,
25:37revealed that Laika had died by the fourth circuit of flight from overheating.
25:41According to a paper he presented to the World Space Congress in Houston, Texas, quote,
25:47It turned out that it was practically impossible to create a reliable temperature control system
25:53in such limited time constraints.
25:56Over five months later, after 2,570 orbits, Sputnik 2, including Laika's remains, disintegrated
26:05during re-entry on April 14, 1958.
26:11Due to the overshadowing issue of the Soviet-U.S. space race, the ethical issues raised by its
26:18experiment went largely unaddressed for some time.
26:22As newspaper clippings from 1957 show, the press was initially focused on reporting the political
26:29perspective, while Laika's health and retrieval, or lack thereof, only became an issue later.
26:35In 1998, after the collapse of the Soviet regime, Oleg Guzenko, one of the scientists responsible for
26:44sending Laika into space, expressed regret for allowing her to die.
26:49Quote, work with animals is a source of suffering to all of us.
26:54We treat them like babies who cannot speak.
26:57The more time passes, the more I am sorry about it.
27:01We shouldn't have done it.
27:02We did not learn enough from this mission to justify the death of the dog.
27:07The more I am sorry about it, the more I am sorry about it.
27:25The more I am sorry about it.
27:29Let's go.
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