- 5 months ago
see more on:
https://realtv.mytvchannel.org/index.html
https://realtv.mytvchannel.org/index.html
Category
📚
LearningTranscript
00:00The End
00:30The End
01:00If you spend your life clambering about in trees, two of the most useful things to have
01:20are a pair of hands with which to grip the branches
01:24and a pair of eyes which face forward and both can focus on the same thing
01:30so that you can accurately judge the distance of, say, the next branch on which you want to jump or swing.
01:37There are about 200 different kinds of animals in the world that have those two characteristics.
01:43We group them together and call them primates, and they include monkeys, apes, man,
01:51and those creatures over there that I'm watching in this tree in Madagascar.
01:57At first sight, this animal doesn't look much like a monkey.
02:09That bushy ringed tail is more like a cat's.
02:12And the long snout with moist bare skin around the nostrils gives it a rather dog-like look.
02:24But its hands give away its true character.
02:27No dog or cat has a grasp like this.
02:30This creature is a true primate and one of the most primitive ones.
02:39It's a lemur.
02:50Lemurs are descended from shoe-like mammals that scamper along the ground at the end of the edge of the dinosaurs.
02:55And this lemur, the ringtail, is as much at home on the ground as it is in the trees.
03:02They still retain old-fashioned habits more suited for ground-dwelling, like scent marking.
03:08The males have horny spurs on their wrists, surrounded by glands.
03:13And they click these against saplings, so impregnating the scratch with musk.
03:20The female smears musk from a gland beneath her tail.
03:24Males find this especially attractive.
03:37Having checked, he marks over the same spots himself.
03:45Frequent marking enables a troop to leave a scent record of its movements,
03:49and so establish rights of way on the forest floor.
03:52An angry male spreads scent onto his tail by drawing it over his wrist and chest glands,
04:03for perfume is also used in the battle for dominance.
04:12He will then thrash it in the air so that the scent is wafted towards his opponent to intimidate him.
04:18The lower male recharges his tail.
04:27Grasping hands, so valuable to the adult for holding onto branches, are also useful to the young.
04:38Baby squirrels and tree shrews with straightforward paws have to be deposited in nests of some kind,
04:44and are often abandoned while the parents gather food.
04:47But lemurs have a different technique.
04:49The little ones can close their fists on their parents' fur, and so accompany them wherever they go.
05:02Lemurs were in their heyday about 40 to 50 million years ago.
05:08They're fossils have been found in not only Africa, but Europe.
05:14And about that time, Madagascar became separated from the east coast of Africa.
05:20There were lemurs living there too, of course, but because they were now living in an island,
05:25they were protected from competition with other more intelligent, more efficient creatures
05:30that were to develop elsewhere in the world later.
05:33And so Madagascar became, what it is now, a paradise for lemurs.
05:39As well as the ringtail, there are over 20 different kinds of lemurs,
05:43each one adapted to a particular kind of life in the trees.
05:47And down here in the south of the island, in this extraordinary spiny forest,
05:52there is one that specialises in jumping.
05:55It's called a sifaka, and you could hardly find a better demonstrator
06:06of those two invaluable primate talents.
06:09The ability to judge the distance of a jump, and to grasp a hold when you land.
06:25The ability to judge the distance of a jump, and to grasp a hold when you land.
06:55The disproportionately long hind legs that enable them to jump between trees so well,
07:08make walking on all fours impossible.
07:10Another accomplished leaper lives in the forests of northeast Madagascar,
07:35but there it's more often heard than seen.
07:41The Indri, the largest of the lemurs,
07:44and it's no accident that it has a well-developed voice.
07:46The thick canopy in which the Indri lives has turned it into a chorister.
08:09Perhaps scent is too easily dispersed up here.
08:11It's certainly difficult to see far.
08:14So, safe from attack by predators,
08:16it's much easier and more effective to use sound
08:19to carry messages through the forest,
08:21to claim a territory,
08:22and register your whereabouts with your neighbours.
08:24And few creatures do so more deafeningly than a family of Indris.
08:36And few creatures do so more deafeningly than a family of Indris.
08:36Other lemurs also use their voices to keep in touch with other members of the troop.
08:57These are brown lemurs.
08:58They often travel with the ringtails,
09:09which supplement their elaborate system of scent signals
09:11with a repertoire of calls,
09:13especially when the troop is on the move.
09:23Out in the open, where they're more at risk,
09:25the ringtails keep together
09:27and raise their vividly marked tails like flags
09:30so that the members of the troop
09:31can also maintain visual contact with one another.
09:46This troop is going down to the river to drink.
09:49As darkness approaches,
10:10the forest rings to the sound of the lemur groups,
10:14spacing themselves out as they settle down in the trees to sleep.
10:19Many lemurs are nocturnal,
10:27and when darkness falls,
10:29a completely new cast of them appears.
10:32This is the smallest of all,
10:33little bigger than a mouse,
10:35and called a mouse lemur.
10:41It eats insects as well as seeds and fruit,
10:44and enthusiastically marks its own section of a tree
10:47by urinating on its hands
10:49and planting smelly handprints all along the branches.
10:56The rarest lemur, the aye-aye.
10:58It may be on the verge of extinction.
11:00A few still survive, but no one knows how many.
11:03It's the oddest of the lot,
11:09gnawing into wood to expose beetle grubs.
11:12It also has a taste for egg yolk,
11:14which it gets by using its extraordinary long,
11:17bony middle finger as a probe.
11:19In all, there are some 20 different species of lemur
11:32still surviving in Madagascar.
11:36Elsewhere in the world, however,
11:38the lemurs died out.
11:39It seems that they couldn't face the competition
11:42from more advanced primates
11:45that were to develop later,
11:46the monkeys.
11:48But that competition only came during the day,
11:50because with one exception,
11:52all monkeys sleep at night.
11:54And so, the lemurs were able to survive
11:58by being nocturnal.
12:00In Africa, there are the bush babies,
12:02which are very similar to the mouse lemurs of Madagascar,
12:05and there's also the potto.
12:06And here, in the forests of the Far East,
12:09in Malaysia, there's the loris.
12:11Once again, it has those primate hallmarks,
12:19the forward-facing eyes and the grasping hands.
12:26This is a young one.
12:28It had a firm grip right from birth,
12:31and it uses it, as nearly all lemur babies do,
12:34to cling to its mother's fur.
12:36The loris still uses scent to mark its territory,
12:49and it has the typical moist nose of a lemur
12:52with which to read the marks in the trees.
13:02Only one primitive primate has no such nose,
13:05and it, too, lives in these oriental forests,
13:08the Tarsia.
13:10For it, the dominant sense is not smell, but sight.
13:18Its huge eyes and snub nose,
13:20without a surround of moist skin,
13:22are signs of things to come,
13:24for these are the characteristics
13:25of the more advanced primates
13:27that displace the lemurs and their relations
13:29from most of the world, the monkeys.
13:31The most primitive of the true monkeys still surviving
13:39live in the jungles of South America.
13:43Marmosets move about not at night,
13:45but during the day.
13:47At first glance, they don't look like monkeys,
13:49but scurry around the treetops more like squirrels.
13:52They use visual signals a great deal.
13:58Each species carries its own badges of identification,
14:01mustaches, bonnets, and plumes,
14:04or, like these common marmosets,
14:06long white ear tufts.
14:10Although they eat fruit and insects,
14:12most of their food consists of gum,
14:14which they tap by gnawing notches in bark.
14:17Their gum trees are important features of their territories
14:29and must be protected at all costs,
14:32and the marmosets do this
14:33by marking them with scented urine.
14:43Each territory is occupied
14:44by an adult male and female,
14:46together with their young,
14:48some of which may be nearly full-grown.
14:50They all travel together
14:51and defend the boundaries
14:53against neighbouring families.
14:56Sometimes, shrieking will scare off trespassers.
15:03And if that fails,
15:05they back up their threat
15:06with a truly spectacular genital display.
15:11To marmosets, this is the ultimate threat,
15:14and the trespassing family nearly always withdraws.
15:22So, through the evolution of a language of signals,
15:25damaging fights are more often than not avoided.
15:27Like limo babies,
15:38the young marmosets have got a firm and determined grasp,
15:42and they cling to their parents right from birth.
15:45Often, it's the male who carries them,
15:47but again, like the limos,
15:49the youngsters tend to move around a good deal,
15:51from one adult to another,
15:53and even onto the backs
15:54of their older brothers and sisters.
15:56And a particularly patient and long-suffering one
15:59will accumulate a heavy load.
16:01The grasping hands,
16:26so good at clinging to fir and branches,
16:28are also excellent combs.
16:31The nimble fingers are used for picking parasites
16:33and loose skin from the fur of others.
16:38The marmosets are the smallest of the monkeys,
16:40and in many ways,
16:41they represent a link between lemurs
16:43and other monkeys like these.
16:46The squirrel monkey, also a South American,
16:54is a typical member of the monkey family,
16:56active during the day,
16:58relying more on its eyes and ears than its nose
17:00for finding its way about
17:02and for communicating with its fellows,
17:05lively, gymnastic,
17:07and totally at home in the trees.
17:08There are about 70 different species of monkey
17:25in South America alone.
17:28None of them is better adapted to life in the trees
17:30than these howlers.
17:31They sleep in the treetops
17:36with a confident disregard for height
17:39and the risk of falling,
17:40and they usually wait for the sun to get well up
17:43before they bother to stir.
17:44Then they begin to demonstrate
18:03why they get their name.
18:04and they usually wait for the sun to get there.
18:34The howlers, and that most tree-loving of lemurs, the indri,
18:50have both discovered that the most efficient way to lay claim
18:54to a large area of the treetops is to sing.
18:57The howlers have taken the technique to extremes.
19:00Their chorus is said to be the loudest noise made by any mammal.
19:05With a favourable wind, you can hear them five kilometres away.
19:10These are the biggest and the heaviest monkeys in South America,
19:1320 times the weight of a marmoset.
19:16There seems to be a tendency among primates, as in most mammals,
19:20to become larger and larger.
19:22This may be because when males dispute over females,
19:25the biggest one, from sheer strength, is likely to win,
19:29and so will father bigger babies.
19:31But an increase in size when you live in trees
19:34has one drawback.
19:36It becomes increasingly difficult to reach the outer branches
19:39to gather fruit and leaves, or to move from one tree to another.
19:43The howlers have developed a way of reducing the problem,
19:46an additional climbing aid of marvellous effectiveness,
19:50a grasping tail.
19:51They need to be very agile,
20:08they need to be very agile for they are total vegetarians,
20:22and the best fruit and leaves are always at the farthest end of the branches.
20:26Like all monkeys, their sense of smell is relatively dull,
20:35so in order to tell whether a fruit is ripe or not,
20:52they have to hold it very close to the nose and give it a good sniff.
20:56Some, though, are less fussy than others.
21:12A howler selects fruit not only by smell like a lemur,
21:35but by its colour,
21:37and that is something that no lemur can do.
21:40Most of them are virtually colourblind.
21:42But all the monkeys scampering about in the sunshine
21:45have very good colour vision indeed,
21:48and that has allowed them to use colour in their body language.
21:51In fact, monkeys are the most vividly colourful of all mammals.
21:55The monkeys' exploitation of colour is a worldwide characteristic.
22:25But from other points of view,
22:30there are considerable differences
22:32between those species that live in South America
22:34and those that live in the rest of the world.
22:41Here in Africa, the monkeys also developed
22:44into a multitude of different kinds.
22:47But for some reason that we don't really understand,
22:51many species came down from the trees
22:54and were almost as happy on the ground
22:55as they were in the branches,
22:57like, for example, these vervets.
23:03This readiness to leave the trees
23:05may be something to do with the fact that,
23:07for some reason,
23:08none of the African monkeys
23:09has managed to develop that South American innovation,
23:12the grasping tail.
23:14So they never became so extremely adapted
23:17to a tree-living life
23:18or so thoroughly at home there.
23:21At any rate,
23:22the mere fact that there are monkeys
23:23foraging over this grassland
23:25is enough to tell you
23:26that this is an African scene.
23:31There are lots of grasslands in South America,
23:33but there are no monkeys wandering over them
23:35like these.
23:42There's even one kind of African monkey
23:44that, instead of always seeking safety in trees
23:47when danger threatens,
23:49on occasion does just the reverse.
23:50These are baboons.
24:06The physical talents
24:07that their ancestors developed in the trees
24:10are still very useful on the ground.
24:12The young baboon still clings to its mother's fur
24:15and, as it gets older,
24:17rides on her back like a jockey.
24:20Their grasping hands can pick up,
24:25pull up and dig up most things.
24:28And baboons have developed a taste
24:30for a wide variety of food.
24:32Not only the standard and typical monkey diet
24:34of fruit and leaves,
24:36but roots and insects
24:37and red meat in the form of lizards
24:39and small rodents
24:41and even other monkeys,
24:42if they can catch them.
24:46Male baboons have grown big and powerful
24:48in order to defend themselves and their troop.
24:50the big males keep order with visual signals.
24:55But down on the ground,
24:57there is also danger.
25:03The big males keep order with visual signals.
25:08The eyebrow flash is usually quite sufficient as a threat,
25:22though every now and then it has to be backed up
25:25with a more obvious show of strength.
25:27Several other species of monkey as well as the baboon
25:43have become very efficient at living on the ground.
25:46One has even left Africa
25:48and emigrated to Europe.
25:50The Rock of Gibraltar has been the home of troops
25:53of macaque monkeys for about 2,000 years.
25:56It's true that in recent times
25:58the British Army has imported fresh stock
26:00from North Africa when numbers got low
26:02and it seems likely that the very first ones here
26:05were brought over from Africa as pets by Roman soldiers.
26:09It says a lot for these monkeys
26:11that they've managed to survive.
26:13Indeed, the macaque is one of the most resourceful
26:16and adaptable of all monkeys.
26:19In one form or another,
26:20it lives all over Asia,
26:22from Afghanistan and India
26:24to Ceylon and Java
26:25and even as far north as Japan.
26:37Up here in the Japanese Alps,
26:40winters can be very severe indeed
26:42and the Japanese macaque
26:43has developed a particularly dense and warm fur.
27:01None of them hibernate,
27:03so they need to gather food every day
27:05and at times like this,
27:07they have no alternative
27:08but to burrow through the snow in search of it.
27:13One population, however,
27:33has discovered a most remarkable way
27:36of keeping themselves warm.
27:37These are volcanic springs.
27:47The monkeys moved into this area
27:49for the first time only a few years ago
27:51and one group of them quickly discovered
27:53that you could get some relief
27:54from blizzards and the worst of the cold
27:56by sitting all day in a hot bath.
27:59and the academics
28:00can never explosions
28:02but to try to warm up
28:02as well as the Jews
28:03and the ustedes
28:05who were in the movies
28:05and the Its
28:27Unfortunately, though, there's no food to be found here,
28:43so they have to come out sometimes, and then it must be horribly chilly.
28:47Macaques live in many parts of Japan, and one population of them has become famous all
29:01over the world for their inventiveness.
29:05These live on a tiny offshore island called Koshima.
29:09They're an isolated troop, and they've made some remarkable changes in their behaviour.
29:14For a long time, people used to think that the way in which creatures like wolves feed
29:20is largely insulting.
29:22But then, in 1952, scientists came to this island,
29:25and in order to entice the monkeys out into the open so they could observe them more closely,
29:31they started offering them sweet potatoes, sweet potatoes, like that.
29:39After about a year, a young female called Emo began to take her roots down to a pool
29:48and wash off the sand and mud before eating them.
29:52Within a few weeks, her close friends and her family, including her mother, were copying her.
29:56The habit spread, and ten years later, almost all the monkeys on the island
30:01habitually washed their sweet potatoes.
30:04Then, a new variation arose.
30:11Instead of using fresh water, the monkeys took the roots down to the sea and washed them there,
30:16even when they were clean already.
30:18Perhaps they simply liked salt on their potatoes.
30:21Only the very old didn't adopt the new customs.
30:24The young were quick to learn, and the fact that babies travelled on their mother's back
30:29meant that they saw exactly what she was doing at all times, an unexpected benefit of having grasping hands.
30:36Then the scientists changed the diet to unhusked rice.
30:41They wanted to keep the monkeys in one place so that they could observe them,
30:44and they reckoned it would take them a long time to pick out the rice from the sand.
30:48But they had reckoned without email.
30:51She grabbed handfuls of rice and sand together and threw the whole lot into the water.
30:56The sand sank, the rice floated, and she quickly skimmed it off, and once again, the habit spread.
31:03This ability and, indeed, readiness to copy and learn from your contemporaries and your elders
31:17results in the community having shared skills, shared knowledge, shared ways of doing things.
31:23Having, in fact, a shared culture.
31:26The word, of course, is normally used for human societies,
31:29but there's no reason in principle why it shouldn't be applied to monkeys as well.
31:33And what this troop of monkeys have done is to develop a simple culture.
31:56walking on your hind legs is still very much a gymnastic trick for these creatures.
32:07Monkeys are essentially four-footed animals.
32:11But there is one group of the primates that is, by and large, two-legged.
32:15And to see how they arose, we have to go back to the tropical rainforests of the old world.
32:26Here, in the treetops of the jungles of the Far East, monkeys developed that specialized in eating
32:39leaves and blossoms, just like the howlers of South America.
32:45The silver leaf monkey is one of them.
32:52But it's particularly unusual in that it's one of the few primates whose young are totally different in color from their parents.
33:04This is just about the biggest totally tree-living monkey in Asia.
33:08And it's still a considerable gymnast.
33:11But some primates here have grown even bigger.
33:30These heavyweights didn't solve their climbing problems with a grasping tail.
33:35Instead of trying to run along the top of branches, they took to swinging beneath them by their arms.
33:40And they lost their tails altogether.
33:43These are the apes.
33:47The big ape of Borneo is the orangutan.
33:50Its toes have just as powerful a grip as its fingers.
33:53In fact, you might, with justice, call it four-handed.
33:56They're far too big to jump about and seldom let go with more than two limbs at a time.
34:02They move across space by using their weight and making a tree or vine sway in the direction that they want to go.
34:16The males sometimes grow so enormous that the thinner branches won't hold them at all.
34:21They have to get from one tree to another by descending and shambling across the ground.
34:33Increase in size may have been the stimulus to develop a swinging way of getting around.
34:38But having developed it, one ape, the gibbon, exploited the new technique to its limit by becoming smaller again.
34:45The gibbon's arms are greatly lengthened and so are its fingers.
34:49So that its hands have become hooks that can be quickly latched onto a branch and off again.
34:54With such limbs, the gibbon's have become the most exuberant and daring of acrobats to be found anywhere.
35:24Such spectacular performances do, however, have risks.
35:39Untested branches can break.
35:41And in fact, a third of all given skeletons that have been examined show signs of fractures.
35:54There's one ape, however, that spends nearly all its time on the ground.
36:09It lives here 10,000 feet up on the flanks of the volcanoes of Central Africa on the borders of Rwanda and Zaire.
36:18It's the biggest of all the apes, the shyest, one of the rarest, and until recently, one of the least known.
36:26The gorilla.
36:29The group of gorillas that lives here has been studied by scientists for several years
36:33and has become sufficiently accustomed to human beings to allow you to approach quite close.
36:38But you have to behave properly.
36:49And you mustn't conceal yourself too well.
36:51If you suddenly appeared close to them and took them by surprise, then they would almost certainly charge.
36:56There's a lookout sitting on that tree and he's already seen me.
37:26seeing if you jump in.
37:28If you're asleep beyond me, these are almost there.
37:29It's true.
37:31The gorilla.
37:34The gorilla.
37:36The gorilla.
37:39The gorilla.
37:41It's a quick and easy.
37:43The gorilla.
37:45The gorilla.
37:46The gorilla.
37:47The gorilla.
37:48The gorilla.
37:49The gorilla.
37:50The gorilla.
37:51There is more meaning and mutual understanding in exchanging
38:14at plants with a gorilla than any other animal I know.
38:22We're so similar.
38:25Their sight, their hearing, their sense of smell
38:29are so similar to ours that we see the world in the same way
38:34as they do.
38:37They live in the same sort of social groups,
38:40largely permanent family relationships.
38:45They walk around on the ground as we do,
38:46they're there, immensely more powerful than we are.
38:53And so if there was a possibility of escaping the human condition
38:58and living imaginatively, in another creature's world,
39:09it must be with a gorilla.
39:13And yet, as I sit here surrounded by this trusting gorilla family,
39:22they're gentle, classic creatures.
39:29The boss of the group is that silverback male.
39:33The rest are adult females with their young sons and daughters.
39:37And this is how they spend most of their time,
39:40lounging on the ground, grooming one another.
39:43The male is an enormously powerful creature.
39:47But he only uses his strength when he is actually protecting his own family
39:57from a marauding male from a marauding male from another group.
40:15And it's very, very rare that there is any violence within them.
40:25So it seems really very unfair that man should have chosen the gorilla
40:31to symbolize all that is aggressive and violent,
40:35when that's the one thing that the gorilla is not and that we are.
40:51That grasping, manipulative hand has now become something more,
40:55an instrument with which to explore and investigate.
41:01The fingers can delicately revolve a small object
41:04and investigate it from every angle.
41:06They can feel not only its shape, but its texture.
41:09For the fingers, since they're no longer required to be put flat on the ground
41:12in support of the body, have sensitive pads at the end,
41:16covered with tiny ridges of skin to enhance the sense of touch.
41:20Every gorilla, in fact, has its own unique fingerprints, just as we have.
41:25The gorilla family spends its day gently grazing,
41:43and there's plenty of time for play.
41:55Half-grown black-backed males regularly have wrestling matches.
42:25the gorilla, in fact, not the gorilla in a football party.
42:31Also known as a dead fish,
42:33a gorilla in a clinch of an injury-like,
42:36has been it very difficult for me to become a soldier in the world?
42:38No, it's nothing but a soldier.
42:40Now, that's all about the gorilla in the world.
42:41I don't know if it is a soldier whether it is a soldier.
42:44It's a soldier.
42:45Had to be a soldier,
42:47and I don't know if it was a soldier,
42:49and this fighter has been a soldier.
42:51So that's not the soldier.
42:52Sometimes they even allow others to join in.
43:22So, let's go.
43:52Though they may play games, you don't forget that these are the rulers of the forest
43:57and the great silverback is king of the whole group.
44:01He's so enormously strong that he need fear nothing
44:04except a man armed with a spear or a gun.
44:11No enemies and an unlimited supply of food
44:14that can be gathered simply by stretching out an arm,
44:16the gorilla has no need to remain particularly agile in either body or mind.
44:37There is one other ape living in these forests.
44:40Whereas a gorilla lives on perhaps a couple of dozen different kinds of plants,
44:50this ape eats the leaves of over 200.
44:54And it not only eats leaves, it eats bark, blossoms, fruit,
45:00and as well as that, termites and ants and honey,
45:05birds' eggs, birds and even the flesh of small mammals.
45:09And in order to do that, you need a very nimble mind,
45:13an inquisitive disposition.
45:15And that is exactly what these chimpanzees have got.
45:34Chimps spend a considerable amount of time on the ground,
45:37but they've not become so adapted to it as the gorilla.
45:41The gorilla's foot has lost much of its grasp.
45:45A chimps is still almost as dexterous as its hand.
45:49They're still small enough to go up into the trees to gather fruit and leaves,
46:02and they also spend the night up there, where it's safer.
46:05Every evening, they make a bed for themselves,
46:15a springy platform constructed by bending over the ends of branches.
46:19They live in large groups, sometimes up to 50 strong,
46:43and they need to recognize one another as individuals.
46:47Lemurs do this by making distinctive scent marks.
46:51Chimps with less sensitive noses do it by sight.
46:55So, like us, they have very different and immediately recognizable faces.
46:59The most abiding relationships within the group are between mother and young.
47:15A baby will remain clinging to its mother or close by her for at least five years.
47:20So, the wisdom and experience of the community, its culture,
47:25is passed on this way from one generation to another.
47:29The skills of motherhood, for example,
47:31are learned by a daughter watching her mother handling a new baby.
47:35So, if a young female chimp is taken into captivity and deprived of that experience,
47:40she will not know how to suckle her own babe and has to be shown.
47:44Friendships are made and relationships sustained throughout the group by grooming.
47:55What started as a simple act of toilet
47:57has now become the most potent form of social bonding within the group.
48:04Every individual seems to enjoy it enormously.
48:07An adult returning to the group after having strayed away for some days
48:10is greeted with an ecstatic bout of grooming by friends.
48:23Grooming like this has been a crucial influence in the development of chimp behavior.
48:28It starts when the newly born babe is cleaned by its mother.
48:32For several years, the warm body of the mother represents comfort and security.
48:37And as he becomes more independent, he runs back to her for that comfort
48:41when things go wrong or he's frightened.
48:43He still gets a similar pleasure when he's full grown
48:46with these long sessions of grooming that may go on for a couple of hours at a time.
48:52A junior member of the group will present himself for grooming as an act of submission.
48:57A dominant individual will accept it as a tribute.
49:00Aius K.
49:03Aichi Photography
49:04That must be a compound good concern
49:05in the nearby areas at the U.S.
49:06A year-old
49:06A selector
49:08and a part-weak
49:09estaba belaborando
49:11a limited space
49:13A lifetime
49:14It's time to stop
49:15and
49:16A two-year-old
49:18Even more
49:20Aarm
49:21A
49:22At
49:22At
49:26At
49:27At
49:28At
49:30their agile fingers have allowed chimps to make one further and highly important development
49:57this youngster is collecting one of his favorite foods tree termites winkling them out of the hole
50:05with a stick that he's specially cut and trimmed for the purpose it's a simple tool
50:11so chimpanzees live rich and varied lives they're members of a complex social group with all the
50:22excitements that that involves they have the most extensive vocabulary of sounds of any animal
50:31apart from man they make tools and they have an unquenchable curiosity testing everything to find
50:38out how it moves how it bends what it feels like above all what it tastes like
50:44this ability indeed willingness to experiment with different kinds of foods means that
50:59chimpanzees can not only live in forests like these could venture out into a more open country into
51:08savannas and once there they can find not only leaves but meat that move into open country was
51:17first made about 15 million years ago by another climate one of the very early ones it found when
51:25it got there that the very talents that it had developed in the forest for moving around in the
51:30trees were very useful out on the plains the stereoscopic eyes which enabled it to see game and the far
51:39distance the manipulative hands which enabled it to use not just tools but weapons in fact it
51:47became a hunter and that early primate was man's ancestor chimps are rather conservative cousins
51:57removed by about 15 million years nonetheless we both share many characteristics in our bodies and our
52:05behavior that are the common inheritance from the ancient creatures that once spent all their lives in the trees
52:27said he had to bury their children in the trees in the trees in the park so
52:29to meet gary's adesso i think i can spend all of them in his cousin's THAA and i can also afford the
52:48ihed lights instead their family members were having at a combination of the trees in the trees in the state of metropolitan
52:56¶¶
53:26¶¶
53:56¶¶
Be the first to comment