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02:06It's even more varied than the surface of the land.
02:26To see just how varied it is,
02:28let's take an imaginary journey across the Pacific,
02:32starting in the west,
02:33where the ocean is deeper than anywhere else on the globe,
02:36the Mariana Trench.
02:38The bottom of this immense valley,
02:40seven miles below the surface,
02:42is grooved by deep faults.
02:44If Mount Everest rose from the bottom here,
02:47its summit would still be beneath 7,000 feet of water.
02:52Down at the very bottom,
02:53the water pressure is some seven tonnes per square inch.
02:57The temperature is close to freezing,
02:59and it's pitch dark,
03:00for it's far, far beyond the reach of sunlight.
03:06As we climb up out of the trench,
03:19we move on to a plain covered with reddish mud.
03:22A few hills rise from it,
03:30but there are still some 20,000 feet of water above us.
03:36Travel eastwards over these plains for 1,000 miles,
03:39and we reach a range of fantastic mountains.
03:43Their summits are covered by a white deposit like snow,
03:46composed of the limestone skeletons of microscopic organisms
03:49that have drifted down from the surface waters.
03:52They never reach the lower slopes,
03:54for the water pressure becomes so great they dissolve.
04:00Currents sweeping up from the south
04:02pile the sand into dunes 150 feet high,
04:06which advance slowly across the sea floor
04:08as dunes do in a desert on land.
04:15In places, the sand is littered with metallic lumps,
04:19some as big as cannon balls,
04:21manganese that under these pressures
04:23has precipitated out from the salty water.
04:25After a journey of 4,000 miles,
04:39we reach the biggest mountains of all.
04:42These are the flanks of the great volcanic islands of Hawaii.
04:46Their sides are far steeper than any mountain on land,
04:49for they're never eroded by frost
04:50or by rivers armed with gravel.
04:52They rise from the sea floor 15,000 feet to the surface
04:56and then continue for an almost equal height above it,
05:00so they can truly be reckoned the highest mountains in the world.
05:06As we climb up their sides towards the surface,
05:09we return once more to light and to abundant life.
05:12Life began in sunlit waters like these
05:22some 3,000 million years ago,
05:25and creatures very similar to those ancient primeval organisms
05:28still flourish in shallow seas all over the world.
05:33Feather stars very like these
05:34waved their tentacles in the ancient seas
05:37long before any fish appeared,
05:39at a time when the land was still bare of life of any kind.
05:42Horseshoe crabs come from an equally antique stock.
05:54Fossils of them have been found in rocks 600 million years old.
05:58Most of their relatives have died out.
06:00These are the lonely survivors
06:02of what was once a widespread and successful group.
06:05Even older, indeed among the first of all living things,
06:28microscopic plants encased in shells of limestone.
06:30They use sunshine to build from simple chemicals in the seawater
06:35their own tissue.
06:37This act of photosynthesis,
06:38transforming mineral into vegetable,
06:40is the basis of all life in the sea.
06:43A myriad of creatures feed on them.
06:50Some are tiny animals that are scarcely bigger than the plants
06:54that they waft into their mouths.
07:02This floating community of plants and animals is the plankton.
07:06It's members move endlessly through the Blue Seas.
07:10Many are fragile constructions of jelly
07:13that would collapse without the support of water.
07:15Some are colonial, several feet long.
07:37They call this Venus's girdle.
07:40It's two feet across.
07:41This light catches in the beating hairs that ripple over its body
07:45as it moves slowly through the water.
07:50The animals of the plankton,
07:52or those that can't photosynthesize,
07:55sweep up the tiny plants and other edible particles
07:58in many different ways.
08:02This one extends a forest of long tentacles
08:05in which smaller organisms get entangled.
08:07This, transparent as a glass, trails stinging threads
08:14and pulls them in whenever they catch something.
08:31Worms actively pursue their prey.
08:33Creatures from many families of animals
08:44have representatives in this community.
08:47Some are permanent members.
08:49Some only temporary,
08:51joining it when they're young larvae
08:52and drifting great distances before they grow up,
08:55change shape and settle down to a more static life.
08:58But all are ultimately dependent
09:01on the tiny, microscopic plants.
09:14There's another way in which the drifting particles of food can be gathered.
09:18Instead of moving with the current,
09:20you can stay fixed to the rocks
09:22and allow the currents to bring food to you.
09:24That's the technique used by anemones and many other creatures.
09:31As the water sweeps by,
09:33the particles it carries stick to the waving tentacles.
09:36All kinds of creatures live in this fashion.
09:51This is a sea cucumber.
09:59And this, a basket star.
10:01The water brings not only food, but vital oxygen.
10:17And if it doesn't bring it fast enough,
10:19it can be speeded by pulsing,
10:21as these coral polyps are doing.
10:22It's not only relatively simple creatures
10:30like anemones and corals that filter currents.
10:33Other, more complex animals have also taken to doing so.
10:36This is a remote relative of the shrimps
10:39that has settled down on its back,
10:41grown a protective shell,
10:42and fishes for the passing particles with its feet.
10:45It's a barnacle.
11:00Some crabs also rely on the currents to bring them meals
11:03and pluck them from the water with tiny pincers.
11:06But the biggest of all filter feeders
11:13propel themselves gently through the surface waters.
11:23A manta ray, 18 feet across.
11:27It often feeds at night
11:29when dense swarms of the plankton move up towards the surface.
11:32The water is channeled into its mouth
11:35by the blades on either side of its head
11:37and then passes through filters in the slits
11:39in the sides of its throat.
11:48The basking shark gathers the same sort of food
11:51in a similar way.
11:53It grows even bigger than the manta,
11:5640 feet long and 4 tons in weight.
11:58Idling through the water,
12:03it filters over 1,000 tons of water every hour.
12:18And even bigger still,
12:20in fact, the biggest of all fish,
12:22the whale shark.
12:23This mountain of a creature
12:27can be up to 50 feet long.
12:41Other more normal-sized fish live on and around it.
12:46Some collect its refuse.
12:47Others pick off morsels
12:58that get stuck in its tiny teeth
13:00in a mouth 6 feet wide.
13:04It's an astonishing proof
13:06of how sustaining
13:07and how abundant the plankton must be.
13:10But, of course,
13:22not all sharks live on plankton
13:24or are quite so amiable.
13:29These are grey reef sharks
13:31about 6 feet long.
13:32Some consolation to note
13:46that those sharks
13:47don't normally attack human beings.
13:50Their prey is usually
13:52small fish or predators.
13:55And, indeed,
13:58when one looks at them,
14:00it's not so much
14:00their danger
14:02that comes into your mind,
14:04it's their extraordinary beauty,
14:06the way in which
14:07they are so perfectly streamlined
14:09to every curve of their body,
14:11every curve of their fin,
14:14precisely matching
14:15the shape that is needed
14:17to glide through the water
14:18with the least trouble,
14:20most beautiful things.
14:22Sharks belong to a very ancient family
14:26that evolved this shape
14:27some 400 million years ago.
14:30But, soon after they appeared,
14:31another group of fish
14:32established itself.
14:36These have skeletons of bone,
14:38not gristle,
14:39as the sharks have,
14:40and they have two swimming aids
14:41that the sharks lack.
14:43Swim bladders
14:44that give them buoyancy
14:45and paired fins
14:46that can twist in all directions
14:48and so give them
14:49great manoeuvrability
14:50in the water.
14:52These bony fish
14:53are the ones
14:54which today
14:54dominate the seas.
14:56among them
15:12are the most powerful
15:25of all hunters in the sea,
15:26the tuna.
15:28When hunting,
15:29they can swim faster
15:30than any other fish.
15:31Some say nearly 70 miles an hour,
15:34faster even
15:34than a cheetah
15:35can run on land.
15:37But the fish's dominance
15:39of the sea
15:39didn't go unchallenged.
15:41Some 10 million years ago,
15:43warm-blooded creatures
15:44from the land
15:45invaded the sea,
15:46mammals,
15:47and they became
15:48equally streamlined.
15:49in the sea,
15:52to meet the sharks
15:53that they might
15:54remain in the sea
15:54that they might
15:55abundance
15:55and the adapted
15:56of all theر
16:13in the sea to hire縁.
16:16Dolphins and killer whales are descended from four-footed, land-living, air-breathing
16:25mammals that were flesh-eaters.
16:28In the sea they lost their limbs, but not their taste for meat nor their teeth.
16:32Indeed one of the family that lives only in the ice-strewn waters of the Arctic has grown
16:37one of its teeth to an extraordinary length.
16:46These are narwhals, and they're all males, for only the male produces the great tusk up
16:55to nine feet long.
17:01These without tusks are females, one with a calf, and these are young males.
17:13No one knows for certain what purpose the tusk serves, but it seems likely that it's
17:18used in courtship.
17:20That's confirmed by the fact that, very rarely indeed, males have been glimpsed, as here,
17:26fencing with one another.
17:43The best view that most of us can get for most of the time of most kinds of whales is a brief
18:01glimpse as the animal comes to the surface to snatch a breath, but that's not the case
18:06with the beluga, these beautiful white whales.
18:11Up here in the Canadian Arctic, they come just during those brief weeks when the ice goes
18:17away from these shores, and assemble in vast numbers in this bay.
18:23They are hundreds, sometimes as many as a thousand.
18:34We don't really know why they come here, nor what they do now that they are here.
18:39Maybe there's some kind of specially attractive food in these shallow waters, for sometimes
18:43they seem to deliberately stir up the gravelly bottom of the bay.
18:48Perhaps there's a food here that is especially valuable for youngsters or nursing mothers.
18:52For many that come are females, with babies a few months old swimming skillfully in their
18:57mother's slipstream.
19:00But whatever it is that they do here, they seem to be enjoying themselves hugely.
19:09And they haven't lost their mammalian habit of communicating by sound.
19:13So vocal are they that they're sometimes called sea canaries.
19:25The most recent family to colonise the sea, also mammals, were descended from bear-like creatures.
19:32The walrus and its cousin, the seals, are not so fully adapted to life in the sea as the
19:37whales, but then they haven't been there so long.
19:41They haven't lost their feet, as the whales have, nor do they spend all their lives in
19:52the water.
19:56They come ashore to give birth, and they often haul themselves out to rest, but nonetheless
20:01they're superb swimmers.
20:02So, in the 3,000 million years since living organisms first appeared in the sea, the oceans
20:18have acquired a population of immense diversity.
20:21From simple, single-celled microscopic plants to advanced and complex, highly intelligent mammals.
20:27Indeed, there are more different groups of animals living in the sea than there are on land.
20:34The oceans were the birthplace and the nursery of life, and they are still its main residents.
20:46And they look at their children.
20:47Within the sea can differ berold.
20:48Incällt- 돼요.
20:49Third place place place place place place place place place place place spot to occur.
20:52Unless they fail to put up their homes
21:08and there are more of the наблюдrant dead Jedidhah that leave up volcanoes, instead of a
21:12time-established its continuedutz-like background.
21:13But the sea is not uniform, just as the land has different specialised environments inhabited
21:42by creatures that occur nowhere else, so does the sea.
21:46The coral lagoon is a world of its own.
21:49Corals are very demanding in their requirements.
21:52They must have good light, clear, unpolluted water, and warmth.
21:56And they find those conditions at their very best in the tropics, particularly around the
22:01small islands that are the summits of submarine mountains.
22:04There they flourish so well that they grow outwards into the clear blue water, building
22:09on top of their own skeletons to form these wide, shallow lagoons.
22:17The variety of corals is immense.
22:21Some are soft and rubbery.
22:23Others are hard and slightly flexible, like a horn.
22:26But most are stony.
22:28The organisms that build these structures, tonne upon tonne, occupy only the outer skin.
22:34The rest is dead.
22:35As they develop, the little organisms branch.
22:39And the particular way they do so determines the shape of the colony, forming antlers and
22:44organ pipes, whips and fans, vases and buttons.
22:48If the jungle is the place on land where there are the greatest number and the greatest variety
23:11of life, then this, the coral reef, is surely the jungle of the sea.
23:20The number, the variety, the sheer beauty of all these myriad fish and corals and anemones is quite breathtaking.
23:30Of course, the tiny, anemone-like peaties that build these fans and fronds of coral are themselves animals.
23:42But within their tissues, there are tiny granules, which are algae, plants.
23:50And it's they that harness the sunshine and use it to build living tissue.
23:59And onto these plates and branches of coral come a wide variety of peaties to browse.
24:06Some, like the parrotfish, bite off chunks.
24:12Others pick off little organisms and particles with the utmost delicacy.
24:16The tides surging in and out of the lagoon bring in regular supplies of fresh oxygenated water and fresh food.
24:41Anglerfish sit in the current, waiting patiently, like all fishermen, for whatever turns up.
24:48Even such specialized fish as these exist on the reef in several different versions.
24:53There's this lemon yellow one that angles with a movable spine on its forehead.
25:04Little reef fish find it an irresistible bait.
25:11More prey to be angled for by the decoy fish.
25:28A dorsal fin patterned with a false eye and a mouth so that it looks remarkably like a little fish
25:33and therefore may attract other small fish or possibly predatory ones.
25:38This one is the wrong way round. Its spines would stick in the mouth.
25:47That's better.
25:49One of the fastest actions in the animal world.
25:55And the angler, perhaps to prevent a second fish arriving before it's properly digested the first,
26:01changes colour so that the lure vanishes.
26:03In the reef, there are many species with many ways of life.
26:14Just take the crustaceans, for example.
26:16Hermit crabs live by scavenging.
26:19Often, they share the shells they've commandeered as a home with anemones.
26:24The anemones benefit by picking up bits of the crab's meal
26:27and giving the crab, in return, a certain protection with their stinging tentacles.
26:34This crab actually uses a particular kind of anemone as a weapon,
26:38wearing one on each claw like boxing gloves.
26:40This one tries to put on a sponge, like an overcoat.
26:46It seems to be rather overdoing things,
26:48for the brown jersey it's already wearing is also a sponge and a well-established one.
26:53But the arrangement will suit both parties.
26:55The crab gets the camouflage,
26:57and the sponge may benefit from the crab's crumbs.
26:59Crabs and their relations, the lobsters and the shrimps,
27:09are found from top to bottom of the reef.
27:11Big ones, like this lobster, prowl openly through the coral branches.
27:21Little ones, like the mantis shrimp,
27:23are rather more cautious and build themselves tunnels.
27:26If the coral reef is the equivalent of the jungle,
27:39then maybe these waving beds of kelp
27:41in the cold Atlantic waters off the coast of Norway
27:44are like the dark, evergreen forests of the north,
27:48bitterly cold, dense and uniform,
27:51and swept by raging gales.
27:56Bleak though the kelp forest may seem,
28:16there are riches here,
28:17and eiderduck know it.
28:19The eiders settle in flocks on the surface of the water
28:34above the kelp forest,
28:36and they're almost as adept in flying through the water
28:38as they are through the air.
28:40This is what they seek,
29:00mussels.
29:00eiders are true creatures of the sea,
29:13seldom if ever visiting fresh water.
29:15They prefer to fish for mussels on an ebb tide
29:18when the water is low,
29:20but they're such good swimmers
29:21that they can stay below water for a minute or more
29:24and dive down to 50 feet below the surface.
29:37The streaming current causes great problems
29:40to the fish of the kelp forest.
29:42Simply maintaining a position there is a struggle.
29:44The lump sucker does it with modified fins on its underside
29:48and gets such a firm grip
29:50that it's extremely difficult to pull it off,
29:53even by hand.
29:54Its young develop suckers at a very early age
29:57and sometimes fix themselves to their father
29:59who ferries them off to deeper waters.
30:01Kelp grows in coastal waters all round the world
30:08and in the seaweed forests of southern Australia
30:11lives one of the most extravagantly camouflaged of all fish.
30:24Other fish appear to be completely deceived.
30:27This small one, itself with a false eye
30:30so that it's difficult to tell whether it's coming or going,
30:33lives in these green leafy tatters
30:35as though they were real plants.
30:38But they're not.
30:39They're all part of the elaborate costume
30:41of the leafy sea dragon.
31:00The dragon is really a kind of seahorse,
31:17as you can recognise if you can disentangle its main body
31:20from all its extraordinary outgrowths.
31:22And like its relatives, it has a tiny mouth
31:25with which it picks up small floating shrimps
31:27that ill-advisedly take shelter
31:29in what appears to be floating weed.
31:32So the lead is just in which it catches me
31:35and is coming up.
31:37You know,
31:39here's the link we have done here
31:41than the most world goes on.
31:42And like I'll get with the
31:46good news of the bird
31:47and the it is a peak
31:49that alltestablish
31:50which is very productive
31:52so that the light doesn't find
31:52that the mule remains
31:54The grandma seemed Unters
31:55and the Glückwun
31:56and the fullyigs cult
31:57after the hundred years
31:57that the animal was
31:58Sarah stood
31:59that he hid
31:59pelos her
32:01As well as its forests, the sea has its deserts.
32:10Over vast areas of the ocean floor, there is nothing but shifting wastes of sand.
32:17It seems as lifeless as a desert on land in the heat of the day.
32:25An occasional fish wanders over the rippled surface as though lost.
32:32Here and there, a sea urchin levers itself along, extracting what nutriment it can find from particles within the sand.
32:45The goat fish looks for the same sort of thing, using sensitive barbels on its chin.
32:50To build a home or a shelter in sand demands special techniques.
33:02Garden eels cement the grains together with mucus to form a tube in which they cling with their tails while collecting plankton with their mouths.
33:11Bulldozer shrimps and agobi co-operate to build a shared tunnel using coral rubble to prop up the roof.
33:18The blade fish can improvise a shelter on the spur of the moment.
33:38The blade fish can improvise a shelter on the spur of the moment.
33:51There are two very different reasons for hiding.
33:54The blade fish does it to get out of trouble.
34:00This little cuttlefish does it in order to cause trouble.
34:06The prey is a shrimp.
34:22The prey is a shrimp.
34:24The prey is burning.
34:27The prey is substantially central to the prey, you step to bring the人 in an Indian water.
34:30And a Wahrотper is also very busy tasking.
34:48If you look at it on a wall, you can have a 54-72いました.
34:49And the cuttlefish has the shrimp firmly in its tentacles.
35:08The floating pastures of plankton,
35:10on which so many ocean-going fish depend,
35:13must live in the surface waters within the reach of sunshine.
35:16The coral lagoon and the kelp forests
35:19only flourish where good light reaches the bottom.
35:22But light can't penetrate much beyond 350 feet,
35:26and most of the ocean floor lies far deeper than that.
35:38Even quite near the surface,
35:40you often have to take your own light with you.
35:46Fish, too, carry lights.
36:01The flashlight fish use theirs to find their food
36:04and to maintain contact with one another,
36:07like other species in deeper water.
36:09Their batteries are little colonies of bacteria
36:13living in a pouch beneath the fish's eye
36:15that give off light as a byproduct of their chemistry.
36:19And the fish turns its lights off and on
36:21by raising and lowering a flap of skin.
36:24At greater depths, giant amphipods,
36:31primitive relatives of the horseshoe crabs,
36:34plod along the bottom.
36:36Very little is known about these strange creatures.
36:40Even at 3,000 feet down, there is life.
36:53Almost all the creatures here feed on dead bodies
36:55that fall from above.
37:10The eel-like hagfish, which have no jaws,
37:13knot themselves against the carcass to get a better hold.
37:17Bigger fish grip with their teeth and spin,
37:34tearing off strips of the flesh.
37:38The smaller particles drifting down from the surface
37:41are collected by deep-sea stars and smaller fish.
37:44It's here that all the nutrients produced by decay
37:47finally collect as ooze.
37:49The very deepest parts of the ocean
37:51lie below the paths of currents,
37:53so the water is not only black and cold,
37:56but almost still.
38:00The weird tripod fish perches on its extended fins
38:03and its tail.
38:10Even in the deepest place of all,
38:12the Mariana Trench, seven miles down,
38:15there is life.
38:16Shrimps are slowly picking clean
38:18the skeleton of a fish
38:19that may have taken months
38:21to drift down to these still depths.
38:30But at the surface of the sea,
38:32the water is never still.
38:34storms whip it up into great waves,
38:49which may travel for hundreds of miles
38:51before eventually they crash into the coasts.
38:54The water in these waves doesn't travel far,
39:07but circulates more or less in the same place
39:10while the wave itself moves on.
39:13But that circulation is of crucial importance
39:15to the creatures of the sea,
39:17for it's this that allows the waters of the sea
39:20to absorb the vital oxygen from the air above.
39:23and above.
39:24and above.
39:26the sea.
39:27and above.
39:28The sea.
39:29And above.
39:30And above.
39:31And above.
39:32The sea.
39:33The sea.
39:34I don't know.
40:04Deep currents do move through the oceans.
40:07They're created by the spin of the earth, which gives the waters at the equator a westward drift,
40:13and by the sun, which warms these equatorial waters and sends them away to the poles.
40:18This produces vast ocean-wide eddies that replicate the whirlpools of tidal races,
40:25but do so on a scale that is thousands of miles across.
40:28In the Pacific, the equatorial current divides, and in the south, it flows down as far as New Zealand.
40:40In the Indian Ocean, the southern system is almost circular.
40:46The northern has to swirl around the Great Triangle of India.
40:49In the Atlantic, the north-flowing current is called the Gulf Stream,
40:56and it encloses in the centre of the ocean, as all these great whirlpools do,
41:01an area where the waters are almost still.
41:03On their surface float rafts of weed.
41:09It never roots, but floats forever, rocked sufficiently by the swell
41:13to prevent its topmost fronds from drying out in the sun.
41:16The Portuguese sailors, looking at the little bladders that keep it afloat,
41:27call them sargasso, grapes.
41:30This is the Sargasso Sea.
41:33Like every other region within the oceans, it has its own specialised inhabitants.
41:39Small fish shelter in its fronds and are closely disguised to match them.
41:44And swimming crabs clamber up and rest on top of the floating mats.
41:50But the Sargasso is one of the least fertile stretches of water in all the oceans.
41:55Since no currents feed into it, it receives no nutrients,
41:59and its clear waters are largely barren.
42:07But patches of it occasionally break away.
42:09Between the Gulf Stream and the North American coast,
42:16there are cores of cold Sargasso water surrounded by warm circulating currents,
42:21formed when the Gulf Stream begins to meander
42:23and nips off a segment of the Sargasso,
42:25complete with its weed and populations of animals.
42:29These warm corings, 100 or so miles across,
42:32drift slowly down the coast until they lose their momentum and their warmth,
42:35break up and are swept away again by the Gulf Stream.
42:40The Gulf Stream continues northwards, along the coast, to Newfoundland.
42:47Here, off these bleak, fog-bound beaches,
42:50it creates an area of seas that might be reckoned to be one of the most fertile
42:54and productive places on the entire globe,
42:57a place where the full potential richness of the ocean is realised
43:00and where animals of all kinds, above and below the water, come to harvest it.
43:09The warm water of the Gulf Stream is accompanied by steady warm breezes.
43:15And just about here, it meets a cold current coming down from the Arctic.
43:21And where the warm breezes meet the icy breath of the Arctic,
43:27they shed their moisture and form these fogs.
43:31And where the two currents meet, the waters churn and swirl
43:35and bring up rich nutrients from the bottom of the sea.
43:40Now, it so happens that just off this coast, there's an underwater plateau
43:45where the water is so shallow that the sun or the light
43:48can get almost always to the bottom.
43:52And so, the floating plants of the sea are always within the range of light
43:56and they're fed eternally by these swirling currents bringing up nutrients.
44:02So, the plants flourish and on them come great shoals of fish
44:07which breed and spawn in such numbers
44:10that at times the waters seem almost to boil with them.
44:15These are caprin, a small fish related to the European smelt.
44:20They feed on the plankton in the surface waters
44:22and in May they gather in vast shoals to spawn.
44:26Some will do so offshore
44:28but some go to extraordinary trouble to lay their eggs out of water
44:32where they will be safe from other hungry fish.
44:35The shoals come closer and closer inshore.
44:49Each female caprin can produce 10,000 eggs.
44:53Each wave brings in tens of thousands of fish, again and again.
44:59The numbers of eggs defies any computation.
45:01They pile up in banks as solid as sand along the high watermark.
45:07Having spawned, all the males and most of the females die.
45:12The richness that the caprin gathered from the plankton
45:29and converted into their own flesh is now gathered by birds.
45:35Shearwaters gorge themselves on the dying and the dead.
45:42Gannets dive between the scavengers, taking the live fish.
46:00And still the caprin come in.
46:03Even before they get to the shallows, they are hunted.
46:05Herds of seals come up to the grand banks
46:11specially at this time to share in the bonanza.
46:13The snail's
46:25represent the fish thanks for the ecclesiastical texture.
46:28And in the day when they're here we find the guy's
46:32at the promised interests.
46:33And with theósiles of ginger, theůr family
46:34ette desi de podría be noctur disappeared.
46:38What if the moon will rise in the sea and return?
46:41Simply, have not seen before the large winds
46:41of sail.
46:42And here, too, come the biggest hunters of all.
47:10Humpbacked whales.
47:12With each upward lunge, the whale takes in tons of water and thousands of capelin.
47:34With a mouthful in its jaws, it brings forward its tongue, squirts out the surface water
47:40through the filter plates that hang from its upper jaw, and swallows the tiny fish.
47:44The whales have developed a way of concentrating the capelin shoals so that they will get the
47:48greatest number of fish in a single mouthful.
47:52It's called bubble netting.
47:56The whales have developed a way of concentrating the capelin shoals so that they will get the
48:13greatest number of fish in a single mouthful.
48:15It's called bubble netting.
48:18Those white areas are huge masses of bubbles.
48:22The whales dive deep below the swarming capelin and start a slow, spiralling swim upwards, blowing
48:28gusts of bubbles as they rise.
48:31The capelin, frightened by the circular curtain of bubbles, rush inwards and form a dense, confused
48:37shoal.
48:38Then the whale rises up in the middle, jaws agape, and engulfs the lot.
48:43After a few short weeks, the spawning orgy of the capelin is over.
48:57Their bodies lie in vast drifts, awaiting the processes of decay which will return their
49:02nutrients to the waters.
49:04But even before they disperse, other bodies appear.
49:08Dead squid.
49:10Nobody knows where they've come from or why they've died in such numbers.
49:14But these blizzards of bodies appear most years in July and are a sign that shoals of
49:19the living animals are about to arrive.
49:32They will bite any small, moving thing.
49:35To catch them, you don't even need bait.
49:38They simply impale themselves on a naked hook, so that most summers, fishing villages on
49:43the Newfoundland coast go jigging for squid, hauling them out by the thousands.
49:49As they're hooked, they puff out clouds of squid ink.
50:04Hundreds of tons of them are dispatched every year to Japan, where they're a much-prized food.
50:19Mackerel also come to the Grand Banks by the million, to feed on the small plankton-feeding fish.
50:34They're netted by the tonne, by fleets of factory ships, and their rich flesh is valued all over the world.
50:41But even the Grand Banks are not inexhaustible.
50:47During this century, man has fished so skilfully, so intensively, so unrelentingly, that he's begun to change the pattern of life in the sea.
50:58Some kinds of fish have been forced to change their habits.
51:01Others have been driven close to the edge of extinction.
51:04And this little port in Newfoundland, close to what was once the richest of all seas, is now bringing in fewer and fewer catches.
51:13And modern fish-processing plants like that one are standing, for much of the time, idle.
51:19So man has changed the sea, just as he's changed almost every other environment in the world.
51:24But he's done something else, too.
51:26He's created new environments, environments of brick and concrete and chromium and plastic.
51:32And it's those, the latest of the world's environments, and the ways in which plants and animals have adapted to live in them,
51:40that we're going to look at in the last of these programmes.
51:54Checking out the tide of terrorode, ideas from this village.
51:58So
51:59The الذ würden if the acknowledgement has been caused by marking every species in the same planet,
52:07And he'dlarıncained their studies when it was ever left to stakeholders,
52:09Which one of the most people weosofield 크게 escape when detalleable Americans.
52:13By the earth and vine, it's been based on might tragic in Optimus.
52:15Like, I feel as to study of the Earth's wonderful ones,
52:19You're gonna be careful for some part of the story of knowing your life.
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